8D报告中英文版

第一篇：8D报告中英文版

of 2

CTV-85-001-0114 Jun 2011

Process for Approval.(CAR)Quality Engineer to set up meeting with Approval team.通过过程（纠正预防措施）质量工程师召集通过小组，举行会议of 2

CTV-85-001-0114 Jun 2011

第二篇：中英文开题报告

--精选公文范文--------------------------中英文开题报告

中英文开题报告

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies.----------------精选公文范文------------------精选公文范文--------------------------

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.----------------精选公文范文------------------精选公文范文--------------------------Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation----------------精选公文范文------------------精选公文范文--------------------------approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline

Development and major concepts of DTS

此文共有3页

----------------精选公文范文----------------

第三篇：中英文开题报告

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies(DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS此文共有3页 上一页123下一页

第四篇：十八大报告中英文对照

政府工作报告

——2013年3月5日在第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上 国务院总理 温家宝

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT Delivered at the First Session of the Twelfth National People's Congress on March 5, 2013 Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council 各位代表：

现在，我代表国务院，向大会报告过去五年的政府工作，并对今年工作提出建议，请各位代表审议，并请全国政协委员提出意见。Fellow Deputies, On behalf of the State Council, I now present to you the report on the government's work of the past five years and suggestions for its work this year for your deliberation and for comments from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC).一、过去五年工作回顾

I.Review of Work in the Past Five Years

第十一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议以来的五年，是我国发展进程中极不平凡的五年。我们有效应对国际金融危机的严重冲击，保持经济平稳较快发展，国内生产总值从26.6万亿元增加到51.9万亿元，跃升到世界第二位；公共财政收入从5.1万亿元增加到11.7万亿元；累计新增城镇就业5870万人，城镇居民人均可支配收入和农村居民人均纯收入年均分别增长8.8%、9.9%；粮食产量实现“九连增”；重要领域改革取得新进展，开放型经济达到新水平；创新型国家建设取得新成就，载人航天、探月工程、载人深潜、北斗卫星导航系统、超级计算机、高速铁路等实现重大突破，第一艘航母“辽宁舰”入列；成功举办北京奥运会、残奥会和上海世博会；夺取抗击汶川特大地震、玉树强烈地震、舟曲特大山洪泥石流等严重自然灾害和灾后恢复重建重大胜利。我国社会生产力和综合国力显著提高，人民生活水平和社会保障水平显著提高，国际地位和国际影响力显著提高。我们圆满完成“十一五”规划，顺利实施“十二五”规划。社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设取得重大进展，谱写了中国特色社会主义事业新篇章。

The past five years since the First Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress were a truly extraordinary period of time in the course of China's development.We effectively countered the severe impact of the global financial crisis and maintained steady and fast economic development.China's GDP increased from 26.6 trillion yuan to 51.9 trillion yuan, and now ranks second in the world.Government revenue went up from 5.1 trillion yuan to 11.7 trillion yuan.A total of 58.7 million urban jobs were created.The per capita disposable income of urban residents rose by an annual average of 8.8%, and the per capita net income of rural residents rose by 9.9%.Grain output increased for the ninth consecutive year in 2012.Progress was made in key areas of reform;and the open economy reached a new stage of development.We made China more innovative.Breakthroughs were made in developing manned spaceflight and the lunar exploration program, building a manned deep-sea submersible, launching the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, developing supercomputers and building high-speed railways.China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, was commissioned.We successfully hosted the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and the XIII Paralympic Games in Beijing and the World Expo in Shanghai.We successfully mitigated the impact of the massive Wenchuan earthquake, the strong Yushu earthquake, the huge Zhugqu mudslide and other natural disasters and carried out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.China's productive forces and overall national strength, its living standards and social security, and its international status and influence all improved significantly.We successfully completed the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and got off to a good start in implementing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.We made significant socialist economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, and wrote a new chapter in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.The following are the main work we accomplished over the past five years and its main features: 一是有效应对国际金融危机，促进经济平稳较快发展。过去五年，我们是在持续应对国际金融危机严重冲击中走过来的。这场危机来势之猛、扩散之快、影响之深，百年罕见。我们沉着应对，及时果断调整宏观调控着力点，出台进一步扩大内需、促进经济平稳较快增长的十项措施，全面实施一揽子计划。两年新增4万亿元投资，其中中央财政投资1.26万亿元，主要用于保障性安居工程、农村民生工程、基础设施、社会事业、生态环保、自主创新等方面建设和灾后恢复重建。五年来，新建各类保障性住房1800多万套，棚户区改造住房1200多万套；完成大中型和重点小型水库除险加固1.8万座，治理重点中小河流2.45万公里，新增节水灌溉面积770万公顷；新增铁路里程1.97万公里，其中高速铁路8951公里，京沪、京广、哈大等高铁和一批城际铁路相继投入运营；新增公路60.9万公里，其中高速公路4．2万公里，高速公路总里程达9.56万公里；新建机场31个；新增万吨级港口泊位602个；一批跨江跨海大桥、连岛工程相继建成；西气东输、西电东送、南水北调等重大工程顺利推进或建成；非化石能源快速发展，水电、风电装机位居世界第一；重建后的汶川、玉树、舟曲等灾区发生了翻天覆地的变化。这些举世瞩目的成就，对我们有效应对国际金融危机严重冲击发挥了至关重要的作用，为经济社会长远发展打下了坚实基础，已经并将继续造福亿万人民。

我们始终注重处理好保持经济平稳较快发展、调整经济结构和管理通胀预期的关系，增强宏观政策的前瞻性、科学性、有效性，注意把握好政策的取向、力度和重点。在国际金融危机冲击最严重时，果断实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，综合运用多种财政政策工具，增加政府支出，实行结构性减税；有效运用存款准备金率、利率等货币政策工具，保持货币信贷合理增长。根据宏观经济走势的变化，我们及时调整政策力度，适时退出刺激政策，实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。在财政政策运用上，坚持统筹兼顾，注重综合平衡。财政赤字占国内生产总值的比重从2009年的2.8%降到去年的1.5%左右，赤字率和债务负担率保持在安全水平。加强地方政府性债务全面审计和地方政府融资平台管理，有效控制经济运行中的风险隐患。在货币政策运用上，始终注意把握稳增长、控物价和防风险之间的平衡。金融体系运行稳健，银行业风险抵御能力持续增强，资本充足率从2007年底的8.4%提升到去年底的13.3%，不良贷款率由6.1%下降到0.95%。坚持搞好房地产市场调控不动摇，遏制了房价过快上涨势头。2012年，在世界各大经济体增长全面减速、各种风险不断暴露的情况下，我们合理把握政策力度，保持财政预算支出规模不变，优化支出结构，扭转经济下滑趋势，全面实现年初确定的主要目标，国内生产总值增长7.8%，城镇新增就业1266万人，居民消费价格涨幅回落到2.6%，为今年经济发展打下好的基础。

这五年，我国宏观经济总体上保持增速平稳较快、物价相对稳定、就业持续增加、国际收支趋于平衡的良好态势，国内生产总值年均增长9.3%，显著高于同期全球和新兴经济体的增速，通货膨胀率远低于其他新兴经济体。我国经济稳定，充满活力。

回首这五年，面对国际经济形势复杂多变、持续低迷的严峻挑战，中央科学判断、果断决策，有效避免了我国现代化进程因巨大的外部冲击而出现大的波折，实践证明这些决策部署是完全正确的。

In the past five years, we averted the grievous consequences of the global financial crisis, whose abruptness, rapid spread and profound impact were rarely seen in the past century.We responded to the crisis calmly, made timely and decisive adjustments to the focus of macro-control, adopted ten measures to increase domestic demand and promote steady and rapid economic growth, and implemented a comprehensive package plan.In a two-year period, an additional four trillion yuan of government investment was made, with 1.26 trillion yuan from the central government, mainly for building government-subsidized housing, improving rural people's wellbeing, building infrastructure, developing social programs, improving the environment, promoting innovation, and carrying out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.Over the past five years: More than 18 million government-subsidized housing units of various types were built, and over 12 million housing units in run-down areas were upgraded.A total of 18,000 large and medium-sized and key small reservoirs were reinforced, 24,500 kilometers of key small and medium-length rivers were harnessed, and water-saving irrigated farmland was increased by 7.7 million hectares.A total of 19,700 kilometers of new rail lines were built, 8,951 kilometers of which are high-speed railways.The high-speed Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou and Harbin-Dalian railways and a number of intercity railways were opened to traffic.A total of 609,000 kilometers of new roads were built, 42,000 kilometers of which are expressways, increasing the total length of expressways in service to 95,600 kilometers.Thirty-one airports and 602 shipping berths for 10,000-ton ships were built.A number of bridges over rivers and bays and linking islands with other islands and the mainland were completed.Smooth progress was made in major projects such as those for transporting natural gas and electricity from the west to the east and diverting water from the south to the north, and some of the projects have been completed.Non-fossil energy production developed rapidly, and China now ranks first in the world in the installed capacity of both hydropower and wind power.Reconstruction of the Wenchuan, Yushu and Zhugqu disaster areas transformed them completely.These impressive achievements played a vital role in our effective response to the severe impact of the global financial crisis, and laid a solid foundation for sustaining China's economic and social development.They have benefited and will continue to benefit hundreds of millions of people.We always strove to maintain a balance between ensuring steady and rapid economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations.We made government macro policies more forward-looking, scientific and effective and implemented them with proper orientation, force and focus.When the impact of the global financial crisis was at its worst, we resolutely implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, employed a full range of financial policy tools, increased government spending and made structural tax reductions.We effectively employed monetary policy instruments such as adjusting required reserve ratios and interest rates to maintain proper growth in the money and credit supply.In response to changing macroeconomic trends, we promptly adjusted the intensity of policy implementation, reduced the force of stimulus policies at an appropriate time, and implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy.We took a holistic and balanced approach in employing fiscal policy.As a result, the government deficit dropped from 2.8% of GDP in 2009 to about 1.5% last year, and both deficit-to-GDP and debt-to-GDP ratios remained at a safe level.We strengthened comprehensive auditing of local governments' debt and management of their financing platforms, thus effectively controlling latent economic risks.In employing monetary policy, we maintained a balance between ensuring steady growth, maintaining price stability and warding off risks.The financial system functioned soundly.The banking sector became better able to avert risks.Its capital adequacy rate increased from 8.4% at the end of 2007 to 13.3% by the end of last year, and its non-performing loans dropped from 6.1% to 0.95%.We kept a firm grip on the real estate market and kept housing prices from rising too quickly.In 2012, when other major economies in the world were experiencing a slowdown in growth and constantly encountered new risks, we maintained a proper intensity in policy implementation, kept budgetary spending unchanged, improved the spending mix, and reversed the decline in economic growth.As a result, we attained all the main targets set at the beginning of the year: GDP grew by 7.8%, 12.66 million urban jobs were created, and the rise in the CPI fell to 2.6%.All this laid a good foundation for China's economic development this year.Over the past five years: China's economy as a whole maintained steady and rapid growth.Prices remained fairly stable.Employment steadily increased.The balance of payments moved toward equilibrium.GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.3%, considerably higher than the average global rate and the average rate of other emerging economies for the same period.China's inflation rate was also much lower than that of other emerging economies.The Chinese economy is stable and full of vitality.In the last five years, faced with severe challenges posed by a complex and volatile international economic environment and a sluggish global economy, the central leadership, on the basis of a scientific judgment of the situation, made resolute decisions that steered China's modernization drive clear of major pitfalls created by huge external shocks.Experience fully proves these decisions and implementing steps were entirely correct.二是加快经济结构调整，提高经济发展的质量和效益。坚持实施扩大内需战略，内需对经济增长的贡献率明显提高，经常项目顺差占国内生产总值的比重从10.1%下降到2.6%。居民消费结构加快升级。2012年底，城镇和农村人均住房面积32.9平方米、37.1平方米，分别比2007年增加2.8平方米和5.5平方米；城镇居民每百户拥有家用汽车21.5辆，比2007年增加15.5辆；旅游、文化消费大幅增加。坚持走中国特色新型工业化道路，大力推进产业转型升级。我国制造业规模跃居全球首位，高技术制造业增加值年均增长13.4%，成为国民经济重要先导性、支柱性产业；清洁能源、节能环保、新一代信息技术、生物医药、高端装备制造等一批战略性新兴产业快速发展。产品质量整体水平不断提高。服务业增加值占国内生产总值比重提高2.7个百分点，成为吸纳就业最多的产业。扎实推进节能减排和生态环境保护。五年累计，共淘汰落后炼铁产能1.17亿吨、炼钢产能7800万吨、水泥产能7.75亿吨；新增城市污水日处理能力4600万吨；单位国内生产总值能耗下降17.2%，化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放总量分别下降15.7%和17.5%。修订环境空气质量标准，增加细颗粒物PM2.5等监测指标。推进天然林保护、退耕还林、防沙治沙等重点生态工程建设，五年累计完成造林2953万公顷，治理沙漠化、石漠化土地1196万公顷，综合治理水土流失面积24.6万平方公里，整治国土面积18万平方公里。深入实施区域发展总体战略，颁布实施全国主体功能区规划，制定西部大开发新十年指导意见和一系列区域发展规划，加快推进西藏、新疆等地区跨越式发展，制定实施新十年农村扶贫开发纲要，将扶贫标准提高到2300元（2010年不变价），加强集中连片特殊困难地区扶贫攻坚。中西部和东北地区主要发展指标增速高于全国平均水平，东部地区产业转型升级步伐加快，各具特色、良性互动的区域发展格局正在形成。积极稳妥推进城镇化，五年转移农村人口8463万人，城镇化率由45.9%提高到52.6%，城乡结构发生了历史性变化。城乡、区域发展的协调性明显增强。

2.Accelerating adjustment of the economic structure and improving the quality and performance of economic development We adhered to the strategy of expanding domestic demand.As a result, the contribution of domestic demand to economic growth increased significantly, and the share of current account surplus in the GDP dropped from 10.1% to 2.6%.The upgrading in the mix of private consumption accelerated.--At the end of 2012, the per capita living area of urban and rural residents was 32.9 square meters and 37.1 square meters respectively, an increase of 2.8 and 5.5 over 2007.--Car ownership stood at 21.5 cars per 100 urban households, an increase of 15.5 over 2007.--Travel-and entertainment-related spending has risen substantially.We adhered to the new path of industrialization with distinctive Chinese features and promoted transformation and upgrading of industrial sectors.--China's manufacturing industry became the largest in the world.With added-value growing at an average annual rate of 13.4% during the past five years, high-tech manufacturing has become a leading pillar of the economy.--Strategic emerging industries grew rapidly, including clean energy, energy conservation, environmental protection, next-generation information and communication technology, biomedicines, and high-end equipment manufacturing.--The overall quality of manufactured goods steadily improved.--The share of value-added of the service sector in the GDP increased by 2.7 percentage points, and it now creates more jobs than any other sector.We made steady progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions, and protecting the environment.Over the past five years, the following backward production facilities were closed:--Iron works with a total output capacity of 117 million tons.--Steel mills with a capacity of 78 million tons.--Cement plants with a capacity of 775 million tons.Moreover, in the past five years:--Daily urban sewage treatment capacity increased by 46 million tons.--Energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 17.2%.--Total chemical oxygen demand fell by 15.7%.--Total sulfur dioxide emissions fell by 17.5%.--Environmental air quality standards were revised.--The air quality index for monitoring fine particulate matter(PM2.5)was added.Progress was made in major ecological projects to protect virgin forests, afforest marginal farmland, and prevent and control desertification.Over the past five years:--An additional 29.53 million hectares of land were planted with trees.--Desertification was halted on 11.96 million hectares of land.--Soil erosion on 246,000 square kilometers of land was brought under control.--A total of 180,000 square kilometers of land were improved.We implemented the master strategy for regional development, promulgated and implemented the national plan for developing functional zones, formulated new ten-year guidelines for the large-scale development of the western region and a number of regional development plans, and accelerated leapfrog development of Tibet and Xinjiang.We formulated and implemented a new ten-year program for rural poverty alleviation and development, raised the poverty line to 2,300 yuan at 2010 prices, and intensified efforts to alleviate poverty in contiguous areas with acute difficulties.Major economic indicators rose faster in the central and western regions and northeast China than the national average.Transformation and upgrading of the industrial sector in the eastern region accelerated, and a pattern of regional development is taking shape in which each region both has its distinctive strengths and draws on the strengths of other regions.We advanced urbanization actively yet prudently.Over the past five years:--A total of 84.63 million rural residents migrated to urban areas.--The urbanization level rose from 45.9% to 52.6%, marking a historic turning point in China's urban-rural population structure.Development between urban and rural areas and between regions became more balanced.三是毫不放松地抓好“三农”工作，巩固和加强农业基础地位。我们坚持在工业化、信息化、城镇化深入发展中同步推进农业现代化，集中力量办成了一些关系农业农村长远发展、关系农民切身利益的大事。加大财政投入，中央财政“三农”累计支出4.47万亿元，年均增长23.5％。建立健全种粮农民补贴制度和主产区利益补偿机制，补贴标准逐年提高，覆盖范围不断扩大，补贴资金从2007年的639亿元增加到2012年的1923亿元。加强农村金融服务，涉农贷款余额从2007年末的6.12万亿元增加到2012年末的17.63万亿元。实行粮食最低收购价政策，小麦、稻谷最低收购价累计提高41.7%到86.7%。加强耕地保护，维护农民权益，为完善农村集体土地征收补偿制度做了大量准备工作。加快推进农业科技进步和现代农业建设，加大对良种繁育、动植物疫病防控、基层农技推广的支持力度。大力兴修水利，开展农村土地整治，建设高标准农田，耕地面积保持在18.2亿亩以上。粮食综合生产能力跃上新台阶，粮食总产量连续6年稳定在万亿斤以上并逐年增加。加强农村水电路气等基础设施建设，新建改建农村公路146.5万公里，改造农村危房1033万户，解决了3亿多农村人口的饮水安全和无电区445万人的用电问题，农村生产生活条件不断改善。积极引导农村富余劳动力转向非农产业，农民人均纯收入持续较快增长，2010年以来城乡居民相对收入差距逐步缩小。深化农村综合改革。集体林权制度主体改革基本完成，全面推进农村集体土地确权颁证工作，开展农村土地承包经营权登记试点。农业农村发展的好形势，为应对国际金融危机和各种自然灾害严重冲击、稳定经济社会发展大局提供了重要支撑。

3.Unremittingly doing our work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers well, and consolidating and strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy We carried out agricultural modernization while deepening industrialization, application of information and communication technologies(ICT), and urbanization, and we pooled resources to accomplish a number of major tasks that are important to the long-term development of agriculture and rural areas and to the vital interests of farmers.--We increased central government spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers, which totaled 4.47 trillion yuan for the past five years and rose by an average annual rate of 23.5%.--We established a sound system for subsidizing grain farmers and a sound mechanism for subsidizing major grain-producing areas, broadened the coverage of the subsidies, and raised them every year, from 63.9 billion yuan in 2007 to 192.3 billion yuan in 2012.--We provided more rural financial services, and the outstanding balance of bank loans to agriculture, rural areas and farmers increased from 6.12 trillion yuan at the end of 2007 to 17.63 trillion yuan at the end of 2012.--We carried out the policy of minimum grain purchase prices and raised the floor prices for wheat and rice between 41.7% and 86.7%.--We intensified protection of farmland and farmers' rights and interests, and made a lot of preparations to improve the system of compensating for expropriation of rural collective land.--We made greater progress in agricultural science and technology and the development of modern agriculture, and we increased support for cultivating superior varieties and breeds, preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, and spreading agricultural technology in villages.--We built more water conservancy projects, improved rural land, developed high-grade farmland, and kept the country's total area of farmland over 121.3 million hectares.--Thanks to these efforts, China's overall grain production capacity reached a new level, and its grain output in each of the past six years increased and exceeded 500 million tons.--We strengthened rural infrastructure such as roads and water, power and methane supply capacity.We built or upgraded 1.465 million kilometers of rural roads, renovated run-down houses for 10.33 million rural households, provided safe drinking water for an additional 300 million plus rural residents, and delivered electricity to 4.45 million people in areas without power supply.This led to steady improvement in rural productivity and quality of life.--We encouraged surplus rural workers to find nonagricultural employment.The per capita net income of rural residents grew rapidly, and the relative income gap between urban and rural residents has progressively narrowed since 2010.--We deepened overall rural reform.--We basically completed the main tasks for reforming the collective forest tenure system, made comprehensive progress in determining, registering and certifying collective land ownership, and carried out trials for registering contracted rural land-use rights.Sound agricultural and rural development provided important support for China to counter the severe impact of the global financial crisis and natural disasters and maintain overall stability in economic and social development.四是坚持实施科教兴国战略，增强经济社会发展的核心支撑能力。我们加快实施国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要，制定实施国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要、国家中长期人才发展规划纲要和国家知识产权战略，推动科技、教育、文化事业全面发展，为国家长远发展奠定了坚实基础。

优先发展教育事业。国家财政性教育经费支出五年累计7.79万亿元，年均增长21.58%，2012年占国内生产总值比例达到4%。教育资源重点向农村、边远、民族、贫困地区倾斜，教育公平取得明显进步。全面实现城乡九年免费义务教育，惠及1.6亿学生。实施学前教育三年行动计划，“入园难”问题有所缓解。国家助学制度不断完善，建立了家庭经济困难学生资助体系，实现从学前教育到研究生教育各个阶段全覆盖，每年资助金额近1000亿元，资助学生近8000万人次。实施中等职业教育免学费政策，覆盖范围包括所有农村学生、城市涉农专业学生和家庭经济困难学生。初步解决进城务工人员随迁子女在城市接受义务教育问题，现有1260万农村户籍孩子在城市接受义务教育。实施惠及3000多万农村义务教育阶段学生营养改善计划。完成中小学校舍安全工程。加快职业教育基础能力和特殊教育基础设施建设。义务教育学校实施绩效工资，在教育部直属师范大学实行师范生免费教育，加强了农村教师队伍建设。全面提高教育质量和水平，高等教育毛入学率提高到30%。国民受教育程度大幅提升，15岁以上人口平均受教育年限达到9年以上。大力推动自主创新。中央财政用于科技的投入五年累计8729亿元，年均增长超过18%。全社会研究与试验发展经费支出占国内生产总值的比重由2007年的1.4%提高到2012年的1.97%，企业研发活动支出占比超过74%。出台深化科技体制改革加快国家创新体系建设的意见。深入实施国家技术创新工程和知识创新工程，扎实推进国家科技重大专项，新建一批国家工程中心、重点实验室和企业技术中心。加强基础研究和前沿探索，突破一批关键核心技术，填补了多项重大产品和装备的空白。

深入实施人才强国战略。以高层次、高技能人才为重点，加强各类人才队伍建设，专业技术人才、高技能人才分别增加860万人和880万人，留学回国人员达到54万人。大力加强文化建设。覆盖城乡的公共文化设施网络体系初步建成，博物馆、图书馆、文化馆（站）实现免费开放。国有经营性文化单位转企改制任务基本完成，公益性文化事业单位内部机制改革不断深化。哲学社会科学、新闻出版、广播影视、文学艺术等更加繁荣，文化产业快速发展。文物保护、非物质文化遗产保护和传承取得重要进展。对外文化交流更加活跃。全民健身和竞技体育取得新成绩。

4.Steadfastly implementing the strategy for making China strong through the development of science and education, and boosting the country's core ability to sustain economic and social development We accelerated implementation of the National Plan for Long-and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development;formulated and implemented the National Plan for Long-and Medium-Term Education Reform and Development, the National Plan for Long-and Medium-Term Development of Competent Personnel and the national strategy on intellectual property rights.This gave impetus to all-around progress in science and technology, education, and culture and laid a solid foundation for ensuring China's long-term development.We gave high priority to developing education.Government spending on education totaled 7.79 trillion yuan over the past five years, increasing at an average annual rate of 21.58% to reach 4% of GDP in 2012.We allocated educational resources, giving priority to rural, remote, poor and ethnic minority areas and made notable progress in improving fairness in education.We made free nine-year compulsory education universal across the country, benefiting 160 million students.A three-year action plan for preschool education was carried out, and the shortage of preschools was eased.We improved the system of state financial aid to students, and established a system for giving students from poor families financial aid from preschool through graduate school.We spent approximately 100 billion yuan annually for this purpose and assisted nearly 80 million students.We implemented the policy of tuition-free secondary vocational education for all rural students and all urban students who study agriculture-related majors or are from poor families.The problem of providing compulsory education to children of rural migrants working in cities was basically solved, and 12.6 million children with rural residence status are now receiving compulsory education in cities.We implemented the plan for improving nutrition of rural students receiving compulsory education to the benefit of over 30 million students.We completed the project to improve the safety of primary and secondary school buildings.We sped up development of infrastructure for vocational and special education.The pay of teachers in compulsory education is now linked to their performance.Students majoring in education at teachers universities directly under the Ministry of Education were exempted from paying tuition, and the ranks of rural teachers were strengthened.The quality and level of education in China was comprehensively raised, and the gross college enrollment rate rose to 30%.The education level of the people was raised significantly, and the average length of schooling of people over the age of 15 now exceeds nine years.We vigorously promoted innovation.The central government spent 872.9 billion yuan to develop science and technology in the past five years, with an average annual increase of over 18%.China's R&D spending accounted for 1.97% of GDP in 2012, up from 1.4% in 2007, and over 74% of this spending was made by companies.The Guidelines on Deepening Reform of the Management System for Science and Technology and Accelerating Development of a National Innovation System were adopted.We carried out a national technology innovation project and a knowledge innovation project, made solid progress in implementing major national R&D projects, and set up a number of national engineering centers, key laboratories and enterprise technology centers.We boosted basic research and research in frontier areas, made breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies, and filled in gaps in many important products and equipment.We implemented the strategy for making China strong through training competent personnel.We trained more personnel of all types, with the focus on high-level and highly skilled personnel.As a result, the number of personnel with special expertise and highly skilled personnel increased by 8.6 million and 8.8 million respectively.A total of 540,000 overseas students returned.We put greater effort into developing the cultural sector.A network of public cultural facilities covering both urban and rural areas is taking shape, and all museums, libraries and cultural centers in China are open to the public free of charge.We basically transformed state-owned for-profit cultural institutions into business enterprises, and deepened reform of internal operating mechanisms of nonprofit cultural institutions.Philosophy and the social sciences, the press and publishing, radio, television and film, and literature and art are flourishing, and cultural industries developed rapidly.We made major progress in protecting cultural relics and preserving and passing on intangible cultural heritage.Cultural exchanges with other countries increased.New progress was made in nationwide fitness activities and competitive sports.五是坚持把人民利益放在第一位，着力保障和改善民生。我们把就业作为保障和改善民生的头等大事，实施积极的就业政策。加强重点人群就业工作，提高职业培训和就业服务水平，五年累计投入就业专项资金1973亿元，实现高校毕业生就业2800万人，城镇就业困难人员就业830万人，保持了就业形势总体稳定。全面推进社会保障体系建设，建立新型农村社会养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险制度，城乡居民基本养老保险实现了制度全覆盖，各项养老保险参保达到7.9亿人。企业退休人员基本养老金从2004年人均每月700元提高到现在的1721元。妥善解决关闭破产企业退休人员、困难企业职工、国有企业老工伤人员、未参保集体企业退休人员社会保险等问题。深化医药卫生体制改革，建立新型农村合作医疗制度和城镇居民基本医疗保险制度，全民基本医保体系初步形成，各项医疗保险参保超过13亿人，加强城乡基层医疗卫生服务体系建设，建立基本药物制度并在基层医疗机构实施，公立医院改革试点稳步推进。国民健康水平进一步提高，人均预期寿命达到75岁。健全城乡居民低保、医疗、教育、法律等救助制度，改革完善孤儿保障、流浪儿童救助保护、农村五保供养制度。颁布实施新的中国妇女、儿童发展纲要，依法保障妇女儿童合法权益。建立健全城镇保障性住房制度，覆盖面逐步扩大，2012年底已达到12.5%。社会保障制度建设取得历史性的巨大成就。不断加强和创新社会管理，建立健全应急管理体系，发挥城乡社区自治和服务功能，社会保持和谐稳定。

5.Putting the people's interests first and striving to ensure and improve their wellbeing We made expanding employment the top priority in ensuring and improving people's wellbeing and pursued a proactive employment policy.Over the past five years, we allocated 197.3 billion yuan of employment funds to help targeted groups obtain employment and to improve vocational training and employment services.As a result, 28 million university graduates and 8.3 million urban residents having difficulty finding jobs found employment.All this kept the overall employment situation stable.We made comprehensive progress in developing the social security system: A new old-age insurance system for rural residents and an old-age insurance system for non-working urban residents were established, and the basic old-age insurance system now covers both urban and rural residents.A total of 790 million people are now covered by different old-age insurance schemes.Basic pensions for enterprise retirees rose from an average of 700 yuan per month in 2004 to 1,721 yuan at present.We extended social security coverage to retirees of closed or bankrupt enterprises, employees of enterprises with operating difficulties, employees of state-owned enterprises who suffered work-related injuries in the past, and uninsured retirees of collectively owned enterprises.We deepened reform of the medical and health care systems, established a new type of rural cooperative medical care system and a basic medical insurance scheme for non-working urban residents.A basic medical insurance system that covers the whole population is taking shape, and over 1.3 billion people are now covered by different medical insurance schemes.We improved community-level medical and health care services, and established a system for using basic drugs and implemented it in community-level medical institutions.Steady progress was made in the trial reform of public hospitals.People's health further improved, and the average life expectancy reached 75 years.The systems for aiding needy rural and urban residents with subsistence allowances, medical care, education and legal assistance were improved.We reformed and improved systems for providing social security to orphans, helping and protecting homeless children, and giving childless and infirm rural residents assistance in the form of food, clothing, medical care, housing, and burial expenses.We promulgated and implemented new programs for the development of Chinese women and children, and protected their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law.We established a sound government-subsidized urban housing system and extended it to cover 12.5% of the country's urban households by the end of 2012.Historic achievements were made in developing the social security system.We strengthened and made innovations in social management, put in place a sound emergency response system, encouraged urban and rural communities to fully play their self-governance and service roles, and maintained social harmony and stability.六是深化重要领域改革，增强经济社会发展的内在活力。我们不失时机地推进改革，在一些重要领域取得重大进展。大力推进财税体制改革，完善转移支付制度，全面建立县级基本财力保障机制，基层政府提供基本公共服务的能力有所提高；由公共财政预算、政府性基金预算、国有资本经营预算、社会保险基金预算组成的预算体系框架基本形成，预算外资金全部纳入预算管理；统一内外资企业税制，实现增值税转型，实施成品油价格和税费改革，开展营业税改征增值税试点，改革资源税制度，财税体制对加快转变经济发展方式的促进作用增强。全面深化金融体制改革，国有大型商业银行股份制改革顺利完成，政策性金融机构改革有序推进，农村信用社改革成效明显，银行业新监管标准实施，创业板、股指期货和融资融券业务相继推出，保险业改革开放深入推进，人民币汇率形成机制不断完善，利率市场化和资本项目可兑换改革稳步推进，建立宏观审慎政策框架，扩大人民币在跨境贸易和投资中的使用。我国银行、证券、保险业的抗风险能力和国际竞争力显著提升，为成功应对国际金融危机冲击奠定了坚实基础。国有企业改革不断深化，素质提高，竞争力明显增强。制定鼓励和引导民间投资健康发展的指导意见和实施细则，非公有制经济发展环境不断改善。建立生态补偿制度，开展排污权和碳排放权交易试点。事业单位分类改革积极推进。

6.Deepening reform in key areas and enhancing the vitality of economic and social development We lost no opportunity to carry out reform and achieved great progress in a number of key areas.We vigorously reformed the fiscal and taxation systems, improved the system of transfer payments and established a mechanism for ensuring basic funding for county-level governments across the country.County-and township-level governments became more capable of providing basic public services.We put in place the basic framework of a system of budgets for public finances, government-managed funds, state capital operations and social security funds, and all extrabudgetary funds were placed under budgetary management.We unified the corporate tax systems for domestic and overseas-funded enterprises, implemented VAT reform, reformed pricing of refined oil products and related taxes and fees, carried out pilot projects to replace business tax with VAT, and reformed the resource tax system.This strengthened the role of the fiscal and taxation systems in accelerating the change of the growth model.We comprehensively deepened reform of the financial system.Specifically, we smoothly completed the transformation of large state-owned commercial banks into joint-stock companies and carried out reform of policy-based financial institutions in an orderly way.We made notable achievements in reforming rural credit cooperatives, implemented new oversight and supervision standards in the banking industry, launched the ChiNext stock market, and introduced stock index futures and securities margin trading.We deepened reform of the insurance industry and opened it wider.We improved the mechanism for setting the RMB exchange rate, made steady progress in making interest rates more market-based and promoting the RMB's convertibility under capital accounts, established a macroprudential policy framework, and expanded the use of the RMB in cross-border trade and investment.China's banking, securities and insurance industries became significantly more resilient to risks and internationally competitive, and they underpinned our successful response to the global financial crisis.Reform of state-owned enterprises deepened, their performance improved and their competitiveness was significantly enhanced.We formulated the Guidelines on Encouraging and Guiding the Sound Development of Nongovernmental Investment and rules for their implementation, and the environment for the development of the non-public sector of the economy improved.We adopted a system for compensating for ecological damage and carried out trials for trading pollution discharge and carbon emission rights.We carried out function-based reform of public institutions.七是坚定不移扩大对外开放，全面提升开放型经济水平。我们积极应对外部环境的急剧变化，及时出台稳定外需的政策措施，实施市场多元化战略，进出口总额年均增长12.2%，从世界第三位提升到第二位，其中出口额跃居世界第一位，占国际市场份额比2007年提高2个多百分点，进出口结构优化，贸易大国地位进一步巩固。五年累计实际利用外资5528亿美元，利用外资的结构和布局明显优化，质量和水平显著提升。加快实施“走出去”战略，鼓励各类企业开展对外投资和跨国经营，非金融类对外直接投资从2007年的248亿美元上升到2012年的772亿美元，年均增长25.5%，跻身对外投资大国行列。对外开放有力促进了我国经济发展和结构优化，吸收了先进技术和管理经验，增加了就业和职工收入，也为推动世界经济复苏作出了重要贡献。

7.Unswervingly opening wider to the outside world and comprehensively improving the performance of the open economy We actively responded to drastic changes in the external environment, promptly introduced policies and measures to stabilize external demand, and implemented the strategy of diversifying markets.During the past five years, China's import and export volume grew by an annual average of 12.2% and rose from third to second place in the world.China has become the largest exporter in the world, and its international market share increased by over two percentage points over 2007.China's import and export mix improved, and its status as a trading power was further strengthened.Over the past five years, we utilized US$ 552.8 billion of foreign investment, considerably improved the structure and distribution of this investment, and made much better use of it.We quickened the implementation of the “go global” strategy and encouraged enterprises of various types to invest and operate overseas.Non-financial outward direct investment increased from $24.8 billion in 2007 to $77.2 billion in 2012, growing at an average annual rate of 25.5%.This turned China into a major overseas investor country.Opening up vigorously stimulated China's economic development and structural improvement, brought in advanced foreign technologies and managerial expertise, and increased employment and workers' income, and also made an important contribution to global economic recovery.八是切实加强政府自身建设，进一步深化行政体制改革。推进政府机构改革，初步建立职能统一的大部门体制框架。我们始终把实行科学民主决策、坚持依法行政、推进政务公开、健全监督制度、加强廉政建设作为政府工作的基本准则。在规范行政权力运行，建设服务政府、责任政府、法治政府和廉洁政府方面，采取了一系列新举措，迈出了新步伐。坚持科学决策、民主决策、依法决策，健全公众参与、专家论证、风险评估、合法性审查和集体讨论决定等政府决策程序。深化行政审批制度改革，五年中分两轮取消和调整行政审批事项498项，国务院各部门取消和调整的审批项目总数达到2497项，占原有审批项目的69.3%。大力推动政务公开，重点推进财政预算决算公开和公务接待、公务车购置使用、因公出国出境经费公开，让人民群众更加全面地了解政府工作，更加有效地监督政府行为。审计监督的力度越来越大，成效越来越明显。全面加强反腐倡廉建设，加强领导干部廉洁自律的监督管理。探索建立政府绩效管理制度，建立并切实执行以行政首长为重点的行政问责制度，努力提高行政效能。

8.Effectively strengthening governance and deepening reform of the administrative system We proceeded with the reform of government agencies and put in place the basic institutional framework for establishing larger government departments that integrate the functions smaller ones had performed.We always observed the following basic norms in exercising governance: making policy decisions scientifically and democratically, conducting administration in accordance with the law, promoting transparency in government operations, improving the oversight system and upholding integrity.We adopted new measures and made new progress in exercising government power according to due procedures and in building a service-oriented, accountable, law-based and clean government.We took the following steps to improve government decision-making procedures: making policy decisions scientifically and democratically in accordance with the law;soliciting opinions from the public;and conducting expert evaluation, risk assessment, legality review, and collective discussion.We deepened reform of the system of review and approval by government bodies and eliminated or streamlined 498 items requiring such review and approval in two stages over the past five years.Departments of the State Council eliminated or streamlined 2,497 items requiring their review and approval, 69.3% of the original total.We took major steps to increase transparency in government operations, with the focus on government budgets and final accounts, as well as on expenditures for official hospitality, purchase and use of official cars, and overseas trips for official purposes.This made it possible for the people to learn more about how the government functions, and thus more effectively oversee its operations.Auditing oversight was intensified and became more effective.We comprehensively intensified efforts to fight corruption and build a clean government, and strengthened oversight and supervision of leading officials to ensure that they maintain personal integrity and are self-disciplined.We took steps to put in place a system of performance-based management of government officials, established and earnestly enforced the system of governance accountability focusing on leading government officials, and improved efficiency in governance.各位代表！

五年来，我们贯彻民族区域自治法，支持少数民族和民族地区发展的政策体系更加完善，民族团结进步事业焕发出新的蓬勃生机。

全面落实宗教信仰自由政策，宗教事务管理的法制化、规范化水平进一步提升。认真贯彻侨务政策，依法保护海外侨胞和归侨侨眷的合法权益，侨务资源的独特优势得到进一步发挥。国防和军队建设开创新局面。中国特色军事变革取得重大成就，军队革命化现代化正规化建设协调推进、全面加强，军事斗争准备不断深化，履行新世纪新阶段历史使命能力显著增强，出色完成一系列急难险重任务。

港澳台工作进一步加强。香港、澳门保持繁荣稳定，同内地交流合作提高到新水平。推动两岸关系实现重大转折，两岸直接双向“三通”全面实现，签署实施两岸经济合作框架协议，形成两岸全方位交往格局，开创两岸关系和平发展新局面。

全方位外交取得新的重大进展。我们积极推进同各大国关系，加强与周边邻国的互利合作关系，顺利建成中国－东盟自贸区，推动上海合作组织等区域合作机制发展，深化同广大发展中国家的传统友谊与合作，积极参与应对国际金融危机、气候变化等全球性问题的国际合作，推动解决国际和地区热点问题，为我国改革发展稳定营造了有利的国际环境，为世界和平稳定发展繁荣作出重要贡献。Fellow Deputies, Over the past five years, we implemented the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, improved the policy system for supporting the development of ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas, and infused new vitality into the cause of promoting unity and progress of ethnic groups in China.We comprehensively carried out the policy on freedom of religious belief and managed religious affairs on a more law-and procedure-based basis.We implemented the policy on overseas Chinese affairs in both letter and spirit, protected the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese and those who have returned to China and their families;and we put their unique strengths to better use.New progress was made in strengthening national defense and the armed forces.Major achievements were made in the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics.The armed forces made coordinated and all-around progress in becoming more revolutionary, modernized and procedure-based.They deepened their military preparedness, greatly enhanced their ability to carry out their historic mission in the new stage in the new century, and accomplished a number of urgent, difficult, and hazardous tasks.We strengthened our work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.Hong Kong and Macao are thriving and stable, and their exchanges and cooperation with the mainland reached a new height.We achieved a major transition in relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits.Complete, direct and two-way links of mail service, transport and trade were established, and the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement was signed and is being implemented.This extended cross-Straits exchanges to all areas and ushered in a new stage of peaceful growth of cross-Straits relations.Major new progress was made in China's all-around diplomacy.We vigorously developed our relations with other major countries, enhanced mutually beneficial cooperation with our neighbors, and successfully established the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area.We spurred the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and other mechanisms for promoting regional cooperation, and deepened our traditional friendship and cooperation with other developing countries.We actively participated in international cooperation on global issues like the global financial crisis and climate change and helped resolve international and regional hotspot issues.We thus fostered an international environment favorable for China's reform, development and stability and made a significant contribution to world peace, stability, development and prosperity.二、今年经济社会发展的总体要求、主要预期目标和宏观经济政策

II.General Requirements, Major Targets and Macroeconomic Policies for This Year's Economic and Social Development

党的十八大科学总结了过去五年的工作和党的十六大以来的奋斗历程和历史性成就，确定了全面建成小康社会和全面深化改革开放的目标，对进一步推进中国特色社会主义事业作出了全面部署。

2013年是全面贯彻落实党的十八大精神的开局之年，是实施“十二五”规划承前启后的关键一年，是为全面建成小康社会奠定坚实基础的重要一年。我国发展仍处于可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期，经济社会发展具备很多有利条件和积极因素，也面临不少风险和挑战。国际金融危机深层次影响持续显现，世界经济复苏充满不确定性、不稳定性。我们既要看到形势的积极方面，坚定信心，也要看到形势的复杂性，增强忧患意识和紧迫感，兢兢业业、扎扎实实做好工作。

今年工作的总体要求是：深入学习和全面贯彻落实党的十八大精神，高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，紧紧围绕主题主线，以提高经济增长质量和效益为中心，深化改革开放，实施创新驱动战略，稳中求进，开拓创新，扎实开局，全面推进社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设，实现经济持续健康发展和社会和谐稳定。

今年经济社会发展的主要预期目标是：国内生产总值增长7.5%左右，发展的协调性进一步增强；居民消费价格涨幅3.5%左右；城镇新增就业900万人以上，城镇登记失业率低于4.6%；城乡居民人均收入实际增长与经济增长同步，劳动报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步；国际收支状况进一步改善。这里，着重对经济增长和物价总水平两个指标作些说明。关于经济增长目标。这是一个综合性指标，各方面高度关注。今年经济增长预期目标定为7.5%左右，主要基于两方面考虑：一方面，要继续抓住机遇、促进发展。这些年，我国制造业积累了较大产能，基础设施状况大为改善，支撑能力明显增强，储蓄率较高，劳动力总量仍然很大。必须优化配置和利用生产要素，保持合理的增长速度，为增加就业、改善民生提供必要条件，为转方式、调结构创造稳定环境；必须使经济增长与潜在增长率相协调，与生产要素的供给能力和资源环境的承受能力相适应。另一方面，要切实按照科学发展观的要求，引导各方面把工作重心放到加快转变经济发展方式和调整经济结构上，放到提高经济增长的质量和效益上，推动经济持续健康发展。综合权衡，今年的经济增长目标定为7.5%左右是必要的、适宜的，实现这个目标需要付出艰苦努力。

关于物价总水平。保持物价总水平基本稳定始终是宏观调控的重要目标。去年居民消费价格涨幅回落到2.6%，这是我们控制通货膨胀取得的一个重要成果，也与经济运行整体态势有关。今年通货膨胀压力仍然较大，主要是：我国土地、劳动力等要素价格，农产品和服务类价格都存在上涨压力；主要发达国家实行宽松货币政策并不断加码，输入性通货膨胀压力不容忽视；理顺能源资源价格需要留出一定空间；去年价格上涨的翘尾影响约有1个百分点。把居民消费价格涨幅控制在3.5%左右，是充分考虑各方面因素后作出的选择。要切实保障重要商品供给，搞活流通，降低物流成本，加强市场价格监管，保持物价总水平基本稳定。

实现上述目标，必须继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，保持政策连续性和稳定性，增强前瞻性、针对性和灵活性。

继续实施积极的财政政策。更好地发挥积极财政政策在稳增长、调结构、促改革、惠民生中的作用。一是适当增加财政赤字和国债规模。今年拟安排财政赤字1.2万亿元，比去年预算增加4000亿元，其中中央财政赤字8500亿元，代地方发债3500亿元。这主要是考虑到结构性减税的滞后效应，今年财政收入增长不会太快，但财政刚性支出增加，特别是要增加保障改善民生支出，保持对经济增长和结构调整的支持力度，适当扩大财政赤字和国债规模是必要的。同时，目前我国债务负担率相对较低，今年增加赤字后，赤字率在2%左右，总体上处于安全水平。二是结合税制改革完善结构性减税政策。重点是加快推进营业税改征增值税试点工作，完善试点办法，适时扩大试点地区和行业范围。三是着力优化财政支出结构。继续向教育、医药卫生、社会保障等民生领域和薄弱环节倾斜，严格控制行政经费等一般性支出，勤俭办一切事业。中央预算内投资主要投向保障性安居工程，农业、水利、城市管网等基础设施，社会事业等民生工程，节能减排和生态环境等领域。四是继续加强地方政府性债务管理。妥善处理债务偿还和在建项目后续融资问题，积极推进地方政府性债务管理制度建设，合理控制地方政府性债务水平。

继续实施稳健的货币政策。把握好促进经济增长、稳定物价和防范金融风险之间的平衡。一是健全宏观审慎政策框架，发挥货币政策逆周期调节作用。广义货币M2预期增长目标拟定为13%左右。综合运用多种货币政策工具，调节市场流动性，保持货币信贷合理增长，适当扩大社会融资规模。完善货币政策传导机制，加强金融监管与货币政策的协调，不断优化监管标准和监管方式。二是促进金融资源优化配置。引导金融机构加大对经济结构调整特别是“三农”、小微企业、战略性新兴产业等的金融支持，满足国家重点在建续建项目资金需求。拓宽实体经济融资渠道，降低实体经济融资成本。促进资本市场稳定健康发展。三是守住不发生系统性和区域性金融风险底线。引导金融机构稳健经营，加强对局部和区域性风险以及金融机构表外业务风险的监管，提高金融支持经济发展的可持续性。At its Eighteenth National Congress, the Party scientifically reviewed its work over the previous five years and the historic achievements since its Sixteenth Congress, set forth the objectives of finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and deepening reform and opening up in an all-around way, and laid out an overall plan for advancing the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.The year 2013 is the first year for fully carrying out the guiding principles of the Party's Eighteenth National Congress, a crucial year for continuing to implement the Twelfth Five-Year Plan and an important year for laying a solid foundation for finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.China remains in an important period of strategic opportunities during which much can be accomplished.There are many favorable conditions and positive factors as well as a number of risks and challenges for China's economic and social development.The profound impact of the global financial crisis persists, and the recovery of the world economy is full of uncertainty and not yet on a stable footing.We should realize that the situation is encouraging and so remain confident;but also that it is complex and so be mindful of adversity, have a keen sense of urgency, and industriously and earnestly do our work well.The general requirements for this year's work are:--Thoroughly study and fully implement the guiding principles of the Eighteenth Party Congress.--Hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics.--Follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development.--Take developing in a scientific way as the underlying guideline and accelerating the change of the growth model as the major task.--Focus on improving the quality and performance of economic growth.--Deepen reform and opening up.--Implement the strategy of making development more innovation-driven.--Make progress while ensuring stability.--Blaze new trails in a pioneering spirit.--Get off to a good start.--Comprehensively promote socialist economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress.--Achieve sustained, healthy economic growth and social harmony and stability.The major targets for this year's economic and social development are:--Increase GDP by about 7.5%.--Better coordinate development.--Hold increases in the CPI to around 3.5%.--Add more than 9 million urban jobs.--Keep the registered urban unemployment rate at or below 4.6%.--Ensure that real per capita income for urban and rural residents increases in step with economic growth and that work remuneration rises in step with increases in labor productivity.--Further improve the balance of payments.Here, I wish to explain our targets for economic growth and overall prices.The target for economic growth: This is a general target that is followed closely by all.In setting this year's target for economic growth at about 7.5%, we have taken two factors into account.On the one hand, we need to continue to seize opportunities and promote development.Over the years, the capacity of China's manufacturing industry has increased considerably and our infrastructure has improved significantly, which means they are better able to sustain development.The rate of savings has been high, and the size of the workforce has remained large.We must better allocate and employ factors of production and maintain a proper level of economic growth in order to provide necessary conditions for creating jobs and improving people's wellbeing and to create a stable environment for changing the growth model and adjusting the economic structure.We must ensure that economic growth is in accord with the potential economic growth rate, the ability to supply factors of production, and the bearing capacity of resources and the environment.On the other hand, we should, in accordance with the Scientific Outlook on Development, guide all the people to shift the focus of their work to accelerating the change of the growth model, adjusting the economic structure and improving the quality and performance of economic growth, so as to promote sustained and healthy economic development.In light of these considerations, we deem it necessary and appropriate to set this year's target for economic growth at about 7.5%, a goal that we will have to work hard to attain.The target for overall prices: Maintaining basic stability of overall prices has always been an important macro-control target.Last year, the rise in the CPI dropped to 2.6%.This was an important result of our efforts to curb inflation, and it was also due to the overall economic performance.This year, China is still under considerable inflationary pressure.The main reasons are:--There is upward pressure on the prices of land, labor and other factors of production and the prices of farm products and services.--Major developed countries are increasingly carrying out easy monetary policies, and imported inflationary pressure cannot be overlooked.--We need to leave some room for adjusting the prices of energy and resources.--The carry-over effect of the CPI increase in 2012 will contribute roughly one percentage point to this year's CPI growth rate.Taking all these factors fully into account, we have set the target for increases in the CPI at around 3.5% for this year.We should effectively ensure the supply of major commodities, boost distribution of goods, reduce logistics costs, tighten oversight over market prices, and keep overall prices basically stable.To reach the above targets, we must continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, maintain continuity and stability of our policies, and make them more forward-looking, targeted and flexible.We will continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy.We should make our proactive fiscal policy play a bigger role in ensuring steady growth, adjusting the structure, advancing reform, and benefiting the people.First, we will increase the deficit and government debt by appropriate amounts.This year we are projecting a deficit of 1.2 trillion yuan, 400 billion more than the budgeted figure last year.This consists of a central government deficit of 850 billion yuan and 350 billion yuan in bonds to be issued on behalf of local governments.The time-lag of past structural tax cuts will make it hard for government revenue to grow fast this year, while fixed government expenditures will increase.In particular, it is necessary to increase spending to ensure and improve people's wellbeing and maintain support for economic growth and structural adjustment.Consequently, we deem it necessary to appropriately increase the deficit and government debt.It should be noted that China has a relatively low debt-to-GDP ratio, and the increase in the deficit this year will bring the deficit-to-GDP ratio to about 2%, which is overall at a safe level.Second, we will improve the structural tax cut policy as we continue to reform the tax system.The focus will be on accelerating the pilot project to replace business tax with VAT, improving the way these trials are conducted and extending them to more areas and sectors in a timely manner.Third, we will work hard to optimize the structure of government expenditures.We will continue to give priority to spending on education, medical and health care, social security and other weak areas that are important to people's wellbeing.We will strictly limit regular expenditures like administrative expenses, and practice thrift in everything we do.Investment from the central government budget will be mainly made in government-subsidized housing projects;infrastructure projects related to agriculture, water conservancy and urban utilities networks;social programs and other projects to improve people's wellbeing;and energy conservation, emissions reduction and environmental protection.Fourth, we will continue to strengthen management of local government debt.We will properly handle debt repayment and follow-up financing for ongoing projects, put in place a system for managing local government debt and keep such debt at an appropriate level.We will continue to implement a prudent monetary policy.We will maintain a balance between boosting economic growth, keeping prices stable and guarding against financial risks.First, we will improve the policy framework for exercising macro-control prudently and have monetary policy play the role of making counter-cyclic adjustments.The target for growth of the broad money supply(M2)is about 13%.We will employ a full range of monetary policy tools to control market liquidity, increase the money and credit supply at an appropriate pace, and expand the aggregate financing for the economy by an appropriate amount.We will improve the transmission mechanism for monetary policy, better coordinate financial oversight and monetary policy, and improve oversight standards and their implementation.Second, we will better allocate financial resources.We will guide financial institutions to increase financial support for structural adjustments to the economy, especially for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, small and micro businesses, and strategic emerging industries, and satisfy funding needs for key national projects under construction or expansion.We will broaden financing channels for the real economy and reduce its financing costs.We will promote steady and healthy development of the capital market.Third, we will resolutely guard against systemic and regional financial risks.We will guide financial institutions to operate prudently, and we will tighten oversight over financial risks in certain sectors and regions and risks related to the off-balance sheet activities of financial institutions, and thus make the financial sector's support for economic development more sustainable.三、对今年政府工作的建议

III.Suggestions for the Work of the Government This Year

结合过去十年特别是近五年工作的体会，对今年政府主要工作提出以下建议。

Based on an understanding of the work of the past ten years, especially of the past five years, I wish to make the following suggestions for the government's main work this year.（一）加快转变经济发展方式，促进经济持续健康发展。我国社会主义现代化建设取得的一切成就都建立在经济持续健康发展的基础之上，经济不发展，什么事情都办不成。我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾没有变，我国是世界上最大发展中国家的国际地位没有变，发展仍是解决我国所有问题的关键。必须坚持以经济建设为中心，聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展。只要我们牢牢把握发展的重要战略机遇期，尊重发展规律，创新发展理念，破解发展难题，加快转变经济发展方式，在发展中促转变，在转变中谋发展，就一定能实现经济持续健康发展。要坚定不移地把扩大内需作为经济发展的长期战略方针，充分发挥消费的基础作用和投资的关键作用。扩大内需的难点和重点在消费，潜力也在消费。扩大居民消费要在提高消费能力、稳定消费预期、增强消费意愿、改善消费环境上下功夫，不断提高消费对经济增长的拉动力。现阶段，投资在促进经济增长中的作用不可低估。我国既有投资能力，又有投资需求，关键在于选准方向、优化结构、提高投资的质量和效益。政府投资对社会投资具有十分重要的引导作用，但占全社会投资的比重越来越小，必须进一步放宽民间投资市场准入，激发民间投资活力。

要大力推进转变经济发展方式，加快产业结构调整。我国生产力发展水平具有多层次性，回旋余地很大，无论传统产业还是新兴产业、劳动密集型产业还是资金密集型产业，都有发展的空间，重要的是优化资源配置和产业布局，解决产能过剩、核心技术缺乏、产品附加值低的问题，解决低水平重复建设和地区产业结构趋同的问题。必须加快改造提升传统产业，大力发展高新技术产业，提高产品质量和市场竞争力。要加强政策引导，鼓励企业跨行业跨区域跨所有制兼并重组，利用市场倒逼机制促进优胜劣汰。以扩大国内市场应用、重要关键技术攻关为重点，推动战略性新兴产业健康发展。积极推动信息化和工业化融合，加快建设新一代信息基础设施，促进信息网络技术广泛应用。坚持生产性服务业和生活性服务业并重，现代服务业和传统服务业并举，进一步发展壮大服务业。

要顺应人民群众对美好生活环境的期待，大力加强生态文明建设和环境保护。生态环境关系人民福祉，关乎子孙后代和民族未来。要坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，着力推进绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展。大力推进能源资源节约和循环利用，重点抓好工业、交通、建筑、公共机构等领域节能，控制能源消费总量，降低能耗、物耗和二氧化碳排放强度。要加快调整经济结构和布局，抓紧完善标准、制度和法规体系，采取切实的防治污染措施，促进生产方式和生活方式的转变，下决心解决好关系群众切身利益的大气、水、土壤等突出环境污染问题，改善环境质量，维护人民健康，用实际行动和成效让人民看到希望。要做好气象、地质、地震等方面工作，提高防灾减灾能力。优化国土空间开发格局，合理控制开发强度，调整空间结构。加强海洋综合管理，发展海洋经济，提高海洋资源开发能力，保护海洋生态环境，维护国家海洋权益。

要继续深入实施区域发展总体战略，促进区域经济协调发展。充分发挥各地比较优势，统筹规划、分类指导，优先推进西部大开发，全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地，大力促进中部地区崛起，积极支持东部地区率先发展，加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区扶持力度，深入推进集中连片特殊困难地区扶贫攻坚。

1.Accelerating the change of the growth model and promoting sustained and sound economic development All the achievements we have made in China's socialist modernization are attributable to sustained and sound economic development, without which we would have accomplished nothing.China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time.This basic national condition has not changed;nor has the principal problem in our society, that is, production falls short of the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people, or China's international position as the largest developing country in the world.Development is still the key to solving all our problems.We must keep economic development as the central task and give it our undivided attention.As long as we make full use of this important period of strategic opportunities, respect the law of development, formulate new thinking on development, solve problems hindering development, accelerate the change of the growth model, spur change in the course of pursuing development, and promote development while working for change, we can certainly achieve sustained and sound economic development.We should unswervingly take expanding domestic demand as our long-term strategy for economic development, and make full use of the basic function of consumption and the key role of investment.The difficulty in and key to expanding domestic demand lie in consumption, and that is also where the potential lies.To expand individual consumption, we should enhance people's ability to consume, keep their consumption expectations stable, boost their desire to consume, improve the consumption environment and make economic growth more consumption-driven.In the current stage, the role investment plays in promoting economic growth cannot be underestimated.China has both investment capability and investment demand, but the key is to make investment in the needed sectors, optimize the structure of investment, and improve its performance and returns.Governmental investment is important in guiding nongovernmental investment, but its share of the country's total investment is decreasing, so we must further relax controls over market access for nongovernmental investment and stimulate it.We should energetically change the growth model and speed up structural adjustment of industry.China's productive forces develop on multiple levels, which gives us plenty of room to maneuver.Industries, whether traditional or emerging, labor-intensive or capital-intensive, all have room for development.The important task is to optimize resources allocation and industrial distribution, and solve the following problems: excess production capacity, the lack of core technology, products with low value-added, low-level and redundant industrial projects, and different regions having similar industrial structures.We must accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, energetically develop new-and high-tech industries, and raise product quality and competitiveness.We should strengthen policy guidance;encourage enterprise acquisitions and reorganizations across industries, regions and forms of ownership;and allow market forces to determine enterprises' success or failure.We should promote sound development of strategic emerging industries, with the focus on expanding their share in the domestic market and making breakthroughs in major and key technologies.We should promote the integration of IT application and industrialization, more quickly build next-generation information and communication infrastructure, and spread the use of information network technology.We should develop and expand the service sector, and attach equal importance to producer and consumer service industries and to modern and traditional service industries.In response to people's expectations of having a good living environment, we should greatly strengthen ecological improvement and environmental protection.The state of the ecological environment affects the level of people's wellbeing and also posterity and the future of our nation.We should adhere to the basic state policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment and endeavor to promote green, circular, and low-carbon development.We should greatly boost the conservation and reuse of energy and resources, give priority to saving energy in industry, transportation and construction and in public institutions, restrict total energy consumption, and reduce energy and materials consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.We should speed up adjusting the economic structure and distribution and upgrading related standards, practices, and laws and regulations.We should adopt effective measures to prevent and control pollution and change the way we work and live.We should resolve to solve the problems of serious air, water, and soil pollution that affect the people's vital interests;improve environmental quality, and safeguard people's health, and give the people hope through our concrete action and achievements.We should do our meteorological, geological and seismic work well and become better able to prevent and mitigate natural disasters.We should optimize development of the country's territory, carry out development at a proper pace and adjust its spatial layout.We should strengthen comprehensive marine management, develop the marine economy, become better able to exploit marine resources, protect the marine ecological environment, and safeguard China's maritime rights and interests.We should continue to fully implement the master strategy for regional development and promote balanced development between regions.We should make full use of the comparative strengths of each region, make plans comprehensively and give guidance tailored to different circumstances.We should give high priority to large-scale development of the western region, fully revitalize the old industrial bases in northeast China, spur the rise of the central region, and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development.We should increase support for old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas and alleviate poverty in contiguous areas with acute difficulties.（二）强化农业农村发展基础，推动城乡发展一体化。近些年是我国农业发展最快、农村面貌变化最大、农民得到实惠最多的时期。当前，农业农村发展进入一个新阶段，呈现出农业生产综合成本上升、农产品供求结构性矛盾突出、农村社会结构深刻变动、城乡发展加快融合的态势，全面建成小康社会的重点难点仍然在农村。必须坚持把解决好“三农”问题作为全部工作的重中之重，这是历史经验的科学总结，既管当前，也管长远，是长期指导思想。农村土地制度关乎农村的根本稳定，也关乎中国的长远发展，其核心是要保障农民的财产权益，底线是严守18亿亩耕地红线。要坚持以家庭承包经营为基础，支持发展多种形式新型农民合作组织和多层次的农业社会化服务组织，逐步构建集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化相结合的新型农业经营体系，始终注重保护法律赋予农民的财产权利，调动农民积极性。毫不放松粮食生产，建设高标准基本农田，推广先进技术，增强农业综合生产能力，保障粮食和重要农产品的有效供给。要继续加大“三农”投入，加强农村基础设施建设和基本公共服务体系建设，推动城乡发展一体化，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农、城乡关系。要采取有效措施，稳定农业生产经营队伍，积极培育新型农民。

城镇化是我国现代化建设的历史任务，与农业现代化相辅相成。要遵循城镇化的客观规律，积极稳妥推动城镇化健康发展。坚持科学规划、合理布局、城乡统筹、节约用地、因地制宜、提高质量。特大城市和大城市要合理控制规模，充分发挥辐射带动作用；中小城市和小城镇要增强产业发展、公共服务、吸纳就业、人口集聚功能。加快推进户籍制度、社会管理体制和相关制度改革，有序推进农业转移人口市民化，逐步实现城镇基本公共服务覆盖常住人口，为人们自由迁徙、安居乐业创造公平的制度环境。村庄建设要注意保持乡村风貌，营造宜居环境，使城镇化和新农村建设良性互动。

2.Strengthening the foundation for agriculture and rural development and promoting integrated urban and rural development In recent years, China's agriculture has developed faster, its rural areas have undergone more significant changes, and its rural residents have received more tangible benefits than in any other period.Agriculture and rural development in China have now entered a new stage in which overall agricultural production costs are rising, structural problems in the supply and demand of agricultural products are worsening, the rural social structure is undergoing profound changes, and integration of urban and rural development is speeding up.All the major and difficult problems that we face in finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects are in rural areas.We must make solving issues relating to agriculture, rural areas and farmers the number one priority in all our work.This is a scientific conclusion drawn from our historical experience and a long-term guiding principle applicable to both the present and the future.The rural land system is central to maintaining rural stability and ensuring China's long-term development.Its main purpose is to guarantee farmers' property rights and interests, and its main objective is to ensure that China's farmland remains at or above the red line of 120 million hectares.We should continue to make household contracts the basis of rural operations, support the development of new farmers' cooperatives of various forms and multilevel commercial organizations that provide agricultural services, and gradually establish a new type of system of intensive agricultural operations that are specialized, well organized and commercialized.We should always protect farmers' legitimate property rights and keep them motivated.We should always give high priority to grain production, develop high-yield basic farmland, spread advanced technologies, increase overall agricultural production capacity, and effectively ensure the supply of grain and other important agricultural products.We should continue to increase spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers;improve infrastructure and basic public services in rural areas;and promote integration of urban and rural development.We should build a new type of relations between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas in which industry promotes agriculture, urban areas support rural development, industry and agriculture reinforce each other, and urban development and rural development are integrated.We should take effective measures to keep the agricultural workforce stable and train a new type of farmers.Urbanization is a historical task in China's modernization drive, and urbanization and agricultural modernization complement each other.We should conform to the objective law of urbanization and carry it out actively yet prudently.We should promote sound development of urbanization by making plans scientifically, balancing geographical distribution, coordinating urban and rural development, using land economically, and tailoring measures to local conditions.Megacities and large cities should be kept at an appropriate scale and fully play their role in driving the development of their surrounding areas.Small and medium-sized cities and small towns should become better able to develop industries, provide public services, create jobs, and attract residents.We should accelerate reform of the household registration system, the social management system and related institutions;register eligible rural workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly manner;progressively expand the coverage of basic public services in urban areas to all their permanent residents;and create an equitable institutional environment for freedom of movement and for people to live and work in contentment.In improving village conditions, we should preserve their distinctive rural flavor, make their environment more livable, and ensure that urbanization and the building of a new countryside reinforce each other.（三）以保障和改善民生为重点，全面提高人民物质文化生活水平。2003年抗击突如其来的非典疫情给我们的重要启示之一，就是要统筹经济社会发展。这些年我们在发展经济的同时，更加重视保障改善民生和发展社会事业，政府工作力度之大、财政投入资金之多前所未有。经过不懈努力，我国经济社会发展的协调性明显增强。当前社会结构、社会组织形式、社会利益格局发生深刻变化，社会矛盾明显增多。我们必须把保障和改善民生作为政府一切工作的出发点和落脚点，放在更加突出的位置，着力加强社会建设。

千方百计扩大就业。坚持实施就业优先战略和更加积极的就业政策，通过稳定经济增长和调整经济结构增加就业岗位，加强职业技能培训，提高劳动者就业创业能力，加大投入和政策支持，完善就业服务体系，鼓励创业带动就业，做好重点人群就业工作，促进城乡居民收入持续稳定增长。

完善社会保障制度。坚持全覆盖、保基本、多层次、可持续方针，不断扩大社会保障覆盖面，提高统筹层次和保障水平，加强各项制度的完善和衔接，增强公平性，适应流动性，保证可持续性。今年企业退休人员基本养老金继续提高10%，城乡低保和优抚对象补助标准也进一步提高。要加大对社会养老服务体系和儿童福利机构建设的支持力度。深化医药卫生事业改革发展。巩固完善基本药物制度和基层医疗卫生机构运行新机制，加快公立医院改革，鼓励社会办医。扶持中医药和民族医药事业发展。健全全民医保体系，建立重特大疾病保障和救助机制，全面开展儿童白血病等20种重大疾病保障试点工作。今年新农合和城镇居民基本医疗保险财政补助标准由每人每年240元提高到280元，人均基本公共卫生服务经费标准由25元提高到30元。逐步完善人口政策。坚持计划生育基本国策，适应我国人口总量和结构变动趋势，统筹解决好人口数量、素质、结构和分布问题，促进人口长期均衡发展。重视发展老龄事业，切实保障妇女和未成年人权益，关心和支持残疾人事业。

加强和创新社会管理。改进政府提供公共服务方式，加强基层社会管理和服务体系建设，完善村民自治、城市居民自治制度，保证人民群众依法直接行使民主权利，管理基层公共事务和公益事业。改革社会组织管理体制，引导社会组织健康有序发展。建立健全维护群众权益机制，完善人民调解、行政调解、司法调解联动的工作体系，健全法律援助制度，推动涉法涉诉信访工作改革，畅通和规范群众诉求表达、利益协调、权益保障渠道，健全重大决策社会稳定风险评估和突发事件应急管理机制，维护社会公共安全，促进社会和谐稳定。食品药品安全是人们关注的突出问题，要改革和健全食品药品安全监管体制，加强综合协调联动，落实企业主体责任，严格从生产源头到消费的全程监管，加快形成符合国情、科学合理的食品药品安全体系，提升食品药品安全保障水平。强化公共安全体系和企业安全生产基础建设，遏制重特大安全事故。

加强房地产市场调控和保障性安居工程建设。坚决抑制投机、投资性需求，抓紧完善稳定房价工作责任制和房地产市场调控政策体系，健全房地产市场稳定健康发展长效机制。继续抓好保障性安居工程建设和管理，让老百姓住上放心房、满意房。今年城镇保障性住房基本建成470万套、新开工630万套，继续推进农村危房改造。

教育和科技在现代化建设中具有基础性、先导性、全局性作用，文化是民族的血脉和人民的精神家园，必须放在更加重要的战略位置。

继续推进教育优先发展。目前我国财政性教育经费支出总额已经超过2万亿元，今后还要继续增加，必须把这些钱用好，让人民满意。要进一步深化教育综合改革，切实解决社会普遍关注的重大问题。着力推动义务教育均衡发展，加快发展现代职业教育，提高各级各类教育质量，进一步促进教育公平，为国家发展提供强大的人力资源支撑。深化科技体制改革。推动科技与经济紧密结合，着力构建以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系。瞄准关系全局和长远发展的战略必争领域，加强基础研究、前沿先导技术研究。健全科技资源开放共享机制，完善支持科技发展和成果应用转化的财税、金融、产业技术和人才政策，创造公平开放的创新环境，最大限度地调动广大科技工作者的积极性、主动性，激发全社会的创新活力。

扎实推进文化建设。把文化改革发展纳入经济社会发展总体规划，列入各级政府效能和领导干部政绩考核体系，推动文化事业全面繁荣、文化产业快速发展。政府要履行好发展公益性文化事业的责任，加快推进重点文化惠民工程，完善公共文化服务体系。广泛开展全民健身运动，促进群众体育和竞技体育全面发展。

大力加强社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德教育。推动诚信体系建设，以政务诚信带动商务诚信和社会诚信，形成良好的社会风尚。

3.Giving high priority to ensuring and improving people's wellbeing and comprehensively improving their material and cultural lives An important lesson we learned in our response to the sudden outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)in 2003 is that economic development and social development need to be coordinated.In developing the economy in the years since then, we have placed greater importance on ensuring and improving people's wellbeing and developing social programs, and the government has made greater efforts and provided more funding in this area than ever before.These unremitting efforts have resulted in much better coordination of China's economic and social development.The structure of Chinese society, its forms of organization, and the pattern of interests in society have all undergone profound changes, and social problems have increased markedly.We must make ensuring and improving people's wellbeing the starting point and goal of all the government's work, give higher priority to it, and strive to strengthen social development.We should do all we can to increase employment.We should persevere in implementing the strategy of giving top priority to employment and adopt a more proactive employment policy.We should create more jobs by maintaining stable economic growth and adjusting the economic structure and provide better vocational skills training to help people to find jobs or start their own businesses.We should increase government spending and policy support, improve the employment services system, stimulate employment by encouraging business startups, assist target groups in finding jobs, and stimulate sustained, steady increases in urban and rural incomes.We should improve the social security system.We should continue to follow the policy of making coverage universal, ensuring basic care, and providing multilevel and sustainable social security.We should expand the coverage of social security, turn over the overall management of social security accounts to higher-level authorities, raise social security benefits, improve and coordinate all social security programs, make social security more equitable and sustainable, and facilitate the smooth transfer of social security accounts between localities.This year, basic old-age pensions for enterprise retirees should be raised by another 10%, and subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents and subsidies for entitled groups should also be further raised.Greater support should be given to developing child welfare agencies and the system of social services for the elderly.We should advance reform and development of medical and health care services, consolidate and improve the system for using basic drugs and the new operating mechanisms of community-level medical and health care institutions, speed up the reform of public hospitals, and encourage nongovernmental bodies to operate hospitals.We should support development of traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic minority medicine.We should improve the universal medical insurance system, establish a mechanism to provide insurance and aid for treating major and very serious diseases, and conduct a pilot project to insure against 20 serious diseases.(Note: They are childhood leukemia, congenital heart disease in children, uremia, breast cancer, cervical cancer, holergasia, drug-resistant tuberculosis, opportunistic AIDS and HIV infection, lung cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, hemophilia, type 1 diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and cheilopalatognathus.)This year, annual government subsidies for the new rural cooperative medical care system and basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents should be raised from 240 yuan to 280 yuan per person respectively, and the per person payment standard for basic public health services should be increased from 25 yuan to 30 yuan.We should progressively improve the government population policy.We should adhere to the basic state policy on family planning.In response to changes in the size and structure of China's total population, we should comprehensively solve problems relating to the size, health, structure and geographical distribution of the population and promote long-term, balanced population development.We should boost the development of elderly services, protect the rights and interests of women and minors, and take an interest in and support programs that benefit people with disabilities.We should strengthen and make innovations in social management.We should improve the way the government provides public services, strengthen the system of social management and services at the community level, and improve self-governance by villagers and urban residents, to ensure that the people directly exercise their democratic rights in accordance with the law by managing community-level public affairs and running public service programs.We should reform the management system for social organizations, and guide their sound and orderly development.We should establish a sound mechanism for safeguarding people's rights and interests;improve the integrated system of mediation by the people, administrative mediation and judicial mediation;strengthen the system of legal assistance;and carry out reform of the handling of people's complaints about legal and litigation-related issues.We should maintain open and regular channels for people to voice their demands, and we should coordinate the people's interests and protect their rights and interests.We should improve the mechanism for assessing potential risks major policy decisions may pose to social stability and the emergency response mechanism.The purpose of all this work is to preserve law and order and promote social harmony and stability.Food and drug safety is a prominent issue of widespread concern.We should reform and improve mechanisms for overseeing and supervising food and drug safety and strengthen overall coordination.We should require enterprises to assume primary responsibility for safety, exercise strict oversight and supervision throughout the whole process from production to consumption, and move faster to establish a scientific and effective food and drug safety system that suits China's national conditions so as to better ensure food and drug safety.We should strengthen the public safety system and improve workplace safety conditions to prevent accidents, especially major and very serious ones.We should tighten regulation of the real estate market and strengthen construction of government-subsidized housing.We need to firmly rein in speculative and investment-driven housing demand, promptly improve the accountability system for stabilizing housing prices and the policies for regulating the real estate market, and strengthen mechanisms for sustaining its steady and sound development.We should continue to build and manage government-subsidized housing for the people so they have housing they are satisfied with.This year, 4.7 million government-subsidized urban housing units should be basically completed, construction of another 6.3 million units should begin, and renovation of dilapidated rural houses should continue.Education, science and technology play a fundamental, guiding and global role in the country's modernization drive, and culture is essential for the long-term vitality of a nation and gives the people a sense of belonging.They must therefore occupy a position of greater strategic importance.We should continue to give top priority to developing education.China's annual government expenditures on education already exceed two trillion yuan and should continue to increase.We must make good use of such funding to the satisfaction of the people.We need to deepen comprehensive education reform and effectively solve major issues of public concern.We should boost balanced development of compulsory education, accelerate development of modern vocational education and raise the quality of education of all types and at all levels.This should help make education more equitable and provide strong human resources support for China's development.We should deepen reform of the management system for science and technology.We should integrate science and technology more closely with the economy, and establish a technological innovation system that is based on enterprises, guided by the market, and integrates enterprises, universities and research institutes.We should focus on priority areas of strategic importance that are vital to China's overall and long-term development, and strengthen basic research and research on frontier and leading technologies.We should improve the mechanism for openly sharing scientific and technological resources and the fiscal, taxation, banking, industrial technology and personnel policies that support scientific and technological development and industrial application of scientific and technological advances, create a fair and open environment for making innovations, keep scientists and technicians fully motivated, and unleash the creativity of the whole society.We should effectively advance development of the cultural sector.We should incorporate reform and development of the cultural sector into general plans for economic and social development, and include them in the system for evaluating the performance of governments and officials at all levels so as to promote all-around cultural prosperity and fast development of the cultural sector.The government needs to fulfill its responsibility to develop nonprofit cultural programs, accelerate key cultural projects for the people, and improve the system of public cultural services.We should extensively carry out public fitness activities and promote comprehensive development of both recreational and competitive sports.We should greatly increase education in public morality, professional ethics, family virtues, and personal integrity.We should promote a creditability system, use political integrity to improve business and public integrity, and foster healthy social conduct.（四）以更大的政治勇气和智慧，深入推进改革开放。改革开放是国家发展进步的根本动力。只有坚持改革开放，才能把我们的事业继续推向前进。我国改革已进入攻坚阶段，必须进一步解放思想，全面深化经济体制改革，继续积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，深化文化体制改革，加快推进社会体制改革，加强生态文明制度建设，不断把改革引向深入。要进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制。毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇地鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，形成各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护的体制环境。深化国有企业改革以及重点行业改革。加快财税体制改革，理顺中央和地方财力与事权的关系，完善财政转移支付制度，健全公共财政体系，构建地方税体系，促进形成有利于结构优化、社会公平的税收制度。深化金融体制改革，健全促进实体经济发展的现代金融体系，提高银行、证券、保险等行业竞争力，加快发展多层次资本市场，积极发展债券市场，稳步推进利率、汇率市场化改革，扩大人民币跨境使用，逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换。深化投融资体制改革，推进价格改革，健全资源性产品价格形成机制和生态补偿制度。继续积极稳妥推进事业单位分类改革。收入分配制度是经济社会发展中一项根本性、基础性的制度，是社会主义市场经济体制的重要基石。我们已经制定了深化收入分配制度改革若干意见，要抓紧研究制定具体政策，确保制度建设到位、政策落实到位，有效解决收入分配领域存在的问题，缩小收入分配差距，使发展成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民。

要推进社会主义民主法治建设。坚持人民主体地位，发展更加广泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主，保证人民依法享有广泛权利和自由，促进人的全面发展，维护社会公平正义。坚持依法治国，充分尊重宪法和法律的权威，确保决策权、执行权、监督权既相互制约又相互协调，确保国家行政机关按照法定权限和程序行使权力。坚持转变政府职能，推进政企分开、政资分开、政事分开、政社分开，建设职能科学、结构优化、廉洁高效、人民满意的服务型政府。坚持改进工作作风、密切联系群众，提倡艰苦奋斗，厉行勤俭节约，反对铺张浪费，克服形式主义、官僚主义。坚持民主监督、法律监督、舆论监督，健全权力运行制约和监督体系，让人民监督权力，让权力在阳光下运行。坚持反对腐败，加强廉政建设，从制度上改变权力过分集中而又得不到制约的状况，做到干部清正、政府清廉、政治清明。

国内外形势的深刻变化，对我国开放型经济发展提出了新的更高要求。要坚持对外开放的基本国策，实行更加积极主动的开放战略。坚持把稳定出口与扩大进口结合起来，推动对外贸易从规模扩张向质量效益提高转变、从成本和价格优势向综合竞争优势转变，促进形成以技术、品牌、质量、服务为核心的出口竞争新优势；坚持把利用外资与对外投资结合起来，支持企业“走出去”，拓展经济发展的新空间；坚持把深化沿海开放与扩大内陆和沿边开放结合起来，加快形成各具特色、优势互补、分工协作、均衡协调的区域开放格局；坚持把向发达国家开放与向发展中国家开放结合起来，扩大和深化同各方利益汇合点。4.Deepening reform and opening up with greater political courage and vision Reform and opening up are the fundamental force that drives China's development and progress.We can continue to advance our cause only by adhering to reform and opening up.China has entered a crucial stage of reform.We must further emancipate our minds, comprehensively deepen reform of the economic structure, continue to actively yet prudently carry out reform of the political structure, deepen reform of the cultural administrative system, accelerate reform of the social system, improve the system for promoting ecological progress;and constantly deepen reforms.We need to improve the socialist market economy.We should unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy and encourage, and support and guide the development of the non-public sector, so as to foster a structural environment in which economic entities under different forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, compete on a level playing field and enjoy equal legal protection.We should deepen reform of state-owned enterprises and key industries.We should quicken reform of the fiscal and taxation systems, adjust relations between the central government and local governments concerning financial resources and powers, and improve the system of transfer payments.We should improve the public finance system, institute a system of local taxation, and establish a taxation system conducive to optimizing the economic structure and enhancing social fairness.We should deepen reform of the financial system and improve the modern financial system so that it supports development of the real economy.We should raise the competitiveness of the banking, securities and insurance industries, accelerate development of a multilevel capital market, and actively develop the bond market.We should steadily carry out reforms to make interest rates and the RMB exchange rate more market-based, expand cross-border use of the RMB and gradually achieve the RMB's convertibility under capital accounts.We should deepen reform of the investment and financing systems, carry out price reform and improve the pricing mechanism for resource products and the system of compensation for ecological damage.We should continue to actively yet steadily advance function-based reform of public institutions.The income distribution system is a basic system of vital importance for economic and social development, and an important cornerstone of the socialist market economy.We have formulated guidelines on deepening reform of the income distribution system, and we now need to promptly formulate specific policies, ensure that institutions are established and policies are implemented, resolve problems in income distribution, and narrow the income gap so that the fruits of development are more equitably shared by all the people.We need to advance development of socialist democracy and the socialist rule of law.We should ensure that the people occupy the principal position, make people's democracy more extensive, fuller in scope and sounder, ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms prescribed by law, and promote people's well-rounded development and safeguard social fairness and justice.We should govern the country on the basis of the law, and fully respect the authority of the Constitution and laws.We should ensure that the powers of policy making, implementation and oversight both constrain each other and function in concert and that government bodies exercise their powers in accordance with statutory mandates and procedures.We should continue to transform government functions, separate government administration from the management of enterprises, state assets, public institutions and social organizations, and build a well-structured, clean, efficient and service-oriented government that has scientifically defined functions and that the people are satisfied with.We should improve the conduct of our work, maintain close ties with the people, advocate hard work and plain living, practice thrift, oppose extravagance and waste, and eliminate formalistic and bureaucratic practices.We should uphold democratic oversight, legal oversight and public opinion-based oversight and improve the system of checks and oversight over the exercise of power to ensure that the people oversee the exercise of power and that power is exercised in a transparent manner.We should unwaveringly combat corruption, strengthen political integrity, establish institutions to end the excessive concentration of power and lack of checks on power and ensure that officials are honest, government is clean and political affairs are handled with integrity.Profound changes in domestic and external environments place new and higher requirements on China in developing an open economy.We should adhere to the basic state policy of opening up and implement a more proactive opening up strategy.We should both keep exports stable and expand imports.We should raise the quality and returns of foreign trade rather than just increase its volume, and raise its overall competitive advantages instead of relying only on cost and price advantages.We should make China's exports more competitive in terms of technology, brand, quality and service.We should simultaneously use foreign investment in China and make Chinese investment overseas, and support Chinese enterprises in going global, to create new space for economic development.We should simultaneously deepen opening up in coastal areas and open inland and border areas wider so as to foster a balanced and coordinated pattern of opening up in which all regions have their own distinctive features, draw on each other's strengths, have a clear division of work, and cooperate with each other.We should continue to open up to both developed and developing countries and expand and deepen common interests with all other parties.

第五篇：中英文比较

文化差异与英语词汇、句法

一、引言

英语词汇知识、句法知识是英语学习者听说读写译各项能力中的必要技能，也是英语教学不可或缺的重要组成部分。目前，语言教学过程中文化导入的重要性在国内外外语教学界已获得普遍认可。本文所尝试探讨的是在词汇与句法教学中文化导入的内容。本文共分两个部分,第一部分论述词汇教学中文化教学内容的渗透；第二部分着重讨论句法教学中文化教学的体现。

二、文化差异与词汇教学

正因为词汇知识是英语能力中的必要技能，因此，目前英语教学中引导学生达到对词汇层次的适当理解是必不可少的环节。而词语是文化信息的载体,各种文化特征都将在该语言的词汇里留下它的印记。因此，在进行词汇教学时，教师应当在讲解词汇基本含义与用法的基础上向学生介绍其由于文化差异所赋予词汇的不同特征。具体讲授思路可以从以下几个方面入手：

（一）由于文化差异对词的理性意义产生的影响

1.词义概念范围大小不同

概括性是词义最重要的特点之一。词义的概括性是在使用语言的集团内部长期地、历史地形成的，是指人们在了解、掌握一个词的意义时，舍弃了客观事物的个性而把握了它的一般特征。英汉有些同义词事实上词义概念范围是不同的，有些汉语释义缩小英语词义的概念范围，有些汉语释义扩大了英语单词的概念范围。譬如：汉语的“工程师”是比较高级的技术职称，一般指受过大学教育并有若干年工作经验、经国家认定的技术人员，但英语的engineer 含义五花八门，按《新英汉词典》的释义，它既指工程师、技师，也指火车司机、轮机员、工兵，乃至倒垃圾的工人sanitary engineer，这就与中国的“工程师”的含义相差甚远了。

2.语意轻重不同

例如：The conflict spread everywhere，intovillages，as well as intocities.根据英汉综合大词典对as well as 的释义：（1）不亚于；与……相同；（2）又，也，此外。如果简单地把例句理解成“冲突到处蔓延，蔓延到了农村，也蔓延到了城市”，则把原文的语意轻重关系给弄颠倒了。在原文中as well as 的前项为语义重点，而在上面的中译文中却把as well as 的后项变为语义重点了。因此，上面的英文应当理解成：冲突到处蔓延，蔓延到了城市，也蔓延到了农村。

3.词义着重点不同

一个民族的文化以及思维模式的形成是在该民族长期的地理位置、哲学背景、文化传统影响之下逐步形成的。因此，不同民族、不同文化下的英汉两种语言对同一事物的理解与表达着重点会不同。例如，“大雪”heavy snow比big snow更符合英语习惯，“红茶”英语习惯的表达为black tea 而不是red tea，“浓汤”thick soup 而不是strong soup。

（二）由于文化差异对词的色彩意义产生的影响

1.感情色彩不同

词语的感情色彩，是指附加在某些词语上的褒扬、喜爱、肯定、尊敬或者贬斥、厌恶、否定、鄙视等感情。如英文中的“propaganda”与汉语的词汇“宣传”；“capitalism”与“资本主义”；“individualism”与“个人主义”。

2.形象色彩不同

词语的形象色彩是词语指称的对象在人们意识中生动具体的反映。比如，中英词汇中有关颜色、动植物、吉庆语与忌讳语方面的文化差异就能够凸显出中英语言中形象色彩的不同。

以白色为例，在中文中与丧事有关，治丧人家穿白衣、带白幄、挂白幡都是久远的民俗；而英语中white 表示纯洁无瑕、幸运吉利，white day(吉日)，days marked with awhite stone(幸福的日子)，white Christmas(洁白的圣诞)。

3.语体色彩不同

语体色彩是指说某个领域里使用的语言的特点。从词汇分类来分，一般分为书面语色彩和口语色彩两大类。例如在下边的对话中

Brad:What’s the damage?

Lucy: It’s 12 dollars and 80 cents altogether.Brad:(to the waiter)Check, please.在这段对话中“What’s the damage?”中“damage”具有相当强烈的口语色彩，是口语中询问“该付多少钱”时的幽默问法。在教学的过程中要根据学习的题材让学生了解由于词汇的语体色彩的限制其使用在某些领域是恰当的，如法律英语、科技英语、文学作品等题材的内容所使用的词汇就具有不同的语体色彩。

（三）由于文化差异对词的用法产生影响的词汇

主要指搭配对象、词性、句法功能、构词能力和构形变化，搭配意义不同的词。以搭配对象为例，有些英语词汇和汉语词汇虽然所表示的意义相同，但搭配能力却不同。例如英语中的relax 和汉语中的对应词“放松”：它们都表示放松的含义，都既可以当及物动词也可以做非及物动词。但在，在汉语中可以说“周末我只想好好放松下自己”，而英语中说A hot bath should help to relax you.能够被接受，但I just want to relax myself却违背英语语言习惯。

（四）中英两种语言由于文化差异所造成的范畴、内涵非对应或零对应词

一个民族有关宗教、神话、文学、艺术传统、历史的词汇大都属内涵非对应或零对应词。如英语中的boycott；Achilles’heel；throw in the towel等词汇，若不从文化的角度加以讲解，学生对该词汇的全面认识与理解便无从谈起。

三、文化差异与句法教学

儒家文化和基督教文化, 在中西文化中各自占据着十分重要的地位。以基督教文化为基础的英语国家侧重抽象思维和逻辑分析，以儒家文化为主体的中国传统文化则侧重形象思维，这种思维模式和价值观念等内隐文化的差异会导致英汉句子结构的不同。这种不同被学术界称之为“句型文化”,申小龙亦著有《中国句型文化》一书。因此,在进行句法教学时，教师应当在讲解句型所涉及的语法知识之外，还应该向学生介绍中英两种语言不同的句型文化。具体的讲授思路可以从以下几个方面入手：

（一）形合与意合试比较以下的两个句子：

①If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

②冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

在句①中，If 从句的使用让两句间的逻辑关系一目了然。在句②中，从句之间未使用连接手段，句子间的逻辑关系没有句①明显。由此我们不难看出，英语句型体系是一种相当严密的句型体系。西方人擅长逻辑思维，其句子的核心在于“形式”，或者说成分是否完整，句式具有较强的逻辑性，无论句子多长、多复杂也能进行分析。简言之，英语以形合为主。汉语句子的核心构架远不如英语那样清晰。中国传统文化侧重形象思维，其句子的核心在于“意”，或者说信息是否表达完整。汉语句式的特点是重视句子不太重视语法,要求达意即可，句子利于领悟而不利于层层分析。简言之，汉语以意合为主。

（二）客观与主观

英美文化注重事物对人的作用和影响, 自然界被置于与人对立的位置,成为被改造和征服的对象。而中国传统文化把自然与人看成是一个整体，思维往往以“人”为中心，认为只有

人才能做出有意识的动作。因此, 英语趋向于使用客观视角，重物称，而汉语趋向于使用主观视角，重人称。如It must be admitted that（必须承认），It is always stressed that（人们总是强调），It is imagined that（人们认为）。再如: As it is imagined bymany that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.如果被理解成“许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，并且这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。”则更加符合汉语习惯。

（三）首重心与尾重心

由于西方文化直线型的思维方式，在表达逻辑思维时，英语往往是开门见山，判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，以谓语动词为核心，借助反映形式关系的连词、介词、关系代词、关系副词、非谓语动词等构建句子结构，把各个分句有机地结合起来, 即呈现首重心的特点。

而中国是螺旋型的思维方式，汉语则是常常借助动词，按时间顺序、逻辑顺序、因果顺序，由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，层层铺开，即呈现尾重心的特点。

如There is no agreement whether method ology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.同样的意义表达，在中文中如果被理解成“方法论究竟是指一般历史研究中独有的概念，还是指历史研究中适合各个分支的研究方法，人们对此还没有一致意见。”则更加符合中国文化与汉语的语用习惯。

四、结语

本文的重点在于说明,语言与文化有着深刻的历史联系,无论是词汇还是句法都能反映不同社会文化现象；在英语实际教学中，言语环境中的文化因素应受到重视，在词汇教学以及句法教学中要恰当地引入跨文化教育，有所针对地介绍其中所包涵的文化因素，这样才能使语言“鲜活”起来，防止学生按母语形式来运用目的语，进而掌握以词汇、句法为载体的学习内容所体现的文化内涵，提高学习者的兴趣与英语能力。

I’ve worked in the factories surrounding my hometown every summer since I graduated from high school, but making the transition（转变）between school and full-time blue-collar work during the break never gets any easier.For a student like me who considers any class before noon to be uncivilized, getting to a factory by 6 o’clock each morning is torture.My friends never seem to understand why I’m so relieved to be back at school or that my

summer vacation has been anything but a vacation.There’re few people as self-confident as a college student who has never been out in the real world.People of my age always seem to overestimate the value of their time and knowledge.In fact, all the classes did not prepare me for my battles with the machine 1 ran in the plant, which would jam whenever I absent-mindedly put in a part backward or upside down.The most stressful thing about blue-collar life is knowing your job could disappear overnight.Issues like downsizing（裁员）and overseas relocation had always seemed distant to me until my co-workers told me that the unit I was working in would shut down within six months and move to Mexico, where people would work for 60 cents an hour.After working 12-hour shifts in a factory, the other options have become only too clear.When I’m back at the university, skipping classes and turning in lazy re-writes seems too irresponsible after seeing what I would be doing without school.All the advice and public-service announcements about the value of an education that used to sound stale now ring true.These lessons I'm learning, however valuable, are always tinged（带有）with a sense of guilt.Many people pass their lives in the places I briefly work, spending 30 years where I spend only two

months at a time.“This job pays well, but it's hell on the body,” said one co-worker.“Study hard and keep reading,” she adde.