历年考研数学真题高等数学部分考查

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第一篇:历年考研数学真题高等数学部分考查

历年考研数学真题高等数学部分考查重点

一、函数、极限与连续

1.求分段函数的复合函数;

2.求极限或已知极限确定原式中的常数;

3.讨论函数的连续性,判断间断点的类型;

4.无穷小阶的比较;

声明:本资料由大家论坛考研论坛

5.讨论连续函数在给定区间上零点的个数,或确定方程在给定区间上有无实根。

费公益性考研论坛,等待您的光临!

二、一元函数微分学

1.求给定函数的导数与微分(包括高阶导数),隐函数和由参数方程所确定的函数求导,特别是分段函数和带有绝对值的函数可导性的讨论;

2.利用洛比达法则求不定式极限;

3.讨论函数极值,方程的根,证明函数不等式;

4.利用罗尔定理、拉格朗日中值定理、柯西中值定理和泰勒中值定理证明有关命题,如证明在开区间内至少存在一点满足……,此类问题证明经常需要构造辅助函数;

5.几何、物理、经济等方面的最大值、最小值应用问题,解这类问题,主要是确定目标函数和约束条件,判定所讨论区间;

收集整理,转载请注明出自无需积分,无需回复,只要你带宽足够大,你资料就足够多!大家网考研论坛http://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html http://club.topsage.com http://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html

6.利用导数研究函数性态和描绘函数图形,求曲线渐近线。三、一元函数积分学

真正的全免

1.计算题:计算不定积分、定积分及广义积分;

2.关于变上限积分的题:如求导、求极限等;

3.有关积分中值定理和积分性质的证明题;

4.定积分应用题:计算面积,旋转体体积,平面曲线弧长,旋转面面积,压力,引力,变力作功等;

5.综合性试题。

四、向量代数和空间解析几何

声明:本资料由大家论坛考研论坛费公益性考研论坛,等待您的光临!

1.计算题:求向量的数量积,向量积及混合积;

2.求直线方程,平面方程;

3.判定平面与直线间平行、垂直的关系,求夹角;

4.建立旋转面的方程;

5.与多元函数微分学在几何上的应用或与线性代数相关联的题目。

五、多元函数的微分学

1.判定一个二元函数在一点是否连续,偏导数是否存在、是否可微,偏导数是否连续;

收集整理,转载请注明出自无需积分,无需回复,只要你带宽足够大,你资料就足够多!大家网考研论坛http://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html http://club.topsage.com http://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html

2.求多元函数(特别是含有抽象函数)的一阶、二阶偏导数,求隐函数的一阶、二阶偏导数;

3.求二元、三元函数的方向导数和梯度;

真正的全免

4.求曲面的切平面和法线,求空间曲线的切线与法平面,该类型题是多元函数的微分学与前面向量代数与空间解析几何的综合题,应结合起来复习;

5.多元函数的极值或条件极值在几何、物理与经济上的应用题;求一个二元连续函数在 一个有界平面区域上的最大值和最小值。这部分应用题多要用到其他领域的知识,考生在复声费无习时要引起注意。

六、多元函数的积分学

1.二重、三重积分在各种坐标下的计算,累次积分交换次序;

2.第一型曲线积分、曲面积分计算;

3.第二型(对坐标)曲线积分的计算,格林公式,斯托克斯公式及其应用;

4.第二型(对坐标)曲面积分的计算,高斯公式及其应用;

5.梯度、散度、旋度的综合计算;

6.重积分,线面积分应用;求面积,体积,重量,重心,引力,变力作功等。数学一考生对这部分内容和题型要引起足够的重视。

七、无穷级数

1.判定数项级数的收敛、发散、绝对收敛、条件收敛;

2.求幂级数的收敛半径,收敛域;

3.求幂级数的和函数或求数项级数的和;

4.将函数展开为幂级数(包括写出收敛域);

明公需:本益积资性分料考,由研无 论需大坛回家,复论等,坛待只考您要研的你论光带坛临宽http://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html!足 够大,你资料就足够多!大家网考研 论 坛收集整理,转载请注明出自 http://club.topsage.comhttp://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html真正的全免

5.将函数展开为傅立叶级数,或已给出傅立叶级数,要确定其在某点的和(通常要用狄里克雷定理);

6.综合证明题。

八、微分方程

1.求典型类型的一阶微分方程的通解或特解:这类问题首先是判别方程类型,当然,有些方程不直接属于我们学过的类型,此时常用的方法是将x与y对调或作适当的变量代换,把原方程化为我们学过的类型;

2.求解可降阶方程;

声明:本资料由大家论坛考研论坛费公益性考研论坛,等待您的光临!

3.求线性常系数齐次和非齐次方程的特解或通解;

4.根据实际问题或给定的条件建立微分方程并求解;

5.综合题,常见的是以下内容的综合:变上限定积分,变积分域的重积分,线积分与路径无关,全微分的充要条件,偏导数等。

收集整理,转载请注明出自无需积分,无需回复,只要你带宽足够大,你资料就足够多!大家网考研论坛http://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html http://club.topsage.com http://club.topsage.com/forum-28-1.html 真正的全免

第二篇:历年考研数学真题高等数学部分考查重点

历年考研数学真题高等数学部分考查重点

一、函数、极限与连续

1.求分段函数的复合函数;

2.求极限或已知极限确定原式中的常数;

3.讨论函数的连续性,判断间断点的类型;

4.无穷小阶的比较;

5.讨论连续函数在给定区间上零点的个数,或确定方程在给定区间上有无实根。

二、一元函数微分学

1.求给定函数的导数与微分(包括高阶导数),隐函数和由参数方程所确定的函数求导,特别是分段函数和带有绝对值的函数可导性的讨论;

2.利用洛比达法则求不定式极限;

3.讨论函数极值,方程的根,证明函数不等式;

4.利用罗尔定理、拉格朗日中值定理、柯西中值定理和泰勒中值定理证明有关命题,如证明在开区间内至少存在一点满足……,此类问题证明经常需要构造辅助函数;

5.几何、物理、经济等方面的最大值、最小值应用问题,解这类问题,主要是确定目标函数和约束条件,判定所讨论区间;

6.利用导数研究函数性态和描绘函数图形,求曲线渐近线。

三、一元函数积分学

1.计算题:计算不定积分、定积分及广义积分;

2.关于变上限积分的题:如求导、求极限等;

3.有关积分中值定理和积分性质的证明题;

4.定积分应用题:计算面积,旋转体体积,平面曲线弧长,旋转面面积,压力,引力,变力作功等;

5.综合性试题。

四、向量代数和空间解析几何

1.计算题:求向量的数量积,向量积及混合积;

2.求直线方程,平面方程;

3.判定平面与直线间平行、垂直的关系,求夹角;

4.建立旋转面的方程;

5.与多元函数微分学在几何上的应用或与线性代数相关联的题目。

五、多元函数的微分学

1.判定一个二元函数在一点是否连续,偏导数是否存在、是否可微,偏导数是否连续;

2.求多元函数(特别是含有抽象函数)的一阶、二阶偏导数,求隐函数的一阶、二阶偏导数;

3.求二元、三元函数的方向导数和梯度;

4.求曲面的切平面和法线,求空间曲线的切线与法平面,该类型题是多元函数的微分学与前面向量代数与空间解析几何的综合题,应结合起来复习;

5.多元函数的极值或条件极值在几何、物理与经济上的应用题;求一个二元连续函数在一个有界平面区域上的最大值和最小值。这部分应用题多要用到其他领域的知识,考生在复习时要引起注意。

六、多元函数的积分学

1.二重、三重积分在各种坐标下的计算,累次积分交换次序;

2.第一型曲线积分、曲面积分计算;

3.第二型(对坐标)曲线积分的计算,格林公式,斯托克斯公式及其应用;

4.第二型(对坐标)曲面积分的计算,高斯公式及其应用;

5.梯度、散度、旋度的综合计算;

6.重积分,线面积分应用;求面积,体积,重量,重心,引力,变力作功等。数学一考生对这部分内容和题型要引起足够的重视。

七、无穷级数

1.判定数项级数的收敛、发散、绝对收敛、条件收敛;

2.求幂级数的收敛半径,收敛域;

3.求幂级数的和函数或求数项级数的和;

4.将函数展开为幂级数(包括写出收敛域);

5.将函数展开为傅立叶级数,或已给出傅立叶级数,要确定其在某点的和(通常要用狄里克雷定理);

6.综合证明题。

八、微分方程

1.求典型类型的一阶微分方程的通解或特解:这类问题首先是判别方程类型,当然,有些方程不直接属于我们学过的类型,此时常用的方法是将x与y对调或作适当的变量代换,把原方程化为我们学过的类型;

2.求解可降阶方程;

3.求线性常系数齐次和非齐次方程的特解或通解;

4.根据实际问题或给定的条件建立微分方程并求解;

5.综合题,常见的是以下内容的综合:变上限定积分,变积分域的重积分,线积分与路径无关,全微分的充要条件,偏导数等。

第三篇:山东大学管理学历年考研真题部分

1999年《管理学》试题

一、名词解释(3*5)

正式沟通 目标管理 组织 计划效率 激励

二、简述(9*5)

1、简述泰罗科学管理理论的主要内容

2、简述影响管理宽度的主要因素

3、简述控制工作的基本原理

4、简述科学的决策程序

5、简述人员配备的基本过程

三、论述(任选2题 20*2=40)

1、试述影响组织结构设计的主要因素及常见的组织结构模式(五种)

2、试述“以人为中心”管理理念的产生的历史必然性及其在管理实践中的指导意义

3、试述现代管理的基本原理及相应原则

2000年《管理学》试题

一、名词解释(3*5)

计划工作 法约尔 反馈控制 非程序化决策 价值原则

二、简答题(9*5)

1、法约尔一般管理理论的主要内容是什么?法约尔与泰罗的管理思想有何差异?

2、期望理论的内容是什么?据此理论应如何激发员工的工作积极性?

3、简述部分划分的方法

4、简述系统原理及其相应原则

5、如何实现有效激励?

三、论述题(任选2题 20*2)

1、试述当代各种管理学派的主要观点,并分析评价其历史地位及对管理的影响。

2、试述组织中职权的类型,并举例说明在实际工作中应如何处理好直线人员、职能人员和参谋人员三者之间的关系。

3、试述影响领导效能的主要因素,并联系实际谈谈如何提高领导效能。

2001年《管理学》试题

一、名词解释(5*3)

计划

柔性管理

组织结构

前馈控制 组织文化

二、简述(9*5)

1、权变管理学派的主要思想是什么?

2、简述决策的类型

3、在管理中应如何合理的运用职能职权?

4、简述职务分析在组织管理中的作用

5、简述沟通的类型及特点

四、论述(第一题必答,2.3任选一提)

1、评述内容型激励理论和过程型激励理论,并联系实际论述如何对员工进行有效的激励(25分)

2、试论述部门划分的原则及常见的部门划分的方法(15分)

3、跨文化管理移植的特点是什么?如何有效地进行跨文化管理的移植?

2002年《管理学》试题

一、名词解释(3*5)亚当.斯密 勒温的领导理论 人本原理 计划评审技术 彼得原理

二、简述(5*7)1.简述人员考评的内容及相互关系 2.如何正确认识计划工作中的“弹性原则”(举例说明)

3.简述组织生命周期理论 4.如何进行工作设计 5.简述领导权变理论的主要内容

三、论述(任选2题 25*2=50)

1、试以历史和发展的观点,分析和说明传统的以等级制为主要特征的组织结构向现代非等级制方向发展的历史必然性

2、职业发展有几个阶段,如何认识职业定位的模式理论及职业发展的维度?分析自己的职业定位,并制定一份职业发展规划

3、常用的激励方法有哪些?说明其理论根源并举例说明其实践意义

2003年《管理学》试题

一、名词解释

公平理论 动态/人本原理 全面绩效管理 事业部制 晕轮效应 哈罗的.孔茨 计划评审技术

二、简答

1、系统管理学派

2、领导权变

3、招聘的方法过程

4、管理环境分析

5、跨文化管理移植

三、论述

1、目标管理

2、沟通过程、障碍及改善

3、组织变革的原因

2004年《管理学》试题

一.名词解释(6*2.5)

1.管理创新 2.组织文化 3.斯金那 4.明茨伯格 5.组织结构 6.非程序决策 二.简答(6*10)

1.怎样正确运用职能职权 2.新组织结构学派 3.有效控制系统特征

4.勒温领导风格理论 5.扁平式和直式结构 6.简述双因素理论的内容 三.论述(3*25)

1.当代管理理论 2.内容型激励理论 3.简述组织发展趋势

2005年《管理学》试题

一.名词解释(15分)

预算控制 冲突 麦格雷戈 头脑风暴法 麦金瑟 7S 二.简答题(60分)1.组织文化的功能是什么?2.人类需要的特点是什么?

3.如何进行组织结构设计?4.伦理与法律的相比有什么特点/伦理及法律与效益的关系?

5.熊彼得的创新理论是什么?6.行为决策理论的内容? 三.论述(任选其中2题,每题25分)1.如何提高自己的领导艺术?

2.组织的职位空缺时应通过那几种渠道进行补缺?各有什么样的利弊?

3.企业组织计划和组织流程再造的特点及过程,包含那几部分? 四.材料试题(25)

由ABC三位大学生,10年后都升为单位的负责人,且同时参加了党校培训课,在谈及自己上任后的做的第一件事情的时候,他们各有说法: A的方法是:召集单位上的领导班子成员进行集体的座谈,倾听他们的看法。

B的方法是:和单位上的领导班子成员单独进行谈话,了解他们的心声,听取他们对组织未来发展的看法。

C的看法是:通过很短的时间,深入单位的基层,进行调查研究,了解企业存在的主要问题,然后和单位的领导成员进行商量和协商。之后,AB对C的做法很感兴趣,于是C说了自己接下来做的两件事情。

1是:办组织的一份“报刊“。2是:召开大会进行人事和奖惩制度改革。问题: 1.三者之间,你认为谁的方法是最好的,为什么?

AB对C的做法很感兴趣,按照C的做法,你认为AB下一步的工作将是什么?

2.三者当选为单位的领导也不是偶然的,请结合材料,谈一下一个优秀的领导者应该具备什么样的素质?

3.结合所学知识,谈一下如何才能做一个成功的领导者?

需要更多的历年真题请联系我索取:xiaoquan918@126.com

第四篇:BEC 历年真题 部分

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(1)

The Negotiating Table

You can negotiate virtually anything.Projects, resources, expectations and deadlines are all outcomes of negotiation.Some people negotiate deals for a living.Dr Herb Cohen is one of these professional talkers, called in by companies to negotiate on their??behalf.He approaches the art of negotiation as a game because, as he is usually negotiating for somebody else, he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation.He is working in a competitive field and needs to avoid being too adversarial.Whether he succeeds or not, it is important to him to make a good impression so that people will recommend him.The starting point for any deal, he believes, is to identify exactly what you want from each other.More often than not, one party will be trying to persuade the other round to their point of view.Negotiation requires two people at the end saying ‘yes”.This can be a problem because one of them usually begins by saying “no”.However, although this can make talks more difficult, this is often just a starting point in the negotiation game.Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.It is a misconception that skilled negotiators are smooth operators in smart suits.Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you.Pitch your look to suit your customer.You do not need to make them feel better than you but, For example, dressing in a style that is not overtly expensive or successful will make you more approachable.People will generally feel more comfortable with somebody who appears to be like them rather than superior to them.They may not like you but they will feel they can trust you.Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other side.Ask questions rather than give answers and take an

interest in what the other person is saying, even if you think what they are saying is silly.You do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate them.A lot of deals are made on impressions.Do not rush what you are saying---put a few hesitations in , do not try to blind them with your verbal dexterity.Also, you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them seriously.Inevitably some deals will not succeed.Generally the longer the negotiations go on, the better chance they have because people do not want to think their investment and energies have gone to waste.However , joint venture can mean joint risk and sometimes , if this becomes too great , neither party may be prepared to see the deal through.More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal.Even having agreed a deal, things may not be tied up quickly because when the lawyers get involved, everything gets slowed down as they argue about small details.De Cohen thinks that children are the masters of negotiation.Their goals are totally selfish.They understand the decision-making process within families perfectly.If Mum refuses their request , they will troop along to Dad and pressure him.If al else fails, they will try the grandparents, using some emotional blackmail.They can also be very single-minded and have an inexhaustible supply of energy for the cause they are pursuing.So there are lesson to be learned from watching and listening to children.Dr Cohen treats negotiation as a game in order to

A put people at ease

B remain detached

C be competitive

D impress rivals Many people say “no” to a suggestion in the beginning to

A convince the other party of their point of view

B show they are not really interested

C indicate they wish to take the easy option

D protect their company’s situation Dr Cohen says that when you are trying to negotiate you should

A adapt your style to the people you are talking to

B make the other side feel superior to you

C dress in a way to make you feel comfortable.D try to make the other side like you According to Dr Cohen, understanding the other person will help you to

A gain their friendship

B speed up the negotiations

C plan your next move.Dconvince them of your point of view Deals sometimes fail because

A negotiations have gone on too long

B the companies operate in different ways

C one party risks more than the other.D the lawyers work too slowly Dr Cohen mentions children’s negotiation techniques to show that you should

A be prepared to try every route

B try not to make people feel guilty

C be careful not to exhaust yourself

D control the decision-making process.关于negotiating techniques的文章。传统的阅读题型,相对比较容易。

15题,答案很明显:he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation。帮助他抽离他的谈话中的感情成分。要想选对,只需要知道选项B中detached的含义:not reacting to or becoming involved in something in an emotional way

16题,这题貌似只能采取排除法。因为几个选项和原文的对应都不是太明显。问为什么很多人在一开始要对一个建议说“不”。答案是第二段的最后一句:Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.。最高管理层在一开始可能会拒绝这个建议,因为这样是一个更安全的选择。但是如果他们真的不感兴趣的话,他们就不会在那里(谈判)了。A在这段文字中没有提到,B不对,他们肯定是感兴趣的,C也不对没有提到,原文说的是safer option。选D,之所以会拒绝,因为从维护公司利益的角度,这样是一个safer option。

17题,答案也很明显:Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you.这里的两个词组可以解释下:

dress down: to wear clothes that are more informal than the ones you would usually wear relate to :to feel that you understand someone's problem, situation etc

所以这个句子意思是穿的不那么正式,这样可以让另一方接近你。也就是A说的是你的风格适应你的谈判对象。C不对,不是make you feel comfortable,而是make others feel comfortable。D也不对,可能会误选,不是让别人喜欢你,like太夸张了,只是容易接近。

18题,答案在第四段的第一句话:Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other side.。走进另一方的世界,就是原文说的understanding the other person,目的是为了sell your proposal,也就是让对方接受你的建议,选D。

19题,谈判失败的原因,答案是第五段的这么一句:More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal。公司文化冲突导致的。文化冲突,就是两个公司在运作、理念等等上的不一致,选C:两个公司以不同的方式运作。

20题,为什么要借鉴小孩子的办法,原文最后一段提到小孩子的办法就是,爸爸不行

找妈妈,妈妈不行就在感情上敲诈爷爷奶奶。此路不通就换另一条,就是A说的尝试每一条路线。B没有提到,C不对,原文说小孩子有inexhaustible supply of energy。D也没有提到。

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(2)

The Scientific Approach to Recruitment

When it(0)to selecting candidates through interview, more often than not the decision is made within the first five minutes of a meeting.??Yet employers like to(21)themselves that they are being exceptionally thorough in their selection processes.In today’s competitive market place, the(22)of staff in many organizations is fundamental to the company’s success and, as a result , recruiters use all means at their disposal to(23)the best in the field.One method in particular that has(24)in popularity is testing , either psychometric testing, which attempts to define psychological characteristics , or ability£aptitude testing(25)an organization with an extra way of establishing a candidate’s suitability for a role.It(26)companies to add value by identifying key elements of a position and then testing candidates to ascertain their ability against those identified elements.The employment of psychometric or ability testing as one(27)of the recruitment process may have some merit, but in reality there is no real(28), scientific or otherwise, of the potential future performance of any individual.The answer to this problem is experience in interview techniques and strong definition of the elements of each position to be(29)as the whole recruitment process is based on few real certainties, the instinctive decisions that many employers make, based on a CT and the first five minutes of a meeting, are probably no less valid than any other tool employed in the(30)of recruitment.21.A suggest B convince C advise D believe

22.A worth B credit C quality D distinction

23.A secure B relies C attain D achieve

24.A lifted B enlarged C expanded D risen

25.A provides B offers C contributes D gives

26.A lets B enables C agrees D admits

27.A portion B member C share D component

28.A extent B size C amount D measure

29.A occupied B met C filled D appointed A business B topic C point D affair

《The scientific approach to recruitment》,招人的科学方法。这篇完型比较简单。完型填空也有两种题型,两种解题思路。一种是从意思上理解然后做出选择,一种是根据单词的用法。前者比较容易,后者很考验语言功底。

21题,理解上下文的意思。前面说招人时的决定一般是在五分钟以内做出的。但是雇主们试图使自己详细相信他们在挑选过程中是经过了深思熟虑的。Convince oneself,使确信。其他的词没有这个用法。

22题,员工的质量对公司的成功是至关重要的。选quality。

23题,招人者试图利用一切方法来抓住这个领域最好的(人才),secure the best,抓住最好的。realise是实现,attain是获得,后面不能接人,achieve是实现一个目标。

24题,rise in popularity,固定搭配,popularity是知名度的意思,这个词组应该可以翻译成声名鹊起。

25题,provides with,提供。给组织提供另外一种方法。offer的用法是offer sb sth,contribute在这里意思不对。

26题,是公司能够增加价值,enable

27题,这题的意思很明显,测试(testing)作为招聘过程的一个组成部分,要区分选项的几个单词,尤其是portion和component,看英英解释。

Component:one of several parts that together make up a whole machine, system etc

Portion:a part of something larger, especially a part that is different from the other parts

这里强调testing是一个组成部分,没有说明特殊的地方,选component。

28题,对每个人未来的可能表现没有一个真正的衡量。选measure。

29题,fill a position,填补空位,fill在这里的意思是to perform a particular job, activity, or purpose in an organization, or to find someone or something to do this。不能选occupy,因为occupy更强调人的一种主动,而这里只是客观说某个需要填补的职位。

30题,in the business of,也是一种固定的说法,在什么的过程中。很多场合都可以使用。可以多看几个例句:

We’re in the business of stimulating the economy(By Obama)

Energetics is a specialist management consultancy in the business of climate change

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(3)

There is a commonly held view that the only way to get(0)decent pay increase is to move on: to go out into the job market and find someone(31)is prepared to pay you a figure more in line(32)the talents you can offer.Whilst changing employers from time(33)time is something we probably all need to do to advance our careers in the directions we want them to take, it is nevertheless an activity that carries quite definite risks.Irrespective of(34)well we research prospective employers, a new job is still largely a step into the unknown.It may turn(35)to be a good move or it could prove to be a complete disaster : most of us(36)had

experience of both.The point here, though, is that changing employers is not something we want to be doing all the time and certainly not(37)time we feel the urge for better pay.We’d(38)taking more risks than we needed to just to achieve a pay rise.Getting a pay rise should always be viewed(39)a serious business.There are no quick fixes or gold methods with “ guaranteed “ results.Quick fixes only serve to trivialize the issues and could(40)some circumstances get you into very serous trouble indeed.答案及解析

关于加薪的文章,教你怎么样实现加薪。这道题目不难,但是抛开题目,单说文章里谈的加薪的方法,各位还是要辩证的看。要想人生第一份工作就找到自己满意的,是挺难,可是以加薪为目的跳槽,也未必是什么明智的好办法。

31题,太明显的定语从句,前面是someone,那么当然填入表示人的关系代词who。

32题,in line with,和什么一致,固定搭配,在中级的选词版完型里常考到这个词组。这句的意思是,找个一个愿意给你提供和你才能更加一致的薪水的人。

33题,from time to time,时不时的。changing employers from time to time,时不时的换老板。

34题,Irrespective of,同regardless of一样,后面接让步状语从句,不管我们对可能的雇主研究的多么好,新的工作都是一个未知数。用how well。

35题,turn out to be,固定用法。

36题,换工作,要么是个好的举措,要么将成为灾难。而我们大多数人这两种经历都有。有这种经历,是过去完成时,用have+done。

37题,理解前后文意思。换老板不是件我们经常愿意做的事情,并且也不是一想要加薪就要换老板。用every time,表示每次要加薪就准备换老板。

38题,这题有点难度,考验人的语法功底。首先这个句子是虚拟语气,We’d是we would的缩写,而不是we had。是表示对将来的假设,我们要承担更多的风险。所以用would be。

39题,比较明显的,view as,将什么视作什么。

40题,和circumstance相关的词组,很容易想到under/on some circumstance,在某种情况下。

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(4)Genuine feedback would release resources to be used elsewhere.Managers are expected to enable their staff to work effectively.Experts are unlikely to facilitate a move to genuine feedback.There are benefits when methods of evaluating performance have been negotiated.Appraisals tend to focus on the nature of the face-to-face relationship between employees and their line managers.The idea that employees are responsible for what they do seems reasonable.Despite experts’ assertion, management structures prevent genuine feedback An increasing amount of effort is being dedicated to the appraisal process.A

Performance appraisal is on the up and up.It used to represent the one time of year when getting on with the work was put on hold while enormous quantities of management hours were spent in the earnest ritual of rating and ranking performance.Now the practice is even more frequent.This of course makes it all the more important how appraisal is conducted.Human resources professionals claim that managers should strive for objectivity and thus for feedback rather than judgement.But the simple fact of the matter is that the nature of hierarchy distorts the concept of feedback because performance measure are conceived hierarchically.Unfortunately, all too many workers suffer from the injustices that this generates.B

The notion behind performance appraisal-that workers should be held accountable for their performance-is plausible.However, the evidence suggests that the premise

is wrong.Contrary to assumptions appraisal is not an effective means of performance improvement-it is judgement imposed rather than feedback, a judgement imposed by the hierarchy.Useful feedback , on the other hand, would be information that told both the manager and worker how well the work system functioned, and suggested ways to make it better.C

Within the production system at the car manufacturer Toyota, there is nothing that is recognizable as performance appraisal.Every operation in the system has an associated measure.The measure has been worked out between the operators and their manager.In every case, the measure is related to the purpose of the work.That measure is the basis of feedback to the manager and worker alike.Toyota’s basic idea is expressed in the axiom “bad news first”.Both managers and workers are psychologically safe in the knowledge that it is the system-not the worker –that is the primary influence on performance.It is management’s responsibility to ensure that the workers operate in a system that facilitates their performance.D

In many companies , performance appraisal springs from misguided as assumptions.To judge achievement, managers use date about each worker’s activity, not an evaluation of the process or system’s achievement of purpose.The result is that performance appraisal involves managers’ judgement overruling their staff’s, ignoring the true influences on performance.Thus the appraisal experience becomes a question of pleasing the boss, particularly in meetings, which is psychologically unsafe and socially driven, determining who is “in” and who is “ out”.E

When judgement is replaced by feedback in the true sense, organizations will have a lot more time to devote to their customers and their business.No time will

be wasted in appraisal.This requires a fundamental shift in the way we think about the organization of performance appraisals, which almost certainly will not be forthcoming from the human resources profession.关于员工评估和反馈的文章。一个组织内部的上下级沟通真的太重要了。

第一题,说真正的反馈可以释放用在别处的资源。意思上真正的反馈可以让人腾出精力。答案是E段的第一句:When judgement is replaced by feedback in the true sense, organizations will have a lot more time to devote to their customers and their business。这题的意思还算比较明显,feedback in the true sense,就是genuine feedback,devote to their customers and the business,就是把资源释放在别的地方。

第二题,说经理们是被期望着使员工工作得更有效率。答案是C段的最后一句:It is management’s responsibility to ensure that the workers operate in a system that facilitates their performance.经理们的责任,也就是managers are expected to,有利于他们的表现,就是enable their staff to work effectively。

第三题,说专家不大可能有利于真正反馈的进程。答案是E段的最后一句:which almost certainly will not be forthcoming from the human resources profession。人力资源专家,就是experts。需要理解下这里的forthcoming的含义:willing to divulge information.(人)愿意透露消息的。专家们不愿意透露消息,也就是不能指望专家来facilitate。

第四题,说商讨评估表现的方法是有利的。答案是在C段,有点分散。前面说The measure has been worked out between the operators and their manager。这个措施是在操作者和经理们之间拟定的。between the operators and managers,也就是评估表现的方法是被商讨了的。后面介绍的情况都是这个measure有多么的好:is the basis of feedback。综合起来,就是选项说的,商讨是有好处的。

第五题,说评估倾向聚焦于员工和他们直属经理们之间面对面关系的性质。这个选项可能会弄的人一头雾水,首先得弄明白这里的面对面关系指的是什么。员工和直属经理的关系,就是上下级的关系,过分看重这个关系,那么在评估过程中就会有顾虑,谁还敢揭自己上司 的短?所以这个句子的意思是说评估过程中有顾忌,无人敢说真话。答案是D段的这么一句:Thus the appraisal experience becomes a question of pleasing the boss。评估过程成了讨好自己的老板,说的就是这个意思。

P.S:这是我个人对这道题的理解,大家有异议,可以提。

第六题,说员工对他们所作负责的想法听起来很合理。答案是B段的第一句:The notion behind performance appraisal-that workers should be held accountable for their performance-is plausible。这里的accountable就是负有责任。Plausible是貌似真实的,也就是seems reasonable。

第七题,说虽然有专家们的主张,管理层的结构阻止了真正的反馈。答案是A段的这么一句:the simple fact of the matter is that the nature of hierarchy distorts the concept of feedback。管理层的机构,就是这句里提到的the nature of hierarchy,等级制的性质。这个单词在BEC阅读里常出现。distort,扭曲,就是选项里的prevent。

第八题,说在评估过程中投入了更多的努力。答案是A段的这么一句,有点隐晦:Now the practice is even more frequent.This of course makes it all the more important how appraisal is conducted.这个句子是紧跟上文的,the practice指的就是appraisal。评估的更频繁,评估是怎么进行的显得更加重要。认为更加重要了(makes it all the more important),就会投入更多努力了。综合起来,这些的意思就是评估过程投入了更多的努力。不太容易看出来。

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(5)

In the last few years, managers throughout industry have seen more changes than many of them could have expected to see in their entire working lives having to communicate information which often leads to feelings of insecurity has become a key activity.From being regarded as relatively unimportant in many companies , management employee communication has become a central corporate need.Concordia International provides a good example of a company that has adjusted

well to the changing needs for communication.since 1995 , Concordia has been turned inside-out and upside-down, to ensure that it is a marketing –led, customer-responsive business, one that looks outwards at customers and competitors, rather than inwards at its own processes and the way things were done in the past.In the last eight years, Concordia has reduced its workforce by more than 80.000 peopleor 35%-on a voluntary basis, with further downsizing anticipated.减少了80000员工(或者说减少了35%的员工),预期还会减少更多。A选项是对的,made redundant是前面某套题目阅读的第五部分考过的词组;B不对,没有完成(completed),因为预期还会裁减更多(with further downsizing anticipated);C也不对,迷惑性最大,reduced its workforce of 80.000,用了介词of,所以这句的意思是一共就80000员工,而实际情况是减少了80000

员工;D不对,35%的员工被裁减,都是在自愿的基础上的,而不是离开的人中有35%是自愿的。

16题,问根据此人的观点,沟通的角色是什么。也就是问沟通的目的或者作用是什么。答案在第三段。沟通是为了帮助人树立自信,说服他们虽然要面临一些变化,但是同样也会拥有一些新的机会。说白了,就是鼓励这些被裁的人。答案选C,强调变化的积极方面。这里的positive aspects是对前面说的bring with them new opportunities的一个概括。(想起了电影《在云端》,up in the air,里面那个老男人的工作就是职业裁员专家,专门对被裁的人说些这样的话。)

17题,问调查显示大多数人对change的反应是什么。这题在答案中也很明显,但是选项很纠结。都有点似是而非。The second category, usually the majority, may respond to threatened changes with a feeling of having been let down.,and even feel anger at the company for what they see as changing the terms of their employment.大多数员工的反应就是很失望,甚至会很愤怒。个人觉得这题出的不够严谨,没有哪个选项能严格从原文中提炼出来。对比下D要好点,因为对公司失望和愤怒,就是觉得受到了不公正的待遇。此题有待高手补充更完美的理由。

18题,问沟通过程主要依赖于什么。答案是第五段的这句:people prefer to get their information face-to-face from their line managers。喜欢面对面的从直属经理那里获取信息。所以选C,个人的交流。

19题,问组织内部提供信息的指导准则是什么。最后一段的第一句就是:The general rule in company communication is to tell employees as much as you can as soon as you can。尽可能的快,尽可能的多。不能提供细节的,至少给个大致的背景消息(put the news in context)。时机成熟了,再告知更多。选B:在可能的最早的阶段让人有个总体的印象。

20题,给文章选标题。这种题在BEC的阅读里还真不多见。选标题,就是要挑选文章的最主要意思,从整体上把握文章的main ideas。这篇文章通篇说的就是communication,前面介绍了沟通的背景:裁员;接着说了员工对裁员的反应;然后最后两段,一段说员工喜

欢什么样的沟通方式,一段说沟通的原则是什么。综合起来,就是关于怎样进行有效沟通的问题。选B。A不对,片面了,只是文中某部分的内容,并且这部分内容是为后面做背景介绍,不是主要的;C不对,不是简单的research,research仅仅是介绍状况,文章还有关于实现措施的。

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(6)

The Negotiating Table

You can negotiate virtually anything.Projects, resources, expectations and deadlines are all outcomes of negotiation.Some people negotiate deals for a living.Dr Herb Cohen is one of these professional talkers, called in by companies to negotiate on their behalf.He approaches the art of negotiation as a game because, as he is usually negotiating for somebody else, he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation.He is working in a competitive field and needs to avoid being too adversarial.Whether he succeeds or not, it is important to him to make a good impression so that people will recommend him.The starting point for any deal, he believes, is to identify exactly what you want from each other.More often than not, one party will be trying to persuade the other round to their point of view.Negotiation requires two people at the end saying ‘yes”.This can be a problem because one of them usually begins by saying “no”.However, although this can make talks more difficult, this is often just a starting point in the negotiation game.Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.It is a misconception that skilled negotiators are smooth operators in smart suits.Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you.Pitch your look to suit your customer.You do not need to make them feel better than you but, For example, dressing in a style that is not

overtly expensive or successful will make you more approachable.People will generally feel more comfortable with somebody who appears to be like them rather than superior to them.They may not like you but they will feel they can trust you.Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other side.Ask questions rather than give answers and take an interest in what the other person is saying, even if you think what they are saying is silly.You do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate them.A lot of deals are made on impressions.Do not rush what you are saying---put a few hesitations in , do not try to blind them with your verbal dexterity.Also, you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them seriously.Inevitably some deals will not succeed.Generally the longer the negotiations go on, the better chance they have because people do not want to think their investment and energies have gone to waste.However , joint venture can mean joint risk and sometimes , if this becomes too great , neither party may be prepared to see the deal through.More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal.Even having agreed a deal, things may not be tied up quickly because when the lawyers get involved, everything gets slowed down as they argue about small details.De Cohen thinks that children are the masters of negotiation.Their goals are totally selfish.They understand the decision-making process within families perfectly.If Mum refuses their request , they will troop along to Dad and pressure him.If al else fails, they will try the grandparents, using some emotional blackmail.They can also be very single-minded and have an inexhaustible supply of energy for the cause they are pursuing.So there are lesson to be learned from watching and listening to children.Dr Cohen treats negotiation as a game in order to

A put people at ease

B remain detached

C be competitive

D impress rivals Many people say “no” to a suggestion in the beginning to

A convince the other party of their point of view

B show they are not really interested

C indicate they wish to take the easy option

D protect their company’s situation Dr Cohen says that when you are trying to negotiate you should

A adapt your style to the people you are talking to

B make the other side feel superior to you

C dress in a way to make you feel comfortable.D try to make the other side like you According to Dr Cohen, understanding the other person will help you to

A gain their friendship

B speed up the negotiations

C plan your next move.D convince them of your point of view Deals sometimes fail because

A negotiations have gone on too long

B the companies operate in different ways

C one party risks more than the other.D the lawyers work too slowly Dr Cohen mentions children’s negotiation techniques to show that you should

A be prepared to try every route

B try not to make people feel guilty

C be careful not to exhaust yourself

D control the decision-making process.关于negotiating techniques的文章。传统的阅读题型,相对比较容易。

15题,答案很明显:he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation。帮助他抽离他的谈话中的感情成分。要想选对,只需要知道选项B中detached的含义:not reacting to or becoming involved in something in an emotional way

16题,这题貌似只能采取排除法。因为几个选项和原文的对应都不是太明显。问为什么很多人在一开始要对一个建议说“不”。答案是第二段的最后一句:Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.。最高管理层在一开始可能会拒绝这个建议,因为这样是一个更安全的选择。但是如果他们真的不感兴趣的话,他们就不会在那里(谈判)了。A在这段文字中没有提到,B不对,他们肯定是感兴趣的,C也不对没有提到,原文说的是safer option。选D,之所以会拒绝,因为从维护公司利益的角度,这样是一个safer option。

17题,答案也很明显:Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you.这里的两个词组可以解释下:

dress down: to wear clothes that are more informal than the ones you would usually wear

relate to :to feel that you understand someone's problem, situation etc

所以这个句子意思是穿的不那么正式,这样可以让另一方接近你。也就是A说的是你的风格适应你的谈判对象。C不对,不是make you feel comfortable,而是make others feel comfortable。D也不对,可能会误选,不是让别人喜欢你,like太夸张了,只是容易接近。

18题,答案在第四段的第一句话:Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other side.。走进另一方的世界,就是

原文说的understanding the other person,目的是为了sell your proposal,也就是让对方接受你的建议,选D。

19题,谈判失败的原因,答案是第五段的这么一句:More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal。公司文化冲突导致的。文化冲突,就是两个公司在运作、理念等等上的不一致,选C:两个公司以不同的方式运作。

20题,为什么要借鉴小孩子的办法,原文最后一段提到小孩子的办法就是,爸爸不行找妈妈,妈妈不行就在感情上敲诈爷爷奶奶。此路不通就换另一条,就是A说的尝试每一条路线。B没有提到,C不对,原文说小孩子有inexhaustible supply of energy。D也没有提到。

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(7)

Sweet smell of excess-for just £ 47.874 a bottle

The marketing says it is the “ ultimate symbol of indulgence and truly impeccable taste”.A new scent, named V1, has(0)launched for Christmas-retailing at just £47.874.The makers are proudly promoting it(31),the “ world’s most expensive perfume” and are confident of selling the limited edition of 173 bottles-(32)it should be exactly 173 bottles is not made clear in the publicity for the product.Although carefully priced at just under the £50.000 mark, this perfume is clearly(33)something for anyone who considers £30 too much to pay for a bottle of eau-de-toilette.Those(34)are potential customers will certainly be reassured to learn that a case covered in rubies and diamonds is included free(35)charge.Purchasers are assured of further savings, with unlimited scent refills guaranteed indefinitely-at no extra cost.The fragrance is the idea of Arfaq Hussain, a 27-year-old clothes designer who first made a name(36)himself with an air-conditioned jacket he was asked to make

by the singer Michael Jackson(37)far, Mr Jackson is the only person to(38)placed an order-he wants two, according to Mr Hussain.Mr Hussain is unconcerned at having no previous experience of perfumery.“ It’s so(39)more than a perfume----it’s a piece of jewellery, too.” explained Mr Hussain.He attempted to describe the £47.874 sensation.“ it is delicate , fragrant and quite unique.When you open the lid, it takes you totally away.It’s just(40)being surrounded by thousands of wild flowers and roses.这是高级阅读部分的一个新题型。不仅中级里面没有,一般的英语考试也没有。填词版的完形填空。乍一看会觉得很难,有点像是主观题。其实题型什么的都是次要的,都是借着题型这个外壳考察语言功底。只要基本功够扎实,完全可以通过摸准不同题型的特点来做出正确的答案。

具体说BEC H里的填词版完型,里面填入的词主要是连词、介词和代词,一般不会让你填入那种需要发挥超级想象力才能想得出的形容词和动词。做题的思路有两种,一种是固定用法、常见表达,一种是从语法角度分析句子结构,来判断句子缺失的成分。

这篇文章讲的是一种昂贵的新型香水,走的是高端路线。

31题,这题答案很明显。圣诞发布的香水,制作者打算将它开发成“世界上最昂贵的香水”(most expensive perfume),promote„.as,将什么给开发成什么。

32题,要从意思和句子结构上进行分析。前面说发售限量版的173瓶香水,后面一个破折号做进一步的说明。从意思上看,词组made clear很关键,表原因的;而从句子成分上看,这里就是关系代词引导的从句在句子中充当补充成分。而能够表示原因的关系代词,是why。

33,34,35,这三道题也很明显。33题从意思上做,这个香水肯定是不适合认为30英镑的香水很贵的人,所以是填not,表否定;34题,those who的搭配,应该够的上条件反射的级别,those who are potential customer,那些是潜在客户的人;35题,free of charge,免费,固定搭配。

36题,这题考察的也是一个固定搭配,make a name for oneself,使„出名。这个香

水的创意来自一个服装设计师,而此人最早出名是因为迈天王让他制作了一件空调夹克(air-conditioned jacket)。

37题,截止目前迈天王是唯一的下了订单的人。So far,截止目前。

38题,下了订单。have done,表示完成的意思。

39题,理解句子的意思+固定用法的使用。这个句子的意思很明显:它不仅仅是一瓶香水,它还是一件珠宝。所以空格前后搭配的意思应该是不仅仅。用so much more than。例如:so much more than just a home。

40题,最后几句话都是夸赞这个香水的。多么的精致独特。而当你打开香水的时候,你整个人都被take away了,就像是被成千上万的野花和玫瑰簇拥着。说香水,却扯到wild flowers和rose上面去了,所以是比喻,用like。

BEC商务英语高级考试历年真题(8)

The Scientific Approach to Recruitment

When it(0)to selecting candidates through interview, more often than not the decision is made within the first five minutes of a meeting.Yet employers like to(21)themselves that they are being exceptionally thorough in their selection processes.In today’s competitive market place, the(22)of staff in many organizations is fundamental to the company’s success and, as a result , recruiters use all means at their disposal to(23)the best in the field.One method in particular that has(24)in popularity is testing , either psychometric testing, which attempts to define psychological characteristics , or ability£aptitude testing(25)an organization with an extra way of establishing a candidate’s suitability for a role.It(26)companies to add value by identifying key elements of a position and then testing candidates to ascertain their ability against those identified elements.The employment of psychometric or ability testing as one(27)of the recruitment

process may have some merit, but in reality there is no real(28), scientific or otherwise, of the potential future performance of any individual.The answer to this problem is experience in interview techniques and strong definition of the elements of each position to be(29)as the whole recruitment process is based on few real certainties, the instinctive decisions that many employers make, based on a CT and the first five minutes of a meeting, are probably no less valid than any other tool employed in the(30)of recruitment.21.A suggest B convince C advise D believe

22.A worth B credit C quality D distinction

23.A secure B relies C attain D achieve

24.A lifted B enlarged C expanded D risen

25.A provides B offers C contributes D gives

26.A lets B enables C agrees D admits

27.A portion B member C share D component

28.A extent B size C amount D measure

29.A occupied B met C filled D appointed A business B topic C point D affair

《The scientific approach to recruitment》,招人的科学方法。这篇完型比较简单。完型填空也有两种题型,两种解题思路。一种是从意思上理解然后做出选择,一种是根据单词的用法。前者比较容易,后者很考验语言功底。

21题,理解上下文的意思。前面说招人时的决定一般是在五分钟以内做出的。但是雇主们试图使自己详细相信他们在挑选过程中是经过了深思熟虑的。Convince oneself,使确信。其他的词没有这个用法。

22题,员工的质量对公司的成功是至关重要的。选quality。

23题,招人者试图利用一切方法来抓住这个领域最好的(人才),secure the best,抓住最好的。realise是实现,attain是获得,后面不能接人,achieve是实现一个目标。

24题,rise in popularity,固定搭配,popularity是知名度的意思,这个词组应该可以翻译成声名鹊起。

25题,provides with,提供。给组织提供另外一种方法。offer的用法是offer sb sth,contribute在这里意思不对。

26题,是公司能够增加价值,enable

27题,这题的意思很明显,测试(testing)作为招聘过程的一个组成部分,要区分选项的几个单词,尤其是portion和component,看英英解释。

Component:one of several parts that together make up a whole machine, system etc

Portion:a part of something larger, especially a part that is different from the other parts

这里强调testing是一个组成部分,没有说明特殊的地方,选component。

28题,对每个人未来的可能表现没有一个真正的衡量。选measure。

29题,fill a position,填补空位,fill在这里的意思是to perform a particular job, activity, or purpose in an organization, or to find someone or something to do this。不能选occupy,因为occupy更强调人的一种主动,而这里只是客观说某个需要填补的职位。

30题,in the business of,也是一种固定的说法,在什么的过程中。很多场合都可以使用。可以多看几个例句:

We’re in the business of stimulating the economy(By Obama)

Energetics is a specialist management consultancy in the business of climate change

Time for a new career

“losing your job isn’t the end of the world: it gives you’re the chance the a new beginning(0)says Caroline Poole, 30, Who was made redundant(31)her role

as head of marketing campaigns with an insurance group two years ago.The news was a blow, especially after a successful nine-year career with the business, but she was determined to see redundancy(32)a positive force for change.(33)it seemed a tough lesson at the time, redundancy was the catalyst that redirected my career, “ says Caroline “It gave me the break I needed to understand(34)my career objectives lay.”

Working with a consultant, Caroline explored a number of work options that oppealed to her.She also took advantage of workshops on issues(35)as setting up your own business, and managing your finances.A key consideration for her was(36)easy it would be to balance working in London with home life 100 kilometers away.She was encouraged to network(37)other marketing professionals and via this route made contact with a communications agency.She took time out to go travelling , and on her return was offered a role in the agency.(38)was proof to her that she still had marketable skills.Two years(39)from redundancy, Caroline is planning another career break.“ The experience of redundancy has made me view my options with more confidence.I now know that I can dictate my own career path, even(40)it were to mean resigning first and then taking time to find the right direction” she says.填词版的完形填空,关于失业之后该如何开始新的职业生活的。这些文章读多了,对人是会有启发的。此外,这种题型也很考验人的语言功底,短语积累和基本的语法知识是必不可少的。

31题,考查的是固定搭配。这里的意思很明显,是指这个女的在自己的职位上被开除了,make redundant是商业英语里的地道说法:Follow a fair and legal process when it's necessary to dismiss staff on the grounds of redundancy.如果是made redundant,后面的介词用from,可以看个例句:Just been made redundant from your last job?

32题,比较简单,see as,将什么视为。将失业视为改变的积极动力。

33题,虽然是艰难的一课(a tough lesson),还是改变了我的职业方向(redirect my career),有转折的意思,although和though。

34题,这是个定语从句,当中要填入的是关系代词。给了我需要的时间,来弄明白我的职业目标放在哪。用where。

35题,这题很明显,举例的,用such as。

36题,分析这个句子的成分。前面是a key consideration,做主语,有个was,是谓语,was后面的是宾语。在宾语成分里出现了it would be to balance„..这样的完整的句子,所以空格部分应该填入一个词,引导从句,并且这个词所接从句必须倒装。满足这个要求的词是how。(How引导的状语从句要求部分倒装)

37题,network with,词组:connect as or operate with a network,将„连成网。

38题,还是个定语从句。一个完整的句子,缺乏关系代词来衔接,要用which。关键在于要识别出这里的定语从句,否则很难往那上面想。在做这类题目时,如果一个句子各种成分都很齐全,而且比较长,那么是从句的可能性很大,要根据上下文的意思来判断填入的代词。题目做多了,会培养出这方面的警觉性。

39题,two years on,固定说法,两年以后,两年过去了。

40题,很容易联想到even if或者是even though,只能填if不能填though。这是两个意思和用法都不同的词组。even if,即便,带有假设的意思,后面接虚拟语气;even though,即使,表示既定事实。40空后面的句子是虚拟语气,因此这个题目只能填if。

第五篇:复旦大学历年考研真题

复旦大学新闻学研究生考试历年真题(-)714新闻基础

一、名词解释(8'*3)

1新闻要素

2信息娱乐(infotainment)

3《二十世纪之支那》

二、简答(12'*3)

1《传媒的四种理论》

2群体具有很大的作用,其影响传播过程的手段和方式。

3北洋军阀统治时期新闻法制的特点

三、论述(30'*3)

1什么是“软实力”和“国家形象”?结合近年我国国际传播的实际,说明„„(才过一天我就忘了麽)

2什么是媒介间议程设置?新媒体环境下,我国媒介议程设置有何特点?

3邹韬奋的生涯

820新闻实务

一、简答(10'*4)

1新闻价值和新闻政策的关系

2网络媒体对传统媒体新闻的加工有哪些手段

3新闻记者应该如何妥善运用自己的实名微博

4采写批评性报道的注意事项

二、论述(25'*2)

1我国报纸应该如何报道十八届三中全会《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》

2结合实例或实际,论述新闻敏感的内容和培养途径

三、操作(30'*2)

1将通讯改写成消息,500字以内,制作主体类标题。给出的材料是中央巡视组巡视之后的反馈,一首一尾外加主体是十个组分别的反馈情况。

2根据给出材料写500左右的评论,需要有评论标题。

材料如下:

大学新生到校先交免责协议

东莞理工城市学院:协议是宿舍文明约定

南方日报讯(见习记者/靳延明记者/吴少敏)昨日,东莞理工学院城市学院5000多名新生完成报到,他们踏入校园的第一件事,就是与校方签订《学生管理与学生自律协议书》。协议书明确:“学生本人对自杀、自伤引起的后果承担责任”。

进校园先交协议书

一个月前,来自潮州的李军收到录取通知书,发现一同寄来的还有《学生管理与学生自律协议书》。协议书第三章第二十七条共列举了5种由学生承担责任的情况,其中第5项协议规定,学生本人对自杀、自伤引起的后果承担责任。

这位大一新生很反感:“这个就相当于学校给你提供吃、住的场所,但不顾你是否健康成长。我们在学校出事了,学校难道没有一点责任?”在14日和昨日开学报到的两天里,5000多名新生同时把这份由学生与家长签订好的协议书交给校方。

条款引起学生热议

不久前,在东莞理工学院城市学院,一名男生因求爱不成而在宿舍里刀捅女生。为此,协议书引起了新生的议论。一名新生说,“我觉得怪怪的,觉得学校缺乏人文关怀,只会用冷冰冰的协议来推卸责任。”一名新生家长对这项规定表示不满,他说,自己把孩子送到这里,是希望学校有个安全的环境,让家长放心,放手让孩子成长,“如果孩子在学校出事了,我们第一反应会找学校要说法,毕竟我们信任这个学校,才将孩子送到这里。”

不过,也有学生表示理解,因为大学生自杀和自伤可以由很多因素造成,例如感情问题、家庭问题、人际问题等,这些因素不一定全是学校造成的。大学生过了18周岁就成年了,有对自己负责的义务。大部分学校会提供心理健康咨询,但有些同学有自闭倾向,不愿咨询。这些同学如果有自杀、自伤行为,就应该自己负责。

校方称签协议早存在

记者就此事采访了校方相关负责人。该负责人告诉记者,协议的意义类似“温馨提示”,是对学生的文明约定,目的是告知新生在宿舍需要注意的事项,从而实现要求自律的目的。例如,学生不遵守宿舍纪律,攀爬阳台而掉到楼下受伤,那就要自负责任了。

该负责人表示,这份协议书的条款存在多年了,并非针对不久前发生的“情伤事件”。事实上,没有这样一份协议书,学生违反了纪律,也会受到相应处罚,而学校要负起的责任,也不会因为这份协议书随意地推卸。

此类条款是无效的

21世纪教育研究院副院长熊丙奇告诉记者,这样的条款并非东莞理工学院城市学院一家独有,很多高校都存在类似的“自杀免责”条款,而实际上此类条款是无效的。

熊丙奇说,“签订协议书被认为是一种安全教育方式,可见对学生教育的方式多么简单、粗暴,这与家长让孩子签订不犯错误协议书,有何差别呢?”

2007年新闻传播学基础试题

一、名词解释(5分*8)

1.新闻本源 2.“第四种权利” 3.受众 4.新闻体制 5.创新扩散理论 6.《知新报 》 7.《修正报纸条例》 8.《大众生活》

二、简答题(15分*3)

1、新闻传媒与社会舆论之关系

2、什么是客观性报道及所体现的客观性报道原则?说说它对目前中国新闻实践有什么意义?

3、简述1956年《人民日报》改版的三个重点。

三、论述题(第一道30分,第二道35分)

1、简要叙述《申报》的发展史,并评述它在新闻史上的地位?

2、什么是新闻事业的双重属性?说说新闻传媒业的资本运作对中国新闻事业的影响?

2006年新闻传播学基础试题

一、名词解释(4题×5分,共20分)

1、《钦定报律》

2、新闻选择

3、传播模式

4、奥斯邦

二、简答题(3题×20分,共60分)

1、简述我国新闻媒介的运行模式及其理论依据。

2、试论美国“议程设置”和我国“舆论导向”之不同。

3、简述二十世纪四十年代确立的中共党报理论的基本内容。

三、论述题(2题×35分,共70分)

1、“食品安全”是近年来的报道热点,比如金华毒火腿事件、阜阳婴儿奶粉事件、“苏丹红”事件、啤酒甲醛事件等等。请选择其中两个(或两个以上)个案,运用新闻传播学理论对媒介报道做对比分析,并阐述你对大众媒介的社会角色、社会责任的认识。

2、试述中国近代报业(自1815年至1911年)发展的基本脉络,并举出各个发展阶段具有代表性的重要报刊。

2005年新闻传播学基础试题

一、名词解释(每题6分,共30分)

1、信息

2、舆论

3、《大清报律》

4、《中国报学史》

5、《我们关于新闻学的基本观点》

二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)

1、谈谈你对新闻娱乐化的理解。

2、分析新闻传播的社会控制。

3、写出5份中共中央机关报的名称,并简述之。

三、论述题(每题30分,共90分)

1、论作为社会现象的新闻。

2、阅读以下材料,以《论媒体》为题作文。我国首次全国国民阅读倾向调查显示,从闲暇时间对媒介的利用看,人数最多的是电视,其次是报纸、杂志、图书和广播,对录音制品、录像制品及计算机的利用,也有相当多的人。休息日人们对各种媒介的接触机会小于工作日,但长时间利用媒介的人增多。虽然上网的人数不多,但是上网的时间却远远高于对书报刊的使用时间。绝大多数人认为,在当代社会中,读书的作用对于个人的生存和发展越来越重要。从读书的目的看,男性偏重实用性和开阔眼界、满足兴趣爱好,女性偏重提高个人修养、满足与人交往和应付考试。此次调查的内容涉及各阶层人员对各种媒体的购买、使用情况和趋势。

3、试述梁启超对中国新闻事业的贡献。

2004年新闻传播学基础试题

一、名词解释

1、媒介公共性

2、新闻法规

3、大众传播

4、文化工业

5、《报纸条例》

6、《每周评论》

二、简答题

1、技术在新闻传播媒介形态的变化中有什么样的作用?

2、简要介绍传播学四大奠基人和侧重研究方向。3、1945-46年间《新华日报》和《大公报》就和战问题的两次交锋?

三、论述题

1、论述效果研究的三大阶段。2、1942年整风运动后,《解放日报》做了哪些改革?

3、阅读下面的材料,以“论新闻”为题作文。

材料一是《南周》原来报道过的 “金元宝”事件,2000年山西一地区金矿爆炸,负责人为防事情暴露,给记者行贿,从而导致11名记者被处分,四名新华社记者,为此,新华社着重强调记者职业道德。

材料二是今年5月《纽约时报》的4个版的因为虚假新闻的道歉,一记者在四年任期内造30多篇假新闻,《时报》声誉降至历史最低点,从而导致正负总编同时辞职。

根据材料写一篇“论新闻”的评论。

2004新闻传播学基础试题(单考生)

一、名词解释(每题6分,共30分)

1、硬新闻

2、新闻法规

3、廉价报

4、传播学的三大分支

5、《中国报学史》

二、简答题(每题15分,共30分)

1、新闻传媒的社会功能有哪些?

2、什么是议程设置?

三、论述题(每题45分,共90分)

1、结合中国新闻传媒发展现状,阐述竞争对新闻传媒业发展的意义和影响。

2、经过1942-1945年的党报整风与改革,中共确立了党报工作的优良作风是什么?请结合实际谈谈在当今的历史条件下如何发扬光大这些优良作风。

2003年新闻传播学基础试题 一.名词解释(7个×5分)

1.媒介即讯息 2.弱效果理论 3.黄远生的四能 4.热血日报 5.劳动界 6.新闻真实性

二.简答(4个×10分)

1.某航空公司一飞机失事,若你是《人民日报》;《申江服务导报》;《南方周末》记者,你将怎样组织报道重点且说出原因。

2.传播的线性模式,控制论模式,社会系统模式的异同?以及由此看出传播学研究的发展?

3.清末的重要新闻法规? 4.舆论在民主社会的功能。三.论述(3个×25分)

1.利用新闻媒体的社会角色和运行机制分析香港《东周刊》刊登女星裸照事件并发表看法。

2.论述新闻把关人理论。材料提供俄国家杜马禁止发表有关车臣战争等反恐新闻和莫斯科人质劫持事件的新闻。

3.论述五四时期《新青年》的发展过程。

2002年新闻与传播理论试题

一、填空(10 分)

1.舆论的特点是。2.信息的特点是。3.传播学的三大分支是。

4.关于传播结构(过程)研究的主要模式有。

5.20 世纪 70 年代以来,关于传播效果研究的主要理论有。

二、名词解释(20 分)、硬新闻 2、新闻体制 3、宣传 4、媒介即讯息 5、实地调查法

三、简答(20 分)、怎样理解新闻媒介的双重属性? 2、何谓“两个环境”理论?试概述其要点。

四、论述(50 分)、何谓受众的细分?当前我国的新闻媒介该如何应对受众的分层化趋向? 2、关于信息流程的研究有哪些主要成果?试联系新闻媒介工作实际,简述其启迪意义。

2002年中外新闻事业史试题

一、名词解释(30分)

1、《遐迩贯珍》

2、《大清报律》

3、奥斯邦

4、北岩爵士

5、哈瓦斯通讯社

6、KDKA电台

二、简答题(30分)

1、邹韬奋主编过哪七个报刊?请简介之。

2、1956年《人民日报》改版的重点内容有哪几个方面?

3、为什么发展中国家要开展争取建立世界传播新秩序的斗争?

三、论述题(40分)

1、试论中国同盟会机关报《民报》在舆论宣传上的历史功绩。

2、试论新民主主义革命时期中共中央机关报刊的衍变过程。

2001年新闻传播理论试题

一、填空(10分)

大致有受众的特征、宣传的三要素、传播学里的四中调查方法等

二、名词解释(20分)

1、把关人

2、接近权

3、新闻选择

4、舆论

5、硬新闻

三、简答(20分)

1、简述新闻事业的双重属性

2、简述传播学中的议题设置理论及其在媒体中的运用

四、论述(50分)

1、新闻媒介如何营造一个良好的舆论环境,媒介在影响舆论中的作用

2、试述因特网的兴起对传统传播学理论的冲击和影响,如何面对因此带来的一系列变化。

2000年新闻传播理论试题

一、填空

二、名词解释(20分)

1、软新闻和硬新闻

2、合理想象

3、沉默的螺旋

4、议题设置

5、新闻学

三、简答(20分)

1、非语言传播的特点是什么?

2、生产力的发展对新闻事业的发展有什么影响?

四、论述(50分)

1、现代报纸进入市场展开竞争,对新闻事业的发展产生了影响,有无积极意义和消极意义,如果有,是什么?

2、论述从自由主义传播理论发展到社会责任理论的过程,这一过程对我国新闻事业的发展有无积极意义?如果有,请说明。

2000年中外新闻事业史

一、填充题(每空格1分,共30分)

1、出下列论著的作者:《新闻学大意》____________,《实际应用新闻学》_________,《敬告我同业诸君》_________,《韬园文录外编》_________,《塞上行》___________,《燕山夜话》________,《党的组织与党的出版物》_________,《论出版自由》_______,《红星照耀中国》_______,《长征--前所未闻的故事》_________。

2、上海《申报》创刊于_______年,1932年起进行改革,由______主编的副刊_________,发表了鲁迅的许多作品。1934年11月,该报总经理_______被国民党特务杀害。

3、新记《大公报》的“四不”方针是:__________ __________ ____________ __________ 4、1931年,中国共产党在江西瑞金创办了__________通讯社和__________报,1937年1月它们分别改名为_________ __________

5、写出以下国家现有的主要通讯社名称;俄罗斯__________,古巴___________,印度_________,印度尼西亚_______,埃及________,朝鲜_________,日本_________,西班牙____________。

二、简答题(每题6分,共30分)

1、《大江了》案

2、“竖三民”

3、《火星报》(俄国)

4、李普曼

5、有线电视网(美国)

三、论述题(每题20分,共40分)

1、“建立国际新闻新秩序”的口号怎样提出来的?它有何重要意义?发展中国家为此进行了哪些斗争?

2、在延安整风运动中,党报理论有哪些重要发展?

1999年新闻与传播理论试题 一:填充(每格一分)新闻事业的发展水平主要是由_____决定的 2 以办报方针分,报纸可分为_____、_____、_____ 3 新闻选择的主要标准是_____、_____、_____、_____ 4 大众传播的四大社会功能是_____、_____、_____、_____ 5 受众接触信息、通常会产生选择性的_____、_____、_____ 二:名词解释(每题4分)舆论 2 新闻体制 拉斯韦尔的5 W模式 4 两级传播(二段流程)三:简答题:(每题6分)1 新闻与宣传有何关系? 2 如何理解新闻的真实性原则? 3 媒介社会责任理论的要点是什么? 4 麦克鲁汉理论要点是什么? 四:论述题(每题15分)简述人类社会新闻传播媒介的演变过程,阐明现在新闻事业产生的重大意义 2 结合中国当前社会现实,论述受众在新闻事业中的地位与作用 美国有关传播效果的研究经历了哪几个阶段?举例说明其主要成果对中国当前大众传媒时间的启迪意义.1999年中外新闻事业史试题

一、名词解释(每题6分,共30分)

1、《论出版自由》

2、时务体

3、《新莱茵报》

4、《热血日报》

5、“新华军”

二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)

1、试述《察世俗每月统记传》与《东西洋每月统记传》的异同。

2、简介美国的四大广播电视网

3、建立世界新闻传播新秩序问题是何时提出的?

三、论述题(每题20分,共40分)

1、试述五四时期《新青年》的发展历程。

2、评论1956年新闻工作改革的经过,重点和收获。

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