中西方企业文化的比较研究

第一篇：中西方企业文化的比较研究

中西方企业文化的比较研究

摘 要：如何提高企业竞争力是企业发展的核心问题，先进的企业文化和良好的企业形象是提升企业无形资产竞争力的重要来源。当前，企业文化在企业竞争力评价指标中的作用逐渐被强化，企业竞争力的提高与企业文化发展相辅相成趋势日益明显。因此，要保持企业持久的竞争力，需实施企业文化发展战略，促进企业发展。

关键词：企业文化；竞争力；以人为本

一、美国、日本、印度企业文化的特点

美国和日本等发达国家的优秀企业都有一个共同特征，即它们都具有自身的核心价值观，有独特的企业文化。近年来，发展中国家经济发展迅速，涌现出一大批具有国际竞争力的企业。其中，与传统文化相融合、独具魅力的印度企业文化独树一帜。

1.美国

美国的跨国企业在全球最多且最具竞争力，而每个成功的企业背后都有一个优秀的管理团队，他们创造出适合企业发展、能持续提高企业竞争力的企业文化。美国的企业文化重视个人价值实现。如，苹果电脑公司认为，应开发每个员工智慧的潜力，寻找他们思维的闪光点。“人人参与”、“群言堂”的企业文化，使企业不断开发出具有轰动效应的新产品。在个人价值实现的过程中，也推动了企业整体的发展。美国的企业文化提倡奉献和竞争。企业员工只有具有奉献精神才能真正将个人发展和企业整体利益结合起来，全心全意为企业服务。企业员工只有展开竞争才能有效益、出成果、出人才。同时，美国企业又非常重视为员工搭建良性竞争的平台，充分发掘他们的潜力。提倡创新和利益共享是美国企业文化的另一特点。美国的IT公司处于世界领先地位，他们秉承创新、激励创新的传统，使公司的产品始终走在世界前列。在利益共享方面，美国许多企业实行股份制，给员工配股，提高他们在企业的地位，增强他们对企业的归属感。

2.日本

日本企业特别重视企业文化建设。其企业文化的特点主要有：一是企业文化的核心是“和魂洋才”。“和魂”指日本的民族精神，“洋才”指欧美的技术。“和魂”和“洋才”结合，成为日本近代企业家经营活动的指导思想。二是家族主义是企业文化的显著特色。家族主义把家庭的伦理道德转移到企业中，企业的管理活动都是为保持集团这个大家庭的协调，维护大家庭的利益，充分发挥大家庭的力量。家族主义观念在企业中表现为团队精神，提倡和谐的人际关系。因此，“和为贵”的思想是日本企业文化的核心。三是企业文化的重要内容是以人为中心，多方面协调企业的生产关系，缓和劳资矛盾，将企业发展成为一个命运共同体，实现劳资和谐，提高员工的主体意识。

3.印度

印度的企业文化主要表现为家族文化、精英文化、信用文化。印度前任财政部长亚什万特?辛哈曾说：“印度有三种经济，一种是信息技术推动的新经济，一种是砖瓦泥匠代表的旧经济，还有一种就是老牛车代表的更加陈旧的经济。”无论哪种经济都是私营企业占多数，家族企业多，但他们又不迷信家族接班制度，如果家族培养不出精英，可将产业交给家族外的精英来处理。家族文化和精英文化的优势互补保证企业发展的持续性。印度企业认为信用是企业生存的根本，信用不仅体现在同其他企业的交往中，同时在员工待遇上也讲求信用，严格遵守员工合同，为员工谋求利益，听取并采纳员工意见，这是印度企业中的人本文化。印度企业广泛加入行业协会，团结一致，注重在行业中提高自身的知名度。另外，行业规范严谨，重视企业的社会效应，提倡回报社会并以此提高企业的荣誉。

4.美国、日本和印度企业文化的共同点

首先，他们的文化都根植于本国优秀的文化传统。美国一向崇尚个人主义。因此，企业文化将实现个人价值放在首位，重视发掘员工价值，人尽其才，扩大员工的发展空间。而日本和印度的企业文化家族观念较重，他们将家族主义融入企业管理中，成为一种文化，这降低了管理难度，保证企业策略的一致性。其次，这些国家的优秀企业无不将回报社会视为己任。企业不是一个独立的个体，而是社会生活中的一份子，企业只有在社会的支持下才能长期盈利、获得发展。同时，企业在奉献社会的过程中又提高了自身的知名度和美誉度，也将得到社会更大的支持。企业与社会间的良性互动，既有利于企业，又造福于社会。最后，这三国的企业文化都重视提高员工的归属感，提倡员工对企业的荣誉感。只有这样，员工才能甘心为企业奉献并在工作中找到乐趣。

二、我国企业文化存在的现状

改革开放以来，我国企业发展取得巨大进步，随着企业的生存环境由计划经济体制逐步转向市场经济体制，从工厂制转向公司制，我国企业竞争也从产品竞争和服务竞争转向深层次的文化竞争，企业在探索中不断发展壮大。但同时也应注意到，与许多国际知名企业相比，我国绝大多数企业在文化建设方面还存在明显不足。

1.企业文化建设注重形式、忽视内涵

当下，我国许多公司企业都有自己的企业文化，但这些“企业文化”往往只是名义上的口号，并没有真正植入到企业的日常经营和决策中，没有真正形成企业特色。如，有的企业虽然打着“务实、责任”的口号，但员工工作不严谨、消极怠工，有的员工不爱惜公司财物，没有责任心。究其原因在于企业文化只流于形式，没有真正深入员工的心里。

2.企业文化创建缺乏创新

企业文化理论源于西方发达国家。我国加入WTO后，许多西方国家的管理理论被我国企业采用，而我国部分企业纷纷模仿西方国家管理模式，不顾企业自身生存环境，全盘照搬西方模式，结果忽视了我国传统文化中的精华部分。事实上，这样的管理理念并不利于我国企业发展，因为企业文化是基于民族文化的根基之上，我们所吸收的文化必须与我国企业文化相融合，否则就会“水土不服”。文化差异是企业发挥自身优势的条件，失去这个差异就等于削弱企业的竞争优势，这对企业发展不利。因此，我国企业一定不能照搬西方企业文化理念，应根据实际情况，加以创新，确定适合企业发展的企业文化建设目标。

3.企业文化建设存在政治化倾向

在计划经济时代，企业的管理者是党组织，企业文化建设也基本上等同于思想政治建设。虽然改革开放已三十年，国家也在大力推行政企分开，但从思想政治着手建设企业文化的意识仍存在，带有浓重政治色彩的企业文化建设不利于企业的发展。

三、构建有中国特色企业文化的对策

我国是一个拥有历史悠久的文明古国，许多优秀的文化传统需要认真发掘，融入到我国企业文化中。企业应看清自身的特点，根据实际情况构建企业文化，为企业的持续发展打造良好的“软件”设施。

1.传承传统，构建具有特色的企业文化

美国、日本、印度的企业文化都是在本国文化传统的基础上发展起来的。任何企业都不能脱离国家的传统文化。因此，企业文化建设要结合本国社会文化传统。我国是一个历史悠久的文明古国，灿烂的民族文化是我们取之不竭的精神财富，传统文化中的信义应成为企业活动的准则。而儒家思想中的“家国天下”也可解读为：企业承载国家经济建设的重任，应在自身发展的同时努力回报社会，为国家做贡献，国家强大企业才有坚实的后盾。如，海尔集团总裁张瑞敏将《论语》、《孙子兵法》、《道德经》中的传统文化思想融入到企业文化建设中，提出带有浓郁传统文化气息的企业文化：“管理无小事”、“人人是人才，赛马不相马”、“日事日毕，日清日新”。他倡导的企业精神是：“追求卓越，永不满足”，并追求“敬业报国”的信念。这些与我国优秀文化结合的海尔文化创造出令世界震惊的海尔业绩。目前，海尔模式已被写入哈佛大学MBA课程，成为中国型企业文化的典范。

2.企业文化建设的标准化与以人为本相结合

人性化是强调企业管理者通过道德修养感化职工，领导以身作则，将道德观念融入到员工的评判标准中。标准化指企业建立完整的规章制度。完善的制度可以保证员工明确职责，提高工作的目的性。但一些企业常常将二者割裂开或将二者对立起来。实际上只有标准化和人性化相结合，才能最大限度地发挥员工的积极性。过于强调人性化，忽略制度建设，会导致工作懈怠、管理无方，往往会忽视员工的工作能力；反之，只强调标准化建设，不注重员工思想道德建设，不体谅员工，就会使管理过于形式化，企业也就失去持续上升的动力。以海信集团为例，该企业是从十几人的手工作坊发展成为大型电子信息企业集团，海信集团的企业文化是“敬人为先、创新为魂、质量是根、情感管理”。海信集团建立完整的激励机制、明确的奖惩制度，并要求人人遵守。同时海信的企业文化倡导人和人之间的情感关怀，有浓厚的人情味，让很多员工对海信都不忍割舍、放弃高报酬的其他工作机会。海信将标准化与人性化完美结合在一起，员工人人争先，在把握创新和质量两个关口后，企业得以快速发展。

3.构建以人为本的和谐的企业文化

企业管理也就是人的管理。美国的企业文化强调实现员工的个人价值，为员工构建公平的竞争平台，发掘他们的潜力。日本企业文化中“和为贵”的思想促进团队协作，发挥整体优势。印度企业文化中的精英文化、人本文化无不将人推到企业发展的关键点。因此，我国企业应以人为本的构建和谐企业文化。构建以人为本，和谐的企业文化要重视人才引进和人才培养，培养一支高素质的员工队伍。我国最大的房地产公司之一万科公司始终认为人才是最重要的资源和核心竞争力。董事长王石认为，人才是一条理性的河流，哪里有谷地，就会向哪里汇聚。万科始终将人才引进和培养放在公司发展的首位，不惜成本建设人才培训机制，良好的人才储备成为企业发展的源动力。构建以人为本的和谐企业文化要为员工创造舒适的工作氛围，增加员工的归属感。只有这样，才能提高员工的主人翁意识，把企业看成自己的家。

企业文化是现代企业发展的重要组成部分，优秀企业文化能不断提升企业的核心竞争力。美国、日本、印度等国家知名企业都具有自身的核心价值观，有独特的企业文化。我国企业文化建设存在重形式、轻内涵和缺乏创新等问题。需发掘传统文化精华，结合自身企业特点创造适合企业发展的企业文化，不断提升企业竞争力。

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第二篇：中西方酒文化的比较研究

中西方酒文化的比较研究

A Comparative Study on Alcohol Culture Between China and Western Countries

Acknowledgements

First and foremost, my appreciation goes to my affectionate parents, and the rest of my family.On the process of composing the paper, they have been giving me continuous support, encouragement and understanding.Their love and support encouraged me to pursue progress all the time.And I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past three academic years.I have benefited so much not only from their courses and lectures but also from their constant encouragement.Finally, my deepest gratitude and respect go to my supervisor, Lu Li.It is for her constant encouragement, critical instructions, her great care and precious advice and suggestions that this paper appears in the present form.Abstract

Alcohol，which plays an important role in people’s daily life, is familiar to human beings.People’s life becomes colorful with it.As to alcohol culture, differences and similarities co-exist between China and the western countries.A large number of previous researches have been done on specific alcohol culture, whereas few studies focus on the alcohol culture comparison between China and western countries.Systematic and comprehensive researches in this regard are hard to find.Since comparative studies on the similarities and differences of alcohol culture between China and western countries are lacking, this paper attempt to explore the differences from the raw materials and drinking customs and conclude their similarities to introduce the alcohol culture of China and western countries.Key Words：alcohol;cultural difference;China and western countries

摘要

酒是人们非常熟悉的一种饮品，它在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用。酒使人们的生活变的丰富多彩。关于酒文化，中国和西方相似之处与差异共存。前人对特定的酒文化研究较多，而对中西方酒文化的比较都只做了简要的探讨，并未系统、全面的做出总结, 关于中西方酒文化的相似和差异的对比研究还比较欠缺。本文试图在前人研究的基础上，从酿酒的原料和饮酒的习俗等方面探讨中西方酒文化的不同, 并结合它们的相似处，介绍中西方酒文化。

关键词: 酒；文化差异；中国和西方国家

Contents

Introduction …………………………………………………………...1 I.History of alcohol ………………………………...……………........3 1.1 In China ………………...………………………………………....3 1.2 In west countries ………………………………………………......4 II.Alcohol culture in China and western countries ………………....6 2.1 Similarities in alcohol culture …………………………………......6 2.2 Differences in alcohol culture …………………………………......7 III.Intercommunication of alcohol culture …………………………15

3.1 The necessity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture..15 3.2 Suggestions to the intercommunication of alcohol culture …...…..15 Conclusion ………………………………………………………..……16 Bibliography …………………………………………………..….........17

Introduction

The alcohol as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire.It will brighten the bright and fool the fool.People, such as the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people and the beggars, all like it since it appeared.Undoubtedly, the alcohol can be said as a riddle.People no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking alcohol.They regard drinking alcohol as an indispensable part of life.The formation of alcohol culture is different in different countries.In China, the word for alcohol “jiu” is used to refer to all types of alcoholic beverages.Since long time ago China had have the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing alcoholic beverages.A legend in western countries about the origin of alcohol is also spread.The alcohol culture was gradually formed after the appearing of alcohol.The phrase ”the alcohol culture“ is put forward by the renowned economist professor Li in China.In 1994, Xiao jiacheng said that the alcohol culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center.While we pride ourselves on the long history of alcohol culture, we only to find that we depend excessively on the traditional alcohol culture.As a result we can not make any innovation.There is no development and progress without innovation.In this case, we can learn from the western countries.There are varied types of alcohol with different raw materials, such as Gin, Whisky, Vodka, Rum, and Brandy.Even the cocktail which appeared later is brewed based on some types of the alcoholic beverages.It is generally acknowledged that China is far away from the western countries geographically.As a result, the way to drink is different.Even in China, there is also some difference between nationalities on the way to drink.There are also some similarities of alcohol culture between China and western countries although the difference exists.The development of alcohol spirit accompanied with alcohol culture.While alcohol culture developed to a certain degree, schools of ideology came into being.In order to push the development of alcohol culture we should do our utmost to promote the international communication of the alcohol culture.2 I.History of alcohol

1.1 In China The earliest evidence of alcohol in China are wine jars from Jiahu（Jiahu(贾湖 pinyin: Jiǎhú)was the site of a Neolithic Yellow River settlement based in the central plains of ancient China, modern Wuyang, Henan Province）which dated back to about 7000 BC[1:314].This early drink was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit.A variety of alcoholic beverages was used in China since prehistoric times.Alcohol, known in Chinese as jiǔ was considered a spiritual food rather than a material(physical)food, and extensive documentary evidence attests to the important role it played in the religious life.”In ancient times people always drank when holding a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating victory, before feuding and official executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departures, death, and festival banquets[1:314].“

A Chinese imperial edict of about 1116 BC makes it clear that the use of alcohol in moderation was believed to be prescribed by heaven.Whether or not it was prescribed by heaven, it was clearly beneficial to the treasury.At the time of Marco Polo(1254-1324)it was drunk daily and was one of the treasury's biggest sources of income.Alcoholic beverages were widely used in all segments of Chinese society, were used as a source of inspiration, were important for hospitality, were considered an antidote for fatigue, and were sometimes misused.Laws against making alcohol were enacted and repealed forty-one times between 1100 BC and AD 1400.However, a commentator writing around 650 BC asserted that people ”will not do without beer.To prohibit it and secure total abstinence from it is beyond the power even of sages.Hence, therefore, we have warnings on the abuse of it.“ 3 1.2 In west countries In Pre-Columbian American, alcoholic beverages were developed by many Native American civilizations some of which are still produced today.The traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica was pulque or octli which was made from the fermented juice of maguey.Mezcal was obtained by distilling pulque and tequila is a form of mezcal.It is believed to be beer but the main carbohydrate was a complex form of fructose and not starch.[3:178]

South America produced Chicha which is a Spanish word for a variety of traditional fermented beverages.Fruits, maize and manioc root formed the main ingredients of chicha.The Native American populations of Brazil made the traditional alcoholic beverage known as Cauim which was very similar to chicha and made using the same ingredients.A characteristic feature that set cauim apart from other alcoholic drinks was that the starting material is cooked, chewed and then re-cooked before fermentation.The saliva that is present in the ingredients of the cauim break down the starches into fermentable sugars.During the early modern period(1500-1800), Protestant leaders such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, the leaders of the Anglican Church, and even the Puritans did not differ substantially from the teachings of the Catholic Church: alcohol was a gift of God and created to be used in moderation for pleasure, enjoyment and health;drunkenness was viewed as a sin.A beverage that clearly made its debut during the seventeenth century was sparkling champagne.The credit for that development goes primarily to Dom Perignon, the wine-master in a French abbey.Around 1668, he used strong bottles, invented a more efficient cork(and one that could contain the effervescence in those strong bottles), and began developing the technique of blending the contents.However, another century would pass before problems, especially bursting bottles, would be solved and sparkling champagne would become popular.The original grain spirit, whisky and its specific origins are unknown but the distillation of whisky has been performed in Scotland and Ireland for centuries.The first confirmed written record of whisky comes from 1405 in Ireland, the production of whisky from malted barley is first mentioned in Scotland in an entry on the 1494, although both countries could have distilled grain alcohol before this date.Distilled spirit was generally flavored with juniper berries.The resulting beverage was known as jenever, the Dutch word for ”juniper.“ The French changed the name to genievre, which the English changed to ”geneva“ and then modified to ”gin.“ Originally used for medicinal purposes, the use of gin as a social drink did not grow rapidly at first.However, in 1690, England passed ”An Act for the Encouraging of the Distillation of Brandy and Spirits from Corn“ and within four years the annual production of distilled spirits, most of which was gin, reached nearly one million gallons.It should be noted that at that time ”corn“ in England meant ”grain“ in general.5 II.Alcohol culture in China and western countries

2.1 Similarities in alcohol culture 2.1.1 Beautiful legends on the origin of alcohol Although there is much difference of alcohol culture between China and western countries, we can not neglect the similarities.In the first place, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of the alcohol.In China, some people think that Du Kang invented the method to make alcohol with a history of 4000 years, while other people think that Yi Di was the first person to brew alcoholic drink.However, there is a basically clear record about the origin of alcohol.In the west, though there is a not clear historical record, a beautiful legend about the origin of alcohol was handed down.It was said that an ancient Persian king sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word ”poison“ to prevent others from eating them.There was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the poison barrel and wanted to die at that time.She opened it and drunk for a few mouths.She felt not painful but a sense of intoxication when she was waiting to die.Then she told the king the matter.A test is unavoidable.This, of course, is a beautiful legend.But the alcohol beverages, indeed, enhanced the enjoyment of mankind.2.1.2 Alcohol and literature In the second place, the alcohol culture has the surprising similarities on literature.In the realm of literature and art, the alcohol spirit is everywhere and affects the men of letters and refined scholars deeply in that freeness, art and beauty is united.Freeness reaches art and art produces beauty.To get the free state of art with intoxication is an important channel to get rid of bind and get the ability of creation by the ancient Chinese arts.[6：101] Alcohol, more than any other beverage, had a great impact on men of letters as it seems that many of them produced their peak masterpieces in states of drunkenness.Being drunk, and so being released of inhibition, was and is an important way for men of letters to unleash their artistic and creative talents.After drinking the mysterious liquid, many famous poets, such as Li Bai and Du Fu, excelled in writing and left us surprisingly marvelous poems.[7:54] The famous poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty(AD618-907)is known as the ”Immortal of Wine“ because of his love for alcohol.Guo Moruo, a modern scholar, compiled statistics about Li's poems and found 17 percent of them were about drinking.Alcohol inspired the poet and helped him create many beautiful poems.When Li Bai was happy he wrote: ”People should enjoy drinking as much as possible when they succeed“.When he was sad he wrote: ”I tried to comfort myself with wine but the wine made the sadness even worse“.Not only poetry but also painting and calligraphy were elevated to new heights with the consumption of alcohol.Wang Xizhi, the famous Chinese calligrapher respectfully called the Saint of Calligraphy, tried dozens of times to outdo his most outstanding work, Lantingxu(Orchid Pavilion Prologue), which was finished when he was drunk, but he failed.The original one was the best.The consumption of alcoholic beverages isn't just a coincidentally recurring quirk in the literary world: it's downright traditional.For many famous writers of the past and present, a cocktail glass is as at home in their hand as a pen.Consider what Ernest Hemingway said, “A man does not exist until he is drunk.” or William Faulkner, “Civilization begins with distillation.” and, famously, F.Scott Fitzgerald who spent the majority of his writing career(and life)in a state of perpetual tipsiness, “First you take a drink, then the drink takes a drink, then the drink takes you.”

2.2 Differences in alcohol culture 2.2.1 Different categories of alcohol

China is one of the three ancient countries in the world and has thousands of years of history to brew alcohol.Today, China is also famous for its masterly technology and distinctive style of alcohol and is more renowned for the long history and profound culture.The world people gradually realized the great value of alcohol culture of China as the rapid development of Chinese alcohol since the foundation of China.In China, the word for alcohol ”jiu“ is used to mean all types of alcoholic beverages, from ”pijiu“(beer)to liquors(just called ”jiu“)to grape alcohol(”putaojiu“).The origins of the alcoholic beverages from fermented grain in China can not be traced definitely.The distilled drink was not popular until the 19th century.Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own.[8:59]The alcohol can be generally classified into two types, namely, yellow liquors(huangjiu)or clear(white)liquor(baijiu).The yellow liquor is fermented alcohol that is brewed directly from grains such as rice or wheat.Such liquor contains less than 20% alcohol due to the inhibition of fermentation by ethanol at this concentration.This alcohol is traditionally pasteurized，aged, and filtered before their final bottling for sale to consumers.Yellow liquor can also be distilled to produce white liquor or baijiu.White liquor(baijiu)are also commonly called shaojiu, which means ”hot liquor“ or ”burned liquor“, either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consumption and the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating requirements for distillation liquors of this type typically contain more than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation.[9:25]There are a great many varieties of distilled liquors, both unflavored and flavored.According to different kinds of material, there are a large number of types of famous Chinese liquors and wines familiar to us, such as:

Fen Jiu(汾酒)--this liquor was dated back to Northern and Southern Dynasties(5500 A.D.).It is the original Chinese white liquor made from sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 63--65%;Zhu Ye Qing Jiu(竹叶青酒)--this sweet liquor is Fen Jiu brewed with a dozen or more selected Chinese herbal medicine.One of the ingredients is bamboo leaves which give the liquor a yellowish-green color and its name.Its alcohol content ranges between 38 and 46 percent by volume;Mao Tai Jiu(茅台酒)--this liquor has a production history of over 200 years.It is named after its origin at Mao Tai town in Guizhou province.It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling process that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle.This liquor is famous to the western world when the Chinese government served this in state banquets entertaining the US presidents.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Gao Liang Jiu(高粱酒)--”Gaoliang“, commonly written ”Kaoliang“, is the Chinese word for a specific type of sorghum.Besides sorghum, the brewing process also use barley, wheat etc.The alcohol was originated from Da Zhi Gu since the Ming Dynasty.Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 61--63%;Mei Gui Lu Jiu(玫瑰露酒rose essence wine)--a variety of sorghum with distilling from a special species of rose and crystal sugar.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Wu Jia Pi Jiu(五加皮酒)--a variety of gao liang jiu with a unique selection of Chinese herbal medicine added to the brewing.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Da Gu Jiu(大麴酒)--originated from Sichuan province with 300 years of history.This alcohol is made of sorghum and wheat by fermenting in a unique process for a long period in the cellar.Alcohol content by volume: 52%;Yuk Bing Shiu Jiu(玉冰烧酒)--a rice alcohol with over 100 years history.It is made of steamed rice and stored a long period after distillation.Alcohol content by volume: 30%;Shuang Jing(双蒸酒double distillation)and San Jing(三蒸酒triple distillation)Jiu--two varieties of rice alcohol from the Jiujiang(九江)area by distilling twice and three times respectively.Alcohol content by volume: 32% and 38--39% respectively;San Hua(three flowers三花酒)Jiu--a rice alcohol made in Gui Lin with allegedly over a thousand years history.It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition and the use of spring water from Mount Elephant in the region.Alcohol content by volume: 55--57%;Fujian Glutinous Rice Wine(福建糯米酒)--made by adding a long list of expensive Chinese herbal medicine to glutinous rice and a low alcohol rice alcohol distillation.The unique brewing technique uses another alcohol as raw material.The alcohol has an orange red color.Alcohol content by volume: 18%;

Hua Diao Jiu(花雕酒)--a type of yellow alcohol originates from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.It is made of glutinous rice and wheat.Alcohol content by volume: 16%.[11:75-77] This is the raw material of alcohol in China.In western countries, the types of alcohol are divided by the raw material:

Qinjiu(Gin), the first action of a special purpose for the spirits.Sylvius Docter, maker of this alcohol, was a professor of medicine well known in the Netherlands to Dayton University in the 17th century.He knew that the oil of Cadinene strawberry contained an element of diuretic which together with pure ethanol distillation to obtain cheaper diuretic drugs, and he succeeded finally.Not only medicine but it is a new species of alcohol beverages.[3:205] Qinjiu Types: The unique and different formula of Qinjiu used by the distillery.Qinijiu can be divided into 4 types according to brands, types, production.Netherlands Qinjiu(Holland)or(Dutch Gin), the taste is sweet accompanied with hot no matter it is pure to drink or to drink plus some ice.The two cases are both very tasty.It is basically made from malt.The flavor came from gin.It adds ice and a piece of lemon which is the best alternative of dry Martini.London Qinjiu(Tom Gin)or(London Gin): The sweet London Qinjiu is made with malt and grain as raw materials and primary products.Plymouth Qinjiu: It is similar to London Qinjiu although with different flavor.British Qinijiu: This alcohol is not sweet and has not the original savor.The difference British and the United States is an important factor.The British Qinjiu has lower alcohol after distillation but it retains more grain characteristics of low alcohol distillation.Secondly, the water, of course, Britain and the United States are different.Which mutually affect the characteristics of the technique and distilled spirits.Whisky The Characteristics of Whiskey: Whiskey is made from the smashed fermentation and distillation of grains and then placed into a barrel.Although any cereal can be used to brew whiskey, the most important materials are corn, wheat, and barley.[3:206] The Origin of Whiskey: At present, four major producing areas, namely, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the United States.Most of these areas have produced whiskey named its origin in addition to Bourbon whisky and the United States blending whisky(Blended Scotch)and Light customers(Scotch whiskey)The Types Whiskey: Scotch whisky, American whiskey, Irish whiskey, Tennessee whiskey, Canadian whiskey Brandy Brandy's Character: Brandy is a mixture of fermentation and distillation of fruit juice and residue.Distilled alcohol content is less than 95% in order to retain its flavor and aromatic character.[3:206] ”Cognac“ Brandy: Cognac is a kind of Brandy alcohol distilled from alcohol in Cognac, French.It named by the French government law.Lyme alcohol(Rum): Islands of west Indies is the home of Rum alcohol where is abound in sugarcane.Rum is the first three words of Rum bullion which means excitement.Rum is distilled alcohol made from sugarcane as the raw material.It is different for the difference of producing area and the way to make it.It can be divided into three types according to the tint.It is one of the basic alcohols in confecting cocktail.[3:207] The Origin of Rum: The producing area is mainly in the place where people speak Spanish and English, such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Java along the East Indies.Puerto Rico Rum(Puerto Rico)which is famous for its light alcohol.Demerara Rum rather than Jamaica sales a large amount to the United States.Batavian Run(Batavian)is spicy Java Lime liquor.It is special because of the special flavor of honey, water, and the rice added to it to ferment.Hawaiian Rum(Hawaii)is the lightest available alcohol in the market which is made lately.It is the best beverages with orange juice.With ice and quinine water, Rum is the best beverages in the hot days.At present, ordinary Chinese people have always just used alcohol to help them celebrate the happiness in their lives.In China, a banquet known as ”jiuxi“ means an alcohol banquet and the life of every person, from birth to death, should have pauses for drinking banquets starting a month or 100 days after a baby's birth when the parents invite people in for a drink.When someone builds a new house, marries, starts a business, makes a fortune or lives a long life, he should invite people in for a drinking session.In modern times it is a pity that the games that go with drink are not the elegant ones of the past that involved poetry or music.Today, drinkers just play simple finger guessing games along with a lot of heavy drinking.It also seems today that friendship depends only on the volume of drink being consumed.It is widely said among the drinking fraternity that ”if we are good friends, then bottom up;if not, then just take a sip“.As we know, China has 56 nationalities and a wide range of territory.There is varied drinking custom for different nationalities.2.2.2 Different customs of drinking alcohol Several major Chinese festivals of the year have corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival and drinking ”calamus wine“.Double Ninth Festival drink ”chrysanthemum wine“ to ward off evil and to wish their elders good health and longevity.Of course, no wedding ceremony is complete unless the happy couple symbolizes their love for each other by linking their arms to drink to their future happiness(jiaobeijiu), after which they offer a dutiful toast to their parents to thank them for the care they have given to them as children.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and alcohol are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the alcohol with the guests.” liquor of daughter in the south“(女儿酒)According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to brew alcohol when their daughter was born.Then they bury the brewed alcohol underground and keep it until their daughter marries.Then they take the jar up and paint auspicious pictures upon it to give greetings.This kind of alcohol was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu" Another difference exists in the custom of drinking alcohol.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive alcohol and custom of drinking alcohol.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.It there exists buying alcohol culture, that is, today I buy the alcohol for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Alcohol culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Alcohol culture that caused great effect on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of alcohol.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.[4:89]Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of alcohol came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the alcohol was brewed for Yi Di, the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking alcohol by man.The girls in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking alcohol in modern times.2.2.3 Different purpose of drinking alcohol In China, alcohol is often used as a tool, the so-called “a tippler's delight lay not in alcohol but in mountains and waters.The delight to enjoy mountains and waters came from the bottom of his heart, and relied on alcohol as well”.People are mostly rely on alcohol to pursue other things rather than alcohol.[13:123] Qingmeizhujiu as to demonstrate who is a hero;do not put down your cup in Invitation To Wine(将进酒，Li Bai)is to we may drown the woes age-old;seven sages are sing wildly in bamboo grove, in order to take refuge with alcohol.Alcohol in the eyes of the Chinese people more as a communication tool in China's alcohol culture, and alcohol for their own lack of scientific and systematic analysis and evaluation, they play more attention on wonderful role of alcohol after drinking it.In the West, the drinking purpose is very simple, in order to appreciate the alcohol to drinking the alcohol, in order to enjoy the alcohol to drinking the alcohol.Of course, alcohol in the West also has the function of communication, but it's more pursuing is how much of the flavor of alcohol to enjoy.[5：78]

III.Intercommunication of alcohol culture

3.1 The necessity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture

The development of world alcohol culture depends on the intercommunication

of different nations.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Only by intercommunication people could share different kinds of alcohol culture and make progress quickly.Isolation is bound up with failure.It is a necessity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture

3.2 Suggestions to the intercommunication of alcohol culture

The development of world alcohol culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I’d like to present several suggestions as the following:

Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of alcohol culture.This give professors, experts and people who are interested in alcohol a chance to exchange their ideas and views about alcohol and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development of alcohol culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations and set the suitable rules.As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.Lastly, the innovation is crucial in developing alcohol culture.We couldn’t indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional alcohol culture excessively.We should innovate the alcohol culture to keep the booming vitality of alcohol.Conclusion

The alcohol is the best present that God has given to people.Alcohol culture comes along with the birth of alcohol since alcohol appeared.Due to the difference of alcohol, regions and environment, the faith brought by alcohol culture also has more or less difference.At first, the alcohol in China was the sweet alcohol made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet alcohol either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew alcohol with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the alcohol of China.However, the alcohol in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew alcohol with grape.The alcohol made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to Champagne and Brandy, grape as the raw material.Drinking alcohol in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic alcohol and custom of drinking alcohol.The culture of drinking alcohol has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of alcohol culture.The alcohol can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed alcohol is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing alcohol is vital, which is to make sure the alcohol is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of alcohol culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese alcohol culture will develop along with the development of the world alcohol culture.Bibliography 〔1〕 Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture [M].Princeton University, 2003.〔2〕 Haeger North American Pinot Noir [M].Langman, 2004.〔3〕Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking [M].Mitchell Beazley, 2000.〔4〕 Jeni Port.Crushed by women: women and win [M].Arcadia, 2000.〔5〕 Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook [M].Conran Octopus, 2000.〔6〕 王守国．酒文化与艺术精神[M]．郑州：河南大学出版社, 2006． 〔7〕 铁流．中华酒文化大观[M]．北京：当代中国出版社, 2000． 〔8〕 张爱敬．酒文化[M]．青岛：中国海洋大学出版社, 1999． 〔9〕 张长兴．酒文化[M]．呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社, 2003．

〔10〕 赵荣光．中国传统酒人形象的历史异变[A]．香港：饮食文化研究出版社, 2002．

〔11〕 蒋雁峰．中国酒文化研究[M]．长沙：湖南师范大学出版社, 2000． 〔12〕 朱迪．带一只酒杯去巴黎[M]．北京：团结出版社, 2005． 〔13〕 Thomas Karlauf．突然想喝酒,微醺[M]．上海外文出版社, 2003． 〔14〕 蕭曦清酒國春秋[M]．台北：台湾新生报出版社, 2001． 〔15〕 韩胜宝．姑苏酒文化[M]．苏州：古吴轩出版社, 2000．

第三篇：中西方公务员制度比较研究

中西方公务员制度比较研究

摘要：中国公务员制度的建立是我国干部人事管理制度改革的重要成果,既继承和发扬了我国干部和人事工作的优良传统,总结和完善了改革开放以来干部人事制度改革的新鲜经验,又吸收和借鉴了西方国家文官制度的有益做法,已在现阶段形成了中国特色。本文试从中西方公务员范围的界定到公务员制度的特征差异展开对比分析,并对其发展趋势作了一些探讨。关键字：公务员制度，公务员，公务员考核，公务员培训 正文：公务员制度，西方又叫文官制度。西方文官制度最早产生于英国，后在美国、加拿大、法国、日本等国家实行。到目前为止，绝大多数发达国家都采用了这种制度，第三世界一些国家已经和正在采用这种制度。国家公务员制度是从19世纪中后期开始，为适应西方工业化时代政府管理的实践需要而逐步形成和发展起来的。随着西方各国由工业社会向后工业社会的转变，传统的文官制度的弊端日益暴露出来，越来越不适应信息社会以及全球化时代政府管理实践的需要。20世纪80年代以来，西方掀起了一场声势浩大的政府改革运动，作为官僚体制支柱的文官制度，成为改革的焦点。80年代中期，伴随改革开放的伟大历史脚步，我国开始了建立国家公务员制度的理论与实践，取得了历史性突破。而随着我国市场经济体制的建立和完善以及政治——行政体制改革的逐步深化，我国公务员制度的建设面临着新的机遇与挑战。因此，面对全球范围的公务员制度改革的潮流，如何立足于我国的国情，借鉴西方文官制度改革的经验与教训，推进我国公务员制度建设，便成为一个重要的理论与实践问题。

公务员系指代表国家从事社会公共事务管理、行使国家权力，履行国家公务的人员。公务员制度的称谓，各国不尽一致，英国叫“文官”或“文职服务人员”。美国叫“政府雇员"。一般通称为公务员或文官。所谓公务员制度，就是通过制定公务员法，对公务人员依法进行管理的总称。公务员制度的建立、发展和完善，是衡量一个国家民主政治成熟与否的重要标志。我国在推行公务员制度的进程中，积极吸收和大胆借鉴了西方文官制度的成功经验，但是这种吸收和借鉴不是照搬，从社会制度的本质来说，我国推行的公务员制度与西方文官制度有着本质区别。

１、从权利和义务上看，我国和西方公务员既有相同之处，也有显著区别

我国和西方国家公务员权利和义务的共同点体现于都规定公务员要依法行事，忠于职守，为大众服务，遵守纪律，不得经商，不得参加与本部门有关的赢利活动，不得兼职等等。而其差别体现在两个方面：首先，西方各国强调地方公务员的权利和义务一般仅限于服务的地区范围，而在我国，所有的公务员所享受的权利和承担的义务都是相同的，根本不受服务地区的范围限制；其次，西方各国强调公务员“政治中立”，不介于政党活动，即为文官工作不受党派斗争的影响，如各国公务员法都明确规定：公务员不得参加政党的竞选活动和支持竞选的募捐活动，不得担任由选举和政治任命产生的公职，不得接受政治捐款等等。规定“政治中立”的目的是为了在多党竞争的政治环境中，避免“政党分赃制”造成的工作混乱和官员队伍的动荡不稳，从而使业务类公务员不卷入政治斗争，以保证政府各项工作的有条不紊地进行，稳定公务员队伍，保持政策的连续性和政治的稳定。但是实际上完全做到“政治中立”是不可能的。在我国，则是要求全体公务员都要坚持中国共产党的基本路线，并接受马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”的教育，我国公务员制度的建立是为贯彻党的基本路线服务并提供组织保证的，这与西方文官制度所标榜的“政治中立”有本质的区别。众所周知，作为上层建筑的国家政治制度的公务员制度，必然取决于并服务于本国的根本政治经济制度，由于国情不同，文化传统各异，因而必然各具其特色。

2、在公务员的录用考核方面，西方各国与我国也有所不同

西方各国对公务员的选用，是以公务员是否具有职务上所需要的知识能力为标准的，而为此所采取的方法即是客观公正的竞争考试，保证真正优秀的人才有机会担任公职，这样有利于提高公务员的素质，克服政府官员任用中的不正之风。西方各国对公务员的考核侧重于功绩的原则。这是任用标准和依据的重要原则。要求按照工作成绩决定晋升，具有客观的测评标准。因为才能的高低、品行的好坏，应该反映在工作成绩上。功绩制原则的作用就在于激励公务员努力工作，提高政府的工作效率，同时，又可以强化竞争机制，促使公务员不断地争先创优。一句话，功绩制原则可以充分调动公务员的积极性和创造性。美国的考绩制度便是如此。但这种考核往往注重人的现实能力，忽视人的潜能与发展趋势，这也是一个缺点所在。在我国对公务员的考核所坚持的原则：一是客观公正的原则，即要全面准确地实事求是地反映公务员的状况，并按统一标准公平地做出对公务员的评价；二是民主公开的原则，就是要将考核的内容、标准、方法和程序等公诸于众，公开接受群众监督，并通过征求意见，民主评议的方式，让群众直接参与考核；三是依法考核的原则。其考核内容，即从公务员的德、能、勤、绩四个方面进行全面考核，重点考核工作实绩，强调坚持德才标准和注重考核政治思想表现。

与西方公务员考核一样，我国的公务员考核结果也是晋升的依据，但在考核上也有一定的区别：西方各国对公务员的考核主要是考勤和考绩，以考绩为重点，一般不问政治行为；而我国则要求德才兼备。考核方法不同，西方各国以领导考核为主，考核结果不公布；而我国是采取领导与群众相结合的考核方法，考核结果通知本人。考核机构不同，西方各国以人

事部门为主对各部门考核，而我国是各部门自已考核。年考核次数不同，西方各国多年考核两次，我国则考核一次。考核程度不同，我国考核相对复杂些。

3、从公务员与政府的关系来看，我国与西方各国有重大区别

西方各国公务员与政府的关系是雇用关系，把文官系统看作是独立的利益集团，将文官身份分裂开来（对公众是官员，对政府是雇员）。我国的公务员是人民的勤务员，是国家的主人，是代表人民行使国家行政权利的工作人员，他们和政府的关系是共同履行行政责任的连带关系。

4、在公务员培训方面，我国和西方各国有所不同

西方各国很重视对公务员知识的更新和能力的提高，因此以各种形式对公务员进行培训，来保证公务员素质不断适应社会发展的需要，提高现有行政管理水平。如英国1970年成立了文官学院，以加强对文官的培养工作。而且西方各国还注重对公务员人格的培训，以使其具有良好的品质，这样才能在工作中兢兢业业地完成其本职工作。此外，对新录用的公务员或公务员晋升职务都要进行培训。西方各国比较重视公务员专业化原则，用人注重知识和专业，所以也要对公务员进行社会科学的培训，以拓宽其视野。另外，还进行单门知识和专业技术的培训以及对专门机构整理出来的政府机关亟待解决的实践课题和理论课题的研修培训。西方各国对公务员的培训，强调针对性、灵活性的原则，形成了一些行之有效的培训方式。例如，法国国立行政学院是专门培训非技术性高级文官的“超尖子”学校。该院有一套自己的组织形式、严格的招生制度和独特的教学方式，以满足培训目标的需要。

在我国，《国家公务员暂行条例》规定：国家行政学院、地方行政学院以及其它培训机构按有关规定承担国家公务员的培训任务。国家行政学院负责培训高级公务员和部分中级公务员；地方行政学院负责培训地区中级和初级公务员；其它培训机构主要包括国务院各部委和直属机构所属的管理院校、高等院校的成人教育机构等。它们分别按系统或按专业承担有关公务员的培训工作。其培训内容主要是坚持政治教育和业务培训相结合。其类型有新录用的公务员培训、晋升领导职务的公务员的培训、专门业务培训、知识更新培训等。相比较而言，我国公务员的培训在规范化和制度化方面与西方各国差距较大。

国情与环境的差别决定了我国的公务员制度的发展与西方文官制度改革的目标、战略、步骤、方法以及具体措施上的不同。因此，我们在加强公务员制度的建设的同时，应注意灵活性，在两者之间寻求一个平衡。具体措施如下：

1、加快立法，强化执法，提高公务员管理的法治化水平。第一，抓紧制定公务员法。根据党中央、国务院和全国人大的要求，在认真总结公务员制度的基础上，抓紧《国家公务员法》的起草工作。第二，研究制定出台尚缺的单项法规。如公务员纪律、行为规范、调任、竞争上岗等；对现有的单项法规要在实践检验的基础上，进行修改、补充和完善。第三，抓好制度落实。第四，探索公务员管理的执法机制。要完善机制，创新办法，提高公务员管理的科学化水平。坚持“凡进必考”，完善考试录用制度。推进和规范竞争上岗，保证竞争上岗的效果。继续探索分类管理的思路，研究起草《专业技术类公务员管理办法》。改进考核制度，积极做好加强和改进党政机关考核工作的试点。搞好配套改革，抓紧制定降职、辞职、辞退的配套措施，推动公务员社会养老、医疗等社会保障制度建立。

2、以强化竞争激励机制为重点，推动公务员制度的完善。第一，完善考试录用制度，加强对应试者行政能力、潜力的测评。完善公务员录用考试制度，探索建立分级分类考试体系，创新考试组织方式。第二，要规范竞争上岗的程序和考试内容，探索完善竞争上岗的科学方法，为优秀公务员的成长铺设“快车道”。第三，改进考核制度，激励公务员奋发向上。第四，优化竞争激励机制的氛围。抓紧制定降职、辞职、辞退的配套措施，推动公务员社会养老、医疗、失业等社会保障制度建设。加强舆论宣传，促进观念转变，营造有利于竞争激励机制的良好环境。

3、根据不断变化的情况，勇于创新管理制度。要在巩固、健全并实施好现行制度的同时，着眼于全局，着眼于长远，针对新情况，研究新问题，勇于创新，使公务员制度充满活力和旺盛的生命力。要把握重点，突出关键环节：一是从完善制度入手，根据新形势、新情况，对公务员制度内容进行细化、补充，对公务员管理的重点环节进行探索；二是；围绕队伍建设这个目标，在公务员能上能下、能进能出和提高素质等方面，大胆尝试，摸索经验；三是以解决人民群众和公务员关注的热点、难点问题为重点进行创新；四是及时归纳、总结新的做法和经验，对较为成熟的制度大力推广；对带有方向性，还不具备普遍推广条件的，要循序渐进地扩大试点，在试点中不断充实和完善。

参考文献：

[1]尹蔚民．公务员管理的法制法〔Ｊ〕．国家行政学院学报，２００１（６）

1、《国家公务员制度》徐理明主编高等教育出版社 1999年10月第一版

2、《国家公务员制度教程》舒放 王克良主编中国人民大学出版社，2001年9月第一版09政本：彭兰英

第四篇：企业文化研究

企业文化的社会调查

企业文化是企业的无形资产

企业文化是一个企业在长期生产经营中形成、积累，经过筛选形成并倡导的一套优良作风、行为方式及价值观念，是企业的一种无形资产，是企业的灵魂和持续发展的根本，也是企业核心竞争能力之一，发挥着其他资源不可替代的作用。越来越多的企业意识到文化对企业的重要意义，也有越来越多的企业陷入抄袭剽窃、有形无神的企业文化建设各种误区当中。盲目追求企业文化的形式，忽视企业文化的内涵，从而使企业文化流于空谈，沦为企业作秀的工具。

在培育和创建企业文化时，既要根据各个企业所处的环境，以及所处产业和行业特点，把握创建的四大原则，同时，也要抓住企业文化建设的要害环节，采取相应对策和措施，创建出具有时代特色的个性化企业文化来。企业文化表面看是虚的，但它却是企业的灵魂，关乎企业的兴亡。它能激发人们自觉地创造性地从事经营活动，丰富企业物质财富。因此，知识经济时代的企业更应该正视企业文化的功能和作用，运用企业文化保障自己的组织个性鲜明，不断创新，成为卓越的企业。

通过对奇瑞汽车股份有限公司的调查，最后得出的结论是：通过此次社会实践，使我更深刻地熟悉到企业文化在企业中的重要性：企业只有重视人文治理，才能有一支高素质的员工队伍，才能取得良好的效益。既要根据各个企业所处的环境，以及所处产业和行业特点，把握创建的四大原则，同时，也要抓住企业文化建设的要害环节，采取相应对策和措施，创建出具有时代特色的个性化企业文化来。

奇瑞汽车股份有限集团公司之所以会取得今天的辉煌业绩，其最重要的一个因素就在于注重企业文化。企业文化是以企业治理哲学和企业精神为核心，凝集企业员工归属感，积极性和创造性的人本治理理论。

企业文化在市场竞争中所体现出来的价值是不可估量的，企业文化是潜在的生产力，是企业员工共同的精神支柱，它可以形成企业巨大的凝聚力、亲和力和战斗力，这种效果，是单纯的硬件建设和工资福利等手段所达不到的，企业文化建设在激烈的市场竞争中的作用有以下几方面：

1、有利于塑造良好的企业形象

树立企业形象，创企业名牌，是企业文化的一大作用，文化增加企业自身的魅力，增加别人对企业的信任，提高企业在竞争中的成功率。

2、有利于增强企业员工的向心力和凝聚力

优秀的企业文化不仅可以激励士气，使人奋发进取，在企业中营造一种健康向上的工作氛围，而且可以使员工自觉认同企业的价值理念和发展目标，为企业的发展尽职尽责。

3、有利于加强企业治理

治理机制是企业文化的一部分，企业文化的增长，对企业员工素质的提高和治理水平的提高，有巨大促进作用。企业文化的形成和发展，标志着企业的经营治理由低水平向高水平发展。

4、有利于提升企业竞争力

企业文化是造就企业核心竞争力的动力之源，它不仅能够增强企业的向心力和凝聚力，而且是企业应对市场竞争，创造国内一流企业的内在动力，对企业整体竞争力的提升和对外扩张发挥着重要作用。优秀的企业文化树立真心诚意为顾客服务的经营理念，通过品牌形象，让顾客在购买使用产品的过程中熟悉企业、相信企业、从而接受企业的产品。

企业核心竞争力来源于企业文化中的企业理念和核心价值观，一个成功的企业，就是要创造一种能够使企业全体员工衷心认同的核心价值观和使命感，一个能够积极地推动组织变革和发展的企业文化。企业只有通过树立共同的价值观及价值观指导下的企业目标、企业精神、职业道德等，才能激发员工的工作热情，使其积极性、主动性和创造性得以最大限度地发挥，真正使企业在激烈的市场竞争中具有较强的竞争实力。共同的价值观念是企业文化的核心，可以规范和引导员工行为。共同的价值准则在团体内会形成一种无形的压力和推动力，可以导致个体行为产生从众行为，改变个体行为，使之与集体行为一致。这种没有强制性的影响力，有时比权威命令效果大得多。

企业治理的根本任务之一，就是要充分调动员工的积极性、主动性、创造性。在企业文化的建设中要重视和研究员工的各种需要，为员工创造良好的氛围，促使员工的交往、归属、尊重、自我实现等高层次的精神需求得到充分满足。通过激励措施与手段，引导员工在增加企业效益和社会效益的基础上获取物质利益。把无形的精神激励与有形的物质激励有机结合起来，从而充分地持久地调动员工的生产积极性，提高企业治理水平。

企业是人群的协作体现，企业治理中最重要的是尊重人、关心人，充分发挥员工的积极性和创造性；要肯定和体现员工自身的价值；有意识地培养员工的团体精神，使企业的发展布满生气和活力。

企业是由人构成的，员工的素质决定着企业的能量。一个企业若员工的基本素质不高或缺乏良好的职业道德，企业的健康发展是不可能的。加强培训不断提高员工的基本素质，是建设企业文化的基本保证。要通过丰富多彩的工作和生活，促进员工学习文化和专业技术知识。并通过灌输性的企业文化教育，强化员工对企业目标、价值观念，行为规范的熟悉，潜移默化地培养企业文化，提高员工素质。

在企业形象塑造中，要以实施品牌战略为契机，通过多种形式的宣传教育，把企业的经营之道、企业精神和企业形象体现在产品品牌上，在销售产品的同时向用户传递服务的观念，负责的企业经营理念，富有亲和力的价值导向，得到用户的认可，并通过厂区美化，环境优化，增强品牌的外在感染力，全面提升企业的社会形象和市场形象，最终达到提高企业核心竞争能力的目的。

综上所述，假如把“企业”比喻成人，那么企业文化就好比人的“性格”，“性格决定命运”，企业文化则决定着企业的生存和发展方向，在企业经营治理中发挥着极其重要的作用。因此，在企业文化建设中每个企业都应根据自身所处的环境条件、发展目标、价值取向等因素综合考虑，创建独具特色的企业文化，以增强企业核心竞争能力。使企业在竞争中立于不败之地。

奇瑞汽车股份有限公司正是以“真挚诚信，激情永驻；用户第一，品质至上；永远创业，追求卓越；马上行动，日清日高；以人为本，鼓励竞争；组织优化，团队互动；超越梦想，挑战极限“为口号。使全国人民认同奇瑞是“中国第一民族汽车品牌” 的傲人称号，使“奇瑞”汽车畅销全国31个省、市、自治区，在国内汽车行业具有较高的知名度；同时奇瑞汽车运销全球五大洲，出口非洲、东南亚、中南美、中东等国家，市场占有率一直排名全国前五强。同时，公司以铸造诚信，以人为本、质量至上为公司的经营理念，面对复杂多边的客观环境，面对日趋复杂的市场竞争，将企业文化与树立危机意识为企业生存和发展的根本；以诚信求市场，以品牌求发展、以创新求优势，为把奇瑞做大、做强、做优。

第五篇：企业文化研究

一.企业文化的诊断

二.企业文化的诊断就是对企业文化现有的状态进行诊视和评估。由于各个企业具

有不同的历史背景、发展状况、经营性质和特点、人员结构、组织形式等，再加上企业员工自身行为观念、价值准则、文化素质的差异、导致了每种企业文化都具有自己的独特性。若不进行企业文化诊断，就难以了解各自企业文化的特点，建设、发展企业文化就会带来一定的盲目性。

客观的分析和全面评估一个企业的企业文化并非易事。因为处在某种文化影响下的组织成员，总是以这种文化所决定的特殊性思维方式与观察方式思考问题。先入为主的观念，往往会影响组织成员客观的分析和公正的评价本企业的文化传统和现状。同时，企业文化的内隐性，更增添了人们人们分析和评价企业的困难。因此，作为企业文化研究者首先要找到一种客观的诊断方法和评价指标，应用科学的调查研究的手段，才能对企业文化的传统和现状，做出客观的分析和公正的评价。

一般说来，一项大规模的企业文化诊断过程，是一项相当复杂的系统工程。主要可分为三个步骤来进行。

1.确定企业文化诊断人员。

2.为了能客观的诊断企业文化的传统和现状，必须要选择恰当的诊断人员。一般

来说，对一个企业进行文化诊断，其人员主要有两个渠道：一是本企业中的具有丰富的管理经验，资历较深的管理人员；二是外聘的一些企业经营管理方面的专家和学者。这两类人员各有优缺，可互相取长补短的进行相互合作的工作，比如，在诊断方法的设计，计划安排等方面，可以主要由专家、学者来承担，在具体的实施方面则应当主要依靠企业自身的调查人员。2.设计诊断内容与选择诊断方法

3.由于企业的性质以及规模不同，企业的外部经营环境及其经营方式不同，企业的人员素质及要求不同，因此，企业文化诊断的具体内容也就会有所不同。一般的，一项企业文化诊断大致要考虑以下几方面。

4.5.a.研究企业的生产经营状况

这方面主要包括研究企业的产品性质、企业的产品市场占有率、投资收益率、企业的组织结构及信息沟通方式，企业的生产工艺水平及产品创新能力等等。了解这些问题，主要的目的是为了从宏观上把握企业的现有文化是否对企业的生产经营活动具有推动作用。

b.研究企业的各种规章制度和宣传材料

企业的规章制度是企业文化的内容之一。在具有优秀的企业文化的企业中，企业各不同职能部门之间虽工作性质不同，但它们都具有统一性、共同认可的一个或少数几个清晰明确的经营观念，而这种经营观念会以简洁的形式，表现在企业制度的各种规章制度之中，表现在企业的各种宣传资料当中。因此，研究其规章制度和宣传材料，可以逐步总结和归纳出企业的经营信念。

c.研究最高主管或决策者的价值观念。

一个企业是否具有统一的、为广大职工的普遍认可的经营价值观，在很大程度上取决于企业的最高主管或决策者是否有明确的经营观念。

在具有优秀企业文化的企业中，所表现出来的一个共同特点就是企业的最高主管或决策者都具有清晰明确的价值观念，把主要精力放在思考企业的经营价值观及企业发展战略等方面，并以个人的独特领导权威和魅力，不断的向职工灌输自己的经营价值观。

d.考虑企业如何处理与企业外部的关系。

企业作为社会系统的一个部分，它每时每刻都在同外界进行交往和联系。而企业奉行的交往原则，在很大程度上是由企业的经营价值观和社会责任感所决定的，在是否注重外部环境的变化，用什么态度对待顾客，能否为消费者不断的提供新产品和新的服务项目方面，具有不同企业文化的企业，会有差别很大的处理方法与态度。尤其是在如何处理企业同顾客的关系方面，更能表现出不同企业之间的文化优劣与否。

e.深入细致的对企业内部职工进行调查和访问。

企业文化的作用若是整体一致性的，它就会综合的反应在企业内部的每一个职工的观念、态度和行为中。通过深入细致的开展对企业职工的调查和访问，可以深入的了解企业职工对企业的知晓度，企业价值观的渗透程度，从而可以全面的反应出企业文化的成熟度。具体而言，主要可以通过了解企业对职工的吸引力大小、职工的责任感与参与感、职工对企业树立的典范人物的评价、企业内部职工之间的交流与沟通的方式与内容、企业职工对企业历史和传统的了解度和自豪感等方面进行研究。

诊断方法的选择也很重要。采用何种方法，主要取决于企业的规模、诊断时间的期限、内容的多寡、参加诊断人员的数量及素质、企业职工的素质及心理倾向等多种因素。可采取定性与定量分析相结合，访问、观察、实验、抽样调查、文献研究等等。总之，要具体对象具体对待。

二.企业文化战略的研究

在当前我国特定的社会主义市场经济条件下，如何使我国企业进行一个良性的稳步的发展，建设企业文化是极其重要的。在高层管理人员战略管理过程中，必须要加强企业内部的文化建设，实施企业文化战略，由于它与企业的经济策略紧密配合，因此能有效的赶山企业的经营成果，提高企业竞争力。

在企业成长过程中，文化对企业产生的许多影响都被理入企业行为动机的原始部位，它处于行为动机的意识层面之下，以至于文化的作用往往被人们所忽视。但事实上，由于文化本身所具有的无形性、软约束性、相对稳定性和连续性等，使文化始终以一种不可抗逆的方式影响着企业。特别是当企业进行改革时，若这种改革与企业文化不能一致，文化便会产生阻碍改革的现象。如何使企业的战略与文化相协调一致，便成为企业所要解决的一个重要问题。一般说来，可有两种方式进行协调：一是企业目前的文化仍能适应企业的经营要求，且企业文化已根深蒂固，在这种情况下，企业战略做相应的调整，以适应现存的文化；二是调整企业文化适应战略，调整一个公司的文化去适应一个新战略比改变战略去适应公司现存的文化更为有效。由于企业文化战略的基本信念、价值观与企业战略目标一致，并体现在企业成员的行为方式中，使企业成员以更大热情去完成企业的战略计划，可使企业取得良好的经营绩效。

〔一〕、企业文化战略制定

企业文化战略制定是企业文化战略的重要环节和关键步骤，也是战略决策的主要内容，一般而言，企业文化战略制定包括以下几个相互衔接的环节：

1.树立正确的企业文化战略思想。

由于企业文化体现了企业的共同价值准则和精神观念，对企业职工有着强烈的内聚力、向心力和持久力，具有无形的导向、凝聚和约束功能，因此，正确、健康、向上的企业文化战略思想对于创建优秀的企业文化具有重要的指导作用。尤其是对于当前我国的企业来说，弘扬时代精神，振奋民族意识，体现职工主人翁思想，坚持集体主义价值标准，将是中国企业文化战略思想的主旋律。

2.确定企业文化战略模式。

由于各种企业所面临的环境不同，企业发展的阶段有所差别，企业职工的文化素质参差不齐，因此企业文化的战略模式也各有千秋。一般而言，企业文化战略模式包括这样几种：①先导型的，全力以赴追求企业文化的先进性和领导性，如抢先型、改革型、风险型的战略模式；②探索型的，敢于开拓，敢于创新，敢于独树一帜，与众不同；③稳定型的，按照自己的运行规律步步为营，稳打稳扎；④追随型的，并不抢先实施企业文化战略，而是当出现成功的经验时立即进行模仿或加以改

进；⑤惰性型的，奉行稳妥主义，不冒风险，安于现状；⑥多元型的，没有一成不变的战略模式，坚持实用态度，或综合进行，或任其发展，哪种有用就采用哪种模式。

3.划分企业文化战略阶段。

由于不同的企业发展具有不平衡性，企业文化的进程有先有后，就是同一个企业的发展也有不同发展阶段，企业文化战略的实施进程有快有慢，因此应当实事求是地认真分析自己企业所处的战略阶段，以利于企业文化战略的持续进行。一般而言，企业文化战略阶段包括：①初创阶段；②上升阶段；③成熟阶段；④衰退阶段；⑤变革阶段。

4.制定企业文化战略方案。

为了达到企业文化战略的目标，应当依据对企业内部和外部条件的分析与预测，制定出科学、最优和满意的企业文化战略方案。方案的制订可以根据企业不同时期的不同重点，划分为总体战略方案和各部门、各单位、各下属的分体战略，或者是全领域战略和局部领域战略。制订方案要贯彻可行性准则，既要把握方案的时机是否成熟，又要注意该方案在实践中能否行得通，同时还要兼顾必要的应变方案。最后通过一定的评估方案，

选出理想的最佳方案或理想的综合方案。

5.明确企业文化战略重点。

所谓企业文化战略重点是指那些对于实现战略目标具有关键作用而又有发展优势或者自身发展薄弱而需要着重加强的方面、环节和部分。对于不同的企业来说，战略重点的侧重点有所不同，有的重点在于培养企业精神、企业意识、企业道德，有的重点在于塑造企业形象、规范企业制度，有的重点在于树立厂风厂貌、端正经营风尚、提高企业素质，等等。因此，抓准了战略重点，不仅有助于企业文化战略的重点突破，而且也会由此而找到了企业走上振兴之路的关键枢纽。

6.选择卓有成效的企业文化战略策略。

企业文化战略策略是实现战略指导思想和战略目标而采取的重要措施、手段和技巧。企业应当根据战略环境的不同情况，选择别具一格和新颖独特的战略策略，以达成战略目标和推行战略行动。一般而言，企业文化战略策略所遵循的原则包括：①针对性，必须针对实现战略指导思想和战略目标的需要；②灵活性，要因时因事因地随机应变，以适应内外环境变化多端的特征；③适当性，要讲求实效恰到好处，不过分追新和夸张或搞形式；④多元性，各种策略技巧相互配套，有机结合，谋求最佳配合和整体优势。

〔二〕、企业文化战略实施

企业在选择了正确的企业文化战略之后，就应当转入有效的战略实施，以保证战略的成功和实效。一般而言，企业文化战略实施包括以下几种措施：

1.建立战略实施的计划体系。即通过把战略方案的长期目标分解为各种短期计划、行动方案和操作程序，使各级管理人员和职工明确各自的责任体系和任务网络，以保证各种实施活动与企业文化战略指导思想和战略重点的相互一致。

2.通过一定的组织机构实施。企业文化战略的实施，要求建立一个高效率的组织机构，通过相互协调、相互信任和合理授权，以保证企业文化战略的顺利实施。

3.提供必要的物质条件、硬件设施和财务支持，这既是塑造企业形象的内在要求，也是企业文化战略实施的物质基础。

4.努力创造有利于实施企业文化战略的文化氛围和环境，通过一定的教育和灌输方式，大力宣传企业文化战略的具体内容和要求，使之家喻户晓，人人明白，使全体职工深刻理解企业文化战略的实质。

〔三〕、企业文化战略控制

战略控制就是将信息反馈回来的实际成效和预定的战略计划进行比较，以检测两者的偏差程度，然后采取有效措施进行纠正，以保证战略目标的完成。

企业文化战略控制的基本要素包括：

1.战略评价标准和指标体系。就企业文化战略的评价指标而言，可以考虑以下几种：①企业精神；②企业哲学；③企业价值观；④企业目标；⑤企业素质；⑥企业制度；⑦企业行为；⑧企业形象；⑨企业家文化。就企业文化战略的评价级度而言，可以选用品位级度，分为高水平、中水平、低水平；也可以选用质量级度，分为优质、中质、低质。

2.实际成效。企业文化战略实施成果是在具体执行过程中达到目标程度的综合反映。如要切实掌握准确的成果资料和数据，必须建立一定的管理信息系统，必要时可以借助于电子计算机设计软件系统，运用科学的控制方法和控制系统，测定企业文化战略活动的真实特性，提供企业文化战略发展趋势的定性信息。

3.绩效评价。就是用取得的成果与预定的标准进行比较分析，如果出现正偏差，即超过预定的目标，就是好结果；如果出现微偏差，即与预定的目标基

本相等，也属好结果；如果出现负偏差，即远没达到预定目标，就是不好的结果，应当及时采取措施，进行必要的纠偏调整。