大学英语教程（样例5）

第一篇：大学英语教程

1、My job varies between the extremely tedious and the annoyingly busy.__On balance __I think I'm happier during the really busy times;no time to think about how bored I am。我的工作既有特无聊的时候，也有忙得要命的时候。但总的来说，我在真

有多厌倦。正忙的时候高兴些，因为在那个时候，我没时间去想我

2、It is the nature of the wise to___ resist__ pleasures, but the foolish to be a slave to them。明智之人天生会抵制享乐，而愚蠢之人却成了它的奴隶。

3、I figure out a good team of dogs, hitched to a light sled, can _haul__ 1,000 pounds of goods.一组健壮的狗可以用轻小的雪橇拉动1,000磅的货物。

4、In the story, the little girl has a _wicked__ stepmother, who makes her life a misery.在这个故事中，小女孩有一个心肠很坏的继母，让她生活很痛苦。

5、Nothing ever becomes real till it is experienced--even a proverb is no proverb to you till your life has __ illustrated __ it.眼见为实——即使是谚语在你没有在生活中得到证明时，也不一定正确。

6、Nowadays almost all libraries are finding it increasingly difficult to remain within 存下去越来越难。their__ budget _.当前，几乎所有图书馆发现靠他们的预算生

7、You can increase a tyre’s grip in winter by slightly __lowering __ its pressure.冬天可以稍微放点气来增强轮胎的抓力。

8、Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario are shared by the United States and Canada, and form part of the _ boundary _between the twocountries.苏比利尔湖、修伦湖、伊利湖和安大略湖归美国和加拿大共同所有，也构成了两国的部分分界线。

9、The police are investigating the three men allegedly _involved_ in organizing and carrying out the bank robbery.10、I do not doubt in the least that inflation leads to _economic_ decline.11、A blizzard was _blasting_ great drifts of snow across the lake.（吹起）

12、Tim says __just about__ everybody will be affected by the tax increase, but I’m sure he’s exaggerating.（几乎）

1、China’s economic success over the past three decades has raised the living standards of hundreds of millions of Chinese citizens.中国在过去三十年取得的经济成功提高了千百万中国人民的生活水平。

2、Citibank(花旗银行)picked the chief executive of Etang.com as its first Chinese customer Thursday to open an account at its new branch in the historic Peace Hotel along Shanghai’s fabled waterfront.花旗银行星期四选择了易唐执行总裁作为它新分行的第一位中国开户客户，该分行在位于上海外滩著名的和平饭店内。

3、The United States last Wednesday imposed tariffs of up to 30 percent on a range of foreign steel imports to help protect its domestic industry.美国上星期三对外国进口钢材征收30 %的关税以保护国内钢产业。

4、Although he was raised as a Christian, he’s not really very religious.虽然他被当做一个基督徒被养大，但他不是非常虔诚的宗教信徒

5、You can distinguish between frogs and toads in the following way: frogs have slender bodies, long limbs, and a smooth skin, and toads have stouter bodies, shorts limbs and dry skin.你可以从以下方面区分青蛙和蟾蜍：青蛙身体细长，四肢很长并且皮肤光滑，而蟾蜍身体粗壮，四肢短，皮肤干燥。

6、From the airplane window I could see a web of city streets.从飞机的窗口我能看到城市街道的网状图

7、Aunt Pat smiled at her little niece and bade her to eat.帕特阿姨笑着看着她的小侄女，吩咐她吃饭。

8、Dr.Rich Hamilton is planning his own World Wide Web Site on the Internet to provide assistance to anyone who asks for medical help.里奇.汉密尔顿医生正在规划他在网上自己的网站来帮助任何需要医疗帮助的人。

9、It is difficult to estimate the number of people doing part-time jobs on the side.要估计进行兼职工作的人的数量是很困难的。

10、The president has authorized his foreign minister, Nr.Burns, to act as representative to the international conference to be held in Tokyo next month.总统已授权给他的外交大臣彭斯先生作为代表参加下个月在东京召开的国际会议。

11、Advances in telecommunications have meant that it is just as easy to work from a computer terminal at home as it is from a town center office.电信方面的进步意味着在家里通过电脑终端工作和在市中心的办公室里工作一样简单。

12、Until the new gym is built, you have no option but to make the best of existing buildings which may or may not suit your immediate requirements.在新的体育馆建成之前，你别无选择，只有最大限度利用现有的房子，虽然这些房子可能会也可能不会满足你现在的要求。

1、According to some scientists, global warming __threatens_ the survival of the whole human race.根据一些科学家的观点，全球变暖威胁着全人类的存在。

2、The number of visitors from parts of Scotland not including the Edinburgh area was, in fact, relatively small(19%), and exceeded the number of overseas visitors(16%)___ by a small margin 爱丁堡以外苏格兰来的游客数量(19%),实际上比从海外来的游客数量(16%)略多

3、The early Spaniards established a chain of missions to _civilize _ the local population along the San Antonio River.早期的西班牙人组成一个传教团,沿着圣安东尼奥河传播文化。

4、It was common practice then that when the store owners wanted to go on vacation they simply _closed up 那个时候，店老板想出去度假时，他们就会关门，这是当时很常见的做法。

5、As they didn’t have relatives or friends there they often _wandered around nearby malls when they get bored.因为在那里没有亲戚或朋友，他们感觉无聊时就到附近的商场逛逛。

6、To make a birthday card, you can simply cut out some funny or pretty pictures from magazines, _paste them onto a piece of card and then write your message inside.你只要从杂志上剪下有趣或漂亮的图片,把他们粘贴在卡片上,写上字就做成了生日卡片。

7、She picked up the receiver and, __without so much as _ asking the caller to hold on, went off to tell Jack that he was wanted on the phone.她拿起听筒,没有说声别挂,就离开说有人找杰克。

8、To relax himself for a little while, he rose from the computer desk, walked across the room towards the window and lifted both hands upwards and _sideways 为了放松一下,他从电脑桌前站起来,穿过房间走到窗户前,作了手部上举和平举的动作

9、The new product has a pair of small loudspeakers fitted inside, which you can easily _hook up to _ your computer’s sound card.新产品有一对内置的扬声器,并可以很容易接上电脑的声卡。

10、Music in fact is a _universal__ language of a non-verbal nature which is rich in expression.音乐事实上是非言语形式的通用语言，能够表达各种意思。

11、This _chart _ is designed to show at a glance how many rooms have been rented out and how many are still available.制定这张图表是为了显示有多少房间已租出去了,有多少房间空着

12、Bathed in glorious sunshine, the boundless stretch of corn fields looked an impressive sight.沐浴在明媚的阳关下,无边无际的玉米地显示出一派令人难忘的景色

1、Amy is an expert in her field, and is well-paid _accordingly__.因此，从而；相应地

2、Some parents feel that the school structure is a bit _loose _, allowing children too much freedom when choosing learning tasks.松的；不受束缚的，自由的

3、She needed all her powers of _____concentration__ to stop herself from slipping on the icy road。集中；专心

4、Monetary policy hasn’t been working because interest rates have been reduced to almost zero without _stimulating _ the economy.使兴奋；刺激

5、It’s the strongest natural fabric and can stand very high temperatures and be machine washed.质地，材质

6、So far as I know people’s tastes haven’t changed much, and, _if anything _, they are getting more diverse these days than they used to be.要说有什么区别的话；甚至正相反

7、It’s easier to find excuses for poor customer service than accept _reality _ and do something about it..现实

8、Often there’s no clear evidence one way or the other and you just have to base your judgment on _intuition 直觉

9、He was dressed very casually, which made him look a _trifle_ out of place at the reception.少量，少许

10、My grandfather was born in Hong Kong __at the turn of thecentury_ and moved with his family to Britain in the early 1920s.在世纪初

11、We love having our grandchildren visit, but they always leave such a __mess_ for us to clean up afterwards.脏乱状态

12、His mother died in the accident, too.But we didn’t tell him the news as we were afraid that would _undermine _ his confidence in full recovery.暗中破坏；逐渐伤害

1、The cook put the meat on the plate, _sprinkled_ it with salt and pepper, wrapped the plate in aluminum foil and then placed it in the oven to roast.厨师把肉放到盘子上,撒上盐和胡椒粉,再用铝箔包起来,然后放到烤箱中烘烤。

2、Every waking moment we talk to ourselves about the things we experience.Our self-talk, the thoughts we communicate to ourselves, _ in turn_control the way we feel and act.每个时刻我们自诉着曾经的经历。这种自我谈话，内心思想的自我交流反过来影响我们感觉和行为的方式。

3、John made everyone laugh when he got the words _reversed_and referred to himself as “my husband’s wife”

4、You can’t live a perfect day without doing something for someone who will perhaps never be able to repay you.如果你未能给或许是无法回报你的人做点事的话, 你的这一天就是不完美的。

5、Because the Earth is a sphere, sailors _at sea_ only can view other ships to a distance of about 13 miles before those ships disappeared into the horizon.6、Johnson dismissed _traditional ideas lightly as no good on several occasions.约翰逊摒弃了这个传统理念，因为在好些情况下不是很实用。

7、One tends to believe whatever one repeats to oneself sufficiently often, whether the _statement be true or false.无论是真是假，人们倾向于相信自己重复了多遍的话。

8、Susan told me numerous times how her sister longed for children.苏珊跟我说过很多次她姐姐特别想要孩子。

9、I don’t know what my roommate is up to because he does everything in secret_ either when I am away or when I am asleep.(Escaping Prison)

10、For economic reasons, shipbuilders have designed vessels that can be loaded and _unloaded_ in a minimum amount of time with minimum labor.11、Laugh, and the world laughs with you;_ weep _, and you weep alone.埃拉.惠勒.威尔科克斯 Ella Wheeler Wilcox，(1850-1919）是十九世纪美国著名作家和诗人。

12、A national debate is now under way about the manner in which we as a society should protect our natural resources.作为社会整体我们应如何保护自然资源的全国性讨论正在进行。

第二篇：大学英语写作教程

大学英语写作教程：（四六级范文集）

目录

1.大学英语四六级写作基本要求，范文两篇（了解题目，提纲，字数，时间等要求）

2.分析题目提纲，历年作文题目每类两个（对比观点题；问题解决题型；利弊分析题型；原因解

释题型；综合类题型（叙事型）；通知、海报、启事与指令；讲话稿的撰写；申请信、简历、介绍信、推荐信）

3.篇章写作

对比观点题 两篇例文找出模板句型，模板句型介绍

经典用语

案例分析（列举一篇以前学生写过的作业，随堂分析，包括用词，语法，观点陈述）--一篇类型相同，不同题目的文章，分析完案例，学生随堂写一篇同样题目的文章，作为比较

4.附录：范文（1.思路分析，即范文中的body部分内容概述，帮助学生对于各种话题扩展思路和信息量；

2.经典用语）

第三篇：大学英语自学教程(上册)

本课程的名称为“大学英语自学教程（上册）”，它是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）专科阶段的公共实践课，检测好坏的标准是会不会灵活运用这门语言。考试大纲规定，大学英语的教学目标是“使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说、读、写及汉译英能力，为获得专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础”。

本课程包括较系统的英语语法知识、英语单词约3000个和词组约500个，阅读量为30000余词。本课程的重点是英语的基本词汇和语法，课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。

本课程的主要考试内容是从词汇、语法、阅读和翻译着手的。从2000年开始考试题型已改为如下七种：A.客观题部分：1.单项选择10%；2.完型填空10%；3.阅读理解30%；B.主观题部分：4.单词拼写10%；5.词形转换10%；6.汉译英15%；7.英译汉15% 为了帮助大家在英语学习、考试方面能达到事半功倍的效果，以及从我这几年教受英语课程的经验来看，想给大家提几点建议，：

第一，要勤读、多读。我们这里所说的“读”包括朗读和阅读，正确的发音，流利的朗读，对于熟练掌握单词、句子和课文，提高阅读速度都有根本意义；

第二，记牢单词。我知道这历来是考生们最头疼的事情，但是我认为只要大家有好的适合自己的方法，那么对于大纲要求的这3000词汇来说应该只是a piece of cake(小事一庄)。发音要正确，背单词要有计划，读写结合，注意常用词的词类和变化规则，记单词要和学习课文结合起来，不能死记硬背，最后一环是和遗忘作斗争的最有效手段---复习。英语中有一句谚语：Rome wasn’t built in one day!译成中文是：冰冻三尺非一日之寒。记忆单词尤应记住它；

第三点，学好语法。学语法的主要目的是为了用。对于英语教学我最擅长的就是讲解语法，一般我会将语法现象融入所学课文中，让大家感觉不是那么晦涩难懂。只有在错综复杂的语言现象中学和用，才能真正掌握语法。

英语学习不是一句两句就说的完的，今后我会在教学中逐步让大家感受到学英语的乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我将四个英文字母以及一句谚语送给我们每一位自学者：IIpp----Interest, Intention, patience and persistence.Where there is a will, there is a way!(有志者事竟成！)Good luck!下面我们开始上课。我想在第一课开始之前对大家提几点要求：1.每人都必须有课本，即高远主编的《大学英语自学教程》（上）；2.每讲后必须要复习、做作业；3.最好能提前看看下讲的课文；4.每5个单元有测验，请大家务必认真完成;5有问题随时问，学习上不要害羞。

本教程共计25个单元。每单元分A，B两篇文章，一般A 位重点文章，精讲；B为培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。

Unit one: Text A: How to Be a Successful Language Learner?

Ⅰ.New Words: 1.successful: a 成功的；

succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功;success n;successfully ad(*)a.She wished him success_ in his new job.b.Were you successful in finding a new house? c.I finished my training successfully.d.He succeeds in finding a good job.2.disagree: v disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧，意见不一致), n disagreement, a disagreeable;反义词：agree, agreement, agreeable e.g.I always disagree with him.3.guarantee:n / v 保证、担保、保修

e.g.1>.The watch has a two-year guarantee.(n保修)2>.The TV set is guaranteed for one year.(v 保修)4.intelligent:a 聪明的、明智的，n intelligence 聪明、智慧 5.conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的

6.similar:a 相似的、类似的，短语be similar to sth / sb in sth(*)e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾气)to her mother.7.independent:a 独立的、自主的，independence n 独立、自主、自立，（*）字根：depend(v):依靠、依赖，depend on / upon dependence: n 信赖、信任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的 a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence.b.Children depend on their parents for food.c.I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to something 9.adult: n 成年人；a 成年的、成熟的

a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now.b.His behavior isn’t adult.10.conclusion: n 结论、推论；v conclude.decide v 决定，decision n 决定、决心

11.communicate: v 交流、通讯、传播，习语： ①communicate sth to sb: 传播某事给某人； ②communicate with sb: 同某人交流

名词：communication: a communication satellite 通讯卫星；

a communication network 通讯网，telecommunication:电讯、电信，China telecommunication中国电信

12.inexact: a 不正确的，反义词：exact incomplete: a 不完整的，反义词：complete 13.purpose: n 目的、意图，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的，purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*)a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的

15.technique: n 技术、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲

a.You should outline the story before you write it.b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement ②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点：

修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom,(一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析！

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? ③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice„

hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与„不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.(*)译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。

①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地„)这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.(*)译：语言学习研究显示成功的语言学习者在许多方面都是相似的。

①本句主语Language learning research；谓语：shows；宾语：that引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中successful language learners是主语；are是系动词；similar in many ways是表语

②重要短语be similar(to sb/sth)in sth在„方面与某人/某事相似

7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.(*)译：不是等这老师解释，而是自己努力去发现各种句型和规则。

①Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介词短语作状语，主语：they；谓语：try to find；宾语：the patterns and the rules for themselves ②介词of后的动词要用动名词waiting ③短语：instead of sth;wait for sb to do sth;try to do sth;8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.(*)译：他们寻找说这种语言的人，当他们说错时就请这些人帮助指正。

①这是一个由and连接的并列句，其中有一个定语从句who speak the language，修饰先行词people;有一个时间状语从句when they make a mistake ②correct: v 指正、纠正，短语：make a mistake 犯错误

9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things.译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 从句 a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.c.He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.译：当交流困难时，他们会接受不准确或不完整的信息。

本句中包含一个时间状语从句When communication is difficult，一个定语从句that is inexact or incomplete，修饰先行词information，在从句中that作主语。

11.It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.(*)译：对他们来说，学会用所学的语言来思考比学会每个单词的意思更重要。

①it作形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to learn to think in the language.原句语序应是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word.用形式主语的目的是因为不定式作主语太长，为避免句子头重脚轻，用it代替真正的主语。e.g.For many people to learn English well is very difficult.=It’s very difficult for many people to learn English well ②短语：learn to do sth学会做„;more important than „更重要

12.It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.= For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary 译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的

①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语

②短语：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;learn from sb:向„学习13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。②短语：on the other hand: 另一方面来说;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨„，最好„.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone!Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A.Useful phrases: 1.disagree with „(2段1行);2.hundreds of(2段3行);3.be different from„(3段1行);4.succeed in sth„(3段3行);5.as much as you can(4段2行);6.practice doing sth(4段2行);7.try to do„(4段4行);8.similar in sth„(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do„(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do„(7段6行);17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)

B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, purposefully;12.regularly;13.technique;14.outline.C.Key to part exercises:(from page 8 to 12)

一、课文练习： Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;Ⅱ.1.task;2.intelligent;3.tudy;4.clue;5.conclusion;6.repeat;7.communication;8.purpose;9.probably;10.outline Ⅲ.1.Instead of;2.therefore;3.more„than;4.even;5.first of all;6.because;7.on the other hand;8.finally;9.looking for;10.conversely Ⅳ.1.见课文；

2.Language learning is active learning.Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language.3.Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful.4.见一讲作业。

5.The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分； 3.cover: v 覆盖； uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词；discover: v 发现，同义词：find,习题答案为：covered;uncover;discovered Ⅱ.1.inexact;2.technique;3.outlined;4.communicate;5.regularly;6.clue;7.intelligent;8.incomplter;9.similar;10.statement Ⅲ.1.disagree;2.independent;3.incomplete;4.inexact;5.uncover/discover Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业3,4,5题。2见课文 5.We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully.Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般了解，属阅读理解课文，对于text B的文章来说，虽然较A篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅读结果的标准是能够独立地完成课后的习题。

A.Some new words: 1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例，常用短语for instance，例如。

2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)，waitress女服务员、女招待

3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp.to a far away place travel: v 旅游

4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man 5.exact 反义词inexact 6.consist;v 短语： consist of 组成 e.g.My class consists of 20 students.7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的 B.Some language points: 1.not only„but also„不但„而且，并列连词。(连接两个并列成分)e.g.⑪ I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend.⑫ „, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.2.neither„nor:既不„也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。

e.g.⑪ Autumn is a good season.It’s neither hot nor cold.⑫ people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁)4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法

e.g.I learn English by myself.In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major.5.The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad.a.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。

b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不„

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。Key to the part exercises: page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2 Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world.Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things.There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes;they are for the federal government, state government, and city government.Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.A.New words: 1.tax: n 税；vt 对„征税

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking, general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的 5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)a.More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.b.A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.c.I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)a.Holiday jobs are many and varied.b.people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)c.prices of fruit vary from season to season.8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售 9.charge: v 收费、控告

a.How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b.He was charged with the guilty of murder.10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)a.She always adds sugar to her tea.b.He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.c.We will need additional help to do the work.11.confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj;confusion n(*)a.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.b.This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.c.Do you think this will cause much confusion? d.They confused me by asking so many questions.11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about.complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*）a.Students always complain about too much homework.b.She complained that the exam was too hard.c.He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory.(诉说有病)d.There is no reason for complaint.12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful;careful→careless;helpful→helpless;hopeful→hopeless etc.13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical;practice v 实践、实际 14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序

15.tend: v 易于、倾向于，tendency n 趋势、倾向 a.people tend to get fat as they grow older.b.prices continue to show an upward tendency.(物价呈持续上升趋势。)

B.Intensive reading: 1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。

分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things.当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。

e.g.1>.The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?）2>.The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister.请试着翻译句子：

1你一直在找的那个人来了。

2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。Answer: 1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come.2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen.短语；be sure of:对„确信、确定 e.g.We can be sure of his honesty.2.Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。

短语：have a corner on something:垄断„;lead with因„领先 e.g.China leads the world with her silk products.3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。

分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于„, when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。

Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。

a.This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)b.I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)

c.please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item.charged to表示“向„征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。

短语：in addition to 除„还有„(+)e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。

短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用„, spend sth on sth在„花费，或spend sth in doing sth.e.g.Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

短语：have different views on sth对„有不同观点，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb;同意做某事：agree to do sth.Ⅲ.Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行);2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);3.lead with(1段4行);4.consist of(2段1行);5.depend on(3段3行);6.that is(3段4行);7.be similar to(4段3行);8.in addition to(4段10行);9.public works(5段4行);10.municipal buildings(5段5行);11.complain about(6段3行);12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);13.spend„on(6段4-5行);14.tend on(6段6行);15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、课文练习：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.diverse;4.consisted of;5.similar;6.tends to;7.complaining about;8.i addition to;9.issue;10.agree on Ⅳ.1.How much do you charge for a haircut? 2.We are trying to raise funds for the Red Cross.3.He earned a good reputation for honesty.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protested government’s foreign policy.二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ见2讲讲课内容。

Ⅱ.1.charge;2.department;3.due;4.diverse;5.earns;6.vary;7.property;8.leading;9.fund;10.tends

Ⅱ.Text B: It’s about advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.Some are from TV, some are from radio, some are from newspaper, and others are from magazines and even Internet.When you find so many ads have penetrated into all the corners of our life, then do you think it’s good or bad? Now let’s find something from our text.A.New words: 1.advertise: v 做广告、登广告；advertisement: n 缩写ad;advertising company广告公司；advertiser: n 登广告的人

2.attract: v 吸引；attraction: n 吸引力；attractive: adj 吸引人的 3.design: v 设计； designer 设计师

4.persuade: v 劝说，常用习语：persuade sb to do sth 5.leisure: n 空暇、悠闲，at leisure有空，清闲。6.classified: a 分类的；classify v 分类 7.edition: n 版本，a paperback edition（平装版）, a rare edition（珍藏版）, a deluxe edition（精装版）, a revised edition（修订版）；edit: v;editor: n 8.entertainment: n 娱乐、款待 9.audience: n 观众、听众。

10.characteristic: a 典型的； n 特性、特征

11.commercial: adj 商业的； n 商业广告； commerce n 商业。12.responsible: a 有责任的； responsibility n 责任 13.particular: a 特定的

14.estimate: n / v 估计、评价

15.management: n 管理、经营； manage: v 管理； manager: n 经理 16.approve: v 赞成、同意、批准； approval: n 17.involve: v 牵涉、卷入，be involved in sth;involvement: n

B.Some difficult sentences: 1.Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it’s the part that attracts the most attention.译：广告仅仅是整个销售活动的一部分，但就是这部分最能吸引人们的注意力。

注意本句的主语advertising是动名词作主语，表示登广告。再如： playing football is my favorite sport.短语：attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力。

2.Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.（*）

译：色彩和画面配上声音和音乐，既好看又好听。

重点掌握短语：1>.add sth to sth加„到„, e.g.I don’t like add milk to/into my coffee.2>.catch the ear, catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，吸引眼睛 3>.as well as:也 ,除了„还有„(+)e.g.I like Chinese as well as English.3.Television ads are short, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times.(*)译：电视广告时间很短，但它们被反复播放，可以使观众看听许多遍。

短语：over and over again一遍又一遍； so that = in order that表目的；

audience:称作集体名词，当单形集体名词被看作一个整体时，具有单数概念；被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases: 1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.词汇练习：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual.Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important.A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海员； sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do„, be unwilling to do„;副词：unwillingly, willingly;名词：will意愿、意志。（*）

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.4.salty: a 咸的，salt: n 盐；salted用盐腌的 a.The sea water is salty.b.The salted beef is delicious.5.average: n/a/v平均数、平均的、平均常用短语：on the average(*)a.The average of 2,3 and 4 is 3.b.The average age of the students in this class is eighteen.c.They averaged 20 miles a day during their last journey.6.range: n 山脉、范围；v 变化，排列成行 a.She has a wide range of interests.b.He ranged the books by size.7.peak: n 高峰，adj 高峰的，反义词：off-peak peak hour = rush hour 8.eastward, westward, northward, southward: adj adv 9.crew:集体名词

10.becalm: v become calm;calm: a平静的、安静的, please keep calm.11.current: n 水流、电流；adj 流行的

a.The current is the strongest in the middle of the river.b.Turn off the current while making repairs.c.of all her dresses, only one is still current.12.affect: v 影响、打动；effect n 影响，have an effect on sth;affecting adj 动人的；effective adj 有影响的、有效的。（*）

a.Violent TV programs have a bad effect on the children.b.Music can affect some people very strongly.c.The law is no longer effective.13.furnish: v 用家具布置，家具：furniture.B.Grammar knowledge: 定冠词的用法

please look at the following sentences from the text: a.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that „.b.The narrowest place is between the bulge of „.c.The Azores are the tops of the peak „.1.冠词（articles）:是一种虚词，放在一个名词前，帮助说明该名词的含义。它分为定冠词和不定冠词两种。2.定冠词the的用法如下： ①重复上文提到过的人或物：

e.g.There is a refrigerator in the kitchen.The refrigerator is white.(第一次提到用不定冠词，第二次用定冠词，表特指。)②特指谈话双方都知道的人或物。e.g.How do you like the film? ③指世界上独一无二的事物。

e.g.The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.④常用在乐器前：

e.g.I want to play the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事业名称前, e.g.I will go to the post office/ the museum/ the cinema.⑥用在序数词和形容词最高级之前，e.g.the first time, the biggest.⑦用在某些专有名词前，e.g.the people’s Republic of China, the great wall, the white house ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊，e.g.the Changjiang River, the pacific ocean, the Himalayas, the Salt Lake ⑨和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人, e.g.the rich, the poor, the dead, the young ⑩用在姓氏的复数形式前，表一家人, e.g.The Greens are watching TV.另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A: 1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。He is the best person that always helps others 2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。He is the last person that I want to see.3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost? 4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。We should hand in all that you have found.5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短语：separate sth from sth把„与„分开

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析： 主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made； 宾语：the early sailors； 宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句）4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as a.My hair is twice as long as yours.b.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs.5.It’s more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.译：哥伦布穿越大西洋的航线有4000多英里宽。

基数词 + 形容词→作度量状语。a.He is only five years old.b.The river is three meters deep.c.The classroom is five meters long.6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands.Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean.译：这么大的一个海洋却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它是世界上盐分含量最高的海洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大特点。）

7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is.译：大西洋中有多得令人难以想象的海水。

So„that引导结果状语从句。(so + adj / adv)It’s so hot these days that we can’t go out.8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.译：假设不再有雨水降入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。本句存在一个重要的语法现象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实的假设。该语法放到text B中进行详讲。

9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up.译：它大约需要4000年的时间才干涸。

重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少时间作某事 Every day it takes me an hour to go to work.10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.译：我们现在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎变小了。

短语：such + n + that 引导结果状语从句，注意和so„that„比较。

a.She’s such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much.b.She’s so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much.seem to 仿佛、好像

Ⅱ.Brief summary about the useful phrases: 1.separate„from„(1段1行);2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行);3.make sb do sth(2段1行);4.boiling hot(2段5行);5.so„that„(5段1行);6.no more(5段2行);7.on the average(5段4行);8.pile up(10段2行);9.such„that„(11段1行);10.seem to(11段2行);11.be unwilling to do„(2段1行)

Text B:做一般了解。A.New words: 1.observation: n 观察，observe: v 观察；observer: n 观察者

2.continually: adv 不停地，continue v 继续, continual adj 不停的 3.merely: adv 同义词only 4.absolutely: adv 完全地、绝对地，同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly.5.uncomfortably: adv 不舒适地，反义词：comfortably;uncomfortable, comfortable 6.inhabitant: n 居民（不是永久的），永久的resident, inhabit;v 居住 7.occasionally: adv 偶尔地； occasional: adj, occasion: n 场合、机会

B.Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

它是谓语动词的一种形式，表示非真实的假设、或表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。a.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind„

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun„

虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early.c.If I should fail, I would try again.为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：

条件从句

结果主句

对现在事实的违背

过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词

should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形 对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C.Further notes on some sentences: 1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。except for:除了„,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2.We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun„

3.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮

4.In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。

这是一个难句，隐含有一个虚拟语气句：which would otherwise be dark.That is: If the surface of the whole earth didn’t reflect enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark.短语：in the same way用同样的方式； reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到„;be able to do 能做„

D.useful phrases: 1.except for(2段1行);2.face towards sth(3段4行);3.face away from sth(3段4行);4.keep sth in mind(3段6行);5.light up(3段6行);6.sth is enough for sb to do(4段2行);7.speak of(4段3行);8.know sth well(4段5行);9.reflect sth onto sth(4段6-7行);10.in the same way(4段7行);

homework: 从所给词中选择恰当的填入空格内； boil narrow unusual salty average spot peak crew affect highway 1.The ___ hours of traffic means the times when the traffic is highest.2.All the ____ members on the ship are ready for sail.3.Jack’s work at school is well above the ____, but he is still not happy with himself.4.When water ___, it changes into steam.5.His ____ ideas surprised everyone.6.The information super ____ makes the world smaller and smaller.7.He road was too ___ for trucks to pass.8.He wants to know why sea water is _____.9.He showed the police the very ____ where he was beaten.10.He said that the climate ____ his health.Key: 1.peak;2.crew;3.average;4.boils;5.unusual;6.highway;7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;10.affected 汉译英：

1、这座山有泰山的一半高。

2、这所学校平均每个班有45人。

3、昨晚他过了好一会儿才入睡。

4、电视里的广告太多，无法记住到底有多少。

5、许多错误的想法导致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。Key: 1.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.2.on the average, there are 45 students in each class in this school.3.Last night it took him quite a long time to fall asleep.4.There are so many ads on TV that it’s impossible to remember the exact number.5.Many wrong ideas made people in the days of Columbus unwilling to sail westward.Homework for 2nd lecture: 1.He is not only a teacher, _____ also a friend.however but as and 2.Deaf and dumb people “talk” to each other with the help of their ____ fingers eyes faces mouths 3.Music is different from languages.It can be ____ by people from different countries.spoke understood known taken 4.An Italian entered a restaurant and sat down ____ a table.on in to at 5.Moving one’s head up and down generally _____ “yes”.means says brings makes 6.He was just going to give up _____ another chance came.when while although however 7.We have ____ people to finish the job today.seldom little enough much 8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly 9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into 汉译英：

1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。Key: 1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn this text, you will get something useful to help you improve your memory.please listen carefully and intensively.Unit 4 Text A: Improving Your Memory Ⅰ.New words: 1.psychological: adj 心理学的;psychology: n 心理学;psychologist: n 心理学家;psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）

a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础;basically: adv 基本上、根本上

4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意义的； meaningless:adj 无意义的;meaning: n 含义(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 组织者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 联合、协会； associate: v 把„同„联系起来；n 同伙；adj 副的 a.NBA means National Basketball Association.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.c.John and paul are associates.d.Mr.Liu is an associate manager in this company.7.visualize: v 想象、设想；visualization: n想象、设想 8.rhyme:字母h不发音。9.ability: n 能力，短语：to the best of one’s ability,尽力而为。同义词capacity;able: adj有能力的，短语：be able to do sth, 反义词：unable.10.random: adj/n 胡乱的、随便，常用短语：at random,随便地。He took a book at random.11.categorize: v 分类；category: n 种类

12.needless 不需要的,不必要的；needful 需要的，必要的 13.refer: v 涉及、参与；reference: n reference book please refer to the dictionary if you come across a new word.14.relate: v 有关联，叙述，讲述；related: adj 有关联的；relation: n 关系、关联 a.I can’t relate what he said with what he did.（我不能将他所说与所做联系起来。）b.This part relates to the current situation.(这部分指的是目前的形式。)

15.accurately: adv 准确地，同义词：exactly；accurate: adj;accuracy: n 16.memorize: v 记住；memory: n 记忆力；memorandum(memo)备忘录 17.improvement: n 改进、增进；improve: v 18.image: n 形象、印象；imagery: n 肖像的总称，意象;imagine: v 想象 19.repetition: n 重复、反复；repeat: v;repeated: adj a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的

21.preserve: v 保护、维持；preservation: n保护、维持;preservative: adj 保护性的，保存的

Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.physical research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory.译：心理学研究集中在一些有利于记忆的基本原则上。

本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰basic principles.短语：focus on sth;a number of = many 许多；basic principles: 基本原则 a.please focus your attention on your work.b.A number of students are studying English.c.The number of students studying English is increasing.2.It’s useful to know how these principles.本句的主语为：to know how these principles；it为形式主语。通常由于动词不定式作主语、主语从句作主语、动名词作主语太长，使句子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于形式主语。

a.To have a good sleep before the exam is very necessary.It’s necessary to have a good sleep before the exam.b.playing with fire is dangerous.It’s dangerous playing with fire.c.That the earth is round is true.It’s true that the earth is round.3.Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.译：对你毫无意义的信息是很难记住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定语从句，修饰information.这句话还可改为： It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短语：make some/no sense:有/没有一定意义 a.What you said makes no sense.b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense? 4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

译：不用说，第二种词表要比第一种词表更容易记忆。短语：needless to say不用说

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.译：联想意思是把我们要记住的材料与我们已经准确记住的东西联系起来。分析：主语Association;谓语：refers to；宾语：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，动名词作宾语。包含定语从句：we want to remember，修饰the material； we remember accurately修饰something.短语：refer to sth指„;relate sth to / with sth把„同„联系起来。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.译：与通过反复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人记住了80%到90%。分析：using imagery现在分词作定语。短语：compare with拿„与„对比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard.b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行)译：如果一个图书馆的图书陈列得杂乱无章，那么这个图书馆会有什么用呢？ 这句话需注意：虚拟语气.in„order以„顺序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分构词法：

在英语中，词的构成法有四种：派生法、合成法、转化法、缩略法。

1．合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如：black + board = blackboard 2．转化法：由一种词类转化为另一种或其他词类。如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．缩略法：将原词缩略，在读音和写法上成为新的形式。

如：bicycle缩为bike;examination缩为exam;the United Nation缩为UN etc.4．派生法：在词根上加上前缀或后缀构成新词，这是四种方法中最为常见、较难掌握的一种。我将分几讲用表格的形式介绍给大家，请注意平常学习时的总结、记忆！

主要的名词后缀：

后 缀 例 词

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

-ness busy→business;ill→illness;kind→kindness etc.-ship friend→friendship;citizen→citizenship etc

-th deep→depth;true→truth;long→length etc.-tion,-sion decide→decision;invent→invention;organize→organization etc.-ty safe→safety;difficult→difficulty;active→activity etc.-sure,-ture create→creature;please→pleasure, mix→mixture etc

Ⅳ.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.focus on(1段1行)；2.a number of(1段1行);3.basic principle(1段1行);4.make sense(2段2行);5.for instance(2段4行);6.make a difference in sth(3段1行);7.be kept in random order(3段2行);8.for example(3段5行);9.as follows(3段10行);10.needless to say(3段11行);11.refer to(4段1行);12.relate sth to sth(4段2行);13.associate sth with sth(4段3行);14.compared with(5段6行);

Text B: There are two kinds of memory: long-term memory and short-term memory.And information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating it over and over again while information in long-term memory may be kept for days or weeks.So I think when you learn English, the long-term memory is welcomed by everyone.A.New words: 1.short-term, long-term: 是合成形容词。

2.contrast: n/v,两个词性发音不同。短语：in contrast with;contrast with sth;3.release: n/v 释放、解放，release sth from sth;4.reward: n/v 奖赏、报答

5.proficiency: n proficiency at/in sth;proficient: adj熟练的

B.Grammar point: passive Voice(被动语态)please look at the following sentences from text B: 1.Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed.2.The information may be kept for days or weeks.3.The two experiences here show how short-term memory has been studied.以上每句话中都含有被动语态。接近于中文中的“被”字句。

1．语态是表示主语和谓语的关系的。若主语是动作的执行者，动词要用主动语态；反之若主语是动作的承受者，则要用被动语态。

2．英语中共有16中时态，其中常用的10中存有被动语态。为了便于大家学习，我将被动语态列为6个公式，请大家套用。

1>.s + be + p.p(动词的过去分词)（一般现在时、一般过去时）

a.Her room isn’t cleaned today.b.Her room was cleaned yesterday.2>.s + be + being + p.p（现在进行时、过去进行时）a.White Snow is being told by the teacher.b.White Snow was being told by the teacher yesterday afternoon.3>.s + has/have/had + been + p.p(现在完成时、过去完成时)a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般将来时、过去将来时)a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(现在将来完成时、过去将来完成时)a.Thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情态动词 + be + p.p(情态动词的被动语态)a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text: 1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)课文练习：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high Ⅲ.见上讲作业。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose 词汇练习：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5 Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 谬论、谬误

2.quality: n 质量、素质；quantity;n 数量 3.deer: n 单复数同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蛮的；n 野人； v 残害

5.bravery: n 英勇、勇敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

6.eager: adj 渴望的，常用短语：be eager to do sth, be eager for sth.eagerly:adv(*)aShe is eager for knowledge.b.He is eager to know if he has passed the exam.7.civilized: adj 文明的，反义词savage;civilize: v 使„文明；civilization: n 文明（*）

a.Education can help people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a highly civilized society.c.In China, Marco polo found a civilization far ahead of that in Europe.8.magical: adj 魔术的、不可思议的；magic: n 魔术； magician: n 魔术师 9.poisonous: adj 有毒的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒药 our children are poisoned by violent TV program.10.overseas: adj/adv海外的、在海外

a.There are many overseas students in Britain.b.We are used to living overseas.11.widespread: 合成形容词

12.digest: v 消化，n 文摘；digestion: n 消化；digestive: adj 消化的;digestible: adj 易消化的；indigestible: adj 不易消化的（*）

a.Some foods digest more easily than others.b.The meat should have been cooked a little longer.It was not very digestible.c.She suffers from stomach trouble and has a very poor digestion.d.Water makes the digestive juices flow more freely and makes the food more digestible.e.We often read Reader’s Digest.13.foundation: n 根据、基础；found: v 奠定基础 14.mixture: n 混合物；mix: v 混合

15.belief: n 信念、信仰；believe: v 相信 16.combination: n 结合、联合；combine: v combine sth with sth 17.protein,carbohydrate, fat, vitamin:食物的主要养分。

18.contain: v 包含、包括

A kilometer contains one thousand meters.19.sustitute: n 替代品，v 代替

a.Vegetable oil is a good substitute for animal oil.b.She substituted for the professor who was ill.B.Intensive reading: 1.Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.译：许多原始人相信通过吃某种动物，他们就能获得它的某些长处。

分析：主语Many primitive peoples；谓语believed；that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves是宾语从句，其中by eating an animal是方式状语；peoples:指不同的种族。

2.They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.译：例如，他们认为吃鹿肉能使他们跑得跟鹿一样快。Eating deer是动名词作宾语从句得主语。短语：make sb do sth;as + adj/adv + as

3.They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.(*)译：西红柿被称作爱之果，谁吃了它，谁就会坠入爱河。

注意被动语态的用法：were called被称作„，were supposed to被认为„.;fall in love 短语.4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous.本句包含有一个同位语从句the idea that they were poisonous,它属名词从句的一种.它所表达的意思就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思.通常同位语从句前的名词必须是表事实的抽象名词: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc.The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.)that在该从句中虽不作任何成分,但一定不能省略.同位语从句和定语从句经常是貌似,请加以区分.a.The news that the leader will come here is not true.b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true.分析:第一句是同位语从句,第二句是定语从句.根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断,若that在从句中不担任任何成分,则是同位语从句,反之为定语从句.5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*)难句！!译:如果那些认为西红柿有毒的人们知道在二战期间有成百万磅的西红柿供应给在海外作战的士兵,他们将会多么吃惊!分析:这是由how surprised引导的感叹句.整句的主语是the people;谓语would be;who thought tomatoes poisonous是定语从句修饰the people;if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是条件状语从句.本句还含有一个语法点:虚拟语气,对现在假设的虚拟.短语:be supplied to/for sb„供应给„;supply sb with sth供应„ a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor.6.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.译:喝水将食物冲下而代替咀嚼不是一个好办法,但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的.动名词Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主语.as a substitute for chewing介词短语,作为„的替代品.短语:substitute for sth

7.A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*)译:几年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能饮用的这种看法变得十分普遍.that引导同位语从句,修饰belief.should never be drunk是情态动词得被动语态.8.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.译:不要同时吃肉和土豆,这种看法是愚蠢的,就像说不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一样.正常语序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主语太长用形式主语it.还要注意英文中讲究balance the sentence.即,主语是不定式,表语也要是不定式.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行);2.be eager to do sth(1段6行);3.be supposed to do sth(2段4行);4.fall in love(2段5行);5.be supplied to sb(3段4行);6.a great many(4段1行);7.substitute for sth(6段2行);8.have sth to do with(7段2行);9.have no foundation(7段1行);10.as a matter of fact(7段5行);11.in the same way(8段4行);12.think of sth as sth(8段3行)

Text B: Do Animals Think? A.New words: 1.engage: v 从事, engage in sth, His father engages in politics.2.arrange: v 安排,筹划;arrangement: n, arrange sb to do sth.3.creature: n 生物;create: v 产生 4.imitate: v 模仿;imitation : n 5.instinct: n 本能,直觉, by instinct The birds can fly by instinct.6.variety: n 变化;vary: v 变化

7.unlike: prep 不像;dislike: v 不喜欢

B.Important phrases: 1.a great deal(1段2行);2.be true with/of(1段3行)(3段4行);3.as well(1段4行);4.engage in(2段5行);5.search for sth(4段2行);6.in some respects(5段2行);7.a great many(5段3行);8.connect with(5段4行);9.take care of(5段7行);10.make improvement in sth(6段1行);11.by instinct(7段3行);12.speak of(8段1行);13.a great variety of sth(8段3行);14.no use doing sth(8段8行);15.have no knowledge of sth(9段7行)

C.Grammar point: 倒装句

1.The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play.2.Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.3.Nor is this all.我们知道,通常主语应该在谓语之前,这是自然语序,但有时出于某种需要,会对主谓的有特殊的要求,出现部分谓语或全部谓语置于主语之前,这样的语序称作倒装.今天介绍几种常见的倒装的情况.1.当表示否定意义的词放在句首时,句子需部分倒装,即将助动词,情态动词或be提至主语之前.常见的这样的词有:never, hardly, little, not only, rarely, scarcely etc.e.g.Hardly had he said anything before he left.2.only引出的状语放在句首时.a.only after class did he go home.b.only when you finish your homework can you watch TV.3.句首为so, nor, neither等副词,表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句.a.He can speak fluent English.So can I.b.I can’t play computer games.Nor can he.4.在as引导的让步状语从句中.1>.adj + as + 主语 + be: Young as he is, he knows a lot.2>.n(不带冠词)+ as +主语 + be: King as he is, he is unhappy.3>.adv + as + 主语 + 动词: Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with her.4>.动词 + as + 主语 + 助动词: Try as she does, she will never pass it.5.当句子主语过长或需要强调某些词时.More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, and even death.6.在非真实条件句中,若从句有had, should, were时将它们倒装到主语之前.a.If I had left earlier, I would have caught the train.= Had I left earlier, I would have caught the train.b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.7.当here, there, then, thus等副词放在句首,并且谓语动词为come, go, be等不及物动词时.a.Here is a book for you.b.There goes the bell.c.Here comes the bus!8.用在may + 主语 + 动词原形„句式中,表示祝愿,希望.a.May you succeed!b.May you be happy!该语法可参阅课本p569.The 7th lecture of College English one Key to exercises: p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c;p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery;2.eager;3.civilized;4.overseas;5.substitute;6.foundation;7.combination;8.belief;9.protein;10.contain p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins;2.firemen;3.data;4.deer;5.potatoes, tomatoes Ⅳ.1.During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes.3.It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food.4.Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast.p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free;b.freedom;c.freely;4.a.scientists;b.scientific;c.science.p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture;2.poisonous;3.suppose;4.digest;5.widespread;6.overseas;7.similar;8.foundation;9.eager;10.substitute p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion;2.mixture;3.belief;4.civilization;5.combination Ⅳ.4.Some stories are very widespread, while others are not.6.people often think of a school as a small society.p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T， T, T, F, T

Unit 6 Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、难得的（不是数量少，而是物种稀有，区别于scarce）,rarely: adv 同义词：unusual 2.sustance: n material 物质 3.slight: small adj 轻微的

4.extreme: a 极端的；n 极端；adv extremely 5.pressure: n 压力；press v 压住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受欢迎的 be popular with/among;popularity: n;popularize: v 使„流行、普及（*）

a.our products have enjoyed general popularity.b.They are trying to popularize their new methods of farming.c.Madonna’s songs are extremely popular with young people.7.handful: n 一把；hand: n 手；v 递给（*）

a.please put your hand up if you can answer the question.b.please hand me that model plane.c.only a handful of people came into the meeting.8.formation: n 形成、构成；form: n 表格；v 形成（*）a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army.b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits.c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.9.volcano: n 火山；volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有点

I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior.11.elevator: n 同义词：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的；impress: v 留下深刻印象；impression: n 印象（*）a.What was your first impression of Beijing? b.We listened to a very impressive speech yesterday.c.I was deeply impressed by his noble deeds.13.experienced: adj 有经验的；inexperienced 无经验的；experience: n 经验、经历;v 经历(*)a.She has much experience in teaching, so she’s an experienced teacher.b.I had a funny experience in Africa last year.14.miner: n 矿工；mine: n 矿，gold mine 15.immediately: adv 立刻，at once

B.Intensive reading: 1.They are the hardest substance found in nature.译:它是被发现的自然界中最坚硬的物质。found作定语，短语：in nature

2.There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.（*）译：人们发现的金刚石主要产区只有四个。where引导一个定语从句。

3.Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.became popular with sb:在„受欢迎，流行。

4.India’s supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2500years of mining the stones.译：2500年的开采终于使印度的金刚石资源枯竭。run out 用尽、枯竭； We are running out of our fresh water.5.These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago.译：这些金刚石可能是在两万年前，随着覆盖于地球表面的冰川，从它们的形成漂移至印度的。这句话注意它的从句：where they were formed作介词from的宾语从句，词性相当于后面的India，不是定语也不是状语；that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago是定语从句修饰great sheets of moving ice。

6.Diamonds, as they are found, don’t look very impressive.译：金刚石刚采出时，并不十分吸引人。

7.But some people have carried around an unusual pebble for weeks before finding out that they had got a diamond.译：而有的人数周后才发现带在身边的不寻常的鹅卵石原来是一颗金刚石。finding out that they had got a diamond作介词before的介宾。

find out与find不同，find out强调通过努力之后的发现，而find含有偶然性。a.I found my lost pen on the floor.b.I found out that he is a cheat.C.Summary about the phrases: 1.in nature(1段2行);2.be made from/of(2段1行);3.chang sth into sth(3段2行);4.be popular with(5段4行);5.run out(6段3行);6.pick up(8段2行);7.sort out(8段3行);8.so that(9段8行);9.stick to(9段10行);10.find out(10段4行)Text B: We all know that plants are different form animals.What’s their difference? Most of us will say that plants have leaves and roots and flowers, but animals haven’t them.But have you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.A.New words: 1.beneath: prep 和某物接触并在下面，反义词是on;under:强调垂直在下，反义词over.2.aside: adv 在旁边，短语：put sth aside 3.magnify: v 放大、扩大；magnifying glass:放大镜

4.puzzle: v 迷惑；n 智力测验 jigsaw puzzle智力拼图；puzzled, puzzling: adjl;puzzlement: n a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao.The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.6.inorganic: adj无机的，organic:有机的 7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences: 1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.译：你可能会看着树下的一群奶牛，或者当你捕捉牵牛花里一只正早起采蜜的蜜蜂时，若有人问你能否区分哪是动物，哪是植物，你会觉得好笑。

分析：standing under the trees作a group of cows的宾补，类似句型：see sb do/doing sth, hear sb do/doing sth, etc;you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant是虚拟语气，对将来某种情况的假设。其中tell sth from sth:区分某事物。I can’t tell her from her twin sister.2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object;and they see many things which most people would fail to see.译：大自然的研究者不满意于猜测，而是日复一日地观察物体所发生的变化；他们看到了大多数人没能看到的东西。

分析：这是一个并列句，用；隔开。有很多短语需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:对„满意； ②day after day: 日复一日地；

③take place: 发生（偶然）； ④fail to do sth:没有作成„

3.It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.译：很长一段时间，人们认为动植物的主要差别是前者能移动而后者不能。

分析：it是形式主语；真正的主语是that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t。其中又包含有一个表语从句：that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.这两句话的连词that均不能省略。

短语：the difference between sth and sth;move about/around.4.No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.译：如果不是先出现植物把地球变为适应更高一级生物生存的地方，就没有鸟，没有鱼，也没有其他动物。

分析：本句含有两个语法点：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定词在句首需倒装；虚拟语气，对过去某种情况的假设，条件从句if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings，结果主句No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth。

D.Summary about the phrases: 1.neither„nor（1段5行）;2.seem to（1段6行）;3.look up/down（2段1行）;4.a matter of some difficulty（2段5行）;5.tell sth from sth（3段4行）;6.turn aside from（4段1行）;7.be satisfied with sth（5段1行）;8.not„but（5段1行）;9.day after day（5段2行）;10.take place（5段2行）;11.fail to do sth（5段3行）;12.lie in（5段5行）;13.hold good（6段5行）;14.whether„or（7段1行）;15.live on（7段2行）;16.fit for（8段4行）;17.take in（9段3行）;18.suck up（10段3行）;19.take up（10段4行）;20.dissolved in sth（10段4行）;21.be different from（11段1行）

Grammar knowledge:句子的分类

英语中的句子按其结构可分为四种：简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句。

1.简单句：只有一个主语（或多个并列主语）和一个谓语（或多个并列谓语）的句子称为简单句。

a.We learn English.b.My father and mother go to work at 8a.m.and come home at 6p.m.2.并列句：由两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句构成。它们中间常用等立连词，或用分号、冒号、逗号等连接。

a.I help him and he helps me.b.I’ve just got a piece of good news: I was accepted by Xi’an Foreign Language University.3.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是句子的主体，从句只是整个句子的一部分，不能单独作句子。如：我们经常见到的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。

a.We should never pretend to know what we don’t know.b.The boy whose father is a pilot has come.c.What I want to say is that you shouldn’t give up, even if you have failed again.4.并列复合句：在一个并列句中的一个或更多的分句中，包含有一个或更多的从句称为并列复合句。

a.Last year I met a boy who is an orphan, and now we have become good friends.b.They always help those who are in trouble and they are respected by them.详情见p135

The 8th lecture of College English one

Unit 7 Text A: Families We know that family is the basic unit of a society.There are many kinds of families nowadays: nuclear families, extended families, DINK families, the single parent families, remarried families etc.so let’s study families from our text.A:New words: 1.definition: n 定义；动词，下定义：define 2.marriage: n 婚姻，marriage certificate, marry: v;反义词：divorce 3.descend: v 遗传、下来；后裔：descendant,反义词：ancestor 祖先

4.household: n 家庭 adj家庭的 a household name；householder: n 家长、户主；

5.relative: n 亲戚，adj 相对的；relate: v relate to;relation: n 关系(*)a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives.b.There is no relation between those two events.c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 传统的；tradition: n;traditionally: adv(*)a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition.b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children.c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理会，security guard保安 8.basically: adv, basic: adj;base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心；nuclear energy核能；nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area无核区

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family;extend: v 延伸；extension: n;extensive: adj 广泛的、广阔的（*）

a.The extension of the house became a kitchen.b.The professor has an extensive knowledge of Chinese history.c.They have extended the road from ten miles to sixty miles.11.agicultural: adj 农业的；agriculture: n 农业

12.industrial: adj 工业的；industry: n 工业、行业；industrialize: v 工业化；industrialization: n(*)a.These cities are highly industrialized.b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution.c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.13.earner: n 赚钱者；earn;v 赚钱； earnings: n 赚得的钱 14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax.b.There is a split in the blackboard.15.social: adj 交际的、社会的；society: n 社会；socialize: v 交往、交际；socialism社会主义

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.„, having a family simply means having children.（*）译：有家意味着有孩子。

主语是动名词，为了平衡整个句子宾语也是动名词。

2.No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is.译：无论年轻还是古老，大还是小，传统还是现代，每个家庭都有自己对其理解和感受。No matter„引导让步状语从句。

3.It’s that feeling of belongings, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.译：那是共同居住、彼此帮助、互相分享而产生的归属感，互爱感和安全感。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*)译：家庭大致有两种类型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*)译：孩子们在核心家庭中生活一直到长大结婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.（*）

译：随着农业社会向工业社会的转变，许多核心家庭为了寻找工作而从家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.（*）

译：由于父母都愿意要更少的孩子，核心家庭日趋缩小，而无子女家庭日益增多。注意：the number of sth后用单数谓语动词。

8.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house and the children.（*）

译：传统上，核心家庭由父亲挣钱养家，而母亲照看家庭和孩子。短语：care for = take care of

9.Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again„(*)

译：大多数单亲父母发现独自一人照料一个家庭很难，于是很快他们再婚。。分析：it是形式宾语，短语take care of sth照料、照看。

C.Brief summary about phrases: 1.and so on(1段5行);2.think of sth as sth(1段5行);3.far away from(1段8行);4.in order to(4段4行);5.care for(5段5行);6.take care of(5段9行);7.split up(5段10行);8.talk of(6段2行)

Text B: The Changing American Family

A.New words: 1.generation: n generation gap代沟

2.customary: adj习惯上的；custom: n习惯、习俗；customer: n 顾客； customs: n 海关 3.similarity: n 相似、类似；similar: adj 相似的；similarly: adv 4.emotional: adj 感情的；emotion: n 感情

5.provider: n 供应者；provide: v 供应，provide sb with sth;provide for sb.6.preparation: n 预备、准备；prepare: v 准备

7.primary: adj初级的，primary school.primary colors 8.preschool: adj学龄前的，pre前缀，反义词post, prewar, postwar.9.baby-sitter: n 临时看小孩的人；baby-sit: v 帮人照看小孩

B.Important phrases in text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行);2.all over the world(1段1行);3.provide for(2段4行);4.be expected to do(2段5行);5.on the other hand(3段1行);6.in addition(3段8行);7.share sth with sb(3段10);8.in contrast(3段12行);9.give up(4段4行);10.instead of(4段7行);11.be busy doing sth(5段9行);12.in conclusion(6段1行);13.help sb with sth(3段11行)

Grammar knowledge: Tenses时态

这是英语

（一）考试的重点，无论选择、完形填空、词类转换、翻译都会出有关时态的题目。因此这部分语法很重要。请大家一定要100%掌握。见课本p159 1.时态实际是指：时间和体。英语中共有16种时态，我们着重讲考试的6种。

2．它们分别是：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行时。其余的书上写得很详细，大家自己看。

1>.一般现在时的用法有6点：经常或发生的动作行为；主语的特征、性格、能力；客观事实或永久不变的真理；计划或安排好的事情；用在某些从句中；用于某些惯用表达语中；

a.He often goes home at four o’clock every afternoon.b.Light travels in straight lines.c.I like any kind of fruit.d.The train leaves at 6a.m.and arrives at 10p.m.e.I’ll thank you if you give me a lift.f.There goes the bell.2>.一般过去时的3种常见用法：过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态；过去接连发生的一系列动作；用于某些从句中。并且常和时间状语连用。

a.I was born in 1971.b.They got married last year.c.This morning they got up at seven o’clock, and then went out to work.d.She told me that she would come back in 2 hours.3>.现在完成时有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。该时态指动作开始在过去，但对现在留下某种结果和影响。这是它区别于一般过去时的主要特点。

a.He has turned off the light.b.I have taught English for 6 years.4>.过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经完成的动作。即我们常说的“过去的过去”。它也同样分为“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang.b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.5>.将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。请注意该时态的时间状语。a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper.b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.6>.现在完成进行时可以表示一个动作开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到说话时刻未结束，还可能继续进行；也可表示到说话时刻为止该动作已结束。

a.It has been raining for three hours.b.I have been waiting for you for five hours.另外，还有一个考点就是“时态呼应”，即，当主句有过去时出现的时候，从句必须要用过去的某种时态进行时态呼应。但有几点除外；

1.所说的是真理或客观事实。

The teacher told us that the earth is round.2.说话者强调动作正在进行或将发生。He told me the train leaves at three.作练习p169.The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B;2.D;3.D;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.C;9.D;10.A(讲解)p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c.Ⅱ.1.rare;2.substance;3.slight;4.pressure;5.crystal;6.crack;7.gem;8.elevator;9.crush;10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to;2.change„into;3.stick to;4.running out;5.pick up;6.changed into;7.ran out;8.picked up;9.sorting out;10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced;2.extreme;3.formation;4.pressuer;5.blasted;6.handful;7.crystal;8.destroyed;9.unusual;10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5见课后作业。

2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected.3.These designs are very popular with / among young people.p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T.p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve;3.aside;4.magnifying;5.latter;6.observes;7.beneath;8.broad p169:这部分练习讲解。（*）Ⅰ.1.died;2.doesn’t guarantee;3.advised;4.is looking;5.comes;6.was going;7.will have left;8.would help;9.will be sitting;10.were playing;11.will go;12.had helped;13.would be;14.will have locked;15.had been getting;16.had been helping;17.had happened;18.will tell;19.had finished;20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B;2.B;3.D;4.D;5.B;6.B;7.D;8.A;9.D;10.A Ⅲ.1.invented;2.offer;3.have been sitting;4.brought;5.has not paid;6.had seen;7.was making;8.has been working;9.am preparing;10.has happened Ⅳ.1.The students of a medical school are observing an operation.2.The wind in March blows hard.3.Where are you going to hang that picture? 4.She fell when she was going downstairs.5.How many years has Henry been learning the cook from Miss Smith? 6.The history teacher said that the first World War ended in 1918.7.Mary has been waiting for you this morning.8.My sister told me that the programs weren’t interesting at all.9.You can see him at the office if you come at eight tomorrow morning.10.---Have you seen this movie?---Yes, I have.I saw it in Nanjing.p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c.Ⅱ.1.divorce;2.single;3.extended;4.together;5.traditional;6.increase;7.result;8.like/love;9.earn;10.usually p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives;2.extend;3.marriage;4.desended;5.nucleus;6.traditional;7.social;8.definition;9.security;10.basically Ⅲ.1,4, 8见课后作业。

2.She is a teacher while her brother is an engineer.3.Traditionally, Chinese young people live with their parents until they grow up.5.In some families, both parents work and take care of their home and children.6.The group was split into two, for it’s too big.7.They plan to extend their research in this field.p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, T.p189.Ⅰ.1.d;2.a;3.b;4.c;5.d Ⅱ.1.dependent;2.primary;3.structurd;4.similarities;5.role;6.partners;7.customary 关于语法：被动语态，前面已经讲过，大家自己看看书，今天讲解练习。

Ⅰ.1.are being printed;2.are guaranteed;3.will be pulled;4.were developed;5.will be built;6.was praised;7.have been translated;8.had been sent;9.would be given;10.is being done.Ⅱ.口头练习。

Ⅲ.1.is spoken;2.can’t be kept;3.was turned off;4.were believed;5.shouldn’t be eaten;6.were let out;7.were taken care of;8.can be remembered;9.would be becalmed;10.are lit up.Ⅳ.1.Was the United Nation founded in 1945? 2.It’s said that he was badly injured.3.The building will be designed by Dr.Ford.4.Where was the last meeting held? 5.Was America discovered by Columbus in 1492? 6.The task must be performed by you.7.The patient should be treated with care.8.She was warmly welcomed at the railway station.9.He’s called Lao Wang, though he’s not old at all.10.The gate was closed when I went back.Unit 8 Text A: Telecommunication via Satellite We live in a highly developed society.Everybody knows telecommunication, which can not only transmit television broadcasts, but also telephone calls and printed materials.So do you know it also has shortcoming? If you want to know the answer, you must read our today’s text.This is a very important text.A.New words: 1.telecommunication: n 电信,communication 通信，tele表示远距离的、电的 telephone, telegraph etc.2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,经由

3.transmit: v 播送、发射，transmit sth to sth.名词：transmission 4.photograph: n 简称photo, photos.5.establish: v 建立、创立，同义词：found;established: adj;establishment: n(*)a.The university was established 150 years ago.b.You should not break the established rule.c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.6.signal: n/v信号，发信号。sign: n 标识；signature: n 签名(*)a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.b.The traffic signal turned red.c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.7.orbit: v 绕轨道运行，n 轨道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun? b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity.be capable of doing, be able to do, 9.broadcast: n/v 广播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation 10.theory: n 理论，theoretic adj理论的，短语：in theory = theoretically 11.access: n 进入的机会，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短语：have access to sth可接近，可进入

12.unlimited: adj无限的，反义词：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.13.entertain: v 娱乐、招待；entertainment: n;entertainer: n 供人娱乐者 a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.14.demonstrate: v 说明、演示；demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育 a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.16.remote: adj 遥远的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔离、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n

18.instruction: n 教学、指示；instruct: v;instructor: n 指导者

19.conversation: n 谈话，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile

21.risk: n风险；v 冒„的风险，risky: adj有危险的risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck

22.privacy: n 隐私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短语：make contact with与„接触，结识 a.I don’t have much contact with her family.b.I will contact you next month.24.harm: n/v伤害、损害；harmful, harmless 25.expert: n 专家；adj熟练的。expert in/at sth 26.application: n 申请、应用；apply: v B.Intensive reading:

1.By the middle of the century, both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures.译：到二十世纪中叶为止，广播和电视已成为公认的传送声音和/或图象的工具。

分析：由于用了时间状语：by the middle of the century,因此要用完成时态。若时间是过去的，用过去完成时；若时间是将来的，用将来完成时。

a.By the end of 2000, we had learned 50 texts.b.By the end of 2003, we will have learned 100 texts.means: n 单复数同形，方法、手段。

2.In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo became the first to be transmitted via satellite.译:1964年，东京奥林匹克运动会是第一次通过卫星传送的节目。to be transmitted是动词不定式作定语。

3.The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information, will change ever home into an education and entertainment center.译：卫星传送信息，电脑储存信息，电视播放信息，把三者结合起来能使每个家庭成为一个教育娱乐中心。

分析：虽然句子长，但成分简单。the combination是主语，will change是谓语。从satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information是介词of的宾语。每个词都包含有一个非限定性定语从句。

短语：change sth into sth

4.In theory, every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.(*)译：从理论上讲，人们都能获得无限量的信息。

短语：in theory, have access to sth, amount of sth(un)

5.The most common use of telecommunication satellites, however, has been for transmitting telephones calls.译：然而，通信卫星最广泛的用途还是电话的传送。注意该句的时态。

6.Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily.译：电信使得人们能快捷方便地使用来自世界各地的信息。注意：短语make sth available to sth使„被获得

7.It’s important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.(*)译：同一技术既可助人也可害人，认识到这点很重要。

to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是真正的主语，it是形式主语。that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是宾语从句；

that helps us是定语从句修饰the same technology.8.It’s the intelligent application of technology that will lead us to success.(*)译：只有明智地运用技术才能获得成功。这是一个强调句式。正常的句子应是：The intelligent application of technology will lead us to success.强调句的基本公式：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that(who)+ 其余成分。请注意该句式不能强调谓语部分，只能强调主语、宾语、状语。

Ann had a heavy cold last week.我们可强调主语、宾语、状语。a.It was Ann that/who had a heavy cold last week.b.It was a heavy cold that Ann had last week.c.It was last week that Ann had a heavy cold.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.at the beginning of(1段1行);2.by the middle of(1段3行);3.in order to(2段1行);4.such as(2段1行);5.pick up(2段5行);6.be capable of(2段7行);7.change„into(3段3行);8.have access to(3段4行);9.in remote areas(4段3行);10.for the first time(4段4行);11.provide sth to sb(5段1行);12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行);13.care for(5段5行);14.at the same time(6段7行);15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行);16.pay for(7段5行);17.isolate from(8段1行);18.as well as(8段4行);19.prevent from(9段2行);20.lead to(9段5行);21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

We all know that without air, we couldn’t live.It’s like fish couldn’t live without water.But do you know if there weren’t air, we would have no sound, no wind or clouds? So if you are interested all of these, please read the text very carefully.A.New words: 1.obvious: adj 明显的，obviously: adv 2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇护；shelter from sth 3.atmosphere：n 大气；atmospheric: adj大气的

4.electrical: adj 电的、电气的；electricity: n 电；electrician: n 电工 5.existence: n 存在；exist: v存在 6.lightening: n 闪电，thunder:打雷； 7.unending: adj不尽的、不停的；ending 8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆发；explode: v 爆炸；explosive: n 炸药、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood(2)第一讲中介绍过在非真实条件句中的虚拟语气的主要用法，难点在于句子的时态比真实条件句的时态后退一步。即：现在时→过去时；过去时→过去完成时；将来时→过去将来时；在今天这讲中将继续将它在一些从句中的用法介绍给大家。

1在宾语从句中的用法：

1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建议、命令等语气的宾语从句中。（*）句型：主语 + should(省略)+ 动词原形

a.I suggest that we(should)do it at once.b.I insist that he(should)give up smoking.2>.在wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而其时态的用法与非真实条件句一样。（时态后移）a.I wish I were you.(与现在事实相反的愿望)b.I wish I had learned more.(与过去事实相反的愿望)c.I wish I would have another chance.(与将来事实相反的愿望)注意区分：wish + 从句：表示不可能实现的愿望，必须用虚拟语气；而hope + 从句：表示可能实现的愿望，不用虚拟语气。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him.b.He wishes we would go there with him.3>.在would rather后的从句中.句型：主语 + would rather + 从句（用一般过去时）I would rather you stayed at home.2.在主语从句中的用法。

在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语必须用虚拟语气。见课本p542。考试的考点时should的省略。

3.在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。

当宾语从句中那些使用虚拟语气的动词的名词形式出现在表语从句和同位语从句中时，必须用虚拟语气。即，suggestion, order, insistence, demand, request etc.a.My suggestion is that we(should)try again.(表语从句)b.My suggestion that we(should)try again is accepted by them.（同位语从句）

4.在定语从句中的用法。

It is time + that + 主语 + 动词的过去时。It is time that you left.= It is tome for you to leave.5.在含蓄条件句中的用法。

有时一个假设的情况并不是用条件从句表示，而用其它方式表示，称含蓄条件句。1>.用with, without介词结构代替条件从句。

We might have died you without your help.= We might have died if you hadn’t helped us.2>.用相当于if的其它连词表示虚拟结构。常见的连词有：otherwise, in that case, on condition that, provided that, but for, etc.a.I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.= I as very busy last week.If I hadn’t been busy, I would have come to see you.b.But for the storm, we should have arrived early.= If we hadn’t met the storm, we should have arrived early.6.在错综时间条件句中的用法。

有时非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件句中的谓语动词不是同时发生，这时可按照需要来调整各自的时间。

a.If you had followed the doctor’s advice then, you would have be all right now.主句与从句发生的时间不同，进行调整。

b.If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would have been all right then.主句和从句的动作同时发生。

请注意：碰到这种从句要特别注意它的时间状语，必须明确给出时间，否则按同时发生使用。

7.虚拟语气的倒装与省略。

符合下列条件，可以省略if,并进行倒装。①必须是非真实条件句。

②只有当从句中出现were, had, should时，才可省略if，并把这些词放在主语之前。a.If I should meet her, I would tell her.= Should I meet her, I would tell her.b.If I were in your position, I would do it better.= Were I in your position, I would do it better.请阅读课本p539-p545，并完成课后练习。看看本文中出现的虚拟语气句：

1.Without air, we could not exist.2.If we didn’t have air, there would be no sound.3.Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.C.Important phrases in the text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行);2.be forced to do(3段3行);3.shelter from(3段3行);4.consist of(5段1行);5.rest upon(5段4行);6.gazt at sth(6段5行);7.in wonder(6段5行);8.not„until(6段6行);9.large amounts of(7段3行);10.the same„as(8段3行);11.learn to(9段1行);12.in the meantime(9段3行);13.pay attention to(9段4行);14.add to(9段6行);15.in order to(2段4行);16.protect„from„(3段4行)

D.本文在写作时有一个非常明显的特点，运用了大量的同根词，即在这句话中出现的是动词，在下句中就出现它的名词或形容词。我们总结一下：

1.exist→existence;2.atmosphere→atmospheric;3.pressure→press;4.weigh→weight;5.electric→electrical,electricity

Unit 9 Text A: Learned Words and popular Words In fact, every language has the similarity.For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu.In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu.So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word.So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary.Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.A.New words: 1.learned: adj 有学问的，博学的；learn: v;learner: n 2.cultivated: adj 耕种的、有修养的；cultivate: v 耕种、培养；cultivation: n 耕种、培养；cultivator: n 耕种者（*）

a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land.b.Cultivated people should have good manners.c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.3.concern: v 涉及、使关心、挂念；n 关心、挂念;concerned: adj 担心的、焦虑的

常用的短语：so/as far as „ concerned:至于，对„而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:对人或事关心、挂念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness.b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.4.stock: v 储备、储存；n 库存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有库存/没有库存

5.possession: n 所有、拥有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、拥有； 6.relatively: adv 比较而言；relate: v;relation: n;relative: adj

7.educated: adj 有知识的；educate: v 受教育；education: n 教育； educational: adj教育的(*)a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life.b.She has been doing educational work for forty years.c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.d.our society needs more educated people.8.acquaintance: n 认识、熟人；acquaint: v 使„熟悉/通晓 9.formal: adj 正式的，反义词：informal;formally: adv（*）

a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary.b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party.c.He formally presented his application form.10.highly: adv 非常、高度地；high: adj 高的；height: n 高度（*）a.She spoke highly of his discovery.b.He is 1.76 meters in height.c.The church tower is 20 meters high.11.elevated: adj 提高的、高贵的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 电梯

12.importantce: n 重要性； important: adj 重要的；unimportant, unimportance.13.grown-up: n 成年人；adj 成熟的；adult.14.apply: v 申请、应用；application: n；applicant: n 申请人(*)常用习语：apply to sb for sth:向某人申请某物；apply to sth:适用某物;apply sth to sth:将„运用到„中。

a.She applied to the university for her degree of Master of Arts.b.What he said applies to us all.c.We should apply what we have learned to our work.15.absolute: adj 绝对的、完全的；absolutely: adv

16.popularity: n;popular: adj；popularize:

17.clssification: n 分类；classify: v 分类；classified: adj 分类的

18.convenient;adj 方便的, convenience: n ；反义词：inconvenient, inconvenience

19.avoid: v 后用动名词；avoidance: n；avoidable: adj 可避免的；unavoidable: 不可避免的。

I am trying to avoid meeting him.20.misconception: n 误解，反义词：conception.前缀：mis-含有“错误地”，mistake, misunderstand, misapply etc.21.presence: n 出席、存在；present: adj到场的

22.literature: n 文学；literary: adj文学的

B.Intensive reading: 1.First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.(难句！！)译：首先是那些我们在日常交谈中逐渐熟悉的词语，即我们从家人、朋友那儿学来的和那些即使不会读写也应该知道和会用的词。

分析：主语：those words,在它之后有三个定语从句修饰它，①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, ②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and ③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.看出这一点对于理解整个句子是至关重要的。下面分别看看这三个定语从句。①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation,掌握短语：become/be familiar with sth对„熟悉。

注意：在定语从句中若介词置于关系代词之前，介词宾语只能用which代物，whom代人，其余的关系代词都不能用。这是考点！

a.This is the hero of whom we are proud.= This is the hero who/that/whom/省略 we are proud of.b.I want to find the pen with which I finished my papers.= I want to find the pen that/which/省略 I finished my papers with.②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends,掌握短语：that is to say = that is所作成分属插入语;Learn from sb向某人学习。We should learn from LeiFeng at any time.③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write 本句包含一个让步让步状语从句，even if„即使„.2.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language.译：这些词和生活中的普通事情相关，是所有使用这门语言的人的常备词汇。短语：stock in trade: 库存、常用手段。

3.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.译：这些词可以被称为“普通词”，因为它们属于广大的普通百姓，而不只为有限范围内的一个阶层所有。

since为因为，短语：belong to: 属于„;at large: 普遍地、逍遥法外地 a.These books belong to me.b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy? c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起)译：我们初识这些词不是从母亲的口中或同学的话中，而是从我们所读的书中，所听的课中，或从对某一特殊话题进行严肃的讨论的受过高等教育的人们的较正式谈话中首词次了解到的。本句的难点实际上是名词的修饰语多。

分析：主语our first acquaintance with them；谓语：comes;剩余部分为宾语部分。在该部分中有一个大结构：not„but不是„而是。books, lectures, conversation三个名词后有很多的修饰关系，请大家注意。

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.learned words;2.popular words;3.make up（1段2行）;4.be familiar with（1段3行）;5.that is to say（1段4行）;6.even if（1段5行）;7.stock in trade（1段7行）;8.belong to（1段8行）;9.at large（1段8行）;10.on the other hand（2段1行）;11.a large number of sth（2段1行）;12.be known to（2段3行）;13.acquaintance with（2段4行）14.not„ but„（2段5-6行）15.come up（4段6行）;16.as to（4段6行）;17.as a whole（4段11行）;18.be due to（4段14行）;19.rather than（4段15行）

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:（讲解）

Ⅰ.1.knew;2.were;3.were;4.would have been;5.would eat;6.could build;7.hadn’t come;8.earn;9.didn’t have;10.would be;11.apply;12.go;13.would be;14.were;15.had been;16.bought;17.be put off;18.would get;19.had been caused;20.had grown up Ⅱ.1.C;2.B;3.B;4.D;5.A;6.D;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.D Ⅲ.1.If only the Englishman had spoken Italian.2.If you should have a panic attack, what would you do? 3.I wish I could lose one pound in weight per day.4.It’s very important that you take responsibility for your own health.5.Without water and air, all living things would die.6.If I were you, I would join the army.7.If we had paid more attention to those factors, we would have greatly reduced he risk of heart disease.8.If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have got into trouble.9.It’s suggested that each class give a performance.10.If he hadn’t been so busy then, he would have given you more help.Exercise on p206: Ⅰ.1.c;2.a;3.b;4.d;5.d Ⅱ.1.transmit;2.access;3.remote;4.demonstrate;5.instruction;6.simultaneously;7.travel;8.available;9.privacy;10.application p210:Ⅱ.1.displayed;2.theory;3.established;4.remote;5.visual;6.signal;7.access;8.channel 9.transmitted;10.transportation Ⅲ.1.Satellites are capable of transmitting not only TV broadcasts, but also telephone calls.3.You should follow the doctor’s instructions on how to take this kind of medicine.4.Computer systems can transmit sound as well as pictures at the same time.6.This patient should be isolated from the other patients.7.The soldier displayed courage and skills.8.His experiments fully demonstrated that principle of psychology.p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, F, T, T, T, F.p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, a Ⅱ.1.atmosphere;2.existence;3.thorough;4.radar;5.elements;6.protect from;7.created;8.rest on p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b, a Ⅱ.1.to concern;2.possession;3.situation;4.acquaintance;5.lively;6.grown-up;7.classification;8.principle;9.convenient;10.presence p240.Ⅱ.1.style;2.occasions;3.highly;4.concern;5.possessions;6.topics;7.formal;8.cultivated;9.convenient;10.absolute Ⅲ.2.After he arrived in that country, he found there few occasions to speak Chinese.4.No two leaves are exactly the same in the world.5.When I say they’re friends, I don’t mean they share everything.6.The meeting concerns trade and agriculture.7.Serious problems may come up if the situation becomes worse.Text B: How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary? I think this is a question concerned by anyone.You can find some best ways in this text to give you some help, I am sure.We can get more words through context and through word parts.Maybe you have more of your ways.No matter which, I just hope you can succeed in English studying!

A.New words: 1.vocabulary: n 词汇表

2.context: n 上下文，from context;through context;contextual: adj 上下文的 3.securely: adv 安全地；secure: adj;security;n 4.intend: v 打算，intend to do sth;intention: n 意图 5.preference: n 偏爱,用介词for； prefer: v 用介词to.a.I prefer to do it myself.b.She has a preference for blue.6.prefix前缀，suffix后缀

7.apparently: adv 同义词：obviously，明显地。

8.consult: v 请教、查阅；consultation: n;consultant: n 顾问；常用短语： consult with sb:讨论谋事；consult sb about sth:向某人请教谋事 9.personally: adv = in person;personal: adj;10.heighten: v 提高、加高；high: adj;highly: adv;height: n 高度

11.maximum: n 最大量；反义词：minimum:最小量

12.effectiveness: n 有效性；effective: adj 有效的；effect: n 影响；affect: v 13.sharpen: v 削尖；sharp: adj尖的

14.awareness: n 意识、觉悟；aware: adj有意识的，be aware of sth;无意识的：unaware 15.accuracy;n 准确性；accurate: adj准确的

16.ease: n 舒适、安逸，feel at ease with sb;v 缓和;easy: adj 容易的。The aspirins eased my headache.B.Some important sentences in the text: 1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “look it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.译：当问大学生阅读时遇到生词时该怎么办，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，这么做，你就会打断最富有成效所需的思维进程。

短语：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday.②look sth up in„在„中查阅

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books.③make sth + adj使„如何 please make the room warm.2.It all depends.(*)= It all depends on the situation.（金牌口语句）

依情况而定。

3.That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context.译：这就是为什么我们得从上下文入手。

why引导表语从句。make such good sense:有充足的理由；begin with从„开始

4.only when you go through the mental exercise to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you’re right.译：只有在你经过一番脑力活动想出一个推测性的定义后，才应该打开字典来看看你的猜测是否正确。

注意：由于only+时间状语从句放在句首，用了部分倒装。短语：①go through:仔细研究或检查，I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.②come up with:想出、提出

He came up with a new suggestion.5.Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary.Use it!the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease.The result will be like money in the bank.译：好，你的新公式—上下文，构词成分，字典。运用它！随后的练习将具体地、循序渐进地帮你敏锐察觉到上下文提示，学会最有用的构词成分和越来越轻松地使用字典。其结果就像你在银行里存了一笔钱。

这是本文的最后一句总结全文的句子，它给大家最好的提示：如何最有效地记住单词。请大家参照着做。但也应因人而宜。最后一句：The result will be like money in the bank.Means that as long as you have mastered good methods in English studying, the longer you study English, the bigger vocabulary you’ll build up.在这里我也把这句话送给大家。May you succeed!

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非谓语动词)英语中的动词根据它是否能单独做句子的谓语分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。不能单独作句子谓语的称作非谓语动词。它又分三类：动词不定式，分词，动名词。今天先介绍动词不定式。

A.不定式（Infinitive）：大多数是由不定式标记to加动词原形构成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出现的。

B.在句中它除了不能作谓语外，可担任其他句子成分：主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、宾语补足语。在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。

1.不定式作名词时在句中充当主语、宾语和表语.a.He likes to play basketball.b.For him to learn English well in such a short time is not easy.c.His job is to clean all the windows.注意：1>.当作主语的不定式较长时，常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语放在谓语后，将上面b可改为：It’s not easy for him to learn English well in such a short time.2>.在这种情况下我们常用for sb.或of sb.来做不定式的 逻辑主语，但是有区别的。

for sb.常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：easy, difficult, hard, important, interesting, impossible etc.of sb常用表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, foolish, clever, etc.a.It’s important for us to say something directly.b.It’s clever of him to leave that country.3>.不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数。

4>.不定式作宾语时，若宾语有自己的表语，常用it作形式宾语。I know to finish the work so soon impossible.I know it impossible to finish the work so soon.2.不定式作形容词的用法：通常在句中担任定语。，并且放在它所修饰的名词后面。He always has a lot of meetings to attend.注意：1>.有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具，不定式后应该加上必要的介词。

please pass me some paper to write on.2>.当一句话中既有形容词又有不定式修饰something, anything, nothing这三个词时，请注意词序：something/anything/nothing + 形容词 ＋ 不定式

Do you have anything interesting to read?

3>.不定式作定语时有时用主动语态表示被动含义。a.There is a letter to write.b.There is no time to lose.c.Mary has three babies to look after.3.不定式作副词的用法；在句中担任状语

a.He is lucky to get there on time.(原因状语)b.He came here to help me with my math.(目的状语)c.After that day they were separated, never to see each other.(结果状语)

请注意以下固定句型中不定式的用法： 1>.too + adj/adv + for sb + to do sth The book is too hard for the boy to read.2>.enough的用法：

a.He is old enough to go to school.b.The road is wide enough for three horses to go.3>.不定式在句中作为独立成分：

a.To tell you the truth, I don’t like this film.b.To be frank, you are lying.c.To make matters worse, it began to get dark.4.不定式作宾语补足语。

a.I don’t want her to leave here so quickly.b.We allow you to enter the room.注意以下省去to的情况：

1>.在某些感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时省略to，但在被动语态中不可省略to.a.I hear someone sing this morning.b.The workers were made to work day and night.c.please let the dog go out!

2>.当介词but, except, besides前面有实义动词do时，可省to.The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.3>.在下列固定词组中：

①had better do sth;②would rather do sth than do sth;③can’t but do;a.You had better not go now.b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework.c.I can’t but think so.C.不定式的否定形式：not + 不定式

My father told me not to skate on the lake.D.连接代词或副词＋不定式，相当于一个名词短语，一般充当宾语。a.Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult problem.b.please decide as soon as possible when to start.E.不定式的常用时态有：一般式，进行式，完成式三个.a.He has decided to give her some money.b.He pretended to be studying when his father came in.c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.F.不定式的被动语态：to be done;to have been done a.It’s an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting.b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.见课本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one:

Review some important phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段2行);2.look sth up in„(1段3行);3.at top speed(2段4行);4.after all(2段6行);5.make good sense(2段8行);6.begin with(2段9行);7.provide sb with sth(3段2行);8.preference for sth(3段3行);9.come up with(5段5行);10.find out(6段3行);11.lead to(6段4行);12.in black and white(6段6行);13.build up

Unit 10 *Text A: Scientific Attitudes From very early time science began in the earth.Because we are curious about anything around us, we often ask many questions, such as: why the sun only come out at daytime;why the sky is blue;why we have four different seasons etc.then in this text we won’t study those questions but what attitudes we should have when we study the science.So I think its very necessary for us to learn them.A: new words: 1.scientific: adj 科学的； scientifically: adv 科学地； science: n 科学； scientist: n 科学家

2.attitude: n 姿势、态度，常用介词：to, towards 3.environment: n 环境；environmental: adj环境的，environmental protection环保(*)4.curiosity: n 好奇心；curious: adj好奇的,常用短语：be curious about sth / to do sth(*)

5.imagination: n 想象力；imagine: v想象；imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓励；stimulation: n刺激、鼓励；stimulant: n 刺激物、兴奋剂

7.phenomenon: n 现象，phenomena(复数)8.unknown: adj未知的，反义词：known被人所知的，know: v;短语：be known to / be unknown to被人所知/所不知;be known as被认为是„(*)a.He was known as a successful writer b.That actor was almost unknown before he played that part.c.You never know what the result is till you finish the test.9.open-minded: adj无偏见的，open-mindedness: n minded是形容词，表示具有某种心智、头脑的，如：strong-minded;feeble-minded;narrow-minded;absent-minded etc.10.regardless: adj/adv 不留心的、不关心的，不顾、不惜；regard: v 注视、认为，n 问候；regarding: prep关于；常用短语：regard sth as sth;regardless of sth(*)a.please give my kind regard to your grandparents.b.His experiment is always regarded as a dig success.c.He tried again and again regardless of the failure.11.previously: adv 在前地、早先地；previous: adj 12.disagreeable: adj让人讨厌的，反义词：agreeable另人愉快的、宜人的 13.failure: n 失败；fail: v 失败，fail to do sth;fail in sth Failure is the mother of success.14.solution: n 解决办法，solution to/for/of sth 15.adapt: v 适应、改编 adapt to sth 适应„；adapt for sth:适用于„;adaptation: n;adaptable: adj适应的，(*)a.She found it difficult to adapt herself to the life in a foreign country.b.He is not adapted for this job.16.perfect: adj完美的，反义词:imperfect No one is perfect.人无完人。

17.acceptable: adj可以接受的，accept: v 接受；acceptance: n 接受;acceptability: n 可接受性

a.Is this program acceptable to you? b.The acceptability of the proposal is under discussion.c.He asked her to marry him and she accepted him.18.frequently: adv usually;frequent: adj;frequency: n 频繁(*)a.He has written to me frequently since I went abroad.b.Rains are very frequent here in summer.c.The frequency of her visit surprised him.19.determine: v 决定，determine to do sth;determined: adj;determination: n 20.growth: n;grow: v

B:Intensive reading: 1.Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment.译：科学源于人们/人类开始对周围事物提出疑问的时候。

Starting asking„动名词作start的宾语。ask question about sh

2.Not all his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know.译：并非所有的答案都正确，但至少那时的人们确实想了解他周围的世界。

当not放在all, both表示半否定，若要表示全否定两者间用neither,三者用none.a.They both are my friends.b.Not both of them are my friends.c.Neither of them is my friend.d.They are all good students.e.They are not all good students.f.None of them is good students.3.Curiosity and imagination are important qualities which help stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.译：好奇心和想象力是帮助发现新的事实并推动科学发展的重要素质。help do sth, help to do sth，4.Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.译：具有科学头脑的人们相信因果关系。短语：believe in sth相信

5.Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*)译：像这些容易被人观察到的变化称之为现象。

这句话包含有两个被动语态，一个出现在定语从句中，另一个出现在主句中。

6.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.译：对于一些人们不知其解的现象，科学的观点是必有其因，只是尚未被发现罢了。分析：主语the scientific point of view；系动词：is；后跟表语从句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是状语。In cases:在„情况下，后跟定语从句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻译：尚欠缺的唯一条件。

7.This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.译：这指的是面对现存的事实而不管自己原来想法的能力。分析：to face the facts是动词不定式作定语修饰the ability;as they are表示按照它们的实际情况；regardless of常用短语，不管、不顾。what one has previously thought作介词of的介词宾语。

8.Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.(*)译：托马斯。爱迪生失败了成千次才成功制造了第一盏电灯。

注意本句的几个考点：thousands of times;succeed in producing;连词before

9.The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*)译：实际问题的解决方法是不能事先预见的。

注意考点：the solutions to sth;can’t be seen;in advance短语：事先。

10.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.译：科学家们必须能改变思路，调整自己的理论，使之于新发现的事实相适应。

分析：change their thinking改变思路；adapt their theories to new facts使„适应„； as they are discovered状语从句。

11.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.（*）

译：这是人的理解总是不尽完美的另一种说法。考点：动名词saying；短语less than

12.A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.译：科学的真理提供了一种解释，这种解释为人们所接受，使相对于某一特定时间内人们的知识而言的。

分析：that is acceptable定语从句修饰an explanation;what is known at a particular time作介词of的宾语。注意：in the light of sth按照、根据 = according to;be known;at a particular time.13.区分下面两句话中的被动语态用法：

⑪.Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.⑫.New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.当碰到hard, difficult, easy时后面的不定式用主动表被动，除此外其他的形容词要用过去分词表被动。

14.It may take time for new acts to become available.译：新事实的发现、获得使需要时间的。

基本句型：It takes sb some time to do sth;

C.Summary about all the phrases: 1.start doing(1段1行);2.at least(1段5行);3.lay aside sth(2段1行);4.be curious about sth(2段3行);5.take apart sth(2段3行);6.wonderabout sth(3段1行);7.combine sth with sth(3段1-2行);8.carry out(3段2行);9.believe in(4段1行);10.cause and effect;11.in case(4段7行);13.point of view(4段8行);14.regardless of sth(5段2行);15.be willing to do(5段6行);16.thousands of(5段6行);17.succeed in doing(5段7行);18.in advance(6段1行);19.adapt sth to sth(6段2行);20.once and for all(6段4行);21.make a change in sth(6段4行);22.in the light of sth(6段8行);23.respect for(7段1行);24.come up(7段3行);25.be laughed at(8段2行);26.in all fields of knowledge(8段4行).Text B: 1.arouse: vt 引起、唤起，区别：rise: vi;raise: vt;arise: vi出现、呈现(*)a.His behavior aroused my suspicion.b.A new difficulty has arisen.c.The sun rises in the ease and sets in the west.d.He raised his voice to make everyone hear.e.once his curiosity has been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge„

f.problems arise in a variety of ways.2.obtain: v 得到，get, gain.3.biological: adj 生物学的；biology: n 生物学；biologist: n 生物学家 4.account: n 叙述、帐户；v account for sth说明„的原因;accountant:会计 a.I have 2000 yuan in my account.b.His illness can account for his absence.5.logical: adj 符合逻辑的，反义词：illogical 6.analysis: n 分析；analyze: v;analyst: n 分析者 7.indicate: v 指示；indicator: n;indication: n 8.inference: n推论；infer;v;类似的词还有：refer, reference;prefer, preference 9.prediction: n;predict: v 预计

10.confidence: n 信心；confident: adj有信心的； self-confidence自信 11.unreliable: adj 靠不住的，反义词：reliable.12.accurate: adj;accuracy: n

The 13th lecture of College English one: A.Intensive reading Text B: 1.please look at the second paragraph on page 275.I’ll read and then I’ll translate it, especially pay attention to those phrases。

译：首先要认识问题。只有问题找对了，才能得出正确的答案。解决问题始于透彻的理解。问题的出现有各种情况。它们有时产生于偶然的观察，有时可能出自于阅读、实验或仅仅思考，也有可能来于新的发展或人类新的不同的需求。例如：今天，许多问题产生于核物理、生物工程和微电子领域的新发现。工业的发展也已经带来了大量的必须被解决的问题。

短语：⑪first of all首先；⑫only if除非；⑬grow out of=arise from产生于；⑭result from产生于；⑮bring about导致；⑯large number of大量的

2.Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)译：有时未回答的问题会显示需要进一步研究的领域。注意在这句话中suggest不是“建议”而是“暗示，显示”，因此不用虚拟语气。a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虚拟语气)b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虚拟语气）

短语: in need of sth需要„

3.Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.(8段)译：如果所观察到的或预测结果正如所料，科学家对他假说的可靠性就增加了信心。

通过翻译我们会发现这句话包含有一个虚拟语气，并且省略了if，进行了倒装。原句应是： If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但请大家注意此时主句用了陈述语气，属于非正式用法。短语：turn out 结果是„

He turned out to be a cheat.4.Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）译：实验必须在严格控制的条件下进行。

考点：under carefully controlled conditions.B.Important phrases: 1.first of all(2段1行);2.only if(2段2行);3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);4.result from(2段5行);5.bring about(2段10行);6.large number of(2段10行);7.build a firm foundation(4段5行);8.in need of sth(5段5行);9.build up(6段1行);10.turn out to be(8段1行);11.give up(8段4行);12.check with(9段1行);13.a variety of sth(2段3行);14.carry out(7段2行)

C.Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(2)Gerund and participles：（动名词和分词）Ⅰ.Gerund: 动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词原形加ing构成。具有某些动词的特点，在句中起名词的作用，由此得名动名词。它可以有自己的宾语和状语，这是动词的特点；在句中担任主语、表语、宾语，及定语，这属于名词的特点。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主语)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表语）c.I enjoy sleeping.（动宾）

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介宾）

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定语）

动名词也可根据需要在前面加上物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.动名词作主语：

a.Seeing is believing.b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用动名词作主语，有时也可用it作形式主语。如上面的第二句可改为： It’s no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth;it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.2.动名词作表语：一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作，这时表语和主语常可互换。a.What he likes best is making jokes.b.Making jokes is what he likes best.3.动名词作宾语：既可作动词宾语，也可作介词的宾语。有些动词后面必须用动名词，请记住下列常考动词：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, deny, mind, practice, risk, suggest, postpone, miss, can’t help, put off, give up, keep on etc.a.She denied stealing her money.b.I tried my best to avoid meeting him in the street.c.You’d better put off having the meeting because of SARS.d.If you want to make great progress, you must practice speaking every day.e.I am considering doing it again.动名词常跟在一些固定的词组后面，如：

insist on, look forward to, be used to, succeed in, be interested in, be engaged in, depend on, be busy doing, stick to, devote to, etc

注意：有些动词后面既可用不定式作宾语也可用动名词作宾语，且差别不大，如：continue, begin start, prefer etc.a.I prefer making a plan before I go over my lessons.b.I prefer to make a plan before I go over my lessons 但有些动词区别却很大，如：remember, forget, regret, go on, try, etc.(*)a.I remember giving money to him.(表示give这个动作已在remember 前发生过了。)b.I remember to give money to him.（表示give这个动作还未在remember 前发生。）c.I regret accepting your advice.d.I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.e.They went on talking about it.f.They went on to talk about it.g.They stopped talking.h.They stopped to talk.4.动名词作定语：一般表示所修饰词的用途，如：drinking water, writing desk, reading room, etc.5.动名词的否定式：not + 动名词

I’m sorry not getting there on time.6.动名词的时态和语态：

1>.一般时表示一般性的动作，发生的时间不明确。而完成时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生。a.I am looking forward to seeing you soon.b.Thank you for having helped me so much.2>.当动名词逻辑上的主语是它所表示的动作的对象时，要用它的被动语态。a.He insisted on being sent to hospital.b.He insisted on sending her to hospital.3>.当句子谓语是want, need, require, deserve时，常用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。a.The radio needs repairing.(= The radio needs to be repaired.)b.The babies require examining.(= The babies require to be examined.)4>.主语 + be worth doing / 主语 + be worthy + to be done/of being done.a.The book is worth reading.b.The book is worthy to be read.c.The book is worthy of being read.Ⅱ.participle:分词也是非谓语动词的一种，它有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词。分词可以有自己的宾语和状语，也可有逻辑主语，在句中担任表语，定语，状语和宾补。

a.The story is interesting.I’m interested in it.（表语）b.This is a moving film.（定语）

c.She came in, singing and dancing.（状语）d.He saw that man jumping off the wall.(宾补)1.现在分词和过去分词的区别：从语态上讲，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动；从时态上讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom? b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.d.Look!The falling leaves are yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.2.分词作表语：一般当主语是物时，用现在分词，含有“令人„” ；当主语是人时一般用过去分词，表示“感到„”.a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.

第四篇：大学体验英语综合教程2英语

1范文:At Oxford, the university and its individual colleges have different roles to play.Basically, the colleges selects their own undergraduate students and take primary responsibility for the students' tutorial teaching and well-being.They also provide accommodations, meals, and other care for their tudents.As for the University, it provides a wide range of resources for teaching and learning in the form of libraries, laboratories, and other facilities.In addition, the University selects and supervises graduate students, and awards degrees in a wide variety of subjects.2范文:There are several things you cannot ignore when tracking down information on job openings.First, you should consult your friends, relatives, or neighbors, who may offer information unavailable elsewhere.Second, you should read the classified section in the newspapers often.Next, remember to register with two or three recruitment agencies.Finally, don’t forget to make use of the Internet.In today’s society the Internet is a quick and cost-effective method for employers to announce their employment needs.Therefore, if you log onto the Internet, you just might find your dream job.3范文:Getting a good education has many advantages.First, a good education means personal enrichment.A well-educated person is more knowledgeable and civilized.His life is also more meaningful.Second, with a good educational background, one has more opportunities to find a better job.Finally, armed with what education offers, one is likely to make a greater contribution to society and play a role in helping society to advance more rapidly.翻译为自动翻译，仅供参考。

1范文:在牛津大学及其各学院有不同的角色扮演。基本上,学校选择他们自己的本科学生和采取的首要责任为学生的教学和福祉的教程。他们还提供食宿、和其他照顾他们的学生。至于大学,它提供了一个广泛的资源的教学和学习的形式,在2范文:有几件事你不能忽视当跟踪信息在职位空缺。首先,你应该咨询你的朋友,亲戚,邻居,她们可能提供其他地方无法获得信息。其次,你应该读报纸上的分类广告版面经常。接下来,记得注册两个或三个招聘机构。最后,不要忘了利用互联网。在今天的社会,互联网是一个快速而经济有效的方法对雇主宣布他们的就业需求。因此,如果你登录互联网,你也许会发现你梦想的工作。3范文:得到良好的教育有很多优点。首先,良好的教育意味着个人浓4范文:人们对广告的主要受害者,原因有两个。首先,人类有自己的弱点。人们想要受欢迎,爱和时尚。因此,他们常常向。5范文:但临近结束的旅行,事情错了飞机。在最后的几分钟前预定着陆,飞行员与布鲁塞尔机场失去了联系。他开始他的方法的土地,但在最后一刻,他把飞机了。他环绕机场,准备再试一次。但是,在第二次尝试中,他突然加快速度,把飞机进入一个急剧攀升。在一瞬间,飞机撞到地面,爆炸在一团火焰。所有的船上的人被杀,其中包括18名成员,美国花样滑冰队。7范文:我的父亲是一个最慷慨的人,总是乐于帮助需要的人。尽管他挣微薄的工资,他8.写信给医疗保险机构（holiday insurance）Dear sir or madam:

I will traveling on holiday during the month of July。I will travel from Guangzhou to Australia by airplane.Upon arrival in Australia, I plan travel by train and bus throughout the eastern region.I am interested in applying for holiday insurance to cover any loss of or damage to my luggage and personal belongings during this time.Please let me know the terms, conditions and cost

4范文:People fall victim to advertising mainly for two reasons.First, human beings have their own weaknesses.People want to be popular, loved and fashionable.Therefore, they often turn to advertising to have a sense of security.Second, advertisers take advantage of human weaknesses.Through advertisements, they tell people what is new, what they should look like, what is cool, and what is hot.They constantly stimulate people to want things and to follow fashion.Eventually, people become victims of advertising even without realizing it.5范文:But towards the end of the trip, something went wrong with the plane.During the last few minutes before the scheduled landing, the pilot lost contact with the Brussels airport.He began his approach to land, but at the last moment, he pulled the plane up.He circled the airport and prepared to try again.But, in the second try, he suddenly increased the speed and pulled the plane into a steep climb.In an instant, the plane hit the ground and exploded in a ball of flames.All the people on board were killed, including the 18 members of the United States figure skating team.7范文:My father is a most generous man and is always ready to help someone in need.Although he earns a small salary, he never turns away those friends and neighbors who come to him for financial help.He even gives generously to strangers.One time, he met a pitiable-looking old man on the street who said he couldn’t go home because he had lost all the money he had with him.Father took the old man to our home, gave him a meal and then sent him home with some money.Father’s generosity has earned him a lot of friends, as well as a good reputation.for this coverage.I appreciate your assistance in the regard.Sincerely yours______________ 9.写贺卡 Dear Mr.Wang.It is a great pleasure to learn of your admission to Cornell University.I heartily congratulate you on this honor.May you enjoy continued success in your future studies.SincerelyMike Hadley10写信给家里 Dear Mom.Thanks for your letter encouraging me to move forward when I feel homesick and blue.It is true that I am still adjusting to everything around me here on campus although it is already the beginning of the third month.I admire those of my classmate who seemingly need to make no adjustments and deal so well with everything around them.but don’t worry, Mom, I am catching up!I feel I’ve learned so much in the last couple of months.I am learning to do things by myself and feel great when I finish something independently.I have even learned to wash my own clothes!

Mom, I got an email account with hotmail yesterday and here it is: xgzhu@hotmail.com.You may send me a message in Dad’s laptop.I can receive it here in a couple of minutes.Amazing, isn’tit ? we may “talk” to each other via email now.Love

Silvia

第五篇：大学英语综合教程1 单词表

Unit 1 Test A off and on 断断续续地，有时 take hold 生根，确立

associate 使联系起来，使联想

assignment（分配的）工作，任务，作业 turn out 编写，制作 paragraph 段落

agony(身心的)极度痛苦 assign 分配，分派

cheerless阴郁的，沉闷的 tedious乏味的，冗长的 reputation 名声，名誉 inability无能，无力 inspire激励，鼓舞

formal 刻板的，拘谨的，正式的，正规的 rigid一成不变的，严格的 out of date过时的 excessively过分地

prim古板的，拘谨的，循规蹈矩的，整洁的 severe朴素的，严重的，剧烈的 wavy波形的，波浪形的 necktie领带

pointed有尖的，尖的 jaw颌，颚

comic 滑稽的，喜剧的，连环漫画（册）antique古物，古玩 tackle处理，应付

informal（指讲话，文字）口语体的，非正式的 essay散文，小品文，论说文 distribute分发，分配，分送 finally最终，终于

face up to勇敢地接受或对付 scan浏览，粗略地看 spaghetti意大利式细面条

title标题，题目，给...加标题，加题目于 extraordinary不同寻常的，奇特的

sequence一连串相关的事物，次序，顺序 image形象，印象，（图）像 vivid生动的，逼真的 adult成年人，成年动物 recall回想起，回忆起

social社会的，社交的，交谊的

respectable可敬的，体面的，文雅的 put down写下 recapture再现，再次经历 relive再体验，重温 violate违背，违反 compose创作

turn in交（作业）command命令，指令

discipline惩罚，处分，纪律

what’s more而且，此外，更有甚者 contempt轻视，轻蔑

ridicule嘲笑，嘲弄，被戏弄 open-hearted诚挚的

enjoyment愉快，欢乐，满意 hold back控制（感情，眼泪等）avoid避免

demonstration表明，证明 calling职业，使命

career生涯，事业，职业 seal印章，图章 essence本质，精髓

Unit 1 Test B tradition传统 award授予，给予

valedictorian致告别词的毕业生代表 maintain保持，维持 look forward to盼望 participate in参加 registration登记，注册 fee费（如会费等）gym健身房，体育馆

compare to相比，比得上 falsify窜改，歪曲

plus（常置于被修饰词后面）比...略好（或略高）一些的，加，加上 tie平手，不分胜负

drown out（指声音）淹没 here and there 各处 filter渗过，渗透

resign顺从，听任，辞职 make it办成，做到，赶上 principal校长，院长 policy方针，政策 regarding关于，至于 dignity尊严

muster激起，聚集 represent代表，象征 expectation期待，预期 clasp紧抓，紧握

significance意义，意思 hoe用锄除（草），用锄整（地）spring up迅速生长或出现 delicate脆弱的，柔软的

withdrawn沉默寡言的，不善交际的 drag拖着脚步走 exception例外 tremble颤抖，哆嗦 yell叫喊

innocent天真无邪的，清白的 hug拥抱 pat轻拍

Unit 2 Test A be lost in（lose oneself in）专心致志于 windshield（汽车的）挡风玻璃 cab出租车

available可用的，可得到的

apologetically 道歉的，带有歉意的 or something诸如此类的事 go ahead 继续，开始

know/learn by heart记住，能背出 on the road 在旅途中 estimate估计

might/may(just)as well不妨，（也）无妨 not much of a不太好的 keep up保持

correspondence通信（联系），信件 practically自始至终，一直 neighborhood街坊，四邻 kind/sort of有几分，有点儿 lose touch（with sb）失去联系 guy家伙，伙计

a couple of几个，一对，一双

tough不幸的，困难的，坚固的，坚强的 on one’s mind 记挂在心头 keep in touch（with）（与...）保持联系，保持接触 come up(尤指意想不到地)发生，出现 shrug耸（肩）urge力劝，催促

postpone推迟，使延期

reference提及，谈到，参考，查阅 absolutely完全地，极其

reunion（家人，朋友，同事等久别后的）重聚 go by（时间）逝去 hang out闲荡，徘徊 every now and then有时 mostly几乎全部，多半，大体

awful非常的，极大的，可怕的，糟糕的 choke（使）窒息，堵塞

choke up(因激动等)哽得说不出话，堵塞 destination目的地 skip略过，跳过，跳跃 sorrowful伤心的，悲伤的 in the distance在(相当)远处

unpack打开 right away立刻，马上

Unit 2 Test B let down使失望，不帮助 burn off烧掉 peer仔细看

uneasy不安的，担心的 bump颠簸着前进

get rid of消灭，除去 stuff东西，原料 tow拖，拉，牵引 soak（使）浸透 pitch颠簸

swing（使）突然转向

burst into突然（烧，哭等）起来 flame火焰，火舌 spin（使）旋转 fling抛，扔，掷 roar轰鸣（声），吼叫（声）crash撞，撞坏，坠毁 steer驾驶 bare赤裸的 grip紧握

explosion爆炸 extent程度，范围 injury伤害，损伤

worse still更糟糕的是

in bad/good shape 身体状况差（好）despair绝望 hang on 坚持

permanently永久地，固定地 principle信条，原则，原理 draw on利用，动用，靠 character品德，品质，性格 lean倚，靠

exclaim惊叫，呼喊 grab一把抓住 slide（使）滑动

ease减轻（痛苦，负担等）grin咧嘴笑

medal奖章，奖牌，勋章 courageous勇敢的，无畏的 rescue援救，营救

highlight最重要的事件，最精彩的部分

Unit 3 Test A likely可能的,可能 privileged有特权的 privilege特权 minority少数

do without没有...而设法对付过去 highly很，非常

risky危险的，有风险的 nasty令人难受的

brutish野兽般的，野蛮的 anyway不管怎么说

put/turn the clock back倒退，开倒车 cut off切断，中断，切下，剪下 competition竞争，比赛 bring about引起，导致 moreover而且，再者

inquiring好问的，爱探索的 inquire询问

global世界的，全球的 suppress抑制，压制

initiative首创精神，主动

inventiveness发明才能，创造力 slow down减慢 rate速度，比率 ensure保证，确保 democratic民主的

informed有知识的，了解情况的，明智的 inform告诉，通知

at the moment此刻，目前

in two minds犹豫不决，三心二意 steady平稳的，稳定的 evident明显的

cartoon漫画，动画片 element成分，元素 astronomy天文学

series连续，系列，系列节目 fiction小说，虚构 harness驾驭，利用 background背景 acid酸（性的），酸味的（物质）greenhouse温室

nuclear原子核的，核心的 weapon武器

genetic基因的，遗传（学）的 engineering工程，工程学 basis基础 lie in在于 rote死记硬背

learn by rote死记硬背地学习relevance相关，关联

in terms of从...方面（或角度）来说，按照，根据 equation等式，方程（式）brief简洁的，短暂的 mathematical数学的 halve将...减半 tend倾向，趋向

in the form of呈...的形状，以...形式 precise精确的

qualitative定性的，性质上的 grasp掌握，了解 concept概念

sufficient充分的，足够的 convey传达，表达 diagram图表，图解 framework框架，结构 molecular分子的

transistor晶体管，晶体管收音机 put across解释清楚，使被理解 proportion比例，部分 truly真正地，确实地 magic魔术，魔力

fit into适合，符合，属于

producer（电影，电视片等的）制片人，生产者，制造人 responsibility责任 educate教育

entertain给...以欢乐，招待 hence因此，从此 contact与...接触 alien外国的，陌生的 civilization文明

Unit 3 Test B deadline最后期限

headline（报纸上新闻报导等的）标题 immediately直接地，贴近地 victim受害者，罹难者 frustrate使沮丧，使灰心 yield泄露，产生

step by step逐步地，稳定地 outcome结果

result in导致，结果是 gradual逐渐的，渐变的 process过程 conclusion结论 propose提出，建议 random任意的，随机的 compare with与...比较 evaluate评估，评价

characterize成为...的特征 bulk大部分，（巨大的）体积 submit提交，呈递 publish发表，出版

professional专业的，职业的

press release(通讯社或政府机构等发布的）新闻稿 challenge挑战 amount数量，总数

wear down(使）变小，变少，变弱

organic有机（体）的，只施用有机肥料的 trumpet大肆宣扬 reverse挫折，逆境 somehow以某种方式

Unit 4 Test A driveway宅旁私家车道 mow修剪（草坪），刈（草）lawn草地，草坪

comprehend理解,了解,领会

turn away拒绝帮忙，不让...进入

weed除去...的杂草，除草，杂草，野草 assume假设，以为

compliment赞扬，赞美的言辞或行为 work out制定出，解决，算出 weekly每周的，一周一次的 clean up打扫，清除 do with对待，处理 determination决心，决定

personnel人事部门，全体人员，全体职员 apprentice学徒

capacity能力，才能 blueprint蓝图

micrometer测微计，千分尺 precision精密，精确（性）turn down拒绝

skilled熟练的，有技巧的，技术性的 grinder磨工

grind磨，磨碎，碾碎

instrument工具，器械，仪器 for sale待售 wreck残破物，（尤指失事船只，飞机等的）残骸 call on拜访

banker银行家，银行高级职员 loan借，贷，贷款

character（人的）品德，品质，性格 damn丝毫

reluctantly勉强地

mortgage抵押借款，按揭 down payment定金，（分期付款的）初付款额 discard抛弃

odds and ends零星杂物，琐碎物品 screen纱门，纱窗，屏，荧屏 hardware五金器具，（计算机的）硬件 spot地点，斑点 confidence信心

amaze使惊愕，使诧异 amazement惊愕，诧异 diet日常饮食

send for派人去叫，召唤，派人去取 hunt寻找，打猎，猎取 abandon抛弃，放弃

property（房）地产，财产 shed小屋，棚

sometime某个时候

sponsor为...做保证人，主办，发起，保证人，主办人，发起人 amuse逗乐，给...提供娱乐 approach接近

millionaire百万富翁 pass away去世

check on检查，调查，察看 handle管理，处理，操纵 livable适于居住的

homey舒适的，像家一样的 stature身材，身高，境界 industrialist工业家，实业家 route路线，路程

principle信条，原则，原理 vision远见，视觉，视力 optimism乐观，乐观主义 above all最重要的是 integrity正直，完整

rung（梯子的）横档，梯级 basement地下室 giant巨大的，巨人 balance平衡，余额

balance sheet资产负债表 decimal小数

Unit 4 Test B illegal不合法的，违法的

immigrant（外来）移民，移民的，移入的 taco stand卖玉米面卷的摊子 connection连接，联系，（可资利用的）熟人，关系 put up with忍受，容忍 in search of寻找 head for向...行进 supervise监督，指导 land赢得，得到

temporary暂时的，临时的 response回答，反应 risk冒...的危险，（使）遭受危险，危险，风险

acquire（靠自己的能力，努力等）取得，获得，学到 make（both）ends meet勉强维持生计，使收支相抵 associate’s degree准学士学位 environment环境，周围状况 on the side作为兼职

stand a chance of有...的希望，有...的可能 prospect前景，预期，展望 reserve保留，储备，预订

rare稀有的，罕见的，不寻常的 former以前的，早先的，旧时的 quit停止，放弃

deserve应受，应得，值得

impress给...深刻的印象，使钦佩 show up来到，露面 flip转动，使翻转

humanistic人道主义的，人本主义的

Unit 5 Test A obituary讣告 die of死于

coronary冠状动脉的 thrombosis血栓（形成）acquaintance相识的人，（略微的)了解 instantly立刻，马上 workaholic工作狂

classic典范，典型，典型的 day off休息日

conceivably可想到的，可想象的 retire退休

executive（企业等中的）行政领导，管理人员 extracurricular课外的 monthly每月的，每月一次的 golf高尔夫球运动 salad色拉，凉拌蔬菜

overweight肥胖的，超重的，过重的 survivor遗留的家属，幸存者，生还者 survive比...活得长，经历...后幸存 marketable适合市场需求的，可出售的 mother抚育（孩子）give up放弃

compete竞争，对抗

compete against/with与...竞争，与...对抗 care for照看，照顾 dearly非常地

beloved深爱的，亲爱的

eldest第一个出生的，年龄最大的 manufacturer（尤指用机器）大量制造 funeral葬礼

embarrass使尴尬，使局促不安 newly新近地

married结婚的，已婚的 odd临时的，不固定的 grass大麻

grab at抓住，夺得

favorite特别受喜爱的人（或物），最喜欢的 stay up醒着，不去睡

board为...提供膳宿，搭伙，寄宿 widow寡妇 deceased死的

the deceased已死的人 replace代替，取代

look sb in the eye直视某人 bitter愤怒的，委屈的，怨恨的 straighten out解决

finance财政，金融，财源，财力 stock股票，证券，公债 option期权，选择

stock option股票期权，优价认股权 and all that诸如此类的 heart-attack心脏病发作 natural非常适合的人 pick out辨认出，分辨出

lineup（为接受检查等而排列的）一行人，一排人 discreet谨慎的，（言行）审慎的 inquiry打听，询问 replacement接替者，替代物 ask around四处打听

Unit 5 Test B pop up出现，发生

enthusiastic极感兴趣的，热心的

among others（除列举到的之外）还有许多 distract使分心

relationship关系，关联，亲属关系 socialize交往，交际 delegate授（权），把...委托给下级 input投入（物），输入 typically通常，典型地 disarray混乱，紊乱 intimacy亲昵关系，亲密 divorce离婚 focus on集中

depression忧愁，沮丧 link连接，联系

concern担心，忧虑，关心的事 extreme极度的

in short总之，简言之 well-being康乐，安乐

solution解决，解决方法，解答 addition瘾，沉溺 survey调查

priority优先考虑的事 relax松弛，放松 detail细节

oriented以...为方向的，重视...的 schedule将...列为计划表 overall包括一切的，总的 fulfilling令人心满意足的 reliable可信赖的，可靠的 diversion转向，转移 productive多产的

on one’s own独自地，独立地 staff全体雇员 let go松开，释放

Unit 6 Test A valentine情人

make one’s way走去 grand宏伟的，壮丽的

absorb完全吸收住...的注意，吸收 margin页边空白 reflect反映，显示

thoughtful深思的，体贴的 insightful具有洞察力的 insight洞察力

previous早先的，先前的

locate找到...的位置，使坐落于 correspond通信

ship（尤指用船）运送

overseas去（在）国外（的），去（在）海外（的）fertile肥沃的，富饶的 romance爱情故事，风流韵事 bud发芽，萌芽，（枝叶的）芽，花蕾 haunt使担忧，使苦恼，（鬼魂）常出没于 take a chance(on sth)碰运气，冒险 disgust使厌烦，使反感 whichever无论哪个或哪些 lapel（西服上衣的）翻领

sustain支持，使（努力等）持续下去，保持 unfailing永恒的，无穷的 slim苗条的，细小的，微小的 curl鬈发

chin下巴，颏

provocative挑逗的，挑衅的 curve（使）弯曲

go sb’s way与某人同路 murmur轻声说，咕哝

more than a little很，非常 ankle踝，踝节部

thrust挤入，插入，猛推

heel（鞋，袜等的）后跟，脚后跟，踵 split（使）裂开，破裂 keen强烈的，热切的 longing渴望 companion陪伴 uphold支持，维护

sensible通情达理的，理智的 kindly亲切的，和蔼的，仁慈的 glow光亮，光辉 hesitate踌躇，犹豫 grip握紧，紧握

leather（动物的）皮，皮革 identify识别 grateful感激的

be grateful to(sb)for(sth)为某事感激某人 square挺直（肩膀）salute（向...)行举手礼

lieutenant海军上尉，陆军中尉 broaden（使）变宽，（使）扩大 wisdom智慧，明智

in response to作为对...的回应

Unit 6 Test B come across偶然遇见，碰上 make out辨认出 hope for希望，期待 clue线索

identify身份 other than除了

nursing home（尤指接纳老年人的）私人疗养院 exchange交换，互换

match up to与...一样好，比得上 lead线索

for sure毫无疑问

security治安保卫，安全，安全感 goodness天哪 relief轻松，宽慰

be in love with(sb)热恋着（某人）come to an end结束 adjust校准，调准

catch up on(sth)事后了解关于...的情况，弥补（耽搁下来的工作等）knot（绳等的）结 tie the knot结婚 erect挺直的，直立的

Unit 7 Test A extensively广泛地，大量地 intelligence智力

intelligent聪明的，有才智的 controversy争论，争议 surround围绕，包围 consciousness意识 explore探究，探索 obvious明显的 vet兽医

keeper（动物园的）饲养员 encounter遇到，遭遇 reveal展示，揭露

convince使确信，使信服 feat技艺，业绩，功绩

captivity被俘，监禁，束缚 dominant统治的，占优势的 species物种 planet行星

make a deal达成交易

conservationist自然资源保护论者 gorilla大猩猩

suspicious可疑的，猜疑的 peanut花生

only to结果却，不料 blank有表情的，空白的 negotiate谈判，协商 stake奖品，奖金，赌注 pineapple凤梨，菠萝

relieve使减轻痛苦或焦虑等，减轻（痛苦或焦虑等）orangutan猩猩

undertake从事，承担（任务等）anthropologist人类学者 figure out理解，推断出

extend延伸，伸展，扩大，加长 dealing交易，买卖

chip薄片，碎片，集成电路片 expand扩大，扩展 switch转换，变换 foil金属薄片，箔

virtuous有道德的，善良的 promptly立即地 stem茎，（树）干，（叶）梗 whale鲸

cooperate合作，协作 behaviorist行为主义者

in sb’s interest(s)为了某人的利益 go far帮助很大，很有成效 consultant顾问 behavior举止，行为 assess评估，估量

judgment判断，意见，看法 mate配偶，伙伴，同事 thrive茁壮成长，兴旺 at first起先 stretcher担架

emergency紧急情况，突然事件 go wrong有毛病的，出故障 halt停住，停止 throw up呕吐 apparently明显地 size up估量，判断 release释放 slide（使）滑动 primate灵长目动物 evidence证据，迹象 deceive欺骗

inaccessible达不到的，难得到的 original最初的，原始的

colony（生长在同一地方的动物或植物）群，群体，殖民地gaze凝视，注视 give in让步，屈服，投降

underneath在（...）下面，在（...）底下 pea-brained笨的 turtle（海）龟

survival生存，幸存 disaster灾难

wipe out消灭，消除 dinosaur恐龙

horizon眼界，见识，地平线

Unit 7 Test B cautious谨慎的

display流露，显示，展示 adequate充分的，足够的 accompany陪伴，陪同 exhibit展示 nest巢，窝

vacant无表情的，空着的

not have the heart（to do sth)不愿，不忍心（做某事）status地位，身份

flock（鸟，兽等）一群

pull oneself together振作起来 at first sight乍一看，一见之下 instinct本能，生性 purchase买，购买

nevertheless然而，虽然如此 twist转动，（使）扭曲，扭伤 pair off（使）成对，成双 decline谢绝 take to喜欢上

reproduce生殖，繁育

magnificent宏大的，壮观的，出色的 shed light on阐明

tolerance容忍，宽容，忍耐

heap（sth）on（sb）大量地给予（某人）（某物）marital婚姻的，夫妻的

field biologist野外生物学家 coyote（北美草原的）郊狼 indicate表明

observe观察，注意 lick舔

tell of讲述 otter獭，水獭

get around各处走动

make a habit of形成...的习惯 alarm使惊慌，使恐慌 by any chance或许，可能

in the world竟然，到底，究竟 reject拒绝接受

Unit 8 Test A fable寓言

teenager青少年

run out of用完，耗尽 file档案，卷宗 folder文件夹

drugstore（兼营杂货的）药房 handful一把，少量

modestly不太多，不太大，适中 upset使苦恼，使心烦意乱 ignorant无知的，不知道的 ignorance无知，愚昧

senior（大学或中学）毕业班的学生 private私人的，私有的 slice部分，（薄薄的）一片 calculation计算 nonexistent不存在的 chill（使）变冷，（使）不寒而栗 indifference漠不关心 sum总结，概述，合计 sum up总结，概括

financial财政的，金融的 accumulate积累，积聚 ancestor祖先，祖宗 intellectual智力的 affect影响

industrial工业的

function运作，起作用，作用，功能 idle懒散的，空闲的

jam发生故障，卡住，堵塞 break down停止运转，失败，垮了

drive（sth）home(to sb)使清楚无误地理解 humble谦卑的，卑微的

dramatize将...改编为剧本，将...戏剧化 headphone头戴式受话器，耳机

portable便携（式）的，手提（式）的 peasant农民，雇农 county（英国的）郡，（美国的）县 hut小屋，棚屋 search for寻找 poverty贫穷，贫困 leisure空闲，闲暇

luxury奢侈品，奢华，奢侈 mill工厂，制造厂 subway地铁

better off更富有，更舒服 foe敌人

scare（使）惊慌，（使）恐惧 foxhole散兵坑（小型掩体）wake up醒了

porter（旅馆，火车站等的）搬行李工人，搬运工人 complex复杂的

manual体力的，手工做的 slum贫民窟

plumbing（水，煤气等）管道设施

privacy（不受干扰的）独处，隐私，隐秘 trash垃圾，废物

befriend帮助，以朋友态度对待 swear发誓，宣誓

make a living by靠...维持生计 miracle奇迹 faculty官能

contemptible令人鄙视的，可轻蔑的 coward懦夫

Unit 8 Test B ditch抛弃，丢弃

multiplication乘法，倍增 off-limits禁止使用的 access接近，进入，享用 seminar研讨会

benefit好处，利益，有益于 device装置，设备 call for要求

discourage使灰心，使泄气 in the first place首先 proceed继续进行

competent有能力的，能胜任的 essential必要的，最重要的 adolescent青少年

concentrate on集中（注意力，精力等）于 solve解决（问题，困难等）appropriate适当的，得体的 cut down减少

reflect on思考，沉思 effective有效的 confuse使困惑

what if如果...怎么样 communicate交流，交际 strategy策略，战略 at hand在手边，临近bat眨（眼睛）claim声称，断言

commonplace普通的，平凡的 section（事物的）一部分 circumference圆周

factor将...分解因子，因素 quadratic二次的 sole唯一的

contribute作出贡献，贡献出 ultimate最终的，根本的