大学英语写作教程

第一篇：大学英语写作教程

大学英语写作教程：（四六级范文集）

目录

1.大学英语四六级写作基本要求，范文两篇（了解题目，提纲，字数，时间等要求）

2.分析题目提纲，历年作文题目每类两个（对比观点题；问题解决题型；利弊分析题型；原因解

释题型；综合类题型（叙事型）；通知、海报、启事与指令；讲话稿的撰写；申请信、简历、介绍信、推荐信）

3.篇章写作

对比观点题 两篇例文找出模板句型，模板句型介绍

经典用语

案例分析（列举一篇以前学生写过的作业，随堂分析，包括用词，语法，观点陈述）--一篇类型相同，不同题目的文章，分析完案例，学生随堂写一篇同样题目的文章，作为比较

4.附录：范文（1.思路分析，即范文中的body部分内容概述，帮助学生对于各种话题扩展思路和信息量；

2.经典用语）

第二篇：大学英语四级考试写作辅导教程

记叙文的思路与练习

记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?

地点(Where)—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化?

人物(Who)—— 何人参与，谁是主角?

事件(What)—— 发生了什么，有何特点?

原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?

结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?

一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。

记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。

【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。

对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。

Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。

Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。

What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。

Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。

当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。

参考范文

An Early Morning Walk

One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some

were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order)，第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting)，接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park)，然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening)，最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。

1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。When：

Where：

Who：

What：

Why：

How：

参考思路

When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?

Where：在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?

Who：是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?

What：拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?

Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦„

How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛„

想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。

根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：

参考范文

A Most Unlucky Day

I had a streak of tough luck yesterday.Everything，it seemed to me，went wrong.And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.In the morning，as luck would have it，my alarm clock didn’t ring，and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual.I was in such a hurry that，when making an omelet，I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.Having no time for my breakfast at that point，I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers.I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway，but somehow I couldn’t make it.I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class，because my English teacher is very strict and demanding，and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.After getting off the 7:40 subway，I raced all the way from the station to my school，thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day.At the corner of the street near my school，I abruptly bumped into a man and，worse luck，broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week.With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology，I just kept on running and running.At long last，I arrived at the school only to find，with great sadness mixed with some relief，that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked.It was Saturday.My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end.When I returned home greatly frustrated，I found myself locked out.In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me.Just my luck!

【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙!整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。

根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1)用第一人称;2)短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。

参考范文

Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。

参考范文

Go on a Mediterranean Journey

My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey.Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation，the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting，but there was one man，a Mr.James，who irritated and annoyed us.Whatever subject we talked about，it seemed that he was an expert at it.He had，apparently，read more books，visited more countries and studied more languages，than anyone else had.After a few days，we ate our meals in silence，because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.Then my wife had an idea.She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject，look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner.If it were an unusual subject，Mr.James could not possibly know anything about it.The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm.Mr

历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。

说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。

所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：

范文点评

A Famous Clock

When you visit London，one of the first things you will see is Big Ben，the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834，the great clock would never have been erected.Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.It is not only of immense size，but is extremely accurate as well.Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.On the B.B.C.you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.Once，however，it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!

【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么?本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。

第三篇：大学英语写作教程复习重点

Sentence fragments：

句子碎片：

sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。

When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop（period，exclamation point，or question mark）at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿（句号，感叹号，问号），他被称为句子片段

A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：

句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正

a.by joining it to another sentence 把它加入进另一个句子

b.by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一个主语和谓语

c.by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改变句意的范围内重写

Any verbless or subjectlessfragment of a sentence，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。

A.A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly；by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it，whichever makes sense ；or by rewriting the fragment entirely.一个缺少主语或谓语的句子碎片可以通过增加一个相应的主语或谓语来改正；或通过把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重写句子碎片。

B.Added—detail fragments also lack a subject and a verb.They often begin with one of the following words.；for example，also，except，such as，including，especially，namely 额外的碎片也是缺少主语和谓语的。大多是以以下的词开始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特别，即

An added—detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below： 额外碎片可以通过以下三种方式改正

a.Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.附加到他之前的完整意思中

b.Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.在碎片中加入主语和谓语使他成为一个完整的句子

c.Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.改变必要的词汇使句子碎片成为一个句子

Run—on sentence

连写句

A run—on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts（or independent clauses）without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.连写句是两个或两个以上的写在一起且中间没有明显停顿标记的完整的意思（独立句）They may be corrected in four principal ways：

连写句的四种主要的改正方法：

a.Use a period and write two separate sentence.用一个句号把它写成两个分开的不同的句子。b.Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction用逗号和适合的连词

c.Use a semicolon用一个分号

d.Make one of the clauses dependent 使其中的一个句子变为从句

Misplaced and dangling modifiers

错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语

A modifier is a word，a phrase，or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify，that is，to limit，qualify，or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,clause.Misplaced and dangling modifiers break a fundamental rule that all modifiers must be near the word they modify.Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语修饰语在句子中的职能就是去修饰和限定句子中的另一个词的意思。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语破坏了修饰语必须挨着他所修饰的那个词的基本的规则。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语都修饰了错误的词或没有起到修饰的作用。

Misplaced modifiers

错位修饰语

A modifier is misplaced when it appears so far from what it is supposed to modify that the connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else

当一个修饰语出现在离他要修饰的词很远的地方时，修饰看起来不再明显或像在修饰其他的什么。

Squinting modifiers

偏斜修饰语

A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it.Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at once.The result is a sentence with two possible meanings。

偏斜修饰语就是指一个修饰词看起来在同时修饰他前后的两个词,看起来是在一次修饰两个方向，结果句子就出现了两种可能的意思。

Split infinitives

分裂不定式

A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive “to”has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.分裂不定式是将to 和有联系的那个动词隔离开的结构。

Dangling modifiers

悬垂修饰语

A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.悬垂修饰语是一组在句子中与任何元素都没有语法联系的修饰语。

There are five kinds of dangling modifiers：五种悬垂修饰

a.dangling participles 悬垂分词

b.dangling gerunds悬垂动名词

c.dangling infinitives 悬垂不定式

d.dangling elliptical clauses悬垂精简句

e.dangling prepositional phrases悬垂介词短语

Correcting dangling modifiers

校正悬垂修饰语

a.One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what the writer meant to modify。

一种方法是舍弃修饰语照现在的样子改写主句，以便明白什么才是作者修饰的主题。

b.Another way to correct sentence containing dangling modifiers is to change the dangling construction into a subordinate clause.另一种改正包含悬垂修饰语的句子方法是将悬垂结构改成一个从句。

c.The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.第三种方法是省略悬垂修饰语，重写完整的句子。

Pronoun reference

指示代词

Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns（persons，places，or things），which otherwise would have to repeated over and over.指示代词代替那些在句子中多次出现的名词。Antecedent先行词代词所指代的那个词。每个代词有且只有一个先行词

Pronoun must be used in such a way as to make their exact reference clear.代词必须在这样的方式中使用已明确他们的职权

a.more than one possible antecedent 不可以有多个先行词

b.it has no antecedent at all没有先行词

Weak reference

暗示指代

Weak reference refers to the type of the sentence in which the antecedent of a pronoun is implied or unspecified.暗示指代是代词的先行词是暗示或未指定的句子类型

Implied pronoun reference also refers to the type of sentence in which the same pronoun stands for different implied antecedents.暗含代词也引用同样的代名词代表不同的隐含先行词的句子类型

Broad reference

宽泛指代

There are two ways to improve broad reference：两种改善宽泛指代的方法

a.Eliminate the pronoun 不要使用代词

b.Change the pronoun to a demonstrative adjective by giving it a noun to modify

把代词变为指示形容词

Parallelism

平行 排比

Parallelism is the rhetorical principle that sentence elements having the same grammatical function should be put in the same grammatical form.It is the writer’s technique of balancing like with like —noun with noun，verb with verb，infinitive with infinitive，phrase with phrase，clause with clause，and so forth.平行的修辞原则就是句子中有相同的语法功能的成分要放在相同的语法结构中。这是作家们对类似物的平衡技巧，名词和名词，动词和动词，不定式和不定式，短语和短语，分句和分句，等等。

Value of parallelism

排比的价值

It is used by writers for two reasons ：to make a sentence smooth and coherent rather than jerky and awkward，and to give sentences rhythm，balance，and greater force.作者用排比来保持句子的流畅和连贯，和给句子 节奏平衡 强调语气

Techniques used in gaining parallelism

排比的使用方法

a.Elements joined by coordinating conjunctions加入并列连词

b.Elements joined by correlative conjunctions 加入关联连词

c.Repetition of certain word 重复一些有特点的词

Unnecessary shifts

不必要的变幻

An unnecessary shift，as the name implies，is a sudden—andinexplicable shift in the point of view used by the writer.不必要的变幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可说明的观点

A good writer needs to keep consistency in voice，tense，mood，person and discourse.一个好的作者要保持语态 时态 语气 人称 以及叙事方式的一致

a.Unnecessary shifts in voice or subject语态一致

b.Unnecessary shifts in tense时态上的一致

c.Unnecessary shifts in mood语气上的一致

d.Unnecessary shifts in person or number人称 数上的一致

e.Unnecessary shifts in discourse叙事方式上的一致

f.Discourse（speech）can be either direct or indirect叙事方式可以是直接引语或间接引语 Sentence emphasis

句子重点

There are some useful ways of gaining emphasis，covering order，voice，from，repetition，omission，sentence patterns and mechanical devices.一些获得重点的途径，包括：顺序 语态 形式 重复 省略 句型 和机械的技巧。

A.Considering the order of words as a means achieving emphasis

句子中词的的顺序表示的重要性

a．use position for emphasis用位置来表现强调end begin middle

b．invert the normal sentence order for emphasis 颠倒句子中的正常顺序来表现强调 c.use periodic sentences for occasional emphasis 用圆周句来表现偶尔的强调

The periodic sentences is one in which the main thought is held suspended until the end or near the end when it is suddenly released.圆周句是一种其主题思想直到句子结束或者接近结束的时候才停止之前的暂停说明而突然释放的句子

The loose sentence is one in which the main thought is complete well before the end.松散句是一种其中心思想在句子结束之前就很好的表达了的句子

The periodic sentences is usually emphatic and conclusive because the weight of statement falls on the long—awaited predication.圆周句通常是很论述力和决定性作用的，因为其重量型的观点建立在之前期待已久的预测上的。

d.ordinarily arrange a series of items in climactic order

层进结构

climactic order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important（or in the order that goes from the general to the specific）

层进结构是从最不重要的到最重要的，或是从总体到细节。

B.Using the voice that is most emphatic and appropriate 用最明确的语态

C.Putting statements in positive form 用肯定句式

D.Repeating words，structures，or ideas for occasional emphasis 重复要强调的E.Omitting unimportant words省略不必要的词

F.Making use of special emphatic sentence patterns 强调句型

G.Using mechanical devices for emphasis用这些机械的技巧

Italics 斜体 boldface 黑体 capital 大写 punctuation marks 标点符号

Sentence variety

句子多样性

A.Varying the beginning of sentences

句子开头的多样性

a． begin sentences with an appositive用同位语做句子开头

b． begin sentences with an adverb用副词做句子开头

c． begin sentences with an adjective or adjective phrase用形容词或形容词短语做句子开头 d． begin sentences with participial phrase用分词短语做句子开头

e． begin sentences with an infinitive phrase用不定式短语做句子开头

f． begin sentences with a prepositional phrase用介词短语做句子开头

g． begin sentences with clause modifiers用从句做句子开头

B.Varying the kinds of sentences

句子种类的多样性

A)Use simple，compound，and complex sentences 用简单句并列句以及含有从句的复杂句

B）use rhetorical sentences 运用修辞手法

a．the loose sentences 松散句

b．the periodic sentences 圆周句

c．Sentences are not necessarily periodic or loose throughout句子不一定是松散句或圆周句 d．the balanced sentence is one that contains two or more phrases or clauses similar in form about the same length，but often contrasted in meaning.平衡句子是在对相同长度中的句子包括两个或两个以上的相似形式短语或分句

C.Varying the length of sentences

句子长度的多样性

Coordination 并列连词

Coordination is the linking of equally weighed elements.连词可连接相等重量的元素

Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness , variety , emphasis and unity to our writing.聪明的运用连词可以使句子通顺，多样性，加强语气，增强我们文章的统一性。Patterns of coordination

连词的模式

A.simple coordination

简单的连词

B.a second pattern of coordination makes use of correlative conjunctions to strengthen the connection between two coordination elements

第二种连词的模式利用相关加强协调两个连词元素的连接

C.a third pattern of coordination involves the series , a list of three or more items.第三种连词的模式包含一系列、列表、三个或更多的物品

Try eliminating all conjunctions;it is even possible to combine in a single sentence a series that repeats conjunctions with one that eliminates the rest completely;they can be grouped into pairs.试着消除所有连词,它甚至可以用一句话概括了一系列与重复合用,消除了其余的全部，它们可以分组配对。

Avoidance of excessive coordination 避免通篇使用连词

Subordination

从句

subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader.从句是把重要性不相等概念放在一起的手法，通过相对的比较使读者更容易明白

Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness.从句帮助我们避免断断续续的句子或者过多的连词以达到多样性和句子的通顺

Ways of subordination

从句的方法

a.subordination by and adverbial clause状语从句

b.subordination by and attributive clause 定语从句

c.subordination by a modifying phrase 修饰短语从句

d.subordination by an appositive 同位语从句

e.subordination by a word.用单词

Avoidance of inverted subordination.避免倒装的从句

Avoidance of expressive overlapping of subordination constructions

避免过量的重叠的从句

Avoidance of expressive subordination 避免表达过多的从属

第四篇：大学英语写作

常用写作句型

1现象解释型

模板一

⑴According to the chart/graph/ table/ picture, it is clear that 图表/画内容总概括.⑵The chart/graph/ table/picture shows.⑶Many reasons contribute to 现象概括.⑷To begin with, 原因一.⑸进一步阐述原因一.⑹Moreover, 原因二.⑺In addition, 原因三.⑻As a result, 段落总结句.⑼As to me, I think 我的观点/态度/建议.⑽ First of all, 理由一.⑾ Besides, 理由二.⑿To conclude, 模板二

Topic

⑴From the chart/graph/ table/picture, we learn that nowadays, 总述社会现象/事实现象, which has aroused the great /common concern.⑵what impresses me most is.⑶That are many reasons accounting for.⑷First of all,原因一.⑸进一步阐述原因一.⑹ What is more, 原因二.⑺ For example, 举例说明原因二.⑻ In addition, 原因三.⑼As far as I am concerned, 我的观点.⑽For one thing/On one hand 理由一.⑾ For another/ On the other hand,.⑿Thus/In brief/Taking above mentioned factors into consideration, I may reasonably conclude that….常用句型

⑴As is described in the chart/graph/table/picture, in the past few decades, there have arisen sharp increase in…如图中所示，在过去的几十年中，……急剧增长。

⑵The chart/graph/table/picture describes that the figure declines/falls smoothly/markedly, it indicates that…

图表显示数字下降平缓/明显，这表明……

⑶In the chart/graph/table/picture, we can seen that there was a slight/ marked fluctuation.It reveals that…

在图表中，我们可以看到有细微/很明显的波动，这表明…

⑷Recently, the problems of …has become the focus of the public concern.近来，…问题引起公众极大的关注。

⑸There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/ are responsible for/ explain… …可能是好几个因素造成的结果。

⑹There may be several possible reasons for which will be demonstrated below.可能有几个原因导致了我们下面所要阐述的问题。

⑺It’s no easy /simple task to offer the reasons for this phenomenon which involves more than one complicated factors.要解释该现象产生的原因并不容易，因为其中涉及到很多复杂的因素。

⑻ Among all the important/convincing reasons for…,one should be emphasized… 在所有重要/有力的原因中，我们应当重点关注…

2问题解决型

模板一

Topic

⑴It is well-known that 相关背景, but nowadays 总述不良现象或问题.⑵现象具体表现一.⑶现象的具体表现二.⑷It should be paid attention to that 该现象 is causing great harm/该现象 is caused for many reasons.⑸On one hand, ⑹On the other hand,.⑺Therefore, it is high time that ⑻First of all, 解决方法一.⑼进一步阐述方法一.⑽Secondly/In addition, 解决方法二.⑾Thirdly/Besides/Morever.解决方法三.⑿Only in this way can we解决问题.模板二

Topic

⑴There has been a discussion recently about 事实现象.⑵ It is obvious that 危害一/作用一.⑶ Additionally, 危害二/作用二.⑷So how to 解决问题is worth paying attention to.⑸On one hand/ Firstly, 解决方法一.⑹进一步阐述方法二⑺On the other hand/Secondly,解决方法二.⑻For example,支持该方法的例子.⑼In addition/ Thirdly, 解决方法三.⑽In fact, more than three ways can be adopted.⑾As for me, 我的思考或看法.⑿All in all, 总结全文.常用句型

⑴It is important that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation.⑵There is little doubt that serious attention must be called to…

⑶There is no immediate solution to the problem of…,but …might be helpful/ but the general awareness of the necessity of…might be the first step.⑷In order to make our world a better place in which we live, we should make great efforts to… ⑸To conclude, we can see the best way is…

⑹Following these methods may not guarantee the success in solution to…, but the payoff will be worth the effort.3对比选择型

模板一

Topic

⑴Different people have different views on看法/问题.⑵Somme prefer 一种看法观点.⑶Others tend to.⑷As for me, I agree to the first/ second opinion.⑸Of course, 我不赞同的观点的合理性.⑹For example, 支持其合理性的例子.⑺But 我不赞同的观点的不足.⑻The following reason can account for your preference.⑼The main reason is that 支持观点的理由一.⑽ A good example to illustrate is that 支持理由一的例子.⑾In addition/ What’s more,支持观点的理由二.⑿For the foregoing, 重申观点.模板二

Topic

⑴When it comes to事物/问题, different people will offer different opinions.⑵Some people take it for granted that 观点一.⑶In their opinion, 观点一的理由一.⑷Besides, 观点一的理由二.⑸However, others hold that观点二.⑹They maintain that 观点二的理由一.⑺And 观点二的理由二.⑻Weighing up these two arguments, I am for 观点一/观点二.⑼ On one hand, 理由一.⑽ On the other hand, ⑾ For instance, 举例说明理由二.⑿ Therefore, as stated above, 常用句式

⑴ There is a general discussion nowadays on the problem of …Some argue that …,but others set forth a totally different argument about the issue.⑵ In response to the problem, some people believe…,in their minds,…Other maintain that…, in their eyes,…

⑶ Personally, I side with the former/ latter opinion.⑷ In conclusion, it is clear that

4观点论证型

模板一

⑴ It is true that 普遍的观点.⑵ However, 不同的观点/现象.⑶ I think,我的观点.⑷ 理由或其他论据 can be listed as follows.⑸ Firstly，论据一.⑹ Secondly, 论据二.⑺ For example, 支持论据二的事例.⑻ Thirdly, 论据

三.⑼ A case in point is 支持论据三的事例.⑽ There is no doubt that 重申观点.⑾ Therefore, 与该观点相符的做法.⑿ In a word, 总结全文.模板二

Topic

⑴ Many people believe that 社会现象/事实.⑵The truth is deep and profound.⑶ As we all know,具体表现一.⑷ In addition, 具体表现二.⑸ There are numerous examples supporting this argument.⑹ A case in point is 阐述第一个例子⑺ For another example, 引出并说明第二个例子.⑻ Moreover, 阐述第三个例子.⑼All mentioned above that tells us that重申观点.⑽ But(One thing we have to notice is that)提出个人建议.⑾ In short,总结全文.常用句式

⑴ It is well known that …plays an important part in…

⑵ It is believed that …

⑶ There are many reasons explaining …

⑷ From what has been mentioned above, we may safely come to the conclusion that …

5应用文

⑴建议信模板

Date

Dear ___________,⑴ I am delighted to learn that _________.⑵ It____________.⑶ In my opinion, ________.⑷ On one hand,_________.⑸ On the other hand,_________.⑹ As to ________, I suggest ___________.⑺ If__________.⑻ It is unnecessary for you to _____________.⑼ In addition, ________________.⑽ I am sure _______________.⑾ Please inform me _________________.⑿ I amlooking forward to __________.Sincerely yours,Signature

常用句式

⑴ I would like to suggest that …/ I am writing with my suggestion that…

⑵ You have asked me for my advice with regard to …and I will try to make some conducive suggestions.⑶ If I were you, I would…

⑷ As you may agree that...⑸ I hope you will find these suggestions helpful/ practical/ useful.⑹ I hope you will take my suggestions into consideration.⑺ I would be happy to see improvements in this regard.⑻ I would be ready to discuss this matter to further details.⑵倡议书模板

Date

Dear________,⑴ I am writing this letter to call on ____________to ____________.⑵ As some of you may know,___________.⑶ In fact,___________.⑷It is necessary for us to___________.⑸ On one hand,__________.⑹ On the other hand, ______________.⑺ However,___________________.⑻So it is high

time_____________________.⑼ Firstly, ________________.⑽Secondly, _______________.⑾ If you are willing to ____________, please ______________.⑿ Join us in the action and extend ________into a spirit that dares any possible difficulties.Thank you.⑶求职信模板

Date

Dear_______,⑴ I am applying for the position of _________advertised in _________.⑵ I major in

_____.⑶ My training in ________definitely meet your qualifications.⑷ My complete resume is attached.⑸ I will graduate on____________ from_________.⑹ In addition to the required courses of this program, I have_________.⑺ I also have some experience in ___________.⑻ I believe my training and experience _________________.⑼ You will find me to be ________________⑽ I hope that you will consider me for your position.⑾ May I have a personal interview at your convenience? ⑿ I can be reached by telephone __________.Sincerely yours,Signature

常用句式

⑴ I am writing to apply for the post of …advertised in …

⑵ In reply to your advertisement in…, I beg to apply for the post …in your company.⑶ I feel I have the qualifications and experiences needed for the position of …

⑷ I shall bring with me the full details of my testimonials as you request.⑸ I hope I may be granted an interview when I can explain my qualification more fully.⑹ It seems that my experience, together with my education, has given me ideal preparation to assume the role of…in your firm.

第五篇：大学英语写作模版

（1）模版一There is no consensus among the people as to the view of(主题).Some people hold the idea that(观点A).A case in point is that(支持观点A的例子).On the other hand, others may have a quite different view.According to them,(观点B).The most typical example is that(支持观点B的例子).Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some

extent, but the latter is more convincing.2）模版二(主题)is a common occurrence in our lives.The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person.Some people tend to ______when they are asked(观点A)because(支持观点A的原因).The most typical example is that(支持观点A的例子).However, others argue that(观点B).They point out that(重申观点B)for the reason that(支持观点B的原因).As far as I am concerned, I will choose to(你的观点)because this choice fits my personality and my life-long belief.2）My View 型（1）模版一 When asked about(主题), some people hold the idea that 观点A).As far as they are concerned,(展开观点A).But I could not agree with them in several points.In my opinion,(观点B).The reasons for my choice are listed as follows.In the first place,(支持观点B的理由1).In the second place,(支持观点B的理由2).In the third place,(支持观点B的理由3).For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe(重申观点B).（2）模版二 Some people believe that(观点A).For instance, they hold the idea that(支持观点A的例子).And it may bring them（A带给他们的好处).In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing,(我不同意的理由1).For another,(我不同意的理由2).As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, I agree to the thought that(重申自己的观点).3）利弊型（1）模版一Nowadays many people prefer(主题)because it plays a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.On the one hand,(主题的优点1).On the other hand,(主题的优点2).But everything can be divided into two.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that(主题的缺点1).To make matters

worse,（主题的缺点2).Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects.Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain,(主题)itself is

neither good nor bad.It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to our society.（2）模版二With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality.Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful.The phenomenon of(主题现象)is an example of the former / latter one.There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.To start with,(原因1).Furthermore,(原因2).Eventually,(原因3).Good as(主题现象)is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages.The apparent example is that(缺点例子1).In addition,(缺点例子2).On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society.There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate(主题现象)and make our life more comfortable.图表式作文 It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years(as X varies).At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are …(多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all, …(第一个原因).More

importantly, …(第二个原因).Most important of all, …(第三个原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for

quite a long time(if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).提纲式作文 1.对立观点式 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing（X）.They point out the fact that 支持（X）的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持（X）的另一个原因。

However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do（X）.They firmly point out that 反对（X）的第一个理由。An eample can give the details of this argument:

There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of（X）overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about,（X）also may（X）的有一个坏处。

2.批驳观点式Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个

例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。

There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观

点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。

3.社会问题(现象)式 Nowadays, there exists an increasinglyserious social/economic/ environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common

concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。

There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。

X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论文的写法。

A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.同上

Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..辩论式议论文模版

模版1Some people believe(argue, recognize, think)that 观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 观点2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, 论据1.More importantly, 论据2.Most important of all, 论据3.In summary, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或:From above, we can predict that 预测.模版2People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2.As far as I am concerned, the

former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1.For another, 论据2.Last but not the least, 论据3.To conclude, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.模版3There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all, 论据1。Furthermore, 论据2。

Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 论据3。

A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。

As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.(I)说明原因型模块

Currently, XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuable than XX

It is clear that(1).If you(2), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(3).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(4).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(5).It will exert a profound influence upon

(6).With reference to my standpoint, I think(7).注释: 1:XX的第一个优点 2:支持XX的做法 3:不支持XX的做法

4:XX的第二个优点 5:举例证明优点二 6:说明XX优点三的影响第三天我写的相应作文:The importance of self-confidence

Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuable than self-confidence.It is clear that(self-confidence means trust in one's abilities).If you(are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your

enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything).Failure will be following with you。It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that

(self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(the secret of MMe.Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular).It will exert a profound influence upon(the achievement of one's ambitions).With reference to my standpoint, I think(he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).(I)说明原因型模块(2)

In recent years, XX has caused a heated debate on(1).The factors for(2).First of all,(3).Then, there comes a case that(4).Moreover,(5).Especially when(6).Indeed, these unique points can be collected the remind

people that(7).In this way, we should behave just like(8).The impact of Television

In recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50 channels.It has

caused a heated debate on(the impact of television on children).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.The factors for(parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all,(with so many programs to choose from,children are not getting as much exercise as they should).Then, there comes a case that(some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school).Moreover,(the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies).Especially when(the children are too small to judge what

programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that(they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's TV viewing).In this way, children will not be influenced too deeply.Nowadays, there are more and more [某种现象] in [某种场合].It is estimated that [相关数据].Why have there been so many [某种现象]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is [原因一].Besides, [原因二].The third one is [原因三].To sum up, the main cause of [某种现象] is due to [最主要原因].It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing, [解决办法一].On the other hand, [解决办法二].All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [某种现象].为便于读者理解，我特意用这个模板，写了一篇关于ghost writer(捉刀代笔的枪手)的示范性小作文，请您观摩一下。

Nowadays, there are more and more [ghost writers / 枪手] in [China's examinations / 中国的考场].It is estimated that [5％ examinees are ghost writers / 5％的应试者是枪手].Why have there been so many [ghost writers / 枪手]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is [hirers' ignorance / 雇主无知].Besides,[hirers' indolence / 雇主懒惰].The third one is [hirers' obtusity / 雇主迟钝].To sum up, the main cause of [ghost writers / 枪手] is due to [hirers' low IQ / 雇主智商低].It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing, [flagellation / 鞭打].On the other hand, [decapitation / 斩首].All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [ghost writers / 枪手].（I）说明原因型

模块

（一）Nowadays ,there are more and more XX in some big cities.It is estimated that(1).Why have there been so many XX ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(2).Besides,(3).The third reason is(4).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to(5).It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing ,(6).On the other hand ,(7).All these measures will certainly reduce the

number of XX.Generation gap between parents and children

Nowadays , there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and

children which is so-called generation gap.It is estimated that(75 percentages of parents often complain their children's unreasonable behavior while children

usually think their parents too old fashioned).Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children?

Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(the two generations,having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes ,thus the disagreement often rises between them).Besides(due to having little in common to

talk about , they are not willing to sit face to face).The third reason is(with the

pace of modern life becoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they don't spare enough time to exchange ideas).To sum

up ,the main cause of XX is due to(lake of communication and understanding each other).It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing(children should respect their parents).On the other hand ,(parents also should show solicitue for

their children).All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap.（I）说明原因型 模块（2）In recent years , xx has caused a heated debate on(1).The factors for(2).First of all ,(3).Then , there comes a case that(4).Moreover ,(5).Especiallywhen(6).Indeed, these unique points can be collected theo remindpeople that(7).In this way ,we should behave just like(8).The impact of Television

In recent years , with the development of science and technology ,80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV , offering as many as 50 channels.It has

caused a heated debate on(the impact of television on children).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.The factors for(parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all ,(with so many programs to choose from , children are not getting as much

exercise as they should).Then , there comes a case that(some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their

ability to achieve in school).Moreover ,(the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies).Especially when(the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that(they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's TV

viewing).In this way ,children will not be influented too deeply.（I）说明原因型 模块（3）

Currently,XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuable than XX.It is clear that(1).If you(2), as a result , your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(3).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your

plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(4).You donn't have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know(5).It will exert a profound influence upon

(6).With reference to my standpoint ,I think(7).注释：： XX的第一个优点 2： 支持XX的做法 3：不支持XX的做法 4：XX的第二个优点

5：举例证明优点二6：说明XX优点三的影响第三天我写的相应作文：

The importance of self-confidence

Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuablethan self-confidence.It is clear that(self-confidence means trust in one's abilities).If you(are full of self-confidence ,it will bring your creative power

to play , arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome

difficulties), as a result , your dreams willcome true.On the contrary,if you(have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that

you would ever achieve anything).Failure will be following with you。

It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(self-confidence gives you light

when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You donn't have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect

that we all know(the secret of MMe.Curie lies in preserverence and

self-confidence, the latter in particular).It will exert a profound

influence upon(the achievement of one's ambitions).With reference to my standpoint ,I think(he that can have

self-confidence can have what he will).综合运用篇

Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that....随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。

As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法)

As society develops, people are attaching much importance to....随着社会的发展，人们开始关注.....As to whether it is worthwhile....., there is a long-running controversial debate.It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.关于是否值得________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。

Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。

展现问题篇

Recently the issue of whether or not...has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.近来，是否_______的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。

The issue whether it is good or not to....has aroused a heated discussion all over the country.______的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。

At present, some people think....while others claim...Both sides have their merits.目前，一些人认为_______而另一些人则认为_______。其实，两种观点都其可取之处。

People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。

People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。

The controversial issue is often brought into public focus.People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。

When asked..., some people think.....while some prefer...说到___，有人认为____，而另一些人则认为___。

There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of..There who criticize...argue that..., they believe that...,but people who favor.., on the other hand, argue that...目前，___问题争议较大。批判_______的人认为___，他们认为____，不过，另一方面，赞同__的人则认为___。

1、常用与开头的短语、句式

（1）with the（rapidly）growing popularity of（computers/private cars）in China，the quality of our lives has been considerably changed。

（3）With the development of（science and technology/market economy），more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that …

（4）Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over(illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures).（5）Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion about…is under way in China.some people believe that …,whereas others argue that…

（6）There are some reasons for owning(private cars/ personal computers).To begin with,…Next,…Last,…There are, on the other hand, many reasons against it, First,…Second,…Finally,…

（7）There are many advantages and disadvantages in(owning a car).（8）There are various /at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods to do something

（9）Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons.The first reason is that …The second reason is that …/On the one hand ,… On the other hand,…

（10）The possible solutions of(the energy crisis/water shortages/these social problems)depend on three factors…

（11）The tow major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products)are…

2．常用于结尾的短语、句式

（1）It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to。。

（2）To conclude，we can see that（the best way/the possible solution）is。。

（3）In short，（shortages of water，decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution）are the major problems to be solved to（increase rain production）。

（4）In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should make great efforts to。。

（5）In a word，there are three suggestions we must follow，only in this way can we（achieve a great success）。

（6）It is time for us to take an active part in。。

（7）Let us work hand in hand in hand to（solve these social problems）

1．表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．．

6）We have good reason to believe that．．．

例： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us．

5）It is of great benefit to us．

例： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．

3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmfulto us．

例： However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi-sion．

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life．

例： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon，computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．

例： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．

例： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．