大学英语教程(上册)_笔记(全)

第一篇：大学英语教程(上册)_笔记(全)

本课程的名称为“大学英语自学教程（上册）”，它是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）专科阶段的公共实践课，检测好坏的标准是会不会灵活运用这门语言。考试大纲规定，大学英语的教学目标是“使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说、读、写及汉译英能力，为获得专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础”。

本课程包括较系统的英语语法知识、英语单词约3000个和词组约500个，阅读量为30000余词。本课程的重点是英语的基本词汇和语法，课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。

本课程的主要考试内容是从词汇、语法、阅读和翻译着手的。从2000年开始考试题型已改为如下七种：A.客观题部分：1.单项选择10%；2.完型填空10%；3.阅读理解30%；B.主观题部分：4.单词拼写10%；5.词形转换10%；6.汉译英15%；7.英译汉15% 为了帮助大家在英语学习、考试方面能达到事半功倍的效果，以及从我这几年教受英语课程的经验来看，想给大家提几点建议，：

第一，要勤读、多读。我们这里所说的“读”包括朗读和阅读，正确的发音，流利的朗读，对于熟练掌握单词、句子和课文，提高阅读速度都有根本意义；

第二，记牢单词。我知道这历来是考生们最头疼的事情，但是我认为只要大家有好的适合自己的方法，那么对于大纲要求的这3000词汇来说应该只是a piece of cake(小事一庄)。发音要正确，背单词要有计划，读写结合，注意常用词的词类和变化规则，记单词要和学习课文结合起来，不能死记硬背，最后一环是和遗忘作斗争的最有效手段---复习。英语中有一句谚语：Rome wasn’t built in one day!译成中文是：冰冻三尺非一日之寒。记忆单词尤应记住它；

第三点，学好语法。学语法的主要目的是为了用。对于英语教学我最擅长的就是讲解语法，一般我会将语法现象融入所学课文中，让大家感觉不是那么晦涩难懂。只有在错综复杂的语言现象中学和用，才能真正掌握语法。

guaranteed for one year.英语学习不是一句两句(v 保修)就说的完的，今后我会在教学4.intelligent:a 聪明中逐步让大家感受到学英语的的、明智的，n intelligence 乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事聪明、智慧

业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富5.conversely: ad 相反大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟地，converse a 相反的

是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我6.similar:a 相似的、类将四个英文字母以及一句谚语似的，短语be similar to 送给我们每一位自学者：sth / sb in sth(*)IIpp----Interest，e.g.She is similar in Intention, patience and temper(性情、脾气)to her persistence.Where there mother.is a will, there is a 7.independent:a 独立way!(有志者事竟成！)Good 的、自主的，independence n luck!

独立、自主、自立，（*）

下面我们开始上课。我想字根：depend(v):依靠、在第一课开始之前对大家提几依赖，depend on / upon 点要求：1.每人都必须有课dependence: n 信赖、信本，即高远主编的《大学英语任、依靠；dependent: a 依自学教程》（上）；2.每讲后靠的、需要支持的

必须要复习、做作业；3.最好a.When you begin to 能提前看看下讲的课文；4.make money you can live a 每5个单元有测验，请大家务life of independence.必认真完成;5有问题随时b.Children depend on 问，学习上不要害羞。

their parents for food.本教程共计25个单元。c.I don’t want to be 每单元分A，B两篇文章，一dependent on my parents, 般A 位重点文章，精讲；B为because I am an adult.培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。

8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to Unit one:

something Text A: How to Be a 9.adult: n 成年人；a Successful Language 成年的、成熟的

Learner?

a.She can do it

herself, for she is an Ⅰ.New Words:

adult now.1.successful: a 成功b.His behavior isn’t 的；

adult.succeed v : succeed 10.conclusion: n 结in doing something做某事论、推论；v conclude.成功;

decide v 决定，decision n success n;决定、决心

successfully ad(*)

11.communicate: v 交a.She wished him 流、通讯、传播，习语：

success_ in his new job.①communicate sth to b.Were you successful sb: 传播某事给某人；

in finding a new house?

②communicate with sb: c.I finished my 同某人交流

training successfully.名词：communication: a d.He succeeds in communication satellite 通finding a good job.讯卫星；

2.disagree: v disagree a communication with somebody(与某人有分network 通讯网，歧，意见不一致)，telecommunication:电讯、电n disagreement, a 信，disagreeable;反义词：agree, China agreement, agreeable

telecommunication中国电信

e.g.I always disagree 12.inexact: a 不正确with him.的，反义词：exact 3.guarantee:n / v 保 incomplete: a 不完证、担保、保修

整的，反义词：complete e.g.1>.The watch has a 13.purpose: n 目的、意two-year guarantee.(n保图，purposeful: a 有目的修)的，蓄意的，2>.The TV set is purposefully: ad 有

目的地、蓄意地(*)

a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的 15.technique: n 技术、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲

a.You should outline the story before you write it.b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement

②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点：

修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom,(一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析！

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has

come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地„)这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in 译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。

①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 从句

a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的

①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语

②短语：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice„

hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与„不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.(*)译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。

①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some many ways.(*)

c.He’s afraid that 译：语言学习研究显示成he’ll be late for class.功的语言学习者在许多方面都10.When communication 是相似的。

is difficult, they can ①本句主语Language accept information that is learning research；谓语：inexact or incomplete.shows；宾语：that引导一个译：当交流困难时，他们宾语从句。在宾语从句中会接受不准确或不完整的信successful language 息。

learners是主语；are是系动本句中包含一个时间状语词；similar in many ways从句When communication is 是表语

difficult，一个定语从句②重要短语be similar that is inexact or(to sb/sth)in sth在„方incomplete，修饰先行词面与某人/某事相似

information，在从句中that7.Instead of waiting 作主语。

for the teachers to 11.It’s more explain, they try to find important for them to the patterns and the rules learn to think in the for themselves.(*)

language than to know the 译：不是等这老师解释，meaning of every word.(*)而是自己努力去发现各种句型译：对他们来说，学会用和规则。

所学的语言来思考比学会每个①Instead of waiting 单词的意思更重要。

for the teachers to ①it作形式主语，真正explain,介词短语作状语，主主语是动词不定式to learn 语：they；谓语：try to to think in the language.find；宾语：the patterns 原句语序应是：For them to and the rules for learn to think in the themselves

language is more important ②介词of后的动词要用than to know the meaning 动名词waiting

of every word.③短语：instead of sth;用形式主语的目的是因为wait for sb to do sth;try 不定式作主语太长，为避免句to do sth;

子头重脚轻，用it代替真正8.They find people who 的主语。

speak the language and e.g.For many people they ask these people to to learn English well is correct them when they very difficult.make a mistake.(*)

=It’s very 译：他们寻找说这种语言difficult for many people 的人，当他们说错时就请这些to learn English well 人帮助指正。

②短语：learn to do ①这是一个由and连接的sth学会做„;more 并列句，其中有一个定语从句important than „更重要

who speak the language，修12.It’s necessary for 饰先行词people;有一个时间them to learn the language 状语从句when they make a in order to communicate mistake

with these people and to ②correct: v 指正、纠learn from them.正，短语：make a mistake = For them to learn 犯错误

the language in order to 9.They are not afraid communicate with these to repeat what they hear people and to learn from or to say strange things.them are necessary

learn from sb:向„学习

13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。

①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)

14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)

译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。

①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。

15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。

①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。

②短语：on the other

hand: 另一方面来说;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨„，最好„.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

8.similar in sth„(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do„(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);

14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do„(7段6行);

17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, A.Some new words: purposefully;1.instance: a single 12.regularly;

13.fact, event, example.例technique;14.outline.子、实例，常用短语for C.Key to part instance，例如。

exercises:(from page 8 to 2.waiter: a person 12)

who serves food at the

一、课文练习： tables in a restaurant(男Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;性)，Ⅱ.1.task;waitress女服务员、2.intelligent;3.tudy;女招待

4.clue;5.conclusion;3.traveler: a person 6.repeat;7.communication;who goes from place to 8.purpose;9.probably;

place, esp.to a far away 10.outline place Ⅲ.1.Instead of;travel: v 旅游

2.therefore;3.more„than;

4.primitive: adj 原4.even;5.first of all;始的：of the earliest 6.because;7.on the other times of life or of man hand;8.finally;9.looking 5.exact 反义词for;10.conversely inexact Ⅳ.1.见课文；

6.consist;v 短语： 2.Language consist of 组成

learning is active e.g.My class learning.Learners should

consists of 20 students.take advantage of every 7.simply: adv, chance to use the language.simple adj 简单的

3.Language learning should be active，independent and purposeful.B.Some language 4.见一讲作业。points: 5.The teachers 1.not only„but often pass on their also„不但„而且，并列连successful experience in 词。(连接两个并列成分)language learning to us.e.g.⑪ I hope to be

二、词汇练习： not only your teacher, but Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲also your good friend.解部分； 3.cover: v 覆 ⑫ „, we can 盖； uncover: v 揭开，为do it not only with the cover的反义词；discover: help of words, but also in v 发现，同义词：find,习题many other ways.答案为：covered;uncover;2.neither„nor:既discovered 不„也不，并列连词，连接两Ⅱ.1.inexact;个并列成分。

2.technique;3.outlined;e.g.⑪ Autumn is a 4.communicate;5.regularly;good season.It’s neither 6.clue;7.intelligent;hot nor cold.8.incomplter;9.similar;⑫ people who 10.statement can neither hear nor speak Ⅲ.1.disagree;talk to each other with 2.independent;the help of their fingers.3.incomplete;4.inexact;3.He entered a 5.uncover/discover restaurant and sat at a Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业table.(坐在桌旁)3,4,5题。2见课文 5.We

4.in this way:介词短should learn something new 语，用这种方法

independently, actively e.g.I learn English and purposefully.by myself.In this way, I have finally got the Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般diploma of English major.了解，属阅读理解课文，对于 5.The Englishman text B的文章来说，虽然较Awho was very hungry by 篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅this time and not at all 读结果的标准是能够独立地完thirsty looked very sad.成课后的习题。a.本句包含有一个定语

从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。

b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不„

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。

Key to the part exercises:

page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2

Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world.Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things.There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes;they are for the federal government, state government, and city government.Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.A.New words:

1.tax: n 税；vt 对„征税

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking，general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的

5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)a.More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.b.A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.c.I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)a.Holiday jobs are many and varied.b.people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)c.prices of fruit vary from season to season.8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售

9.charge: v 收费、控告

来了。

d.They confused me 2昨天我妈给我的钱已by asking so many 经被偷走了。

questions.Answer:

1.The man 11.complain: v 抱who/whom/that/省略

you 怨，常跟介词of, about.have been looking for has complaint: n 抱怨、投诉come.（*）

2.The money a.Students always that/which/省略 my mother complain about too much gave me yesterday was homework.stolen.b.She complained 短语；be sure of:that the exam was too hard.对„确信、确定

c.He used to e.g.We can be sure complain bitterly of his of his honesty.bad memory.(诉说有病)

d.There is no 2.Americans don’t reason for complaint.have a corner on the death

market, but many people 12.useless: adj 无用feel that the United 的，反义词 useful;carefulStates leads the world →careless;helpful→with the worst taxes.(*)helpless;hopeful→ 译：美国人并不垄断hopeless etc.“死亡”市场，但很多人感到 13.impractical: adj 美国却以最重的赋税在世界上不切实际的，反义词名列前茅。

practical;practice v 实短语：have a corner 践、实际

on something:垄断„;lead 14.program: n 计划、with因„领先

节目、程序；v 编程序

e.g.China leads the 15.tend: v 易于、倾world with her silk 向于，tendency n 趋势、倾products.向

a.people tend to 3.With the high cost get fat as they grow older.of taxes, people are not b.prices continue very happy on April 15, to show an upward tendency.when the federal taxes are(物价呈持续上升趋势。)

due.译：由于高额的税款，B.Intensive reading: 每年4月15日人们很不开 1.Americans often 心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税say that there are only 款的日子。

two things a person can be 分析：With the high sure of in life: death and cost of taxes,介词短语作原taxes.(*)

因状语，with = because of, 译：美国人常说，一个由于„, 人一生中只有两件事可以肯定 when the federal 会发生：死亡和纳税。

taxes are due是非限定性定分析：主语：语从句，修饰on April 15。Americans；谓语：say；thatWhen 叫关系副词。

引导一个宾语从句，还包含有 Where, when, why是一个省略了关联代词的定语从定语从句中的三个关系副词，句，a person can be sure 分别在定语从句中作地点状in life修饰two things.语、时间状语、原因状语。

当先行词在定语从句中 a.This is the house 作宾语时，常可省略。

where I was born.(where = e.g.1>.The watch in which)that/which/省略 I found in b.I’ll never the library is his.forget the day when I（why?）

entered the college.(when 2>.The girl = on which)who/whom/that/省略 you met c.please tell me at the party is my sister.the reason why you are 请试着翻译句子： always late for my 1你一直在找的那个人class.(why = for which)

另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)

译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)

译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item.charged to表示“向„征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)

译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。

短语：in addition to 除„还有„(+)

e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that

it spends too much on of;5.similar;6.tends to;（修订版）；edit: v;useless and impractical 7.complaining about;8.i editor: n 3.Television ads are programs.addition to;9.issue;8.entertainment: n short, but they are 译：他们经常抗议政府 10.agree on 娱乐、款待 repeated over and over 对他们交纳的税金使用不当。Ⅳ.1.How much do 9.audience: n 观again so that the audience 他们认为政府在一些没用或不you charge for a haircut? 众、听众。sees and hears them many 切实际的项目上花钱太多。2.We are trying to 10.characteristic: times.(*)短语：use sth in the raise funds for the Red a 典型的； n 特性、特征

译：电视广告时间很wrong way,错误地使用„, Cross.11.commercial: adj 短，但它们被反复播放，可以 spend sth on sth 3.He earned a good 商业的； n 商业广告；使观众看听许多遍。在„花费，或spend sth in reputation for honesty.commerce n 商业。

短语：over and over doing sth.4.We pay taxes in 12.responsible: a again一遍又一遍； so that e.g.Mother says he exchange for government 有责任的； responsibility = in order that表目的； spends too much time in services.n 责任 audience:称作集体名watching TV every day.5.An open letter 13.particular: a 特词，当单形集体名词被看作一 8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

短语：have different views on sth对„有不同观点，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb;同意做某事：agree to do sth.Ⅲ.Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行);2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);3.lead with(1段4行);4.consist of(2段1行);5.depend on(3段3行);6.that is(3段4行);7.be similar to(4段3行);8.in addition to(4段10行);9.public works(5段4行);10.municipal buildings(5段5行);11.complain about(6段3行);12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);13.spend„on(6段4-5行);14.tend on(6段6行);15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、课文练习：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.diverse;4.consisted protested government’s 定的 foreign policy.14.estimate: n / v

二、词汇练习：估计、评价

Ⅰ见2讲讲课内容。15.management: n 管 Ⅱ.1.charge;理、经营； manage: v 管2.department;3.due;理； manager: n 经理 4.diverse;5.earns;6.vary;16.approve: v 赞7.property;8.leading;成、同意、批准； approval: 9.fund;10.tends n 17.involve: v 牵 Ⅱ.Text B: 涉、卷入，be involved in It’s about sth;involvement: n advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.B.Some difficult Some are from TV, some are sentences: from radio, some are from 1.Advertising is newspaper, and others are only part of the total from magazines and even sales effort, but it’s Internet.When you find so the part that attracts the many ads have penetrated most attention.into all the corners of 译：广告仅仅是整个销our life, then do you 售活动的一部分，但就是这部think it’s good or bad? 分最能吸引人们的注意力。Now let’s find something 注意本句的主语from our text.advertising是动名词作主语，表示登广告。再如： A.New words: playing football is 1.advertise: v 做广my favorite sport.告、登广告；advertisement: 短语：attract one’s n 缩写ad;advertising attention吸引某人的注意company广告公司；力。advertiser: n 登广告的人

2.attract: v 吸引； 2.Voices and music attraction: n 吸引力；have been added to color attractive: adj 吸引人的 and pictures to catch the 3.design: v 设计； ear as well as the eye.designer 设计师（*）4.persuade: v 劝说，译：色彩和画面配上声常用习语：persuade sb to 音和音乐，既好看又好听。do sth 重点掌握短语：1>.add 5.leisure: n 空暇、sth to sth加„到„, 悠闲，at leisure有空，清 e.g.I don’t like 闲。add milk to/into my coffee.6.classified: a 分 2>.catch the ear, 类的；classify v 分类 catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，7.edition: n 版本，吸引眼睛 a paperback edition（平装 3>.as well as:版）, a rare edition（珍藏也 ,除了„还有„(+)版）, a deluxe edition（精 e.g.I like Chinese 装版）, a revised editionas well as English.个整体时，具有单数概念；被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a

big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is

quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases:

1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);

3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide

on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.词汇练习：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;

4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual.Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important.A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海员； sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）

a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do„, be unwilling to do„;副词：unwillingly, willingly;名词：will意愿、意志。（*）

the text: a.The sea water is a.The Atlantic ocean salty.is one of the oceans b.The salted beef is that „.delicious.b.The narrowest place

is between the bulge of „.5.average: n/a/v平均c.The Azores are the 数、平均的、平均常用短语：tops of the peak „.on the average(*)

a.The average of 2,3 1.冠词（articles）:是and 4 is 3.一种虚词，放在一个名词前，b.The average age of 帮助说明该名词的含义。它分the students in this class 为定冠词和不定冠词两种。

is eighteen.2.定冠词the的用法如c.They averaged 20 下：

miles a day during their ①重复上文提到过的人或last journey.物：

e.g.There is a 6.range: n 山脉、范refrigerator in the 围；v 变化，排列成行

kitchen.The refrigerator a.She has a wide range is white.of interests.(第一次提到用不定冠b.He ranged the books 词，第二次用定冠词，表特by size.指。)

②特指谈话双方都知道的7.peak: n 高峰，adj 人或物。

高峰的，反义词：off-peak

e.g.How do you like peak hour = rush the film? hour

③指世界上独一无二的事8.eastward, westward, 物。

northward, southward: adj e.g.The earth is adv

bigger than the moon, but 9.crew:集体名词

smaller than the sun.10.becalm: v become ④常用在乐器前：

calm;calm: a平静的、安静e.g.I want to play 的, please keep calm.the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事业名称11.current: n 水流、电前, 流；adj 流行的

e.g.I will go to the a.The current is the post office/ the museum/ strongest in the middle of the cinema.the river.⑥用在序数词和形容词最b.Turn off the current 高级之前，while making repairs.e.g.the first time, c.of all her dresses, the biggest.only one is still current.⑦用在某些专有名词前，e.g.the people’s 12.affect: v 影响、打Republic of China, the 动；effect n 影响，have an great wall, the white effect on sth;affecting house adj 动人的；effective adj ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、有影响的、有效的。（*）

海洋、湖泊，a.Violent TV programs e.g.the Changjiang have a bad effect on the River, the pacific ocean, children.the Himalayas, the Salt b.Music can affect Lake some people very strongly.⑨和某些形容词连用，表c.The law is no longer 示某一类人, effective.e.g.the rich, the 13.furnish: v 用家具poor, the dead, the young 布置，家具：furniture.⑩用在姓氏的复数形式

前，表一家人, B.Grammar knowledge: e.g.The Greens are 定冠词的用法 watching TV.另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A:

1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。

He is the best person that always helps others

2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。

He is the last person that I want to see.3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。

Which is the bike that you lost?

4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。

We should hand in all that you have found.5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短语：separate sth from sth把„与„分开

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it

kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）

译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析：主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made；宾语：the early sailors；宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句）

4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as

that this big ocean seems a.My hair is twice to have grown smaller.as long as yours.译：我们现在有如此多 b.My classroom is 的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似only one third as big as 乎变小了。

theirs.短语：such + n +

that 引导结果状语从句，注 5.It’s more than 意和so„that„比较。

4000 miles wide where a.She’s such a Columbus crossed it.lovely girl that everyone 译：哥伦布穿越大西洋likes her very much.的航线有4000多英里宽。

b.She’s so lovely a 基数词 + 形容词→作girl that everyone likes 度量状语。

her very much.a.He is only five seem to 仿佛、好像 years old.b.The river is three Ⅱ.Brief summary meters deep.about the useful phrases: c.The classroom is 1.separate„from„(1five meters long.段1行);2.keep sb from

doing sth(1段2行);6.For so large an 3.make sb do sth(2段1行);ocean, it has very few 4.boiling hot(2段5行);islands.Also, it is the 5.so„that„(5段1行);world’s saltiest ocean.6.no more(5段2行);7.on 译：这么大的一个海洋the average(5段4行);却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它8.pile up(10段2行);是世界上盐分含量最高的海9.such„that„(11段1行);洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大10.seem to(11段2行);特点。）

11.be unwilling to do„(2

段1行)7.There is so much

water in the Atlantic Text B:做一般了解。ocean that it is hard to A.New words: imagine how much there is.1.observation: n 观译：大西洋中有多得令察，observe: v 观察；人难以想象的海水。

observer: n 观察者

So„that引导结果状 2.continually: adv 语从句。(so + adj / adv)

不停地，continue v 继续, It’s so hot these continual adj 不停的

days that we can’t go out.3.merely: adv 同义

词only 8.But suppose no 4.absolutely: adv more rain fell into it and 完全地、绝对地，同义词：no more water was brought completely, entirely, to it by rivers.thoroughly.译：假设不再有雨水降 5.uncomfortably: 入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。adv 不舒适地，反义词：本句存在一个重要的语法现comfortably;uncomfortable, 象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实comfortable 的假设。该语法放到text B 6.inhabitant: n 居中进行详讲。

民（不是永久的），永久的

resident, inhabit;v 居住

9.It would take the 7.occasionally: adv ocean about 4000years to 偶尔地； occasional: adj, dry up.occasion: n 场合、机会

译：它大约需要4000

年的时间才干涸。

B.Grammar knowledge: 重要句型：it takes / Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

took sb some time to do 它是谓语动词的一种形sth花某人多少时间作某事

式，表示非真实的假设、或表 Every day it takes 示命令、建议或说话人的主观me an hour to go to work.愿望。

a.But suppose no 10.We now have such more rain fell into it and fast ways of traveling no more water was brought

to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind„

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun„

虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early.c.If I should fail, I would try again.为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：

条件从句

结果主句

对现在事实的违背

过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词 should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形

对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C.Further notes on some sentences:

1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。

except for:除了„,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2.We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun„

3.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮

4.In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。这是一个难句，隐含有5.unusual;6.highway;一个虚拟语气句：which 7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;would otherwise be dark.10.affected That is: If the 汉译英：

surface of the whole earth

1、这座山有泰山的一didn’t reflect enough of 半高。

the sun’s light on to the

2、这所学校平均每个face of the moon, the 班有45人。

parts of it would be dark.3、昨晚他过了好一会短语：in the same 儿才入睡。

way用同样的方式； reflect

4、电视里的广告太sth on to/onto sth 反射多，无法记住到底有多少。

到„;be able to do 能做„

5、许多错误的想法导

致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。

D.useful phrases: Key: 1.except for(2段1 1.The mountain is 行);2.face towards sth(3half as high as Mount Tai.段4行);3.face away from 2.on the average, sth(3段4行);4.keep sth there are 45 students in in mind(3段6行);5.light each class in this school.up(3段6行);6.sth is 3.Last night it enough for sb to do(4段2took him quite a long time 行);7.speak of(4段3行);to fall asleep.8.know sth well(4段5行);4.There are so many 9.reflect sth onto sth(4ads on TV that it’s 段6-7行);10.in the same impossible to remember the way(4段7行);exact number.5.Many wrong ideas

made people in the days of homework:

Columbus unwilling to sail 从所给词中选择恰当的westward.填入空格内；

Homework for 2nd boil narrow lecture: unusual salty average 1.He is not spot peak crew affect only a teacher, _____ also highway

a friend.1.The ___ hours of however but as traffic means the times and when the traffic is 2.Deaf and dumb highest.people “talk” to each 2.All the ____ other with the help of members on the ship are their ____ ready for sail.fingers eyes 3.Jack’s work at faces mouths school is well above the 3.Music is ____, but he is still not different from languages.happy with himself.It can be ____ by people 4.When water ___, from different countries.it changes into steam.spoke understood 5.His ____ ideas known taken surprised everyone.4.An Italian 6.The information entered a restaurant and super ____ makes the world sat down ____ a table.smaller and smaller.on in to at 7.He road was too 5.Moving one’s ___ for trucks to pass.head up and down generally 8.He wants to know _____ “yes”.why sea water is _____.means says brings 9.He showed the makes police the very ____ where 6.He was just going he was beaten.to give up _____ another 10.He said that the chance came.climate ____ his health.when while Key: although however 1.peak;2.crew;7.We have ____ 3.average;4.boils;people to finish the job

today.seldom little enough much

8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly

9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into

汉译英：

1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。

2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。

3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。

4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。

5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。

Key:

1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one

Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn

this text, you will get 把„同„联系起来；n 同伙；something useful to help adj 副的 you improve your memory.a.NBA means National please listen carefully Basketball Association.and intensively.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.Unit 4

Text A: c.John and paul are Improving Your Memory associates.Ⅰ.New words: d.Mr.Liu is an 1.psychological: adj associate manager in this 心理学的;psychology: n 心company.理学;psychologist: n 心理学家;7.visualize: v 想象、repeated: adj

a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的

21.preserve: v 保护、是很难记住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定语从句，修饰information.这句话还可改为：

It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短语：make some/no sense:有/没有一定意义

a.What you said makes no sense.psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础;basically: adv 基本上、根本上 4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意义的； meaningless:adj 无意义的;meaning: n 含义(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 组织者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 联合、协会； associate: v 设想；visualization: n想维持；preservation: n保象、设想

护、维持;preservative: 8.rhyme:字母h不发音。adj 保护性的，保存的

9.ability: n 能力，短Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 语：to the best of one’s

1.physical research ability,尽力而为。同义词has focused on a number of capacity;able: adj有能力

basic principles that help 的，短语：be able to do memory.sth, 反义词：unable.译：心理学研究集中在一些有利于记忆的基本原则上。

10.random: adj/n 胡乱本句包含有一个that引的、随便，常用短语：at

导的定语从句，修饰basic random,随便地。principles.He took a book at 短语：focus on sth;a random.number of = many 许多； basic principles: 基本原则

11.categorize: v 分

a.please focus your 类；category: n 种类 attention on your work.12.needless 不需要的,b.A number of students 不必要的；needful 需要的，are studying English.必要的

c.The number of 13.refer: v 涉及、参students studying English 与；reference: n reference is increasing.book

please refer to the 2.It’s useful to dictionary if you come

know how these principles.across a new word.本句的主语为：to know

how these principles；it14.relate: v 有关联，为形式主语。通常由于动词不叙述，讲述；related: adj 定式作主语、主语从句作主有关联的；relation: n 关

语、动名词作主语太长，使句系、关联子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于a.I can’t relate what

形式主语。

he said with what he did.a.To have a good sleep（我不能将他所说与所做联系before the exam is very 起来。）

necessary.b.This part relates to It’s necessary to the current situation.(这have a good sleep before 部分指的是目前的形式。)the exam.b.playing with fire is 15.accurately: adv 准dangerous.确地，同义词：exactly；

It’s dangerous accurate: adj;accuracy: n playing with fire.16.memorize: v 记住；c.That the earth is memory: n 记忆力；

round is true.memorandum(memo)备忘录 It’s true that the 17.improvement: n 改earth is round.进、增进；improve: v

18.image: n 形象、印3.Information that 象；imagery: n 肖像的总

does not make any sense to 称，意象;imagine: v 想象 you is difficult to 19.repetition: n 重remember.复、反复；repeat: v;译：对你毫无意义的信息

b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense?

4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

译：不用说，第二种词表要比第一种词表更容易记忆。

短语：needless to say不用说

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.译：联想意思是把我们要记住的材料与我们已经准确记住的东西联系起来。

分析：主语Association;谓语：refers to；宾语：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，动名词作宾语。包含定语从句：we want to remember，修饰the material； we remember accurately修饰something.短语：refer to sth指„;relate sth to / with sth把„同„联系起来。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.译：与通过反复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人记住了80%到90%。

分析：using imagery现在分词作定语。

短语：compare with拿„与„对比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard.b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行)译：如果一个图书馆的图书陈列得杂乱无章，那么这个图书馆会有什么用呢？

这句话需注意：虚拟语气.in„order以„顺序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分构词法：

在英语中，词的构成法有四种：派生法、合成法、转化法、缩略法。

1．合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如：black + board = blackboard 2．转化法：由一种词类转化为另一种或其他词类。

如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．缩略法：将原词缩略，在读音和写法上成为新的形式。

如：bicycle缩为bike;examination缩为exam;the United Nation缩为UN etc.4．派生法：在词根上加上前缀或后缀构成新词，这是四种方法中最为常见、较难掌握的一种。我将分几讲用表格的形式介绍给大家，请注意平常学习时的总结、记忆！

主要的名词后缀：后缀例词

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

A.New words:-ness

1.short-term, long-busy→business;illterm: 是合成形容词。

→illness;kind→kindness 2.contrast: n/v,两个etc.词性发音不同。短语：in

contrast with;-ship

contrast with sth;friend→friendship;3.release: n/v 释citizen→citizenship etc

放、解放，release sth from

sth;-th

4.reward: n/v 奖赏、deep→depth;true→报答

truth;long→length etc.5.proficiency: n

proficiency at/in sth;-tion,-sion

proficient: adj熟练的

decide→decision;

invent→invention;B.Grammar point: organize→organization etc.passive Voice(被动语态)

please look at the-ty following sentences from safe→safety;text B: difficult→difficulty;1.Information in active→activity etc.long-term memory can be

recalled at a later time-sure,-ture

when it is needed.create→creature;2.The information please→pleasure, mix→may be kept for days or mixture etc

weeks.3.The two

experiences here show how Ⅳ.Brief summary short-term memory has been about the phrases:

studied.1.focus on(1段1行)；以上每句话中都含有被2.a number of(1段1行);动语态。接近于中文中的3.basic principle(1段1“被”字句。

行);4.make sense(2段2 1．语态是表示主语和行);5.for instance(2段4谓语的关系的。若主语是动作行);6.make a difference 的执行者，动词要用主动语in sth(3段1行);7.be 态；反之若主语是动作的承受kept in random order(3段2者，则要用被动语态。

行);8.for example(3段5 2．英语中共有16中时行);9.as follows(3段10态，其中常用的10中存有被行);10.needless to say(3动语态。为了便于大家学习，段11行);11.refer to(4段我将被动语态列为6个公式，1行);12.relate sth to 请大家套用。

sth(4段2行);13.1>.s + be + p.p(动词associate sth with sth(4的过去分词)（一般现在时、段3行);14.compared 一般过去时）

with(5段6行);

a.Her room isn’t

cleaned today.Text B:

b.Her room was There are two kinds cleaned yesterday.of memory: long-term

memory and short-term 2>.s + be + being + memory.And information in p.p（现在进行时、过去进行short-term memory is kept 时）

for only a few seconds, a.White Snow is usually by repeating it being told by the teacher.over and over again while b.White Snow was information in long-term being told by the teacher memory may be kept for yesterday afternoon.days or weeks.So I think

when you learn English, 3>.s + has/have/had the long-term memory is + been + p.p(现在完成时、welcomed by everyone.过去完成时)

a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般将来时、过去将来时)

a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(现在将来完成时、过去将来完成时)

a.Thirty-seven

stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情态动词 + be + p.p(情态动词的被动语态)

a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text:

1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)

课文练习：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high

Ⅲ.见上讲作业。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose

词汇练习：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling

up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5

Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 谬论、谬误

2.quality: n 质量、素质；quantity;n 数量

3.deer: n 单复数同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蛮的；n 13.foundation: n 根野人； v 残害

据、基础；found: v 奠定基5.bravery: n 英勇、勇础

敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

14.mixture: n 混合物；6.eager: adj 渴望的，mix: v 混合

常用短语：be eager to do 15.belief: n 信念、信sth, be eager for sth.仰；believe: v 相信

eagerly:adv(*)

16.combination: n 结aShe is eager for 合、联合；combine: v knowledge.combine sth with sth b.He is eager to know 17.protein,carbohydratif he has passed the exam.e, fat, vitamin:食物的主要

养分。

7.civilized: adj 文明的，反义词savage;18.contain: v 包含、包civilize: v 使„文明；括

civilization: n 文明（*）

A kilometer contains a.Education can help one thousand meters.people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a 19.sustitute: n 替代highly civilized society.品，v 代替

c.In China, Marco polo a.Vegetable oil is a found a civilization far good substitute for animal ahead of that in Europe.oil.b.She substituted for 8.magical: adj 魔术the professor who was ill.的、不可思议的；magic: n

魔术； magician: n 魔术师

B.Intensive reading: 9.poisonous: adj 有毒1.Many primitive 的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒药

peoples believed that by our children are eating an animal they poisoned by violent TV could get some of the good program.qualities of that animal

for themselves.10.overseas: adj/adv译：许多原始人相信通过海外的、在海外

吃某种动物，他们就能获得它a.There are many 的某些长处。

overseas students in 分析：主语Many Britain.primitive peoples；谓语b.We are used to believed；that by eating living overseas.an animal they could get

some of the good qualities 11.widespread: 合成形of that animal for 容词

themselves是宾语从句，其12.digest: v 消化，n 中by eating an animal是方文摘；digestion: n 消化；式状语；peoples:指不同的种digestive: adj 消化族。的;digestible: adj 易消化的；indigestible: adj 不易2.They thought, for 消化的（*）

example, that eating deer a.Some foods digest would make them run as more easily than others.fast as deer.b.The meat should have 译：例如，他们认为吃鹿been cooked a little 肉能使他们跑得跟鹿一样快。

longer.It was not very Eating deer是动名词作digestible.宾语从句得主语。

c.She suffers from 短语：make sb do sth;stomach trouble and has a as + adj/adv + as very poor digestion.d.Water makes the 3.They were called digestive juices flow more love apples and were freely and makes the food supposed to make people more digestible.who ate them fall in e.We often read love.(*)译：西红柿被称作Reader’s Digest.爱之果，谁吃了它，谁就会坠入爱河。

译:如果那些认为西红柿有毒的人们知道在二战期间有成百万磅的西红柿供应给在海外作战的士兵,他们将会多么吃惊!

分析:这是由how surprised引导的感叹句.整句的主语是the people;谓语would be;who thought tomatoes poisonous是定语从句修饰the people;if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是条件状语从句.本句还含有一个语法点:虚

拟语气,对现在假设的虚拟.短语:be supplied to/for sb„供应给„;supply sb with sth供应„

a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor.6.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.译:喝水将食物冲下而代替咀嚼不是一个好办法,但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的.动名词Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主语.as a substitute for chewing介词短语,作为„的替代品.短语:substitute for sth

7.A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*)译:几年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能饮用的这种看法变得十分普遍.that引导同位语从句,修饰belief.should never be drunk是情态动词得被动语态.8.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.译:不要同时吃肉和土豆,这种看法是愚蠢的,就像说不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一样.正常语序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主语太长用形式主语it.还要注意英文中讲究balance the sentence.即,主语是不定式,表语也要是不定式.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行);2.be eager to do sth(1段6行);3.be supposed to do sth(2段43.Nor is this all.行);4.fall in love(2段5我们知道,通常主语应该行);5.be supplied to sb(3在谓语之前,这是自然语序,但段4行);6.a great many(4有时出于某种需要,会对主谓段1行);7.substitute for 的有特殊的要求,出现部分谓sth(6段2行);8.have sth 语或全部谓语置于主语之前,to do with(7段2行);这样的语序称作倒装.今天介9.have no foundation(7段1绍几种常见的倒装的情况.行);10.as a matter of 1.当表示否定意义的词放fact(7段5行);11.in the 在句首时,句子需部分倒装,即same way(8段4行);将助动词,情态动词或be提至12.think of sth as sth(8主语之前.常见的这样的词段3行)

有:never, hardly, little，not only, rarely, scarcely Text B: Do Animals etc.Think?

e.g.Hardly had he A.New words:

said anything before he 1.engage: v 从事, left.engage in sth，2.only引出的状语放在His father engages in 句首时.politics.a.only after class did 2.arrange: v 安排,筹划;he go home.arrangement: n, arrange sb b.only when you finish to do sth.your homework can you 3.creature: n 生物;watch TV.create: v 产生

3.句首为so, nor, 4.imitate: v 模仿;neither等副词,表明前句说imitation : n

明的情况也适用于本句.5.instinct: n 本能,直a.He can speak fluent 觉, by instinct

English.So can I.The birds can fly by b.I can’t play instinct.computer games.Nor can he.6.variety: n 变化;4.在as引导的让步状语vary: v 变化

从句中.7.unlike: prep 不像;1>.adj + as + 主语 + dislike: v 不喜欢

be:

Young as he is, he B.Important phrases: knows a lot.1.a great deal(1段22>.n(不带冠词)+ as +行);2.be true with/of(1主语 + be: 段3行)(3段4行);3.as King as he is, he is well(1段4行);4.engage unhappy.in(2段5行);5.search for 3>.adv + as + 主语 + sth(4段2行);6.in some 动词: respects(5段2行);7.a Fast as you run, you great many(5段3行);can’t catch up with her.8.connect with(5段4行);4>.动词 + as + 主语 + 9.take care of(5段7行);助动词: 10.make improvement in Try as she does, she sth(6段1行);11.by will never pass it.instinct(7段3行);5.当句子主语过长或需要12.speak of(8段1行);强调某些词时.13.a great variety of More important is the sth(8段3行);14.no use question of how to face doing sth(8段8行);the possibilities of 15.have no knowledge of illness, injury, and even sth(9段7行)

death.6.在非真实条件句中,若C.Grammar point: 倒装从句有had, should, were时句

将它们倒装到主语之前.1.The ants, a.If I had left hardworking as they are, earlier, I would have have their times for play.caught the train.2.Very busy must be = Had I left earlier, their thoughts while I would have caught the engaged in these sports.train.b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.7.当here, there, then, thus等副词放在句首,并且谓语动词为come, go, be等不及物动词时.a.Here is a book for you.b.There goes the bell.c.Here comes the bus!8.用在may + 主语 + 动词原形„句式中,表示祝愿,希望.a.May you succeed!b.May you be happy!该语法可参阅课本p569.The 7th lecture of College English one

Key to exercises:

p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c;p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery;2.eager;3.civilized;4.overseas;5.substitute;6.foundation;7.combination;8.belief;9.protein;10.contain

p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins;2.firemen;3.data;4.deer;5.potatoes, tomatoes

Ⅳ.1.During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes.3.It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food.4.Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast.p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free;b.freedom;c.freely;4.a.scientists;b.scientific;c.science.p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture;2.poisonous;3.suppose;4.digest;5.widespread;6.overseas;7.similar;8.foundation;9.eager;10.substitute

p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion;2.mixture;3.belief;4.civilization;5.combination

Ⅳ.4.Some stories are very widespread, while others are not.6.people often think of a school as a small society.p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T， T, T, F, T

Unit 6

Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、难得的（不是数量少，而是物种稀有，区别于scarce）,rarely: adv 同义词：unusual

2.sustance: n material 物质

3.slight: small adj 轻微的

4.extreme: a 极端的；n 极端；adv extremely 5.pressure: n 压力；press v 压住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受欢迎的 be popular with/among;popularity: n;popularize: v 使„流行、普及（*）

a.our products have enjoyed general popularity.b.They are trying to popularize their new methods of farming.c.Madonna’s songs are extremely popular with young people.7.handful: n 一把；hand: n 手；v 递给（*）

a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army.b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits.c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.9.volcano: n 火山；volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有点 I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior.11.elevator: n 同义词：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的；impress: v 留下India by great sheets of 深刻印象；impression: n 印moving ice that covered 象（*）

parts of the earth 20000 a.What was your first years ago.impression of Beijing?

译：这些金刚石可能是在b.We listened to a 两万年前，随着覆盖于地球表very impressive speech 面的冰川，从它们的形成漂移yesterday.至印度的。

c.I was deeply 这句话注意它的从句：impressed by his noble where they were formed作deeds.介词from的宾语从句，词性

相当于后面的India，不是定13.experienced: adj 有语也不是状语；that covered 经验的；inexperienced 无经parts of the earth 20000 验的；experience: n 经验、years ago是定语从句修饰经历;v 经历(*)

great sheets of moving a.She has much ice。

experience in teaching, so

she’s an experienced 6.Diamonds, as they teacher.are found, don’t look b.I had a funny very impressive.experience in Africa last 译：金刚石刚采出时，并year.不十分吸引人。

14.miner: n 矿工；mine: 7.But some people have n 矿，gold mine

carried around an unusual 15.immediately: adv 立pebble for weeks before 刻，at once

finding out that they had

got a diamond.B.Intensive reading: 译：而有的人数周后才发1.They are the hardest 现带在身边的不寻常的鹅卵石substance found in nature.原来是一颗金刚石。

译:它是被发现的自然界finding out that they 中最坚硬的物质。

had got a diamond作介词 found作定语，短语：before的介宾。

in nature

find out与find不同，find out强调通过努力之后2.There are only four 的发现，而find含有偶然areas where very many 性。

diamonds have been found.a.I found my lost pen（*）

on the floor.译：人们发现的金刚石主b.I found out that he 要产区只有四个。

is a cheat.where引导一个定语从

句。

C.Summary about the

phrases: 3.Diamonds became very 1.in nature(1段2行);popular with the kings and 2.be made from/of(2段1queens of Europe.行);3.chang sth into became popular with sb:sth(3段2行);4.be 在„受欢迎，流行。

popular with(5段4行);

5.run out(6段3行);4.India’s supply of 6.pick up(8段2行);diamonds was finally 7.sort out(8段3行);8.so running out after that(9段8行);9.stick 2500years of mining the to(9段10行);10.find stones.out(10段4行)译：2500年的开采终于使印度的金刚石资源枯竭。

Text B: run out 用尽、枯竭； We all know that We are running out of our plants are different form fresh water.animals.What’s their

difference? Most of us 5.These diamonds were will say that plants have probably carried from leaves and roots and where they were formed to flowers, but animals

haven’t them.But have

you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.A.New words:

1.beneath: prep 和某物接触并在下面，反义词是on;under:强调垂直在下，反义词over.2.aside: adv 在旁边，短语：put sth aside

3.magnify: v 放大、扩大；magnifying glass:放大镜

4.puzzle: v 迷惑；n 智力测验 jigsaw puzzle智力拼图；puzzled, puzzling: adjl;puzzlement: n

a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao.The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.6.inorganic: adj无机的，organic:有机的

7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences:

1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.译：你可能会看着树下的一群奶牛，或者当你捕捉牵牛花里一只正早起采蜜的蜜蜂时，若有人问你能否区分哪是动物，哪是植物，你会觉得好笑。

twin sister.2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object;and they see many things which most people would fail to see.译：大自然的研究者不满意于猜测，而是日复一日地观察物体所发生的变化；他们看到了大多数人没能看到的东西。

分析：这是一个并列句，用；隔开。有很多短语需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:对„满意； ②day after day: 日复一日地；

③take place: 发生（偶然）； ④fail to do sth:没有作成„

3.It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.译：很长一段时间，人们认为动植物的主要差别是前者能移动而后者不能。

分析：it是形式主语；真正的主语是that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t。其中又包含有一个表语从句：that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.这两句话的连词that均不能省略。

短语：the difference between sth and sth;move about/around.4.No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.译：如果不是先出现植物把地球变为适应更高一级生物生存的地方，就没有鸟，没有鱼，也没有其他动物。

分析：本句含有两个语法点：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定词在句首需倒装；虚拟语气，对过去某种情况的假设，条件从句if the plants 句只是整个句子的一部分，不hadn’t come first and 能单独作句子。如：我们经常fitted it for the dwelling 见到的主语从句、宾语从句、place of a higher order of 表语从句、定语从句、状语从beings，结果主句No bird 句等。

nor fish nor other animal a.We should never could ever have lived on pretend to know what we this earth。

don’t know.b.The boy whose father D.Summary about the is a pilot has come.phrases:

c.What I want to say 1.neither„nor（1段5is that you shouldn’t 行）;2.seem to（1段6give up, even if you have 行）;3.look up/down（2段failed again.1行）;4.a matter of some

difficulty（2段5行）;4.并列复合句：在一个并5.tell sth from sth（3段4列句中的一个或更多的分句行）;6.turn aside from（4中，包含有一个或更多的从句段1行）;7.be satisfied 称为并列复合句。

with sth（5段1行）;a.Last year I met a 8.not„but（5段1行）;boy who is an orphan, and 9.day after day（5段2now we have become good 行）;10.take place（5段2friends.行）;11.fail to do sth（5b.They always help 段3行）;12.lie in（5段5those who are in trouble 行）;13.hold good（6段5and they are respected by 行）;14.whether„or（7段them.1行）;15.live on（7段2 详情见p135 行）;16.fit for（8段4 行）;17.take in（9段3 行）;18.suck up（10段3 行）;19.take up（10段4 行）;20.dissolved in sth

（10段4行）;21.be different from（11段1

行）

The 8th lecture of

College English one Grammar knowledge:句子的分类

Unit 7 Text A: 英语中的句子按其结构可Families 分为四种：简单句、并列句、We know that family is 复合句、并列复合句。

the basic unit of a 1.简单句：只有一个主语society.There are many（或多个并列主语）和一个谓kinds of families nowadays: 语（或多个并列谓语）的句子nuclear families, extended 称为简单句。

families, DINK families, a.We learn English.the single parent families, b.My father and mother remarried families etc.so go to work at 8a.m.and let’s study families from come home at 6p.m.our text.A:New words: 2.并列句：由两个或两个1.definition: n 定义；以上并列而又相互独立的简单动词，下定义：define 句构成。它们中间常用等立连2.marriage: n 婚姻，词，或用分号、冒号、逗号等marriage certificate, 连接。

marry: v;反义词：divorce a.I help him and he 3.descend: v 遗传、下helps me.来；后裔：descendant,反义b.I’ve just got a 词：ancestor 祖先

piece of good news: I was 4.household: n 家庭 accepted by Xi’an Foreign adj家庭的 a household Language University.name；householder: n 家

长、户主；

3.复合句：由一个主句和

一个或一个以上的从句构成的5.relative: n 亲戚，句子。主句是句子的主体，从adj 相对的；relate: v

relate to;relation: n 关系(*)

a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives.b.There is no relation between those two events.c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 传统的；tradition: n;traditionally: adv(*)

a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition.b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children.c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理会，security guard保安

8.basically: adv, basic: adj;base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心；nuclear energy核能；nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area无核区

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family;extend: v 延伸；extension: n;extensive: adj 广泛的、广阔的（*）

a.The extension of the house became a kitchen.b.The professor has an extensive knowledge of Chinese history.c.They have extended the road from ten miles to sixty miles.11.agicultural: adj 农业的；agriculture: n 农业

12.industrial: adj 工业的；industry: n 工业、行业；industrialize: v 工业化；industrialization: n(*)

a.These cities are highly industrialized.b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution.c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.13.earner: n 赚钱者；earn;v 赚钱； earnings: n 赚得的钱

14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax.b.There is a split in the blackboard.is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.（*）

译：由于父母都愿意要更备、准备；prepare: v 准备

7.primary: adj初级的，primary school.primary colors

8.preschool: adj学龄

前的，pre前缀，反义词post, 2>.一般过去时的3种常见用法：过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态；过去接连发生的一系列动作；用于某些从句中。并且常和时间状语连用。

15.social: adj 交际的、社会的；society: n 社会；socialize: v 交往、交际；socialism社会主义

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.„, having a family simply means having children.（*）

译：有家意味着有孩子。主语是动名词，为了平衡整个句子宾语也是动名词。

2.No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is.译：无论年轻还是古老，大还是小，传统还是现代，每个家庭都有自己对其理解和感受。No matter„引导让步状语从句。

3.It’s that feeling of belongings, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.译：那是共同居住、彼此帮助、互相分享而产生的归属感，互爱感和安全感。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*)译：家庭大致有两种类型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*)译：孩子们在核心家庭中生活一直到长大结婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.（*）

译：随着农业社会向工业社会的转变，许多核心家庭为了寻找工作而从家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family 少的孩子，核心家庭日趋缩prewar, postwar.小，而无子女家庭日益增多。

9.baby-sitter: n 临时注意：the number of 看小孩的人；baby-sit: v 帮sth后用单数谓语动词。

人照看小孩

8.Traditionally, the B.Important phrases father of a nuclear family in text: earned money for the 1.be important to sb(1family while the mother 段1行);2.all over the cared for the house and world(1段1行);3.provide the children.（*）

for(2段4行);4.be 译：传统上，核心家庭由expected to do(2段5行);父亲挣钱养家，而母亲照看家5.on the other hand(3段1庭和孩子。

行);6.in addition(3段8短语：care for = take 行);7.share sth with sb(3care of

段10);8.in contrast(3段

12行);9.give up(4段4行);9.Most single parents 10.instead of(4段7行);find it very difficult to 11.be busy doing sth(5段9take care of a family 行);12.in conclusion(6段alone, so they soon marry 1行);13.help sb with again„(*)

sth(3段11行)译：大多数单亲父母发现独自一人照料一个家庭很难，Grammar knowledge: 于是很快他们再婚。。

Tenses时态

分析：it是形式宾语，这是英语

（一）考试的短语take care of sth照重点，无论选择、完形填空、料、照看。

词类转换、翻译都会出有关时

态的题目。因此这部分语法很C.Brief summary about 重要。请大家一定要100%掌phrases:

握。见课本p159 1.and so on(1段5行);1.时态实际是指：时间2.think of sth as sth(1段和体。英语中共有16种时5行);3.far away from(1段态，我们着重讲考试的6种。

8行);4.in order to(4段4 2．它们分别是：一般行);5.care for(5段5行);现在时，一般过去时，现在完6.take care of(5段9行);成时，过去完成时，将来完成7.split up(5段10行);时，现在完成进行时。其余的8.talk of(6段2行)

书上写得很详细，大家自己

看。

Text B: The Changing 1>.一般现在时的用法有American Family

6点：经常或发生的动作行

为；主语的特征、性格、能A.New words: 力；客观事实或永久不变的真1.generation: n 理；计划或安排好的事情；用generation gap代沟

在某些从句中；用于某些惯用2.customary: adj习惯表达语中；

上的；custom: n习惯、习a.He often goes home 俗；customer: n 顾客； at four o’clock every customs: n 海关

afternoon.3.similarity: n 相似、b.Light travels in 类似；similar: adj 相似straight lines.的；similarly: adv

c.I like any kind of 4.emotional: adj 感情fruit.的；emotion: n 感情

d.The train leaves at 5.provider: n 供应者；6a.m.and arrives at 10p.m.provide: v 供应，provide e.I’ll thank you if sb with sth;provide for you give me a lift.sb.f.There goes the bell.6.preparation: n 预

a.I was born in 1971.b.They got married last year.c.This morning they got up at seven o’clock, and then went out to work.d.She told me that she would come back in 2 hours.3>.现在完成时有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。该时态指动作开始在过去，但对现在留下某种结果和影响。这是它区别于一般过去时的主要特点。

a.He has turned off the light.b.I have taught English for 6 years.4>.过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经完成的动作。即我们常说的“过去的过去”。它也同样分为“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang.b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.5>.将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。请注意该时态的时间状语。

a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper.b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.6>.现在完成进行时可以表示一个动作开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到说话时刻未结束，还可能继续进行；也可表示到说话时刻为止该动作已结束。

a.It has been raining for three hours.b.I have been waiting for you for five hours.另外，还有一个考点就是“时态呼应”，即，当主句有过去时出现的时候，从句必须要用过去的某种时态进行时态呼应。但有几点除外；

1.所说的是真理或客观事

实。

The teacher told us that the earth is round.2.说话者强调动作正在进行或将发生。

He told me the train leaves at three.作练习p169.The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B;2.D;3.D;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.C;9.D;10.A(讲解)p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c.Ⅱ.1.rare;2.substance;3.slight;4.pressure;5.crystal;6.crack;7.gem;8.elevator;9.crush;10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to;2.change„into;3.stick to;4.running out;5.pick up;6.changed into;7.ran out;8.picked up;9.sorting out;10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced;2.extreme;3.formation;4.pressuer;5.blasted;6.handful;7.crystal;8.destroyed;9.unusual;10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5见课后作业。2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected.3.These designs are very popular with / among young people.p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T.p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve;3.aside;4.magnifying;5.latter;6.observes;7.beneath;8.broad p169:这部分练习讲解。（*）

Ⅰ.1.died;2.doesn’t guarantee;3.advised;4.is looking;5.comes;6.was going;7.will have left;8.would help;9.will be sitting;10.were playing;11.will go;12.had helped;13.would be;14.will have locked;15.had been getting;16.had been helping;17.had happened;18.will tell;19.had finished;20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B;2.B;3.D;4.D;5.B;6.B;7.D;8.A;9.D;10.A Ⅲ.1.invented;2.offer;4.c;5.d 3.have been sitting;Ⅱ.1.dependent;4.brought;5.has not paid;2.primary;3.structurd;6.had seen;7.was making;4.similarities;5.role;8.has been working;9.am 6.partners;7.customary preparing;10.has happened

关于语法：被动语态，前Ⅳ.1.The students of a 面已经讲过，大家自己看看medical school are 书，今天讲解练习。

observing an operation.Ⅰ.1.are being printed;2.The wind in March 2.are guaranteed;3.will blows hard.be pulled;4.were 3.Where are you going developed;5.will be built;to hang that picture?

6.was praised;7.have been 4.She fell when she translated;8.had been was going downstairs.sent;9.would be given;5.How many years has 10.is being done.Henry been learning the Ⅱ.口头练习。cook from Miss Smith?

Ⅲ.1.is spoken;6.The history teacher 2.can’t be kept;3.was said that the first World turned off;4.were War ended in 1918.believed;5.shouldn’t be 7.Mary has been eaten;6.were let out;waiting for you this 7.were taken care of;morning.8.can be remembered;8.My sister told me 9.would be becalmed;that the programs weren’t 10.are lit up.interesting at all.Ⅳ.1.Was the United 9.You can see him at Nation founded in 1945? the office if you come at 2.It’s said that he eight tomorrow morning.was badly injured.10.---Have you seen 3.The building will be this movie?---Yes, I designed by Dr.Ford.have.I saw it in Nanjing.4.Where was the last p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c.meeting held? Ⅱ.1.divorce;2.single;5.Was America 3.extended;4.together;discovered by Columbus in 5.traditional;6.increase;1492? 7.result;8.like/love;6.The task must be 9.earn;10.usually

performed by you.p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives;7.The patient should 2.extend;3.marriage;be treated with care.4.desended;5.nucleus;8.She was warmly 6.traditional;7.social;welcomed at the railway 8.definition;9.security;station.10.basically

9.He’s called Lao Ⅲ.1,4, 8见课后作业。Wang, though he’s not old 2.She is a teacher at all.while her brother is an 10.The gate was closed engineer.when I went back.3.Traditionally，Chinese young people live Unit 8 Text A: with their parents until Telecommunication via they grow up.Satellite 5.In some families, We live in a highly both parents work and take developed society.care of their home and Everybody knows children.telecommunication, which 6.The group was split can not only transmit into two, for it’s too television broadcasts, but big.also telephone calls and 7.They plan to extend printed materials.So do their research in this you know it also has field.shortcoming? If you want p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, to know the answer, you F, T, T, F, T.must read our today’s p189.Ⅰ.1.d;2.a;3.b;text.This is a very

important text.A.New words:

1.telecommunication: n 电信,communication 通信，tele表示远距离的、电的

telephone, telegraph etc.2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,经由

3.transmit: v 播送、发射，transmit sth to sth.名词：transmission

4.photograph: n 简称photo, photos.5.establish: v 建立、创立，同义词：found;established: adj;establishment: n(*)

a.The university was established 150 years ago.b.You should not break the established rule.c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.6.signal: n/v信号，发信号。sign: n 标识；signature: n 签名(*)

a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.b.The traffic signal turned red.c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.7.orbit: v 绕轨道运行，n 轨道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun?

b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity.be capable of doing, be able to do，9.broadcast: n/v 广播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation

10.theory: n 理论，theoretic adj理论的，短语：in theory = theoretically

11.access: n 进入的机会，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短语：have access to sth可接近，可进入

12.unlimited: adj无限的，反义词：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)

a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.13.entertain: v 娱乐、招待；entertainment: n;entertainer: n 供人娱乐者

a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.14.demonstrate: v 说明、演示；demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育

a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.16.remote: adj 遥远的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔离、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n 18.instruction: n 教学、指示；instruct: v;instructor: n 指导者

19.conversation: n 谈话，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile 21.risk: n风险；v 冒„的风险，risky: adj有危险的

risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck 22.privacy: n 隐私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短语：make contact with与„接触，结识

a.I don’t have much contact with her family.b.I will contact you next month.24.harm: n/v伤害、损害；harmful, harmless

information.(*)25.expert: n 专家；adj译：从理论上讲，人们都熟练的。expert in/at sth

能获得无限量的信息。

26.application: n 申短语：in theory, have 请、应用；apply: v access to sth, amount of B.Intensive reading:

sth(un)1.By the middle of the 5.The most common use of century, both radio and telecommunication television had become satellites, however, has established means of been for transmitting transmitting sounds and/or telephones calls.pictures.译：然而，通信卫星最广译：到二十世纪中叶为泛的用途还是电话的传送。注止，广播和电视已成为公认的意该句的时态。传送声音和/或图象的工具。

6.Telecommunication can 分析：由于用了时间状make information from 语：by the middle of the around the world available century,因此要用完成时态。to use quickly and easily.若时间是过去的，用过去完成译：电信使得人们能快捷时；若时间是将来的，用将来方便地使用来自世界各地的信完成时。

息。

a.By the end of 2000, 注意：短语make sth we had learned 50 texts.available to sth使„被获b.By the end of 2003, 得 we will have learned 100 7.It’s important to texts.realize that the same means: n 单复数同形，technology that helps us 方法、手段。

may also harm us.(*)2.In 1964, the olympic 译：同一技术既可助人也Games in Tokyo became the 可害人，认识到这点很重要。

first to be transmitted to realize that the via satellite.same technology that helps 译:1964年，东京奥林匹us may also harm us是真正克运动会是第一次通过卫星传的主语，it是形式主语。送的节目。

that the same technology to be transmitted是动that helps us may also 词不定式作定语。harm us是宾语从句；

3.The combination of that helps us是定语从satellites, which transmit 句修饰the same technology.information, computers, 8.It’s the intelligent which store information, application of technology and television, which that will lead us to displays information, will success.(*)change ever home into an 译：只有明智地运用技术education and 才能获得成功。

entertainment center.这是一个强调句式。正常译：卫星传送信息，电脑的句子应是：The 储存信息，电视播放信息，把intelligent application of 三者结合起来能使每个家庭成technology will lead us to 为一个教育娱乐中心。

success.分析：虽然句子长，但成强调句的基本公式：It 分简单。the combination是is/was + 被强调部分 + 主语，will change是谓语。that(who)+ 其余成分。请注从satellites, which 意该句式不能强调谓语部分，transmit information, 只能强调主语、宾语、状语。

computers, which store Ann had a heavy cold information, and last week.我们可强调主语、television, which displays 宾语、状语。

information是介词of的宾a.It was Ann that/who 语。每个词都包含有一个非限had a heavy cold last week.定性定语从句。

b.It was a heavy cold 短语：change sth into that Ann had last week.sth

c.It was last week 4.In theory, every person that Ann had a heavy cold.will have access to an C.Brief summary about the unlimited amount of phrases:

1.at the beginning of(1段1行);2.by the middle of(1段3行);3.in order to(2段1行);4.such as(2段1行);5.pick up(2段5行);6.be capable of(2段7行);7.change„into(3段3行);8.have access to(3段4行);9.in remote areas(4段3行);10.for the first time(4段4行);11.provide sth to sb(5段1行);12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行);13.care for(5段5行);14.at the same time(6段7行);15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行);16.pay for(7段5行);17.isolate from(8段1行);18.as well as(8段4行);19.prevent from(9段2行);20.lead to(9段5行);21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one

Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

1.obvious: adj 明显的，obviously: adv

2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇护；shelter from sth

3.atmosphere：n 大气；atmospheric: adj大气的

4.electrical: adj 电的、电气的；electricity: n 电；electrician: n 电工

5.existence: n 存在；exist: v存在

6.lightening: n 闪电，thunder:打雷；

7.unending: adj不尽的、不停的；ending

8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆发；explode: v 爆炸；explosive: n 炸药、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood(2)

第一讲中介绍过在非真实条件句中的虚拟语气的主要用法，难点在于句子的时态比真实条件句的时态后退一步。即：现在时→过去时；过去时→过去完成时；将来时→过去将来时；在今天这讲中将继续将它在一些从句中的用法介绍给大家。

1在宾语从句中的用法： 1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建议、命令等语气的宾语从句中。（*）

句型：主语 + should(省略)+ 动词原形

a.I suggest that we(should)do it at once.b.I insist that he(should)give up smoking.2>.在wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而其时态的用法与非真实条件句一样。（时态后移）

a.I wish I were you.(与现在事实相反的愿望)b.I wish I had learned more.(与过去事实相反的愿望)c.I wish I would have another chance.(与将来事实相反的愿望)注意区分：wish + 从句：表示不可能实现的愿望，必须用虚拟语气；而hope + 从句：表示可能实现的愿望，不用虚拟语气。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him.b.He wishes we would go there with him.3>.在would rather后的从句中.句型：主语 + would rather + 从句（用一般过去时）

I would rather you stayed at home.2.在主语从句中的用法。

在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语必须用虚拟语气。见课本p542。考试的考点时should的省略。

3.在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。

当宾语从句中那些使用虚拟语气的动词的名词形式出现在表语从句和同位语从句中时，必须用虚拟语气。即，suggestion, order, insistence, demand, request etc.a.My suggestion is that we(should)try again.(表语从句)b.My suggestion that

we(should)try again is 7.虚拟语气的倒装与省accepted by them.（同位语略。

从句）

符合下列条件，可以省略 4.在定语从句中的用if,并进行倒装。

法。

①必须是非真实条件句。It is time + that + ②只有当从句中出现主语 + 动词的过去时。

were, had, should时，才可 It is time that you 省略if，并把这些词放在主left.语之前。

= It is tome for you a.If I should meet her, to leave.I would tell her.= Should I meet her, I 5.在含蓄条件句中的用would tell her.法。

b.If I were in your 有时一个假设的情况并不position, I would do it 是用条件从句表示，而用其它better.方式表示，称含蓄条件句。

= Were I in your 1>.用with, without介position, I would do it 词结构代替条件从句。

better.We might have died you 请阅读课本p539-p545，without your help.= We 并完成课后练习。

might have died if you 看看本文中出现的虚拟语hadn’t helped us.气句：

2>.用相当于if的其1.Without air, we 它连词表示虚拟结构。常见的could not exist.连词有：otherwise, in that 2.If we didn’t have case, on condition that, air, there would be no provided that, but for, sound.etc.3.Without air, there a.I was busy last week, would be no wind or clouds.otherwise I would have

come to see you.C.Important phrases = I as very busy last in the text: week.If I hadn’t been 1.be important to sb(1busy, I would have come to 段1行);2.be forced to see you.do(3段3行);3.shelter b.But for the storm, from(3段3行);4.consist we should have arrived of(5段1行);5.rest early.upon(5段4行);6.gazt at = If we hadn’t met sth(6段5行);7.in the storm, we should have wonder(6段5行);8.not„arrived early.until(6段6行);9.large 6.在错综时间条件句amounts of(7段3行);10.中的用法。

the same„as(8段3行);有时非真实条件句中，主11.learn to(9段1行);句谓语动词所表示的动作和条12.in the meantime(9段3件句中的谓语动词不是同时发行);13.pay attention to(9生，这时可按照需要来调整各段4行);14.add to(9段6自的时间。

行);15.in order to(2段4a.If you had followed 行);16.protect„from„(3the doctor’s advice then, 段4行)you would have be all

right now.D.本文在写作时有一个非主句与从句发生的时间不常明显的特点，运用了大量的同，进行调整。

同根词，即在这句话中出现的b.If you had followed 是动词，在下句中就出现它的the doctor’s advice, you 名词或形容词。我们总结一would have been all right 下：

then.1.exist→existence;主句和从句的动作同时发2.atmosphere→atmospheric;生。

3.pressure→press;4.weigh请注意：碰到这种从句要→weight;5.electric→特别注意它的时间状语，必须electrical,electricity 明确给出时间，否则按同时发

生使用。Unit 9 Text A:

Learned Words and popular Words

In fact, every language has the similarity.For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu.In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu.So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word.So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary.Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.A.New words:

1.learned: adj 有学问的，博学的；learn: v;learner: n

2.cultivated: adj 耕种的、有修养的；cultivate: v 耕种、培养；cultivation: n 耕种、培养；cultivator: n 耕种者（*）

a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land.b.Cultivated people should have good manners.c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.3.concern: v 涉及、使关心、挂念；n 关心、挂念;concerned: adj 担心的、焦虑的

常用的短语：so/as far as „ concerned:至于，对„而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:对人或事关心、挂念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness.b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.4.stock: v 储备、储存；n 库存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有库存/没有库存

5.possession: n 所有、拥有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、拥有；

6.relatively: adv 比较而言；relate: v;relation: n;relative: adj

7.educated: adj 有知识的；educate: v 受教育；education: n 教育； educational: adj教育的(*)a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life.b.She has been doing educational work for forty years.c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.d.our society needs more educated people.8.acquaintance: n 认识、熟人；acquaint: v 使„熟悉/通晓

9.formal: adj 正式的，反义词：informal;formally: adv（*）

a.She spoke highly of his discovery.b.He is 1.76 meters in height.c.The church tower is 20 meters high.11.elevated: adj 提高的、高贵的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 电梯

12.importantce: n 重要性； important: adj 重要的；unimportant, unimportance.13.grown-up: n 成年人；adj 成熟的；adult.14.apply: v 申请、应用；application: n；applicant: n 申请人(*)常用习语：apply to sb for sth:向某人申请某物；apply to sth:适用某物;apply sth to sth:将„运用到„中。

a.She applied to the university for her degree say, from the members of of Master of Arts.our own family and from b.What he said applies our friends, and ③which to us all.we should know and use c.We should apply what even if we could not read we have learned to our or write.看出这一点对于理work.解整个句子是至关重要的。下

面分别看看这三个定语从句。15.absolute: adj 绝对①with which we become 的、完全的；absolutely: familiar in ordinary adv

conversation,掌握短语：

become/be familiar with 16.popularity: n;sth对„熟悉。

popular: adj；popularize:

注意：在定语从句中若介

词置于关系代词之前，介词宾17.clssification: n 分语只能用which代物，whom类；classify: v 分类；代人，其余的关系代词都不能classified: adj 分类的

用。这是考点！

a.This is the hero of 18.convenient;adj 方whom we are proud.便的, convenience: n ；反= This is the hero 义词：inconvenient, who/that/whom/省略 we are inconvenience

proud of.b.I want to find the 19.avoid: v 后用动名pen with which I finished 词；avoidance: n；my papers.avoidable: adj 可避免的；= I want to find the unavoidable: 不可避免的。

pen that/which/省略 I I am trying to avoid finished my papers with.meeting him.②which we learn, that 20.misconception: n 误is to say, from the 解，反义词：conception.前members of our own family 缀：mis-含有“错误地”，and from our friends,掌握mistake, misunderstand, 短语：that is to say = misapply etc.that is所作成分属插入语;

Learn from sb向某人学习。21.presence: n 出席、We should learn from 存在；present: adj到场的

LeiFeng at any time.③which we should know 22.literature: n 文and use even if we could 学；literary: adj文学的

not read or write

本句包含一个让步让步B.Intensive reading: 状语从句，even if„即使„.1.First, there are

those words with which we 2.They concern the become familiar in common things of life, and ordinary conversation, are the stock in trade of which we learn, that is to all who speak the language.say, from the members of 译：这些词和生活中的普our own family and from 通事情相关，是所有使用这门our friends, and which we 语言的人的常备词汇。

should know and use even 短语：stock in trade: if we could not read or 库存、常用手段。

write.(难句！！)

译：首先是那些我们在日3.Such words may be 常交谈中逐渐熟悉的词语，即called “popular”, since 我们从家人、朋友那儿学来的they belong to the people 和那些即使不会读写也应该知at large and are not the 道和会用的词。

possession of a limited 分析：主语：those class only.words,在它之后有三个定语从译：这些词可以被称为句修饰它，①with which we “普通词”，因为它们属于广become familiar in 大的普通百姓，而不只为有限ordinary conversation, ②范围内的一个阶层所有。

which we learn, that is to since为因为，短语：

belong to: 属于„;at large: 普遍地、逍遥法外地

a.These books belong to me.b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy?

c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起)

译：我们初识这些词不是从母亲的口中或同学的话中，而是从我们所读的书中，所听的课中，或从对某一特殊话题进行严肃的讨论的受过高等教育的人们的较正式谈话中首词次了解到的。本句的难点实际上是名词的修饰语多。

分析：主语our first acquaintance with them；谓语：comes;剩余部分为宾语部分。在该部分中有一个大结构：not„but不是„而是。books, lectures, conversation三个名词后有很多的修饰关系，请大家注意。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.learned words;2.popular words;3.make up（1段2行）;4.be familiar with（1段3行）;5.that is to say（1段4行）;6.even if（1段5行）;7.stock in trade（1段7行）;8.belong to（1段8行）;9.at large（1段8行）;10.on the other hand（2段1行）;11.a large number of sth（2段1行）;12.be known to（2段3行）;13.acquaintance with（2段4行）14.not„ but„（2段5-6行）15.come up（4段6行）;16.as to（4段6行）;17.as a whole（4段11行）;18.be due to（4段14行）;19.rather than（4段15行）

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:（讲解）

question concerned by Ⅲ.1.Satellites are anyone.You can find some capable of transmitting best ways in this text to not only TV broadcasts, give you some help, I am but also telephone calls.sure.We can get more 3.You should follow words through context and the doctor’s instructions through word parts.Maybe on how to take this kind you have more of your ways.of medicine.No matter which, I just 4.Computer systems hope you can succeed in can transmit sound as well English studying!as pictures at the same

time.A.New words: 6.This patient 1.vocabulary: n 词汇表 should be isolated from 2.context: n 上下文，the other patients.from context;through 7.The soldier context;contextual: adj displayed courage and 上下文的

skills.3.securely: adv 安全 8.His experiments 地；secure: adj;security;fully demonstrated that n principle of psychology.4.intend: v 打算，p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, intend to do sth;F, F, T, T, T, F.intention: n 意图

p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, 5.preference: n 偏爱,a

用介词for； prefer: v 用Ⅱ.1.atmosphere;介词to.2.existence;3.thorough;a.I prefer to do it 4.radar;5.elements;myself.6.protect from;7.created;b.She has a preference 8.rest on

for blue.p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b，a

6.prefix前缀，suffixⅡ.1.to concern;后缀

2.possession;3.situation;7.apparently: adv 同义4.acquaintance;5.lively;词：obviously，明显地。

6.grown-up;

8.consult: v 请教、查7.classification;

阅；consultation: n;8.principle;9.convenient;consultant: n 顾问；常用短10.presence

语：

p240.Ⅱ.1.style;consult with sb:讨论谋2.occasions;3.highly;事；consult sb about sth:4.concern;5.possessions;向某人请教谋事

6.topics;7.formal;9.personally: adv = in 8.cultivated;9.convenient;person;personal: adj;10.absolute

10.heighten: v 提高、Ⅲ.2.After he arrived 加高；high: adj;highly: in that country, he found adv;height: n 高度

there few occasions to

speak Chinese.11.maximum: n 最大量； 4.No two leaves are 反义词：minimum:最小量

exactly the same in the 12.effectiveness: n 有world.效性；effective: adj 有效 5.When I say 的；effect: n 影响；affect: they’re friends, I don’t v mean they share everything.13.sharpen: v 削尖； 6.The meeting sharp: adj尖的

concerns trade and 14.awareness: n 意识、agriculture.觉悟；aware: adj有意识 7.Serious problems 的，be aware of sth;无意may come up if the 识的：unaware situation becomes worse.15.accuracy;n 准确

性；accurate: adj准确的

Text B: How Should You 16.ease: n 舒适、安Build Up Your Vocabulary?

逸，feel at ease with sb;I think this is a v 缓和;easy: adj 容易的。

The aspirins eased my headache.B.Some important sentences in the text:

1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “look it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.译：当问大学生阅读时遇到生词时该怎么办，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，这么做，你就会打断最富有成效所需的思维进程。

短语：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday.②look sth up in„在„中查阅

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books.③make sth + adj使„如何

please make the room warm.2.It all depends.(*)= It all depends on the situation.（金牌口语句）

依情况而定。

3.That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context.译：这就是为什么我们得从上下文入手。

why引导表语从句。make such good sense:有充足的理由；begin with从„开始

4.only when you go through the mental exercise to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you’re right.译：只有在你经过一番脑力活动想出一个推测性的定义后，才应该打开字典来看看你的猜测是否正确。

注意：由于only+时间状语从句放在句首，用了部分倒装。

短语：①go through:仔

细研究或检查，I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.②come up with:想出、提出语外，可担任其他句子成分：something/anything/nothing 主语、宾语、表语、状语、定+ 形容词＋不定式 2>.当介词but, except, 语、宾语补足语。在句中起名Do you have anything besides前面有实义动词do词、形容词和副词的作用。interesting to read? 时，可省to.1.不定式作名词时在句中 The enemy can do 充当主语、宾语和表语.3>.不定式作定语时有时nothing but/except He came up with a new suggestion.5.Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary.Use it!the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease.The result will be like money in the bank.译：好，你的新公式—上下文，构词成分，字典。运用它！随后的练习将具体地、循序渐进地帮你敏锐察觉到上下文提示，学会最有用的构词成分和越来越轻松地使用字典。其结果就像你在银行里存了一笔钱。

这是本文的最后一句总结全文的句子，它给大家最好的提示：如何最有效地记住单词。请大家参照着做。但也应因人而宜。最后一句：The result will be like money in the bank.Means that as long as you have mastered good methods in English studying, the longer you study English, the bigger vocabulary you’ll build up.在这里我也把这句话送给大家。May you succeed!

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非谓语动词)

英语中的动词根据它是否能单独做句子的谓语分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。不能单独作句子谓语的称作非谓语动词。它又分三类：动词不定式，分词，动名词。今天先介绍动词不定式。

A.不定式（Infinitive）：大多数是由不定式标记to加动词原形构成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出现的。

B.在句中它除了不能作谓a.He likes to play 用主动语态表示被动含义。basketball.a.There is a letter to b.For him to learn write.English well in such a b.There is no time to short time is not easy.lose.c.His job is to clean c.Mary has three all the windows.babies to look after.注意：1>.当作主语的不3.不定式作副词的用法；定式较长时，常用it作形式在句中担任状语主语而将真正的主语放在谓语a.He is lucky to get 后，将上面b可改为：It’s there on time.(原因状语)not easy for him to learn b.He came here to help English well in such a me with my math.(目的状语)short time.c.After that day they 2>.在这种情况下我们常were separated, never to 用for sb.或of sb.来做不定see each other.(结果状语)式的逻辑主语，但是有区别的。请注意以下固定句型中不for sb.常用表示客观情定式的用法：况的形容词，如：easy, 1>.too + adj/adv + for difficult, hard, important, sb + to do sth interesting, impossible The book is too hard etc.for the boy to read.of sb常用表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, 2>.enough的用法： kind, foolish, clever, etc.a.He is old enough to a.It’s important for go to school.us to say something b.The road is wide directly.enough for three horses to b.It’s clever of him go.to leave that country.3>.不定式在句中作为独3>.不定式作主语时谓语立成分：动词用单数。a.To tell you the 4>.不定式作宾语时，若truth, I don’t like this 宾语有自己的表语，常用itfilm.作形式宾语。b.To be frank, you are I know to finish the lying.work so soon impossible.c.To make matters I know it impossible worse, it began to get to finish the work so soon.dark.2.不定式作形容词的用4.不定式作宾语补足语。法：通常在句中担任定语。，a.I don’t want her to 并且放在它所修饰的名词后leave here so quickly.面。b.We allow you to He always has a lot of enter the room.meetings to attend.注意：1>.有时不定式所注意以下省去to的情修饰的名词或代词是不定式动况：作的地点，工具，不定式后应1>.在某些感官动词和使该加上必要的介词。役动词后作宾补时省略to，please pass me some 但在被动语态中不可省略to.paper to write on.a.I hear someone sing this morning.2>.当一句话中既有形容b.The workers were 词又有不定式修饰something, made to work day and night.anything, nothing这三个词c.please let the dog 时，请注意词序：go out!

surrender.3>.在下列固定词组中： ①had better do sth;②would rather do sth than

do sth;③can’t but do;a.You had better not

go now.b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework.c.I can’t but think so.C.不定式的否定形式：

not + 不定式 My father told me not to skate on the lake.D.连接代词或副词＋不定式，相当于一个名词短语，一般充当宾语。a.Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult

problem.b.please decide as soon as possible when to

start.E.不定式的常用时态有：

一般式，进行式，完成式三个.a.He has decided to

give her some money.b.He pretended to be studying when his father

came in.c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.F.不定式的被动语态：to

be done;to have been done a.It’s an honor for

me to be invited to attend the meeting.b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.见课本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one: Review some important

phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段

2行);2.look sth up in„(1段3行);3.at top speed(2段4行);4.after all(2段6行);5.make good sense(2段8行);6.begin with(2段

9行);7.provide sb with sth(3段2行);8.preference for sth(3段3行);9.come up with(5段5行);10.find out(6段3行);11.lead to(6段4行);12.in black and white(6段6行);13.build up

Unit 10 *Text A: Scientific Attitudes From very early time science began in the earth.Because we are curious about anything around us, we often ask many questions, such as: why the sun only come out at daytime;why the sky is blue;why we have four different seasons etc.then in this text we won’t study those questions but what attitudes we should have when we study the science.So I think its very necessary for us to learn them.A: new words: 1.scientific: adj 科学的； scientifically: adv 科学地； science: n 科学； scientist: n 科学家

2.attitude: n 姿势、态度，常用介词：to, towards 3.environment: n 环境；environmental: adj环境的，environmental protection环保(*)4.curiosity: n 好奇心；curious: adj好奇的,常用短语：be curious about sth / to do sth(*)

5.imagination: n 想象力；imagine: v想象；imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓励；stimulation: n刺激、鼓励；stimulant: n 刺激物、兴奋剂

played that part.a.Is this program c.You never know what acceptable to you? the result is till you b.The acceptability of finish the test.the proposal is under

discussion.9.open-minded: adj无c.He asked her to 偏见的，open-mindedness: n

marry him and she accepted minded是形容词，表示him.具有某种心智、头脑的，如：

strong-minded;feeble-18.frequently: adv minded;narrow-minded;usually;frequent: adj;absent-minded etc.frequency: n 频繁(*)

a.He has written to me 10.regardless: adj/adv frequently since I went 不留心的、不关心的，不顾、abroad.不惜；regard: v 注视、认b.Rains are very 为，n 问候；regarding: frequent here in summer.prep关于；常用短语：c.The frequency of her regard sth as sth;visit surprised him.regardless of sth(*)

a.please give my kind 19.determine: v 决定，regard to your determine to do sth;grandparents.determined: adj;b.His experiment is determination: n always regarded as a dig 20.growth: n;grow: v success.c.He tried again and B:Intensive reading: again regardless of the 1.Science had its failure.beginning when man started

asking questions about his 11.previously: adv 在environment.前地、早先地；previous: 译：科学源于人们/人类adj

开始对周围事物提出疑问的时12.disagreeable: adj候。

让人讨厌的，反义词：Starting asking„动名agreeable另人愉快的、宜人词作start的宾语。ask 的

question about sh 13.failure: n 失败；

fail: v 失败，fail to do 2.Not all his answers sth;fail in sth

were correct, but at least Failure is the mother he did want to know.of success.译：并非所有的答案都正

确，但至少那时的人们确实想14.solution: n 解决办了解他周围的世界。

法，solution to/for/of sth

当not放在all, both表15.adapt: v 适应、改编示半否定，若要表示全否定两adapt to sth 适应„；adapt 者间用neither,三者用none.for sth:适用于„;a.They both are my adaptation: n;adaptable: friends.adj适应的，(*)

b.Not both of them are a.She found it my friends.difficult to adapt herself c.Neither of them is to the life in a foreign my friend.country.d.They are all good b.He is not adapted students.for this job.e.They are not all

good students.16.perfect: adj完美f.None of them is good 的，反义词:imperfect

students.No one is perfect.人无完人。

3.Curiosity and

imagination are important 17.acceptable: adj可qualities which help 以接受的，accept: v 接受；stimulate the discovery of acceptance: n 接受;new facts and advance

science.译：好奇心和想象力是帮助发现新的事实并推动科学发展的重要素质。

help do sth, help to do sth，4.Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.译：具有科学头脑的人们相信因果关系。短语：believe in sth相信

5.Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*)

译：像这些容易被人观察到的变化称之为现象。

这句话包含有两个被动语态，一个出现在定语从句中，另一个出现在主句中。

6.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.译：对于一些人们不知其解的现象，科学的观点是必有其因，只是尚未被发现罢了。

分析：主语the scientific point of view；系动词：is；后跟表语从句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是状语。In cases:在„情况下，后跟定语从句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻译：尚欠缺的唯一条件。

7.This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.译：这指的是面对现存的事实而不管自己原来想法的能力。

分析：to face the facts是动词不定式作定语修饰the ability;as they are表示按照它们的实际情况；regardless of常用短语，不管、不顾。what one has previously thought作介词of的介词宾语。

8.Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in

producing the first electric lamp.(*)译：托马斯。爱迪生失败了成千次才成功制造了第一盏电灯。

注意本句的几个考点：thousands of times;succeed in producing;连词before

9.The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*)译：实际问题的解决方法是不能事先预见的。

注意考点：the solutions to sth;can’t be seen;in advance短语：事先。

10.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.译：科学家们必须能改变思路，调整自己的理论，使之于新发现的事实相适应。

分析：change their thinking改变思路；adapt their theories to new facts使„适应„；

as they are discovered状语从句。

11.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.（*）

译：这是人的理解总是不尽完美的另一种说法。

考点：动名词saying；短语less than

12.A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.译：科学的真理提供了一种解释，这种解释为人们所接受，使相对于某一特定时间内人们的知识而言的。

分析：that is acceptable定语从句修饰an explanation;what is known at a particular time作介词of的宾语。注意：in the light of sth按照、根据 = according to;be known;at a particular time.13.区分下面两句话中的被动语态用法：

⑪.Views which are entirely new or foreign knowledge„

may also be hard to accept.f.problems arise in a ⑫.New ideas are variety of ways.frequently very slow to be

accepted.2.obtain: v 得到，get, 当碰到hard, difficult, gain.easy时后面的不定式用主动3.biological: adj 生物表被动，除此外其他的形容词学的；biology: n 生物学；要用过去分词表被动。

biologist: n 生物学家

4.account: n 叙述、帐14.It may take time 户；v account for sth说for new acts to become 明„的原因;accountant:会available.计

译：新事实的发现、获得a.I have 2000 yuan in 使需要时间的。

my account.基本句型：It takes sb b.His illness can some time to do sth;

account for his absence.C.Summary about all 5.logical: adj 符合逻the phrases:

辑的，反义词：illogical 1.start doing(1段16.analysis: n 分析；行);2.at least(1段5行);analyze: v;analyst: n 分3.lay aside sth(2段1行);析者

4.be curious about sth(27.indicate: v 指示；段3行);5.take apart indicator: n;indication: sth(2段3行);n 6.wonderabout sth(3段18.inference: n推论；行);7.combine sth with infer;v;类似的词还有：sth(3段1-2行);8.carry refer, reference;prefer, out(3段2行);9.believe preference in(4段1行);10.cause and 9.prediction: n;effect;11.in case(4段7predict: v 预计

行);13.point of view(4段10.confidence: n 信8行);14.regardless of 心；confident: adj有信心sth(5段2行);15.be 的； self-confidence自信

willing to do(5段6行);11.unreliable: adj 靠16.thousands of(5段6行);不住的，反义词：reliable.17.succeed in doing(5段712.accurate: adj;行);18.in advance(6段1accuracy: n 行);19.adapt sth to sth(6The 13th lecture of 段2行);20.once and for College English one: all(6段4行);21.make a A.Intensive reading change in sth(6段4行);Text B: 22.in the light of sth(61.please look at the 段8行);23.respect for(7second paragraph on page 段1行);24.come up(7段3275.I’ll read and then 行);25.be laughed at(8段I’ll translate it, 2行);26.in all fields of especially pay attention knowledge(8段4行).to those phrases。

译：首先要认识问题。只Text B:

有问题找对了，才能得出正确1.arouse: vt 引起、唤的答案。解决问题始于透彻的起，区别：rise: vi;raise: 理解。问题的出现有各种情vt;arise: vi出现、呈现(*)

况。它们有时产生于偶然的观a.His behavior 察，有时可能出自于阅读、实aroused my suspicion.验或仅仅思考，也有可能来于b.A new difficulty has 新的发展或人类新的不同的需arisen.求。例如：今天，许多问题产c.The sun rises in the 生于核物理、生物工程和微电ease and sets in the west.子领域的新发现。工业的发展d.He raised his voice 也已经带来了大量的必须被解to make everyone hear.决的问题。

e.once his curiosity 短语：⑪first of allhas been aroused, he uses 首先；⑫only if除非；⑬certain methods and grow out of=arise from产procedures to obtain new 生于；⑭result from产生

于；⑮bring about导致；⑯large number of大量的

2.Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)

译：有时未回答的问题会显示需要进一步研究的领域。

注意在这句话中suggest不是“建议”而是“暗示，显示”，因此不用虚拟语气。

a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虚拟语气)

b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虚拟语气）

短语: in need of sth需要„

3.Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.(8段)

译：如果所观察到的或预测结果正如所料，科学家对他假说的可靠性就增加了信心。

通过翻译我们会发现这句话包含有一个虚拟语气，并且省略了if，进行了倒装。原句应是：

If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但请大家注意此时主句用了陈述语气，属于非正式用法。

短语：turn out 结果是„

He turned out to be a cheat.4.Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）

译：实验必须在严格控制的条件下进行。

考点：under carefully controlled conditions.B.Important phrases:

1.first of all(2段1行);2.only if(2段2行);3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);4.result from(2段5行);5.bring about(2段10行);6.large number of(2段10行);7.build a firm foundation(4段5行);8.in need of sth(5段5行);

9.build up(6段1行);10.turn out to be(8段1行);11.give up(8段4行);12.check with(9段1行);13.a variety of sth(2段3行);14.carry out(7段2行)

C.Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(2)Gerund and participles：（动名词和分词）

Ⅰ.Gerund: 动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词原形加ing构成。具有某些动词的特点，在句中起名词的作用，由此得名动名词。它可以有自己的宾语和状语，这是动词的特点；在句中担任主语、表语、宾语，及定语，这属于名词的特点。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主语)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表语）

c.I enjoy sleeping.（动宾）

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介宾）

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定语）

动名词也可根据需要在前面加上物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。

a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.动名词作主语：

a.Seeing is believing.b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用动名词作主语，有时也可用it作形式主语。如上面的第二句可改为：

It’s no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth;it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.2.动名词作表语：一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作，这时表语和主语常可互换。

a.What he likes best is making jokes.b.Making jokes is what he likes best.about it.g.They stopped talking.3.动名词作宾语：既可作h.They stopped to talk.动词宾语，也可作介词的宾

语。有些动词后面必须用动名4.动名词作定语：一般表词，请记住下列常考动词：示所修饰词的用途，如：admit, avoid, consider, drinking water, writing enjoy, finish, deny, mind, desk, reading room, etc.practice, risk, suggest，postpone, miss, can’t 5.动名词的否定式：not help, put off, give up, + 动名词

keep on etc.I’m sorry not a.She denied stealing getting there on time.her money.b.I tried my best to 6.动名词的时态和语态： avoid meeting him in the 1>.一般时表示一般性的street.动作，发生的时间不明确。而c.You’d better put 完成时表示动作在谓语动词之off having the meeting 前发生。

because of SARS.a.I am looking forward d.If you want to make to seeing you soon.great progress, you must b.Thank you for having practice speaking every helped me so much.day.2>.当动名词逻辑上的主e.I am considering 语是它所表示的动作的对象doing it again.时，要用它的被动语态。

a.He insisted on being 动名词常跟在一些固定的sent to hospital.词组后面，如：

b.He insisted on insist on, look sending her to hospital.forward to, be used to, 3>.当句子谓语是want, succeed in, be interested need, require, deservein, be engaged in, depend 时，常用动名词的主动形式表on, be busy doing, stick 被动含义。

to, devote to, etc

a.The radio needs

repairing.(= The radio 注意：有些动词后面既可needs to be repaired.)用不定式作宾语也可用动名词b.The babies require 作宾语，且差别不大，如：examining.(= The babies continue, begin start, require to be examined.)prefer etc.4>.主语 + be worth a.I prefer making a doing / 主语 + be worthy plan before I go over my + to be done/of being done.lessons.a.The book is worth b.I prefer to make a reading.plan before I go over my b.The book is worthy lessons

to be read.但有些动词区别却很大，c.The book is worthy 如：remember, forget, of being read.regret, go on, try, etc.(*)

a.I remember giving Ⅱ.participle:分词也是money to him.(表示give这非谓语动词的一种，它有两种个动作已在remember 前发生形式：现在分词和过去分词。过了。)

分词可以有自己的宾语和状b.I remember to give 语，也可有逻辑主语，在句中money to him.（表示give担任表语，定语，状语和宾这个动作还未在remember 前补。

发生。）

a.The story is c.I regret accepting interesting.I’m your advice.interested in it.（表语）

d.I regret to tell you b.This is a moving that I won’t accept your film.（定语）

advice.c.She came in, singing e.They went on talking and dancing.（状语）

about it.d.He saw that man f.They went on to talk jumping off the wall.(宾补)

1.现在分词和过去分词的区别：从语态上讲，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动；从时态上讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom?

b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.d.Look!The falling leaves are yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.2.分词作表语：一般当主语是物时，用现在分词，含有“令人„” ；当主语是人时一般用过去分词，表示“感到„”.a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.3.分词作定语：⑪单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰的名词后面。

a.The swimming boy is my brother.b.What is the language spoken in Japan?

⑫分词短语作定语放在被修饰的名词之后。

The girl dressed in white is Helen.4.分词作宾补：补充说明宾语的意义。通常用在一些感官动词和使役动词后面。与句子的宾语是主动关系用现在分词；若与宾语是被动关系，用过去分词。

a.I heard someone calling me.b.I heard my name called.过去分词在have, get后作宾补时，常表示该动作不是由主语完成的，而是由别人完成的。（考点＊）

a.You’d better have your hair cut.b.He had some pictures taken in the park.5.分词作状语：来修饰谓

语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。

a.（on)hearing the news, they couldn’t help laughing.b.Having turned off the TV, he began to read a book.(强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，用分词的完成形式作状语。)c.Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.(原因状语)d.Given more attention, the trees could have grown 5.previously;6.acceptable;C.so

D.In C.With 7.solution;8.proper;therefore D.Through 9.determine;10.sprout 4.A red pencil-mark 14.Sometimes you have p273:Ⅱ.1.failure;on the fifth page ______.to ____ a new word in the 2.relationship;A.catch his eye B.dictionary.3.environment;catches his eyes

C.A.look into B.4.imagination;5.evidence;caught his eye

D.look up C.look 6.findings;7.ohenonmenon;caught his eyes over

D.look 8.curiosity;9.attitude;5.In most large through 10.solution companies management is 15.Animals can live Ⅲ.1.Man wondered directly ____ planning the only on _____ plants have why birds could fly while advertising.already turned from man couldn’t.A.known as B.inorganic to vegetable 2.The child took capable pf C.matter.the toy apart but he involved in D.A.that B.didn’t know how to put it satisfied with which C.what better.(条件状语)e.Although working from morning till night, he can’t finish his papers.(让步状语)f.The hero sat there, surrounded by a lot of students.(伴随状语)

如上的句子中的分词都可改成从句，大家自己练习改写一下。

注意：分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，这点很重要。

a.If you see from the hill, the city is beautiful.(不可改为分词作状语，主句和从句主语不一致。)b.Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.= When the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.6.分词的被动语态形式： a.The question being discussed is very important.(表示一个动作正在进行，而又含有被动意味。)b.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class on Dec.25.(将来要发生动作的被动语态。)c.This is a picture painted by my boyfriend.７.若分词有自己单独的主语，而并非句子的主语，那么我们称它为独立主格。（以后介绍。）

key to some exercises: p270:Ⅰ.d, a, c, c, a.Ⅱ.1.curious about;2.take apart;3.stimulate;4.telationship;together again.6.Some states use 4.She’s very tired, income tax ____ sales tax but she is still willing to raise their revenues.to help others.A.with regard to B.6.We have in search of C.determined to seek the to combine with

D.in answers to the questions.addition to 8.You should adapt 7.The mother warned yourself to the new her son not to associate environment.himself _____ bad men.p280Ⅰ.T, T, F, T, F, A.with B.T, F, F, T, F to C.by D.and

8.Material that is organized ______ remembered than jumbled

information.The 14th lecture of A.is better B.College English one: to be better

C.Test about unit 1 to better

D.as unit 10: better 9.Meaningfulness 大学英语

（一）测试1 _____ memory at all levels.本试题分两部分，第一A.effects B.部分为选择题，50分；第二effects on

C.部分为非选择题，50分。affects D.affects on part one 10.The children are、选择题。（20分）eager ______ if there are 1.Some people who are people on the Mars.very intelligent and A.to know B.successful in their fields know

C.find ____ difficult to knowing

D.succeed in language about knowing learning.11.There is no A.them

B.substitute _____ good food themselves

C.it and excise.D.itself A.of 2.Death and taxes are B.for C.two things in life that to D.with every American can be sure 12.He offered to _____.supply us _____ another A.of B.clock free of charge.for C.A.with B.at D.with for C.of 3.The Atlantic ocean D.to is only half as big as the 13._____ contrast to pacific, ____ it is still his brother, he is more very large.considerate and friendly.A.but B.and A.By B.D.how

16.The difficulty _____ their great poverty.A.lies in

B.lies on C.lies with

D.lies down

17.She isn’t satisfied ____ the present living conditions.A.for B.by

C.with D.to 18.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family _____ the mother cared for the house and children.A.while B.because C.where

D.therefore 19.Generally, the

children stay in the nuclear family ____ they grow up and marriage.A.although B.as C.until D.where 20.It’s important to realize that the same technology ____ helps us may also harm us.A.as B.that C.what

D.when

二、完型填空。（10

分）Most forgetting takes place immediately after learning.An hour

after studying or learning something new, more than 50% has been forgotten.After one month 80% has been forgotten and so on.This shows that review is very important.If you _____ new material

you have learnt, you portion

C.side that brings re-creation of wisely remember much more.It’s D.section strengthen and spirit.D.good recreation important to review newly When one speaks of making activities contribute learnt material a little

三、阅读理解。（20good use of leisure, he greatly to health, growth and often.It’s also 分）means choosing and spirit necessary ____ frequent recreational activities breaks.We best remember passage one which contribute to health, ____ we learnt at the beginning of a learning period and at the point ____ we stop.After the break, it’s necessary to review what was learnt ____ the break----and then to continue learning the new material.other experiments have shown that the brain needs time to ‘digest’ what has been learnt.The time necessary ____ this is 5 to 10 minutes.After a break of this time, the memory will have absorbed what it has ___ learnt, and more will be remembered.During this break it is important to ____ the right side of the brain, because the left side is used during a learning period.Therefore you should ____ in some way.Listening to music, breathing in fresh air, and looking at a picture, are all ways of using the other ___ of the brain.1.A.review

B.remind C.recover D.remember 2.A.have

B.has

C.to have D.having 3.A.that

B.what

C.which D.this 4.A.when

B.that

C.which D.where 5.A.before

B.since

C.after D.until 6.A.to B.for

C.on D.by 7.A.merely

B.only

C.just D.recently 8.A.practice

B.drill

C.train D.exercise 9.A.relax

B.release

C.relieve D.relay 10.A.part

B.The problem of growth, and spirit.leisure is new.Until very 1.The phrase “from recent times people worked can to can’t” in each day to the limit of paragraph 1 means _____.their strength.of course A.from beginning to there were always a end B.from birth to privileged few who had death C from morning leisure;but most men had to night.D.from time to work 12,14, or even 16 to time hours a day, six days a 2.How to spend week.As late as1840 the leisure time wisely is not average factory worker a particularly difficult labored 72 hours a week.problem fro people ______.“Sunup to sundown” was A.who are very busy the farmer’s day, or as every day another phrase, “from can B.who are sick in bed to can’t.” C.who are aged and in Today, working good health D.less than 40-hour week, who have retired from work people enjoy more leisure 3.How does the author time.Hence, the wise use look at work and leisure? of leisure time has become A.We work hard so an important problem for that we can enjoy more everyone, young or old.It leisure.is a particularly B.We enjoy leisure so difficult problem for the that we can come back to sick, the aged, and those work with fresh energy.who have retired from C.Leisure can bring earning a living.Those us a lot of pleasure that people have so much cannot.leisure that it is hard D.The success of work for them to find has little to do with how interesting and worthwhile we spend our leisure time.ways to use it.4.What is the However, short the relationship between work week becomes, work is leisure and recreation still the most important according to the author? part of life.We don’t A.Leisure and work to get leisure and recreation are closely the pleasures leisure related.brings us;rather, we use B.Leisure and leisure wisely so that recreation are identical.work itself can become C.Recreation covers awarding and enjoyable.all kinds of leisure The feeling of success at activities.doing one’s daily work-D.Recreation doesn’t whether it is a job, belong to any leisure maintaining a home, or activities.going to school-depends 5.From the passage we largely on coming to it know that _____________.each day with fresh energy A.leisure has been an and active interest.old problem since ancient Leisure and times.recreation go together, B.leisure can’t be though they are not replaced as the most necessarily the same thing.important part of life.“recreation” has an C.our success in work obvious meaning.It is the is mostly determined by kind of leisure activity whether we use leisure

passage Two Each nation has its own peculiar character which distinguishes it from others.But the peoples of the world have more points in common than points in which they differ.one type of person

that is common in every country is the one who always tries to do as little as possible and to get as much as possible in return.His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere.Both these types are usually unconscious of their character.The man who avoids effort is always talking about his “rights”: he appears to think that society owes him a pleasant, easy life.The man who is always doing more than his share

talks of “duties”: he feels that the individual is in debt to society, and

not society to the individual.As a result of their views, neither of

these men thinks that he behaves at all strangely.The man who tries

to do as little as he can is always full of excuses: if he has neglected to do

something, it was because he had a headache, or the weather was too hot or too

cold, or because he was prevented by bad luck.At first, other people, such

as his friends and his employer, generously accept his stories;but

soon they realize what kind of person he is.In the long run he deceives

only himself.When his friends become cool towards him and he fails

to make progress in his

job, he is surprised and hurt.He blames everyone and everything except himself.He feels that society is failing in its duties towards him, and that he is being unjustly treated.6.The central ides if paragraph 1 is that ___________.A.Each nation is peculiar enough to enable us to distinguish it from others.B.The peoples of the world are as alike as they are different.C.The peoples of the world have more similarities than differences.D.Those who do more than is strictly necessary are common in every country.7.According to paragraph 1, the man who does more than is required _________.A.is ready to accept what the society offers him B.excepts nothing in return for his work C.feels that he is under heavy debt D.thinks this makes his life easy 8.Those who try to do as little as possible ___________.A.envy others’ good luck B.are good story-tellers C.supply false reasons for their lack of responsibility D.think that their opposites owe them a pleasant life 9.The phrase “in the long run” is closest in meaning to _________.A.in practice B.in the end

C.in effect D.in no time 10.It can be inferred from the passage that people who cheat___________.A.will be unjustly treated B.will cheat only themselves eventually C.will change their your behavior D.___________(convenient)will get surprised by 7.Computers are now their own stories being ____________(wide)used in China.part two 8.Sometimes ocean

四、单词拼写。（10currents ___________(call)分）“rivers in the sea”.1.重复、反复

n 9.The inhabitants of r__________ 2.the moon would see our 传统的 a t_____________ earth _____(reflect)the 3.代表、象征

vt light of the sun.r___________ 4.10.For centuries the 熟练、精通

n Atlantis ocean kept the p___________ Americans from 5.文明的、开化的a ________(discover)by the c___________ 6.消化 vt people of Europe.d___________

7.有经验的 a

六、汉译英。（15分）e______________ 8.给1.世界上只有四个地区发人印象深刻的 a 现有很多金刚石。I____________ 2.说肉和土豆不能一起吃9.火山 n 是愚蠢的 v_______________ 3.不用说，第二个词表比10.美味的_____________ 第一个词表更容易记忆。

11.准确地 ad 4.我们应该设法寻找问题a_____________ 12.的答案，而不是等待老师的解改进、增进 n 释。_______________ 5.随着现代交通的发展，13.不能消化的a 太平洋似乎变得越来越小。I______________ 14.准备、预备

七、英译汉。（15分）p________________ What is color? Why 15.工业化

v do some objects look red, i____________ 16.others green, others blue? 相似、类似n Color is caused by s________________ reflected light rays.We 17.与众不同的a see color because objects u____________

18.reflect light.Something 观察，观察物 n that is red reflects o___________ mostly red light.(it 19.完全地，绝对地 ad reflects a little green or a_________ 20.仍然是，blue light, too, but we do 剩下 vi r_________ not see it.)in the same way, a green object

五、用动词正确的时态填reflects mostly green 空。（10分）light.White objects 1.In the 1600’s, reflect all colors of travelers from Europe light.Black objects __________(bring)back don’t reflect any light.diamonds from India.What happens to 2.Sometimes the colors of light that information in the long-are not reflected? They term memory ________(be)are absorbed by the object.hard to remember.The darker the color, the 3.Well-organized less light is reflected material is ________(well)and the more light is remembered than jumbled absorbed.Light that is information.absorbed is turned into 4.These plants can be heat.For this reason, ___________(easy)dark—colored clothes are categorized.warmer in the sunlight 5.Some common that light—colored __________(phenomenon)are clothes.not completely understood.6.We did that just for Key to exercises:

p258:Ⅱ.1.standing;

2.rising;3.beginning, advanced;4.done;5.playing;6.pleasing;7.reflecting;8.closed;9.reading;10.charged, bought;11.living;12.extended;13.outlined;14.coming;15.wearing;16.lying;17.having gone;18.working;19.moving;20.running.Ⅲ.1.He’s quite satisfied with the test result.2.She saw a group of cows standing under the trees.3.on hearing the news, they set off for the railway station at once.4.Hong Kong, returned to China in 1997, is one of the most important commercial and financial centers in Asia.5.please turn off the light when leaving the room.6.She has two sons living in Macao.7.He gave an important talk at the meeting held last week.8.presents costing less than $200 may be brought into the country duty free.9.Seeing him coming over, we hid ourselves behind the door.10.At this moment, she felt her heart beating fast.p291:Ⅱ.1.to say;2.leading;3.to say;4.eating;5.to learn, experienced;6.belonging;7.banking, leaving;8.doing;9.finished;10.smoking, eating;11.driving;12.buying, washing, to make;13.going;14.happening, controlling;15.to bring;16.to be done, to move;17.being discussed;18.meeting;19.being, to help;20.knowing, learning

Ⅲ.C, D, D, B, A, D, C, C, C, A

The 15th lecture of College English one: Unit 11

Text A: The Great American Garage Sale We have heard of flea market in China.But in America there is another kind of market used to sell and buy those second things.And such sales often happen in the garage, the yard, or the basement.Rising living costs are considered as a main reason for holding such sales and in such sales people can know many new friends, so they have become social events.A.New words: 1.unwanted: adj 不需要的；反义词：wanted;want 2.neighborhood: n 四邻、附近；neighbor: n 邻居；hood后缀，表示“„状态/状况”。

3.advertisement: 缩写ad.;advertise: v 4.buyer, seller:买主，卖主, buy, sell: v;sale: n(*)a.Is the house for sale? b.This little shop sells a wide variety of goods.c.The market of farm produce was filled with sellers and buyers.5.save: v 救助，储蓄，节省。

a.The doctor has tries her best to save her life.b.We are saving money for a holiday.c.please save a seat for me in the reading room.6.original: adj 起初的、新颖的；origin: n 开端、背景；originate: v 起因；originality: n 创造力；originally: adv 起初地（*）

a.He is a Chinese by origin.b.Her works of art show a great deal of originality.c.The original plan was better than the plan we followed.unwanted items—all sorts 7.computerization: n of things they wanted to 计算机化；computerize: v get rid of.计算机化；computer: n 计算译：把家里的东西整理一机（*）

下，找出大约有1500件不用a.Computers are used 的旧货—这些东西他们都想扔by people of all walks of 掉。

life.分析：Sorting through b.The computerization their possessions现在分词of management makes things 作时间状语，all sorts of easy and convenient.things they wanted to get c.The airlines have rid of是1500 old, already computerized their unwanted items的同位语。booking system.’

短语：come up with: find

out;some: about;all 8.era: n 时代、纪元 sorts of: all kinds of;We are living get rid of:摆脱、除去

computer era.a.I came up with a

better way to solve the 9.bargin: v/n讨价还problem from the 价；交易

experiment.a.---The bike only b.He finally got rid cost me 50yuan.---oh, you of those dirty and old have a good bargain!

shoes.b.She always bargains with the salesmen for the 2.The Ericksons necessaries.needn’t have worried.译：其实埃里克森一家本10.hunter: n 猎人；没有必要担心。

bargain-hunter:专找便宜货needn’t have done sth:的人。

是虚拟语气的一种形式，表示11.fabulous: adj神话原本没有必要做谋事，但实际式的，惊人的；

还是做了，反义词：should fabulous heroes传奇have done本应做，但却没式的英雄, a fabulous 做。

performance精彩的表演

a.I should have helped

you.12.mercy：n仁慈、宽b.They needn’t have 容；merciful: adj仁慈的；come here so early, for mewrciless: adj无怜悯心的

it’s Sunday!

13.reluctant: adj不情

愿的，同义词：unwilling;3.Eager buyers bought 反义词：willing;all but 50 of the items in reluctance: n

one weekend, leaving the

family $442 richer.(*)14.enthusiasm: n 热译：踊跃的买主在一个周情；enthusiast: n热心人；末就把全部商品几乎全买走enthusiastic: adj热情的：了，除了剩余的50件商品(*)

外，给一家人增加了442元的 be enthusiastic 收入。

for/about sth;

考点：all but其中but

位介词“除了”，leaving现15.recent: adj最近在分词做伴随状语；richer的；recently: adv最近

更多的

16.bound: adj一定的，有约束的，准备到„去的

4.What would Americans a.The weather is bound want to shop by searching to get better tomorrow.among someone else’s b.Where are you bound cast-offs? for: I’m bound for school.译：为什么美国人这么喜

欢光顾别人的旧货摊，在里面B.Intensive reading 翻翻拣拣？

the text:

Would表示愿意„;shop: 1.Sorting through v 购物，shop: n 商店；their possessions, they shopping：n 购物

came up with some 1500 old, a.We are busy with our

work during weekends, therefore, we usually shop on Sundays.b.The family goes shopping once a week.c.I went to several shops but still couldn’t find the sort of diamond ring she wanted.Searching是动名词；some else’s别人的。

5.Rising living costs are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for holding sales and for attending them.译：不断上升的生活费是举办和光顾这些旧货展卖的会被每一个人考虑的几个原因之一。

Rising living costs是现在分词做句子的主语。请大家区分一下：rising, living形式相同但用法也相同吗？rising是现在分词，living是动名词。区分二者的方法是：看能否将动词的ing形式改为定语从句，可以则是分词，反之则为动名词。

a.Look at the sleeping boy.(Look at the boy who is sleeping.)

b.please go to your sleeping car.(the car for sleep 是说明用途。)

6.The seller makes a little extra money and the buyer saves quite a lot, since garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of their original cost.译：车库展卖的价格是原来价格的很小的一部分，所以卖主能挣一点额外的钱，买主却省了一大笔钱。

Since因为，sth is priced at some price:标明价格

7.one psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the computerization of their lives—they may be searching for their roots.译：一位心理学家解释说，人们厌倦了电脑网络化的生活—也许他们正在寻根。

Suggest在这里也不是“建议”，因此不用虚拟语气。

短语：be fed up with因„而厌烦；search for到

处寻找

We are fed up with the traffic and noise in big cities.8.Some people have made garage-sale shopping into a hobby;they spend their weekends going from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.译：有些人已经把逛车库展卖当成一种业余爱好；每个周末他们都泡在里面，从一家逛到另一家，希望能找到一件真正的宝贝。

make sth into a hobby使„成为一种爱好；hoping to run across a real treasure做谓语spend的伴随状语;run across偶然遇见、发现，同义词：come across

9.How long will all this enthusiasm continue„some day the people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had---getting rid of this stuff.译：这种热情会持续多久？某一天买了我们东西的顾客将会发现，他们也面临和我们同样的问题—怎样处理掉这些旧东西。

some day用于一般将来时中，be bound to do;be faced with面临„,面队„.getting rid of this stuff是the same problem的同位语。

a.Lazy Tom is bound to fail this exam.b.The country is faced with the economic crisis.C.Summary about the phrases: 1.not long ago(1段1行);2.decide to do(1段1行);3.sort through(1段2行);4.come up with(1段3行);5.get rid of(1段4行);6.all sorts of(1段3行);7.set out(1段7行);8.needn’t have done(1段9行);9.for sale(3段1行);10.be considered„as(6段1行);11.be priced at(6段4行);12.be fed up with(7段4行);13.search for(7段5行);14.be turned off(7段6行);15.make sth into sth(8段1行);16.run across(8段2行);17.separate sth from sth(9

6.depend on(6段4行);段3-4行);18.be bound 7.be likely to do(6段5to(10段2行);19.be faced 行);8.refer to(7段1行);with(10段2行);

9.small profit on a great quantity of goods(7段4Text B: American 行)；10.be known for(8段1Stores

行);11.the vast A: new words:

majority(9段1行);1.urge: v urge sb to do sth鼓励

2.practically;adv几乎、简直，同义词：almost

3.normal;adj正常的，反义词：abnormal

4.confusing:adj使人困惑的，confused: adj;

confuse: v;confusion: n

The 16th lecture of 5.explore: v 探险；College English one: explorer: n;exploration: Key to exercises: n

p303:Ⅰ.d, a, d, c, d 6.specialize: v 专门研p304:Ⅱ.1.possessions;究，specialize in sth;2.advertisement;3.variety;specialist: n 专家

4.replica;5.castoffs;7.likely;adj 有可能6.extra;7.era;8.hobby;的，be likely to do sth

9.fabulous;10.relunctant 8.profit: n 利润，收p305:Ⅳ.1.seller;益，同义词：benefit;v 有2.buyer;3.reporter;益于 profit from sth

4.waiter;5.artist;profitable, 6.owner;7.earner;profitless: adj

8.visitor;9.actor;9.flavor: n 味道；v 10.sailor 给„调味

Ⅴ.2.I ran across his

early works in a second-B.Important sentences: hand store.1.In the United 3.You will never States you will find believe that there are yourself being urged from people who would like to every page of newspaper buy those unwanted objects.and on practically every 5.We are bound to win television station to buy the battle.all kinds of goods that p307:Ⅱ.1.hobby;you are actually quite 2.local;3.recent;4.extra;happy without.5.stuff;6.original;译：在美国，你会发现，7.reluctant;几乎是每张报纸的每一页或每8.neighbourhood;一个电视台都在极力怂恿你购9.advertisements;买各种各样的商品，其实不买10.enthusiasm 它们也无所谓。

Ⅲ.1.The shop has put find yourself being up many ads in the urged现在分词的被动语态做neighborhood.宾补，be urged to do sth

3.I ran across a

friend of mine in the park 2.Not only is there a last week.wide range of prices for 4.He didn’t take goods in America, there is money with him, so he was also „

bound to come back.否定词放在句首句子需6.All useless items 倒装。

should be got rid of.7.our duty is to meet C．Summary about the ever-increasing needs of phrases:

the people.1.urge to do(1段1行);9.The music really 2.instead of(2段4行);turns me off.3.range from(3段1行);10.He set out his 4.as well as(3段3行);viewpoints clearly in the 5.specialize in(3段4行);book.p313: F, T, T, T, F, F, F, T, F, F.p315: Ⅰ.b, d, c, e, a Ⅱ.1.b, 2.a, 3.d, 4.a, 5.a

Unit 12 Text A: How Dictionary Are Made

Most of us look a dictionary as the supreme authority.Then do you how dictionaries are made? Then please read our text very carefully, you can find the answers.A.New words:

1.mainly: adv;main: adj

2.grammarian: n 语法学家；grammar: n语法；grammatical: adj语法的

3.authority: n官方、权力；author: n 作者；authoritative: adj权威性的，官方的

a.Don’t be so authoritative when you ask me to do something.b.Her father is the author of the book Focus on the Learner.c.The government is the highest authority in the country.4.usage: n 使用，用法；use: n 利用, v 使用、利用；used: adj用过的；useful: adj有用的；useless: adj无用的(*)

a.He bought a dictionary of modern English usage yesterday.b.We may make good use of the ads to compare the prices of goods.c.Used cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.d.Just use your imagination to picture what could become of her.5.dispute: n/v争吵

6.editor: n 编辑；edit: v;edition: n版本；(*)

a.The first edition of the book was 20000 copies.b.They are going to edit a book for children.c.She is a reporter as well as an editor.7.occurtence: n 发生、出现；occur: v

8.occupy: v占用、使忙碌；occupation: n;occupied: adj已占用的

9.alphabetize: v 按字母顺序排列；alphabet: n 字母表

10.quotation: n 引文、引语；quote: v

11.historical: adj历史的；history: n 历史；historian:历史学家；(*)a.The book is based on both personal and historical events.b.He was interested in history when he was a child and later became a historian.c.China has a recorded history of 5000 years.12.reveal: v揭露、泄露；反义词：conceal，hide;revelation: n 13.influence: n/v与affect不同，该词强调潜移默化的影响。Influential: adj有影响的

14.invention：n 发明；invent: v发明；inventor: n 发明家

15.ordinarily: adv通常地

16.peculiar: adj unusual 17.discard: v throw away抛弃、扔掉

B.Intensive reading;1.It’s widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.译：大多数人认为每个单词都有一个确切的意思，而我们主要是从教师和语法家那儿学会这些意思的，而且在涉及到意思和用法上，词典和语法书是最高权威。

很多人看不懂这个句子，是因为它含有由that引导的三个主语从句。It是形式主语。

短语：in matters of sth涉及到„

2.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word

视传送节目。”

and offer to look it up in 这句话特别注意它的虚拟the dictionary.（*）

语气的用法。

译：曾经有一次，我和一

位英国女士为一个词的读音争C.Summary about the 执起来，我建议去查字典。

phrases: 短语：get into a 1.in matters of(1段3dispute with sb about/over 行);2.get into a dispute sth;offer to do;look sth with sb over/about sth(1up

段5-6行);3.offer to do(1

段7行);4.look sth up(13.In the United 段7行);5.bring up(1段8States, however, anyone 行);6.be willing to do(1who is willing to quarrels 段11行);7.quarrel with with the dictionary is sb(1段11行);8.be regarded as either regarded as(1段12行);eccentric or mad.9.either„or(1段12行);译：而在美国，任何一个10.arrive at(2段1行);对词典提出异议的都会被认为11.apply to sth(2段2行);是偏执狂或疯子。

12.begin with(2段5行);短语：be willing to do;13.a large number of(2段8quarrel with sth;be 行);14.that is to say(3regarded as;either„or

段1行);15.along with(3 段1行);16.divide up(4段4.What follows 5行);17.according to(4段applied only to those 5行);18.base on sth(4段dictionary offices where 7行);19.set up(5段1行);first-hand, original 20.to the best of one’s research goes on—not ability(5段3行);those in which editors simply copy existing Text B: Reading dictionaries.provides necessary 译：下面的叙述仅仅适用survival skills 于那些进行第一手创造性研究A.New words: 的词典编辑室，而不适用那些1.survival: n 幸存、生编辑们单纯照抄现有词典的编存；survive: v;survivor: 辑室。

n 主语是What follows，2.emphasis: n 强调；where first-hand, original emphasize: v research goes on是定语从3.comprehension: n 理句修饰those dictionary 解力

offices，4.concentration: n专短语：apply to sth适注、专心； concentrate: v 用于„.on sth.5.challenge: n/v挑战 5.If, for example, we 6.register: v 登记、记had been writing a 录，registered letter挂号dictionary in 1890, or 信

even as late as 1919, we 7.alert: adj警觉的，could have said that the be alert to sth word “broadcast” means

“to scatter”, but we B.Intensive reading: could not have stated that 1.The expression from 1921 on, the most “haste makes waste” does common meaning of the word not apply to reading.should become “to send 译：“欲速则不达”不适out programs by radio or 用阅读。

television.”

译：举个例子来说，如果2.Nothing hurts 我们从1890年以来就一直在concentration more than 编写一本字典，或甚至推迟到reading too slowly.1919年，我们可以说单词译：没有什么比读得慢更“broadcast”意思是“播影响集中力了。

种”，但从1921年起，我们

就不可以这么说了，它最普遍3.The more words you 的意思变成了“通过广播或电are familiar with, the

less you are aware of reading words and the more you are aware of content and meaning.译：你所熟悉的单词越多，你就越不会觉得你在读单词，而越觉得你在读内容和意思。

短语：The more„the less„the more;be familiar with sth;be aware of sth„

4.Good reading habits like these can help students and working adults alike to be more successful.译：像这样好的阅读习惯能够帮助学生和工作的成人取得更大的成功。

Working是现在分词，alike是副词，同样的。

Grammar knowledge: preposition

介词是一种乍看不起眼的虚词，但它起到媒介的作用，使句中的某些词与其余词发生一定的关系，因此它又是十分重要的。在历年的考试中往往会出现在：选择填空，完型填空，翻译等题型中。请大家记住课本上要求记忆的固定搭配。见课本p348

1.A modern woman usually does two jobs instead ___ one.2.We must remember that it is the intelligent application of technology that will lead us ____ success.3.There is atmosphere to protect us ____ the sun’s deadly rays.4.The food of the plant is different ____ that of animals.5.Washing food down with water as a substitute ____ chewing is not a good idea.6.He always turned on the lights ____ a random order.7.You have to put up ____ the advertising if you want the entertainment.8.She was not well prepared ___ too much new technology in the office all at once.9.They are not satisfied ____ the

conclusion they have come to.10.____ contrast, the modern husband may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual ___ him to cook.key to the exercises: of;to;from;from;for;in;with;for;with;in, for

The 17th lecture of College English one: Unit 13 Text A: Insurance Do you buy any insurance for yourself or your family? This lecture we’ll talk insurance in America.There are many kinds of insurance in the United States.Americans are unwilling to discuss insurance out of some reasons.But no matter how it’s better to plan for unpleasant situations by finding means to deal with them to just hope that they will never happen.A.New words: 1.insurance: n 保险；insure: v 给„买保险

2.agent: n 代理人；agency: n 代理

3.coverage: n 覆盖，总括；cover: v 4.protection: n保护，防护；protect: v protect sb from sth;protective: adj保护的

5.consumer: n 消费者；consume: v 花费，消费；consumption: n(*)a.We should protect the interest of consumers.b.He consumed much time and energy in writing this book.c.The consumption of the material has been reduced year by year.6.disturb: v打扰；disturbance: n May I disturb you for a moment?

lucky,名词：fortune, luck

19.occur: v发生，sth 7.policy: n 方针，保险occur to sb某事被人想起;单

occurrence: n 8.sum: n 总数；v总a.The traffic accident 结，概括，sum up

occurred at midnight.9.miracle: n 奇迹；b.A good idea occurred miraculous: adj 奇迹般的

to me immediately.10.adequate: adj 20.professional: adjsufficient,反义词：职业的；profession: n专inadequate;

业、职业

21.ignorance: n 无知、11.major: n专业；v主愚昧；ignorant: adj愚昧的

修

22.intelligently: adva.My major is English 明智地；intelligent: adj;and American literature at intelligence: n智慧（*）

college.a.Human beings are

much more intelligent than 12.remind: v提醒，animals.remind sb of sth, remind b.The children were sb to do sth（*), remind given an intelligence test.that...c.The smart boy a.I must remind you answered every question of your promise.intelligently.b.please remind me

to answer that letter.23.somehow: adv不知怎

么地，以某种方式；somewhat: 13.unsafe: adj不安全adv稍微的，同义词:dangerous, 反义24.opposite: adj/adv/n 词：safe;safety: n安全a.I sat opposite to（*）

him during the meal.(prep)a.The police work for b.The girl sitting the safety of all the opposite is a famous people who live in this dancer.(adv)city.c.In England you must b.It is not safe to drive on the opposite side skate on that thin ice.of the road to the rest of c.Tell them not to Europe.(adj)cross that bridge because

it is unsafe.25.effective: adj有效的；effect: n;affect: v 14.possibility: n 可能26.proven: adj被证实性，possible: adj可能的，的；prove: v证实、证明，impossible.不用被动语态。

15.injury: n 伤害、损a.The method proved to 害；injure: v;injured: be very effective.adj受伤的

b.He proved himself to 16.loss: n 损失；lost: be an excellent designer.adj丢失的、迷失的；lose:

v(*)

B.Intensive reading: a.You should make good 1.The American use of your time.There is consumer often feels not a moment to lose.constantly disturbed by b.The explorers got insurance agents.(*)lost in hate thick forest.译：美国的消费者常常觉c.The loss caused by 得受到保险代理人的不断骚the fire was adequately 扰。

covered by insurance.考点：feels constantly

disturbed 17.financial: adj 财政的、金融的；finance: n财2.Three reasons why 政、金融；financier: n 金we are unwilling to 融家，CFo

discuss insurance can be 18.unfortunate: adj suggested.unlucky, 反义词：fortunate, 译：有三条理由可以说明

为什么我们不愿讨论保险。

Why引导定语从句。短语：be unwilling to do;

3.We feel inadequate and try to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.译：我们感到对保险知识的缺乏，于是逃避讨论保险，企图掩饰我们的无知。

考点：feel inadequate;try to do;by avoiding;

4.These three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.译：这三个不讨论保险的原因恰恰是我们为什么要知之更多的好理由。

分析：not discussing是动名词的否定式。主语：These three reasons for not discussing insurance；谓语：provide;宾语：three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it，包含一个why引导的定语从句。

5.Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.译：买保险的时候也不能完全依赖保险代理人。

因为以否定词“neither”开头，因此需要部分倒装。

短语：depend on

6.It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to just hope that they will somehow go away.译：我们对这些情况做出安排，找到应付它们的方法，这就比仅仅希望这些厄运能远离我们要好得多。

正常语序：That we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them is better than to just hope that they will somehow go away.考点：better„than;deal with;plan for sth, by finding means

7.Insurance fundamentals can be understood by those

willing to study them.译：那些愿意学习它们的人能理解保险的基本原理。

考点：can be 10.reduce, decrease: 减少

11.GNp = Gross National product国民生产 Exercise:

1.The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.(tie)

ive act→active;progress→progressive understood;willing to study them 作定语修饰those.C.Summary about phrases: 1.be eager to(1段8行);2.on guard（2段3行）;3.at best（2段4行）;4.agree to do（3段3行）;5.a sum of money（3段3行）;6.in effect（3段5行）;7.pay for（3段7行）;8.remind sb that„;（4段1行）9.in our heart（4段4行）;10.depend on（6段6行）;11.look sth in the face（7段1行）;12.deal with（7段4行）;

Text B: What Is Money and What Are Its Functions? The four major functions of money are as a medium of exchange, a standard of value, a standard of deferred payment, and a store of value.货币的四个主要功用是：交换的媒介，价值的标准，延期付款的标准和价值的储存手段。

A.New words: 1.disagreement: agreement, disagree, agree 2.economist: n 经济学家，economy: n 经济、节约；economic: adj经济的；economical: adj节约的；economize: v 节约

3.exchange: n/v交换、交流

4.payment: n付款；pay: v;payer: n付款人，tax payer 5.inconvenient: adj不方便的，inconvenience;convenient, convenience 6.sacrifice;v/n牺牲 7.coincidence: n巧合、同时发生；coincide: v同时发生；coincident: adj巧合的

What a coincidence!8.respond: v respond to sth;response: n 9.conscious: adj有意识的，be conscious of sth;unconscious 总值；

2.The first GDp = Gross textbook ____ for teaching Domestic product国内生产English as a foreign 总值

language came out in the

16th century.(write)B.Summary about the 3.I played under a phrases:

big tree, with my father 1.be familiar with(1____ in the fields.(work)段1行);2.a great deal 4.All our savings of(1段5行);3.a number ____, we must look for a of(1段7行);4.rule out(3new job.(go)段2行);5.search for(3段 5.The question 5行);6.respond to sth(4_____, we continued to do 段5行);7.rather than(4the work.(settle)段6行);8.in terms of(4 key: 1.tied;段6行);9.whether or 2.written;3.working;not(4段7行);10.be 4.gone;5.having been conscious of(4段7行);settled 11.serve as(5段6行);12.only if/If only(5段9 行);13.convert into(6段6 行);14.associate with(6

段7行);15.be involved in(6段9行)

The 18th lecture of 分词的独立主格：

College English one: 当我们介绍分词短语作状形容词后缀：语时讲过它的逻辑主语应是主 able, ible 句的主语，但有时根据句子的 accept→acceptable;需要分词短语要有一个独立的response→responsible 主语，我们称之为独立主格。

a.It being Sunday, al you needn’t go to school.form→formal;nation = Because it is →national Sunday, you needn’t go to

school.an b.All people having America→American;arrived, the meeting began.Russia→Russian = After all people

had arrived, the meeting ant, ent began.differ→different;c.Weather permitting, resist→resistant we’ll go to the Summer

palace.ary, ory = If weather explain→explanatory;permits, we’ll go to the second→secondary Summer palace.d.All the work done, ern you can go home.east→eastern;west = After all the →western work is done, you can go

home.ful 当动词和主语之间存在 care→careful;help主动关系时，用现在分词；

→helpful;use→useful 当动词和主语之间存在

被动关系时，用过去分词；

less 另外，分词作独立主格 care→careless;help时前面可加with.→helpless;use→useless The park is

beautiful with all the ic trees putting on a tender base→basic;economygreen.→economic

ous

danger→dangerous;fame→famous

wind→windy;cloud→cloudy;dirt→dirty

ish

England→English;fool→foolish;red→reddish

动词后缀： en

black→blacken;sharp→sharpen;wide→widen

fy;ify

pure→purify;beauty→beautify

ize, ise computer→computerize;real→realize

副词后缀： ly: careful→carefully;easy→easily;true→truly

Key to some exercises:

p365:Ⅰ.a.c.c.d.b.p366:Ⅱ.1.agent;2.policy;3.adequate;4.occur;5.remind;6.ignorance;7.complex;8.entirely;9.fundamentals;10.concepts

Ⅲ.1.evil;2.sell;3.inadequate;4.expensive;5.unfortunate;

6.impossible;7.finally;8.unsafe;9.illness;10.hide, conceal

p367:Ⅳ.looking for, address, familiar with, guide, places of interest, sum, period, if, look forward to, sincerely

p369:Ⅱ.1.effective;2.evil;3.inadequate;4.sum;5.complex;6.agent;7.miracle;8.protection;

9.opposite;10.possibility Ⅲ.2.In effect, it took us as much time to look for the book as it did to read it.3.Her letter reminded me of the good days that we spent together.4.Except for a few insurance professionals, most of us don’t understand exactly what insurance is.5.The method has been proven and is still effective.8.His major is engine technology in this institute.Unit 14 Text A: The Importance of Being Kind and polite There is a saying: when salute, you’ll be saluted.people usually follow some rules of behavior in social activities.These rules represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and unacceptable.However, there are rude people whose behavior shows little respect for such rules.As we know, being polite and showing respect can lead us to success in life.So it’s a good idea to be kind and polite people.A.New words: 1.frankly: adv, frank: adj, to be frank;frankness: n 2.boring: adj令人讨厌的；bore: v;bored: adj;boredom: n厌烦、厌倦

3.honestly: adv正直地；honest: adj, to be honest;honesty: n诚实、正直(*)a.Honesty is the best policy.b.I didn’t tell anyone, honestly, I didn’t.c.To be honest with you, he often speaks evil of you behind your back.4.impress: v;impression: n;impressive: adj(*)

c.She is wearing a a.I was greatly different dress every time impressed by his speech.I see her.b.The book didn’t

impress me at all.15.discipline: n纪

律，v训练

5.collection: n 收集、16.employer: n雇主；收藏品；collect: v

employee: n雇员；employ: 6.misunderstand: v误v;employment: n(*)解、误会；understand: v;a.The factory is going understanding;

to employ 20 more workers.misunderstanding(*)

b.He left his hometown a.I can’t understand to look for employment in why he shows no respect a big city.for the rules the majority c.She has been working follows.for the same employer for b.We should do 20 years.everything possible to d.The total number of clear up the many office employees almost misunderstandings between doubled.us.c.He is not happy 17.individual: n/adj;because his wife always individualize: v个性化；misunderstands him.individuality: n个性

18.kindness: n;kind: 7.interact: v互相作adj 用；interaction: n

8.behavior: n;behave: B.Intensive reading: v

1.Failing to be 9.unacceptable: adj;impressed by a friend’s acceptable: adj;accept: v;collection of stamps, acceptance: n(*)

yawning when a golfer a.She received a gift tells you that great shot from him, but she didn’t he made on the 14th hole, accept.or falling asleep when b.He is angry with her friends show pictures from because her words are their last trip to Sault totally unacceptable.Ste are all things that c.If you think the educated people try not to plan is acceptable, you do.should do it according to 译：一个朋友向你展示他the plan right now.的邮票集，你却毫无感觉；一

个高尔夫球手告诉你他在打第10.rude: adj;rudely: 十四洞时打了多么漂亮的一adv

杆，你却打哈欠；或者当朋友11.bother: v;们向你展示上次去圣苏马力旅bothersome: adj

行的照片时，你却睡着了，这12.adolescent: n青少些都是有教养的人尽力避免去年；adolescence: n 青春期

作的事情。

13.swear: v宣誓、咒骂分析：Failing to be a.She swears on her impressed by a friend’s honor.collection of stamps, b.What is she swearing yawning when a golfer about?

tells you that great shot

he made on the 14th hole, 14.indifferent: adj冷or falling asleep when 漠的 be indifferent to friends show pictures from sb/sth；different: adj不their last trip to Sault 同的；difference: n(*)

Ste是句子的主语，动名词作a.I’m indifferent to 主语。

whether you go or stay.To 短语：fail to do;be be honest with you, I impressed by;fall asleep don’t care.b.There are big 2.This is what differences between the manners are about: acting two languages.in a civilized way to

avoid misunderstanding, friction, and conflict.译：这就是礼节所包含的内容：以文明的方式行事，防止产生误解、摩擦和冲突。

注意: in a „way;avoid doing sth

3.A new class of rude people has been born: the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.译：一个新的举止粗鲁的阶层正在兴起：那就是“看我多神气”的打电话者，无聊的电话聊天对我们的头脑健康造成的危害不亚于吸烟对于肺部造成的危害。

注意：as + adj + to sb + as比较对象

Reading is as important to us as it is to you.4.There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.译：很多孩子和青少年的行为总的来说是不可接受的。

考点：whose behavior

5.Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.译：不懂得礼貌的孩子迟早会为此付出代价的。

短语：have no idea;pay the price;sooner or later

分析：Kids主语，will pay谓语；the price宾语；who have no idea what being polite means定语，包含一个宾语从句，being polite是宾语从句的主语。

6.When they join the work force, their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.译；当他们工作后，老板和同事不久就会认识到这些粗鲁的年轻人的行为更像动物而不象文明人。

注意几个词：alike;be closer to that of animals

其中that代表behavior;than

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.think of(1段3行);2.fail to do(1段4行);3.tell sb about sth(1段5行);4.fall asleep(1段6行);5.in a civilized way(1段8行);6.avoid doing(1段8行);7.interact with sb(2段1行);8.respect for(2段5行);9.light up(3段3行);10.be dangerous to(3段6行);11.refuse to do(4段4行);12.have no idea(4段5行);13.pay the price(4段5行);14.sooner or later(4段6行);15.be close to(4段8行);16.because of(4段11行);17.get ahead(4段12行);18.give sb an edge(5段3行);19.start with(5段4行);20.be based on(5段5行)

Text B: Why We Walk in Circles A.New words: 1.foggy: adj 有雾的；fog: n 雾

2.motion: n运动；v 打手势，motion to 3.intend: v intend to do;4.even: adj平坦的、平滑的；uneven: 不平坦的

5.mystery: n神秘，mysterious: adj神秘的

B.Important phrases: 1.rather than: you’re watching rather than pinning.(1段2行)2.keep „ from: all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.（2段3行）

3.be worth doing: this problem was worth investigating.（4段2行）

4.succeed in doing: one group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.（5段3行）

5.wind up: have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor?（7段1行）6.no more„than: the c.Ten years muscles of a man’s arms later, when she saw her are no more identical than friend again, her heart the muscles of his legs.began to beat violently.（11段1行）

2.exposure: n暴露、揭露；expose: v expose to The 19th lecture of sth;College English one:

3.allocate: v分配、Key to exercises: 分派 allocate sth to sb； p396:Ⅰ.d, c, c, a, allocation: n d.Ⅲ.1.impression;4.significantly: adv2.kindness;3.ignorance;有意义地；significant: adj;4.behavior;5.majority;significance: n意义；6.awareness;7.attraction;insignificant(*)8.danger;9.possibility;a.The return of 10.protection

Hong Kong is of great p399: Ⅲ.2.They historical significance.aren’t even aware that b.The old man this is not a good habit.said to us significantly, 3.We should learn “life is not easy for any to respect fro others and of us.”

avoid friction or conflict.c.Few things 4.They swear are more significant of a they’ll finish the job no man’s interests than the matter what happens.books on his shelves.6.I’m not thirsty.Don’t bother to make tea 5.given: prep考虑for me.到„

7.His attitude Given good health, I towards his work impressed hope to finish the work me deeply.this year.Unit 15

Text A: 6.adopt: v采取、采How TV Violence Affects 纳、收养；adoption: n Kids

a.We adopted Do you liking their suggestion.watching TV? What are your b.They decided favorite programs on TV? to adopt the homeless TV has been part of many child.people’s daily life since

it was invented a century 7.distinguish: v区ago.and most evidence 别、辨别；

show that the violence The ability to talk programs on TV affects distinguishes human beings most children.Why and how from animals.we should do to avoid such

bad effects on children? 8.reality: n;real: Now let’s read the text adj;really: adv(*)together.This is an a.Things that important article.You happen in real life are need learn it very sometimes stranger than attentively.things that occur in

fiction.A.New words:

b.He really 1.violence: n 暴力；didn’t know the answer.violent: adj暴力的； c.Her dream of violently: adv，nonviolent: coming to China has become adj(*)

a reality.a.Many people

complain too much violence 9.subtlety: n微妙之is shown on television.处；subtle: adj 微妙的

b.people are 10.moral: adj道德sometimes violent when 的，反义词：immoral they become very angry.11.recovery: n恢

复；recover: v, recover from sth

12.unrealistic: adj不切实际的，反义词：realistic

13.imitative: adj模仿的；imitate: v模仿；imitation: n

14.imaginative: adj富于想象的；imagine: v;imagination: n想象力（*）

a.You can never imagine how inconvenient our life would be without electricity.b.His paintings show that he is a very imaginative child.c.The job requires not only intelligence, but also imagination.15.expressive: adj表现的；express: v表达；expression: n

a.She can express herself well both in Chinese and English.b.There is a strange expression in her eyes that I can’t understand.c.I can never forget her expressive smile.16.interpret: v解释、说明；interpretation: n;interpreter: n翻译（口译）

17.monitor: n监听器，v监听、监视

18.crazy: adj发疯的；be crazy about sth;crazy English

19.critique: n评论文章；critic: n评论家；

20.imply: v暗示；implication: n

21.fascination: n 魅力；fascinate: v吸引；fascinating: adj吸引人的

22.guilty: adj内疚的；guilt: n；guiltless: adj无罪的

23.commercially: adv商业地；commerce: n;commercial: adj

24.altenative: n取舍；adj供选择的

B.Intensive reading: 1.For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.译：在25年多的时间里，越来越多的证据表明，孩子们接触到电视里的暴力场面对他们的行为有着持久的影响。

that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior是同位语从句，修饰evidence;短语：have effect on sth 2.„points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed.(2段3行)译：„指出学龄前儿童特别容易受到传媒的影响，因为他们还不能把幻想与现实完全区别开来，对做出行为的潜在动机和道德冲突的微妙性的理解力还没有得到很好的发展。

分析：that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media是宾语从句；because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed是原因状语从句。

短语：point out;be able to do;distinguish sth from sth;

3.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.译：很自然地，孩子们常常想要在这些电视节目里展示的或做广告的玩具。

考点：shown和advertised是过去分词作定toys found in the home.语修饰the toys

译：一起商量如何监控

孩子们的游戏时间，以及控制 4.With these toys, 家里的暴力玩具的数量。

their play tends to be 考点：the amount of more imitative than time of violence programs;imaginative.the number of violent toys;译：有了这些玩具，他found过去分词作定语修饰们游戏时就更倾向于模仿而不toys.是想象。

短语：tend to有„倾 C.Brief summary 向；more„than与其„而不about phrases: 如

1.exposure to sth(1

段2行);2.have effect 5.Some research even on(1段2行);3.the amount suggests that children of/ the number of(1段3，5apply the behaviors 行);4.point out(2段3行);observed on TV programs to 5.distinguish from(2段5their real-life situations.行);6.tend to(3段2行);译：某一项研究表明孩7.make sense of sth(3段7子们甚至把从电视里观察到的行);8.apply sth to sth(3行为应用在真实生活的场景段9行);9.appear to(4段2中。

行);10.be crazy about(4 Suggest这里不用虚段3行);11.act on(1段5拟，apply sth to sth应行)用„;observed过去分词作

定语。

Text B: Why Don’t

Girls Think Like Boys? 6.It is a good idea 1.exception: n例for parents to monitor the 外；except: prep/v amount as well as the kind 2.male, female of television their 3.aggression: n侵preschool child watches.犯，aggressive: adj侵略（*）的；aggressiveness: n进取译；父母们监控学龄前精神

儿童看电视的时间和节目类 4.sample: n样本别，这是一个好主意。

5.advantage: n优考点：the amount of 点、优势；disadvantage sth, as well as，6.treatment: n治主语：for parents to 疗；treat: v monitor the amount as well 7.consequently: adv as the kind of television therefore their preschool child 8.satisfactorily: watches；it是形式主语。

adv满意地

9.responsibility: n 7.Many preschool 责任；be responsible for teachers don’t like to sth对„负责任的

have commercially made toy

weapons brought into the Homework: classroom and welcome 选词填空：

hearing your concerns as well as, crazy about this matter.about, distinguish from, 译：许多学龄前儿童的apply to, tend to, put 老师不喜欢商业性的玩具武器together, point out, the 被带进教室，他们愿意听听你amount of, the number of, 们对这件事的关心。

make sense 句型：have sth 1.He is ____ done(*);welcome doing sth;computer.concern about sth

2.The test is please have your important for you ____ for blood pressure taken.me.3.Did he mean to 8.Work together to ____ the principles ___ control the amount of software development? violence programs watched 4.____ lift and the number of violent increases with the speed

of the aircraft.5.Your whole account of these incidents doesn’t _____.6.I can hardly ____ one ____ the other;they are so much alike.7.people ____ get fat as they grow older.8.It is about time someone ____ his errors to him.9.It is easier to take a machine to pieces than to ___ them ____ again.10.____ competitors for selling computers is increasing.1.crazy about;2.as well as;3.apply„to;4.the amount of;5.make sense;6.distinguish from;7.tend to;8.pointed out;9.put together;10.the number of

写出下列单词的名词形式：

1.imaginative;

2.evident;3.fascinating;4.imitative;5.real;6.violent;7.significant;8.relate;9.observe;10.natural

key:

1.imagination;

2.evidence;3.fascination;4.imitation;5.reality;6.violence;7.significance;8.relation;9.observation;10.nature

The 20th lecture of College English one

英语(一)测试

本试题分两部分，第一部分为选择题，50分；第二部分为非选择题，50分。

part one

一、选择题。（20分）

1.Sickness often results ______ eating too much.A.from B.in C.as D.by

2.They have decided to carry ________ their

own views.B.to share

C.people all day long, 2 for buy or sell things A.through share D.shares the smallest, most sometimes.Even students, B.on C.out 13.There are many ordinary things.If a who are usually not very D.over children ________ behavior waitress brings you a cup rich, have to learn 3.Though it looked is generally unacceptable.of coffee, you say “thank something about making like rain this morning, it A.their you”.When you pay 3 your purchases intelligently.has turned _______ to be a B.who

C.food and get your 4, you As a student you may find, fine day.whose

D.of say “thank you” to the for example, that you need A.down whom cashier.If someone 5 you to buy a typewriter or B.to C.14.She has neither directions in the street, winter clothing.You may on D.out read the book nor _____ you say “thank you”.want to buy a television 4.problems ______ the film.However, those are all or a used car.of course, in a variety of ways.A.see inappropriate expression you want to get good value A.rise B.seen

C.of gratitude to make for your money.If you are B.arise C.arouse D.raise 5.I’m ____ with talking to you.You never listen to me.A.feeding up B.fed up C.fed off D.fed back 6.They spend their weekends _____ from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.A.to go B.going C.at going D.gone 7.Some children get ___ a bad habit of switching on TV as soon as they come back home.A.in B.up C.on D.into 8.________ of my knowledge, I have never seen the person before.A.To the best B.With the best C.In the best D.Make the best 9.You must ________ what you are doing is quite illegal.A.aware that B.be aware of C.be aware that D.aware of 10.The doctor took X-rays to ____ the chance of broken bones.A.rule against B.rule off C.rule over

D.rule out 11.Money provides a unit of account that serves _______ a standard to measure value.A.as B.for

C.with D.in 12.Did he intend us _____ the cost of dinner? A.sharing sees D.saw westerners very 6 and give 15.Children them an impression of naturally often want the insincerity.For example, toys ______ on TV programs.if your advisor spends A.show half an hour 7 you with B.to show

C.your thesis, you 8 say showing

D.“ thank you, I really 9 shown your kindness.” That is 16.The American quite enough.Still better family of today is to say “I am sorry to different from the family have taken 10 so much of ____ fifty years ago.your time.” Try to make A.for things casual, never B.of C.in overdo.D.about 1.A.what 17.Heat has many B.that

C.all effects, most of _______ D.things will be familiar through 2.A.especially everyday experience.B.even

C.in A.them addition D.whatever B.those C.3.A.back that D.which B.off

C.for 18.There were firms D.on who specialized ______ 4.A.change supplying cars.B.money

C.pay A.in D.bill B.on

C.5.A.does with D.for B.shows

C.has 19.Remember, got D.goes for nothing hurts 6.A.concentration _______ comfortable

B.reading too slow.uncomfortable C.A.rather than dissatisfaction

D.B.as well as C.more satisfied than D.instead of 7.A.to help 20.In the garage B.helping

C.on sale, eager buyers bought helping D.help all but 50 of the unwanted 8.A.should items in one weekend, B.will have to

C.leaving the family $442 might D.are able __________ to A.rich 9.A.appreciate B.better C.B.accept

C.want richer

D.D.get good 10.A.in B.on

C.up

二、完型填空。（10D.off 分）“Thank you ”

三、阅读理解。（20means 1 you realize that 分）someone has done something passage one for you.Thus we thank Everyone has to

considering a major purchase, or any purchase，you should remember three important things.Study first, and

then decide what you want to buy.You can learn a lot by reading books and

ads.Remember that is a high quality product will probably last longer and

work better.of course, for a superior product you can expect to pay more.An

inferior product may not give you the same quality, but the price should be low.perhaps this seems

obvious, but you must know the quality.Don’t just look at the price.A poor

quality product could be expensive.And a valuable one could be on sale at a

greatly reduced price.Don’t hurry.Take your time.After you decide what product you

want, go to many different stores.If you can’t find the product you want, you

may try to order it directly from the factory or ask the store to order

it for you.Look for a good deal.If you wait, you will probably find

that your product will go on sale and you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the

original price.Finally, before you buy, make sure that the product is guaranteed.If you don’t like it, you wan to be able to get your money back.If you

carefully examine your own preferences and then shop

until you find the lowest

possible price, you will olympics, men and women generally be happy with from almost every nation your purchase and also in the world attempt to keep more money in the run faster, jump higher bank.and longer, lift heavier 1.While you go and heavier weights and shopping, you should pay throw further and further.more attention to They are all competing for _____________.that ultimate prize: an A.price olympic gold medal.Some are paid now.Since 1982 10.The

the International olympic International olympic Committee has allowed Committee ______________.money from appearance and A.makes athletes advertising to be kept for pay to enter the games B.the competitor until he or lets athletes be paid to she retires and even used enter the games for training purposes and C.prevents amateurs expenses.from entering the games

Are we pushing the D.lets athletes use B.quality

C.information

D.intelligence 2.You can get by reading books and ads_______________.A.information about products B.facts of property C.messages of a process D.knowledge of the amount of products 3.It is dangerous by its price alone _________.A.to bring a product into effect B.to argue about a product C.to judge a product D.to deal with a product 4.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage? A.If you wait for a sale, you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the original price.B.A superior product will probably work better but the price may be high.C.Two important things should be remembered when you have some shopping to do.D.You have to pay in advance when you order a product from the store.5.You may buy a television or a used car.Here the word “used” apparently means ________.A.helpful B.producing good results C.second-hand D.valuable passage Two The olympic Games are an international sports competition.In the only fail by hundreds of a athletes too hard? Can we second or fractions or a expect the athletes to millimeter but are content

live up to the ideal of with silver or bronze.the Games without the help Most are extremely happy of modern science and just to be there and in so

technology? Indeed, how doing agree with the other much further can the human motto of the games which body go? Is it too late to says that it is not

go back to the pure ideal winning that is important of the ancient Games or is but taking part.it just another part of However, as the our life that is olympics reach the end of

increasingly dominated by the 20th century and look technology? forward to the 21st, it 6.Competitors at seems as if this second

the olympics want to ideal is no longer a _____________.realistic one for our A.do more than just competitive world.Much as participate

B.we are happy to see the

perform better than anyone medals won, it is not else enough.We all want to C.come as close as witness that moment in

possible to the fast time history when something is D.entertain the achieved for the very spectators in the stadium first time.and at home Yet in this search

7.The second motto for greater achievements __________.we are seriously in danger A.is too idealistic of losing the very ideal B.has never satisfied the of the olympic Games and general public possibly of sport in

C.would most likely general.We are no longer to the best of their content to see men and ability women try their hardest D.has been having trained themselves

overtaken by the first to the peak of their motto performance;we demand new 8.Non-competitors records.Although we desire most strongly to criticize them for doing

see ___________.so, turning to drugs may A.a world record be the only way some being broken athletes see of satisfying

B.an olympic record being the public’s hunger.broken Even though we C.athletes contest pretend that the olympics to the best of their are still the last

ability preserve of the amateur D.their countrymen ideal, we know that to be and women win a first a world – class athlete

prize now is full – time 9.Taking drugs may activity.It is not only help athletes _________.the intensive training A.to eat more B.given to potential to train less C.to be champions by the super – critical

D.to powers.But many athletes perform better

the money from commercials.part two

四、单词拼写。（10分）1.收集、收藏品 n c_____________ 2.冷漠的、不关心的a i______________ 3.优点、优势

n a______________ 4.非暴力的a

n______________ 5.财政的、金融的a f_______________ 6.交换、交流

n/v e_______________ 7.挑战

n/v c_______________ 8.发明、创造 n i_________________

9占用、占有

v o______________ 10.有效果地 ad

e_________________ 11.讨价还价 n

b_________________ 12.勉强的a r___________________

13专门研究

v s_________________ 14.起初的、原来的 a

o________________ 15.环境 n e__________________

16.想象力

n i_________________ 17.预言、预报

p_______________ 18.不能接受的a u_______________ 19.供选择的 adj

a___________ 20.现实、实际

n r_____________

五、用动词正确的时态填空。（10分）

1.Insurance fundamentals can

_________(understand)by those willing to study them.2.Do you know why

people are unwilling ___________(discuss)insurance? 3.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always _____(little)than perfect.4.He bought her what she wanted, ____________(regard)of the expenses.5._________(Use)cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.6.The __________(far)away an object is, the smaller it looks.7.To some extent, my opinion ____________(influence)by my parents.8.He had his leg ________(injury)trying to save a boy from a passing train.9.The headmaster made a bad __________(impress)on the parents.10.We thanked them for their ___________(kind).六、汉译英。（15分）

1．解决实际问题的办法事先不能预见。

2．他昨天买到的只是一件没有什么价值的东西。

3．任何与字典争论的人被看成是疯子。

4．我们不愿意讨论保险的一个原因是保险很费钱。

5．父母控制孩子看暴力电视节目的数量是个好主意。

七、英译汉。（15分）

A hobby is an interesting way of spending your free time.It’s an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with dishes.It’s more like a special friend that you choose for yourself.You spend your free time with it because it interests you and because you enjoy it.Since different people like to do

are crazy about football.different things in their 5.I think your plan spare time, we would make is good but is there an a long list of hobbies, alternative to it? taking in everything from 6.We should learn collecting matchboxes and to distinguish right from raising rare fish, to wrong.learning about the stars 7.You can interpret and making model ships.this term in many ways.Some hobbies are very 8.He adopted a firm popular: stamp collecting, attitude towards this painting and cycling, for matter.example;while others are 9.The mother’s quite unusual, like words implied that the collecting insects or children might watch TV traveling on all the twice a week.trains in one country.10.His job is to monitor radio broadcasts Key to some from a certain country.exercises(20讲内容)

p444:Ⅰ.T, T, F, F, p432:Ⅰ.d, a, c, b, T, T, T, F, T, F a

p446: Ⅱ.1.a.2.c.Ⅱ.1.allocate;3.b;4.c;5.b 2.significantly;3.model;4.fantacy;5.motive;

6.jeopardize;7.interpret;The 21st lecture of 8.monitor;9.initate;College English one: 10.depict;11.critiques;Unit 16

Text A: 12.fascination;Heart Disease: Treat or 13.alternative

prevent? p433: The death rate from Ⅲ.1.imagination;heart disease has been 2.evidence;3.fascinationl;increasing at an alarming 4.imitation;5.reality;speed.It’s said that 6.violence;7.significance;heart diseases associated 8.relation;9.observation;with stress, smoking and a 10.nature

lack of exercise and the p434:Ⅴ.1.Violence way people live.people movies have a powerful are paying more and more effect on preschool attention to avoid children.suffering from the heart 2.parents should disease.So I hope this monitor the amount as well text will be beneficial to as the kind of TV their all of you.children watch.3.preschool A.New words: children aren’t fully 1.killer: n 凶手、杀人able to distinguish 者；kill: v fantasy from reality.2.alarming: adj 惊人 p436: Ⅱ.1.imitate;的；alarm: n警报的声音或2.interpret;3.motive;信号，alarm clock;v警告4.monitor;5.evidence;或惊吓

6.recovery;7.reality;

8.undermined;

3.surgical: adj外科9.alternative;10.violence 的；surgery: n外科、手 p437: 1.The peace 术；surgeon: n 外科医生，talks have a long-lasting physician: n内科医生（*）

effect on the relationship a.Surgery is the between the two countries.science and practice of 2.Given good health, treating injuries and I hope to finish the wotk diseases by operations.this year.b.A good surgeon must 3.I must point out have an eagle’s eyes, a that it’s unrealistic for lion’s heart and a us not to make a mistake.lady’s hand.4.Many young people c.The patient is in

need of surgical treatment.4.technological: adj工艺的、工业技术的；technology: n工艺、技术应用；technique: n 技能、技术、方法；technical: adj 技术的、技艺的；technician: n技术员、技师（*）

a.The machine has broken down, but one of our technicians will repair it.b.Jim has always been interested in engineering, but he has not yet had any technical training in the field.c.The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is called MIT for short.d.Technique must be gained by practice.e.The invention of the steam engine was a great technological advance.5.advance: v/n 前进、进展；advanced: adj 进步的

6.enable: v使能够，enable sb to do sth;en + adj/n→V: en + large→enlarge;en + rich→enrich;en + danger→endanger etc.able: adj能够的；ability: n 能力

Airplanes enable people to travel in the air.7.benefit: n 益处、好处；v 得益，benefit from sth/sb;beneficial: adj 有益的；beneficiary: n 受益人

8.critic: n批评家、评论家；critique: n评论

9.disadvantage: n 不利地位、不利条件，反义词：advantage;disadvantageous: adj不利的；advantageous: adj有利的

10.resource: n资源、谋略, HR= human resource

11.prevention: n防止、预防；prevent: v, prevent„from;preventable: adj可阻止的；preventive: adj预防的、预备的(*)

a.prevention is better than cure.b.Security measures were taken to prevent the prisoners from escaping.c.Her brother caught cold yesterday, so her mother asked her to take some preventive medicine.12.recover: v恢复，recover from„;recovery: n恢复

I hope you will soon recover from your disease.13.expertise: n专门知识；expert: n 专家，adj熟练的

14.researcher: n 研究者；research: n/v 15.emphasize: v 强调；emphasis: n 强调

16.connection: n 连接、关系；connect: v 17.sufficient: adj足够的，反义词：insufficient;adequate, inadequate;sufficiency: n 足够

18.rely: v, rely on/upon;depend on/upon 19.dietary: adj节食的；diet: n饮食；be on diet节食

20.stress: n压力，pressure;v 强调 emphasize

B.Intensive reading: 1.The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.译：由于心脏病死亡的人数在过去的三十年中一直以惊人的速度增长。

考点：介词from,表示“由于”，has been increasing是现在完成进行时，强调动作一直持续进行，未间断。at„speed以„速度。

2.Western health-care systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.译：西方国家的卫生保健体系花费大笔的金钱研究这种疾病的外科治疗方法。

注意：习惯用法：huge sum of money;spend on sth

3.This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years.考点：cause„to rise译：对治疗方法的强调显导致„的上涨，be necessary 然是与过去十年至十五年间发for sth;they raise 生的技术进步联系在一起的。

costs „;whose treatment 注意：emphasis on sth;requires the equipment.be associated wit sth;take place:发生，该短语无7.The third 被动语态。定语从句的时disadvantage is that 态。

doctors are encouraged to

perform surgery – even on 4.Although there is no patients for whom an doubt that a large number operation is not at all of people benefit from necessary – because the heart surgery, critics of equipment and surgical our health-care systems expertise is available.point out that the 译：第三个缺陷，因为他emphasis on the surgical 们既有设备又有专业知识，医treatment of the disease 生们被鼓励施行此种手术，即has three clear 使有些病人根本不需要。

disadvantages.考点：be encouraged to 译：虽然毫无疑问心脏手do sth;on patients for 术可以让很多人获益非浅，但whom an operation is not 有些卫生保健体系的批评人士at all necessary的语序指出，强调以手术治疗这种疾是：an operation on the 病有三个明显的缺陷。

patients is not necessary 短语多：there is no for them„注意介词的使用。

doubt that毫无疑问;a

large number of很多;8.In the recent past, benefit from获益;point medical researchers have out指出.begun to emphasize the

fact that heart disease is 5.First, it attracts associated with stress, interest and financial smoking and a lack of resources away from the exercise, and we can often question of prevention.reduce the risk of heart 译：首先，它使人们的兴disease by paying more 趣和资金都不放在疾病的预防attention to these factors.上。

译：最近几年，医疗研究That is, people don’t 人员开始强调心脏病是由压spend too much interest 力，吸烟以及缺乏锻炼引起and financial resources on 的。如能对这些因素多加注意the prevention of the 的话，患心脏病的机率就会降disease.低。

注意：the fact that„6.Second, it causes 是一个同位语从句；be the costs of general associated with;lack of hospital care to rise.sth;by „;pay more After hospitals buy the attention to„

expensive equipment that

is necessary for modern 9.Many people are heart surgery, they must paying more attention to try to recover the money reducing stress in their they have spent.To do lives.this, they raise costs for 译：许多人注意减少他们all their patients, not 生活的紧张程度。

just those patients whose 考点：reducing stress treatment requires the in their lives是动名词作equipment.宾语。

译：其次，它导致普通医疗费用的上涨。医院在购买进10.The number of 行现代心脏手术所需的昂贵设smokers in the USA is now 备后，必定要设法收回投入的far below the level of 资金。因此，他们提高对所有twenty years ago as many 病人的收费，这其中包括不仅people succeed in breaking 仅是那些需用这些设备进行治the habit and as fewer 疗的病人。people take it up.39

译：今天美国的吸烟人数远低于二十年前，许多人成功戒烟，更少的人开始吸烟。

考点：the number of„谓语要用单数形式；far below远远低于；as„既克理解为原因状语从句，也可理解为时间状语从句；succeed in doing sth;break the habit戒掉这个习惯；take up从事

C.Summary about the important phrases:

1.at„speed(1段2行);2.die of(1段4行);3.spend on sth(1段5行);4.huge sum of money(1段5行);5.be associated with(2段1行);6.take place(2段2行);7.enable sb to do sth(2段3行);8.there is no doubt that(3段1行);9.a large number of(3段3行);10.benefit from(3段1行);11.point out(3段2行);12.be encouraged to do(3段10行);13.pay more attention to sth(4段4行);14.as a result of(5段2行);15.tend to(5段4行);16.rely on(5段5行);17.take more responsibility for sth(5段8行);18.far below(5段12行);19.succeed in doing(5段12行);20.take up(5段13行);21.be aware of sth(5段14行);22.instead of(5段15行);

Text B: Dieting Your Way of Health

A.New words:

1.misguide: v 误导，同类形的词还有：mislead, misunderstand, mistake etc.2.resistance: n 抵抗、反抗；resist: v

3.essential: adj必要的，be essential to sb/sth

4.recommend: v 推荐； recommendation: n

5.appetite: n 食欲、胃口；appetizer: n 开胃品；appetizing: adj开胃的

6.harmful: adj,反义词：harmless

7.nutrient: adj营养的，n营养品；nutritious:营养价值高的；nutrition: n 营养；nutritionist: n 营养学家

8.mineral: n矿石；mine:矿山

B.Some sentences in the text: 1.Almost everyone considers going on a diet sometime in his or her life.All, regardless of sex or age, have something in common – losing weight and losing it fast.译：几乎每个人在其一生中的某个时间都会考虑节食一段时间。无论性别或年龄，所有人共同的一点就是—减肥，而且要快速减肥。

考点：consider doing sth;go on a diet;sometime某一段时间，一般用于一般将来时或一般过去时。Regardless of sth不管、无论；have something in common有某些共同之处。

2.They soon lose interest in everything going on about them, and their resistance to illness becomes so low that they are easily attacked by one illness after another.译：很快他们对周围的一切事物都失去了兴趣，对疾病的抵抗力降低，很容易接连不断地生病。

短语：lose interest in everything;going on about them发生在他们周围，现在分词作定语修饰everything;resistance to sth对„的抵抗力；so„that;one after another.3.They begin to have difficulty sleeping properly and start to suffer from radical mood changes.译：他们开始睡眠不在香甜，心情变化无常。

短语：begin to / start to do;have difficulty doing sth;suffer from

4.It’s strange enough that most strict diets recommend artificial sweeteners to take the place of sugar and other natural sweeteners.译：奇怪的是，许多严格规定的食物中推荐用人造甜食剂代替糖和其他甜食剂。

考点：这是it引导的一个主语从句；recommend sb to do sth;take the place of sth代替，和take placeencouraged;b.discourage;进行区分。

c.courage

p464:Ⅲ.2.Technology C.Summary about the advances enable people to phrases:

live more happily and 1.consider doing sth(1comfortably.段1行);2.go on a diet(14.Children are often 段1行);3.regardless of encouraged to imagine sth(1段2行);4.have instead of imitating.something in common(1段2p471:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, 行);5.convert into(2段8F, T, F, F, T 行);6.supply to sth(2段8p473:Ⅱ.1.balance;行);7.at a „rate(2段92.appetite;3.harmful;行);8.lose interest in 4.vitamin;5.metaboism;sth(2段10行);9.go on(26.components;7.resulted 段10行);10.one after in;8.essential to;another(2段11行);11.be 9.excess;10.balanced essential for sth(3段3

行);12.as a result(3段4Unit 17

Text A 行);13.avoid doing(3段5panic and Its Effects 行);14.have difficulty Now more and more doing sth(3段61行);Americans are having panic 15.suffer from(3段7行);attacks.The victims 16.take the place of(4段2suffer from shortness of 行);17.lead to(4段4行);breath, experience chest 18.result in(5段1行);pains, a quick heartbeat.19.be harmful to(5段3行);Sudden fits of trembling, 20.lead a„ life(5段4-5and most of all, a fear of 行);21.in other words(6dying or going crazy.段3行);22.provide sb psychological stress could with sth/ provide sth for be a logical cause to it.sb(6段4行);23.large The victims should consult amount of(6段7行);a doctor and seek a 24.such as(7段1行);medical and psychological 25.on the other hand(8段4help.行);26.substitute for(9

段2行);27.in the same A.New words: way(9段5行);28.be used 1.panic: v/n/adj 恐for(9段5行);29.instead 慌、慌乱的

of(9段6行)

a.I got into a panic when I found myself left alone.b.The gunshot panicked the horse.c.I feel panic when I found myself left alone.The 22nd lecture of 2.severe: adj severe College English one:

test严峻的考验;severe Key to exercises: competition激烈的竞争;p459:Ⅰ.b, d, b, d, a severe storm猛烈的风暴

Ⅱ.1.alarming;

2.killer;3.emphasis;3.accompany: v;4.perform;5.surgery;accompaniment, accompanist 6.recover;7.reduce;4.shortness: n缺乏、8.connection;9.sufficient;不足(状态)；short: adj短10.merely 的；shortage: n 缺乏（物p461:Ⅳ.1.emphasis;品）shortage of sth;2.awareness;3.treatment;shorten: v 变短；shortly: 4.prevention;5.technology;adv立刻、马上（*）

6.surgery;7.increase;aHis answer was short 8.responsibility;

and to the point.9.illness;10.benefit

b.people are perfectly p463:Ⅰ.4.a.aware of the shortness of attractive;b.attract;c.days in winter.attraction;5.a.d.Food shortage often

occurs in time of war.5.diagnose: v诊断疾病；diagnosis: n诊断、诊断书；diagnostic: adj诊断的

6.conduct: n/v处理、指挥、举止、行为

7.approximately: adv近似地；approximate: adj大约的，v接近approximate to sth;approximation: n近似值

8.recurrent: adj复发的、反复发生的；recur: v 复发；recurrence: n

9.bear: v忍受、负担、生孩子，born 出生；borne忍受

10.uneasy: adj担心的、忧虑的,同义词 worried；easy:容易的；ease: n舒适、安逸；unease: n 忧虑、担心；easily: adv(*)

a.All things are difficult before they are easy.b.He works so hard that his mother feels uneasy about his health.c.He used to be very strong and could swim across the river easily.11.multiplicity: n 多样性；multiple: adj多样的

12.mention: n/v提及、说起

a.Did you hear your name mentioned?

b.The concert didn’t get a mention in the newspaper.13.endanger: v 危及；danger: n危险；dangerous: adj危险的（*）

a.He has been very ill, but the doctors say that he is now out of danger.b.A war can endanger millions of lives.c.It’s dangerous to walk on thin ice on a lake.14.unnecessarily: adv不必要地；unnecessary, necessary: adj;necessity: n 必需品(*)

a.You’d better cut out the unnecessary words.b.He didn’t care about it at all, so he thought her explanation

was unnecessarily detailed.c.It’s necessary to know the differences between a heart attack and a panic attack.15.disrupt: v;disruption:破裂、分裂

16.eventually: adv终于, finally 17.confirm: v证实;that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.译：恐慌症的症状与心脏病发作时的症状很相似，以至于许多患者以为他们得了心脏病。

考点：bear负担、承担；such„that如此„以至；similarity to sth介词的用法；those代指symptoms.考点：more than;as 13.rather than(6段2行);well as;be more likely to 14.all the same(7段2行);do sth;15.refuse to do(7段4行);

16.be isolated from(7段5 行);17.rule out the 7.It is reported that possibility of sth(7段7there are at least three 行);18.seek help(7段9行)signs that indicate a person is suffering from a Text B: Sleeping – panic attack rather than a Fact or Fancy? heart attack.A.New words: confirmation: n;confirmative: adj确认的

18.psychology: n心理学；psychological: adj心理学的；psychologist: n心理学家(*)a.Ten years after his graduation, he became a well-know psychologist.b.psychology is the study or science of the mind and the way it works.c.She is interested in the psychological development of the child.B.Intensive reading: 1.Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help.译：她以为自己是心脏病发作，吓得赶紧大叫救命。

分析：Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack是过去分词做原因状语，内含that引导的同位语从句，修饰thought.2.More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne.译：现在越来越多的美国人患有像安尼那样的恐慌症。

注意句子的时态，like介词像；experienced过去分词作定语修饰the one.3.These attacks may last for only a few minutes;some, however, continue for several hours.译：恐慌症发作可能只持续几分钟，而有些要持续几个小时。

考点：last for持续

4.The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks 译：据报道，至少有三种标志5.panic attack 可以表明一个人是由惊吓引起victims show the following 了恐慌症而非心脏病发作。symptoms: they often 注意：基本句型it it become easily frightened reported that„,全句的正常of feel uneasy in 语序：That there are at situations where people least three signs that normally would not be indicate a person is afraid;they suffer suffering form a panic shortness of breath, attack rather than a heart experience chest pains, a attack is reported.quick heartbeat, sudden 短语：at least;suffer fits of trembling, a from;rather than„ feeling that persons and things around them are not 8.It is generally real;and most of all, a agreed that a panic attack fear of dying or going does not directly endanger crazy.A person seized by a person’s life。（背！）a panic attack may show 译：人们通常认为恐慌症all or as few as four of 并不会直接危及人们的生命。these symptoms.译：恐慌症患者表现出如9.All the same, it can 下症状：他们很容易受惊吓，unnecessarily disrupt a 在通常人们不会感到害怕的地person’s life by making 方惊恐不安；呼吸急促，胸口him or her so afraid of 疼痛，心跳加速，一阵阵的战having a panic attack in a 栗，感觉周围的人、事虚无缥public place that he or 缈；最严重的是，有死亡或变she may refuse to leave 疯的恐惧感。被恐慌症侵袭的home and may eventually 人可能会表现出全部症状，至become isolated from the 少也会有其中的四种。

rest of society.注意：①in situations 译：尽管如此，它却毫无where引导定语从句；②a 必要地扰乱了人们的生活，人feeling that persons and 们担心自己会在公共场所发生things around them are not 恐慌，因此拒绝离开家，最终real中有一个同位语从句修导致与社会隔离。饰a feeling;③seized by 考点：短语：all the a panic attack过去分词作same;so„that;be afraid 定语修饰a person;④ as of sth;refuse to do;be few as像„一样少；

isolated from sth 短语：fits of;most of all;go crazy

C.Summary about the

phrases: 6.However, studies 1.rush to(1段5行);show that more women than 2.as many as(2段4行);men experience panic 3.at least(2段5行);attacks and people who 4.suffer from(2段8行);drink a lot as well as 5.last for(3段1行);those who use drugs are 6.such„that(3段3-4行);more likely to suffer 7.similarity to(3段4行);attacks.8.go crazy(4段6行);9.as 译：然而，研究表明，患to(5段1行);10.as well 有恐慌症的女性多于男性，饮as(5段5行);11.be likely 酒过多和吸毒的人更有可能遭to do(5段6行);12.it is 受恐慌症的侵袭。reported that„(6段1行);

1.sleepwalk: n/v梦游，sleepwalker: n 梦游者 2.compose: v 组成、构

成、作词、作曲，compose of sth，compose music 3.commit: v犯，commit crime 4.nevertheless: adv仍然、然而，however, anyway 5.border: n边界、边缘；v 接壤border on/upon

sth 6.disturb: v扰乱；

disturbance: n 7.anxiety: n焦虑；anxious: adj焦虑的，uneasy 8.extraordinary: adj

非同寻常的，unusual 9.inhibition: n抑制，inhibit sb from doing sth 10.publicize: v宣扬；publicity: n 11.dramatic: adj引人注目的；drama: n戏剧 12.exaggerate: v夸张；exaggerated: adj;exaggeration: n 13.temporary: adj临时的，temporarily: adv

B.Some important sentences: 1.If I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt

that I’d get many takers.译：如果我刊登广告寻求有梦游症的人来帮我做实验，我怀疑肯定会有不少人。

特点：虚拟条件句，对即将发生动作的一种假设。

2.Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality.It is one of those strange phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.译：然而梦游，是一种科学可以解释的客观事实。它是那些近于难以置信的现象之一。注意：现象的复数形式phenomena;border on sth

接近于„

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.search for sth(2段1行);2.wake up(2段2行);3.have the habit of sth(3段1行);4.border on(5段2行);5.be certain about(5段3行);6.in other words(6段5行);7.in general(7段4行);8.agree with sb(7段5行);9.against one’s own moral standard(7段6行);10.as for(7段7行);11.point out(7段7行);12.take all sorts of measures(8段3行);13.moer or less(9段2行);

Grammar point: Attributive Clause定语从句

该从句我们在前面已分几讲介绍给大家了，因此今天不再重复。自己将笔记仔细复习一下。这个语法很重要，因此每一点都要搞清楚，不要摸棱两可。今天讲解练习。

p481:Ⅱ.1.b;2.c;3.a;4.b;5.c;6.a;7.c;8.d;9.b;10.d Ⅲ.1.That was the first movie(that)I had ever seen.2.She lives in village, where it’s neither very cold in winter nor very hot in summer.3.Let us study more closely the ways in which a plant grows.4.We shall never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to China.5.There were only four areas in the world where many diamonds have been found.6.Those who have no bikes can go to the summer palace by bus.7.Is there any student in our class whose father works in an insurance company? 8.I know the reason why she’s very angry.9.She wears the same clothes as her mother does.10.Commercial advertising is one of the things we have to put up with when we watch TV.Homework: The 23rd lecture of 翻译；

College English one: 1.心脏病发作有可能直接 Key to some 危及患者的生命安全。

exercises of unit 17: 2.这些天他常遭受头疼的 p491:Ⅰ.d, a, b, c, 困扰。

b.3.到目前为止，还不能排 Ⅱ.1.panic;除地震的可能性。

2.diagnose;3.approximate;4.地板太薄承受不了机器4.currently;5.symptoms;的重量。

6.remarkable;7.shortness;5.现在已经有许多关于这8.evidence;9.multiplicity;种病的起因的解释。

10.confirm 1.Heart attacks may p493:Ⅴ.1.panic directly endanger a attacks may last for few victim’s life.minutes or even several 2.He suffers from hours.headaches these days.3.Age, sex and the 3.As yet, multiplicity of symptoms possibilities of an are the three signs to earthquake can’t be ruled distinguish a panic attack out.from heart attack.4.The floor is too p495:Ⅱ.1.kitchen;thin to bear the weight of 2.mention;3.claims;the machine.4.confirm;5.symptom;5.Now there are 6.disgnosed;7.morever;already a lot of 8.endangered;9.drugs;explanations as to the 10.victims causes of the kind of Ⅲ.4.Some bad disease.habits can endanger a

person’s health.选择：

5.It’s very 1.The artist ____ an necessary for some interesting picture by patients to seek putting the variously-psychological help.colored shapes together.8.The news that the consulted committed agreement was signed consisted composed

hasn’t been confirmed.9.Endless disputes 2.Some drunken men eventually disrupted plan.made a great ___ in the 10.The author’s street last night.name was mentioned several disturbance

times in this article.coincidence resistance

influence

Unit 18

Text A:

Why Are Maps Drawn with 3.His behavior is ___.North at the Top? No one knows what has We know that north happened to him.is at the top of each map.Authoritative But do you know how is it extraordinary formed? The oldest known characteristic map was drawn about 3800BC.professional

The Greek mathematician

and philosopher ptolemy 4.We must ____ the was the first to draw a people to the dangers map with North at the top.facing our country.In the early Middle Age, Awaken avoid adapt the church began to adopt

interfere seriously and

east was moved to the top 5.Even the doctors of the maps.were surprised at the ___ And later with the improvement in his spread of trade and condition.advances in navigation, Rational diverse more accurate maps derivative dramatic

appeared in the 14th

century and North assumed

at the top of maps.A.New words:

1.feature: n/v 特色、以„为特征，featureless: adj无特色的, feature in sth起重要作用。

a.He can recall her features very clearly.b.This is a magazine that features children’s stories.c.They all feature in the decision-making.2.rough: adj rough hands粗糙的手, rough sport剧烈的运动, rough sketch草图, rough calculation粗略计算

3.localize: v使局部化，local: adj, location: n位置（*）

a.There is little hope of localizing the disease.b.The local government plans to set up another power plan.c.This is a good location for wildlife preservation.4.philosopher: n哲学家；philosophy: n哲学；philosophical: adj哲学的（*）

a.plato was a great Greek philosopher.b.He read a lot of philosophical works when he was a college student.c.My philosophy of life is “serving the vast majority of the people.”

5.popularly: adv通俗地，普遍地，popular: adj;popularize: v使„普及；popularity: n(*)

a.He enjoyed great popularity with young audience.b.His name is Robert, but he is popularly known as bob.c.Books of this kind are popular among advanced readers.6.attempt: n/v试图，企图

a.He failed in his first attempt.b.I attempted to speak but was told to keep quiet.7.reference: n参致，符合；accord: v, accord with sth与„一致，短语：in accordance with sth = according to sth

15.reliance: n信Greeks place the science of map-making on a sound footing.4.Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong.1.side by side;at the same speed;(1段1行)

Two trains are traveling side by side and at the same speed along parallel tracks.译：两列火车肩并肩以考，提及；refer: v 8.navigational: adj航行的；navigate: v航行；navigation: n;navigator: n 9.calculate: v计算;calculation: n；calculator:计算器；calculating: adj狡猾的

a.The population of the city was calculated about one million.b.The new club is calculated to hold 2000 people.10.unaware: adj未察觉的，反义词：aware + of sth;awareness;unawareness(*)a.I was too sleepy to be aware of how dangerous the situation was.b.They didn’t make any preparation, because they were unaware that a war was near.c.It seems he has no awareness of the sharp division of opinion.11.immovable: adj不可移动的；movable: adj;move: v移动；(*)a.The artificial satellite moves round the earth.b.The toy soldier with movable arms and legs can be made to walk.c.You can’t have a party in the classroom, because the desks and chairs are immovable.12.voyager: n航海者；voyage: n/v航海

13.arrangement: n安排；arrange: v 13.interfere: v 干涉、介入，interfere in/with sth;interference: n

14.accordance: n一赖、信任；rely: v;译：鉴于那个时代的知reliable: adj可信任的，识水平的局限，在绘制地图时unreliable

他犯了一些错误。

16.rightful: adj合 Given是介词，鉴于，法的；right: n权利

考虑到

B.Important

5.More accurate sentences in the text:

maps began to appear in 1.It’s hard to the 14th century, with the visualize a map that does spread of trade and not feature north at the increasing reliance on the top, but this was not compass.always so.译：随着贸易的传播和译：很难想象一幅地图指南针的帮助，14世纪开始没有把北方设在上端，但是这出现较为精确的地图。

种绘制地图的方式并非一直这 With随着„;样。

reliance on sth 基本句型：it’s hard

to do sth;动词feature;C.Summary about the was 表示曾经。

phrases:

1.flow through(2段2 2.The oldest known 行);2.not until(2段5行);map in the accepted sense 3.be known to(3段3行);of the word was drawn 4.be based on(3段4行);about 3800BC, and 5.rather than(3段5行);represents the river 6.attempt to do(3段6行);Euphrates flowing through 7.in the form of(3段7行);northern Mesopotamia, Iraq.8.far from being(4段3行);译：被世人所接受的地9.place trust in sth(5段4图中，最古老的一幅绘制于公行);10.interfere with(6元前3800，它绘出了幼发拉段2行);11.in accordance 底河流经伊拉克的美所不达米with(6段3行);12.point 亚平原。

of view(7段4行);注意几个动词形式：13.reliance on sth(8段2known, accepted, was drawn, 行);14.once again(8段2represents, flowing.In 行)the accepted sense of the word:被世人所公认，承认。

Text B: You Have a 3.It was not until Choice many centuries later that

the ancient Greeks placed Einstein’s the science of map-making Relativity: all motion is on a sound footing.(*)

just relative, not 译：直到几个世纪后，absolute.古希腊人才在坚实可信的基础 A.New words: 上建立起地图绘制学。

1.converse: adj相反本句基本句型强调句：的

it’s „that;not until 2.motionless: adj静many centuries later是时止的，immovable, movable 间状语；主句：The ancient 3.frustrate: v使受Greeks placed the science 挫折；frustration: n;of map-making on a sound frustrated, frustrating: footing.adj 如果不是强调句，当把 4.devise: v设计；not until放在句首，句子需device: n 要倒装。

Not until many B.Some important centuries later did the the phrases:

相同的速度行驶在两条平行轨道上。

3.be seated;(1段2行)

We are seated in one of the trains„

译：我们坐在其中一列火车上。

4.pull ahead of sth;Suddenly the other train seems to start pulling ahead of us.译：突然另一列火车似乎开始赶到我们这列车的前面去了。

5.be certain of;Can we be absolutely certain of this increase?

译：我们能绝对断定它加速了吗？

6.bring about;

This change could have been brought about in one of two ways„

译：下面任一种方法都可能引起这种变化。

7.account for;

There are thus two possible explanations to account for the change in speed„

译：因此有两种可能的解释来说明相对速度的变化„

8.regardless of sth Furthermore, regardless of which explanation we choose, the end result will be the same.译：况且，不管我们选择哪种解释，最终结果都是一样的。

9.apply to;

This principle – that if two objects are in uniform motion relative to each other, it is impossible to decide which one is moving and which one is at rest—applies to all objects moving uniformly in a straight

line through the universe.译：如果两个物体已相对均衡的速度前进，就不太可能分清楚哪个在运动，哪个是静止的。这个原则适用于宇宙中所有以均衡速度做直线运动的物体。

Grammar knowledge: Noun Clause名词从句 p447 在复合句中若一个从句担任主语、宾语、表语和同位语，则形成了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

1.That the moon moves round the earth is true.2.He wants to tell us what he thinks.3.My idea is that we should go there early.4.I have an idea that we should go there early.注意：

1.在主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中连词that不担任任何成分，但不能省略。

2.时态呼应：宾语从句的主句若是一般过去时，那么从句要用过去的某种时态。

3.对于宾语从句，若出现两个从句，第一个的连词that可省略，第二个that必须要加上。

He said he had worked for him for ten years and that he wanted to continue to work.4.同位语从句用抽象名词，如：belief, doubt, evidence, idea, fact, hope, thought etc.key to the exercises: p450.Ⅰ.口头作。

Ⅱ.1.a;2.c;3.a;4.d;5.b;6.b;7.b;8.b;9.a;10.a Ⅲ.1.We should know learning a language is different from learning other subjects.2.It’s well known that the Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific ocean.3.His conclusion is that meaningless information is hard to remember.4.It hasn’t been decided who will host the meeting tomorrow yet.5.She explained to me why she wanted to send her child to the nursery.测和想象。

6.He wants to ask 3他的统计根本不准the manager whether he 确。

should buy a cat.4根据安排，我们今天 7.More and more 将参观颐和园。

people have realized the 5你可以充分信赖他的fact that heart disease 许诺。

has much to do with the 1.It was not until way people live.midnight that the children 8.It’s said that were found not in the nerves in the left side of bedrooms.the brain develop faster 2.our conclusion is in girls than in boys.based on all available 9.This photo shows knowledge rather than how the roots of a plant guesses or imagination.go into the earth.3.His statistics 10.They are not are far from being very clear about why every accurate.kind of bird has its own 4.In accordance way of making nests.with the arrangement, Homework we’re going to visit the 选词填空： summer palace.feature, rough, 5.You can place sketch, ancient, classical, full reliance on his version, unaware, promise.arrangement, reliance, compass

1.He was ___ of the conflict of interests between the two sides.2.I have a __ idea The 24th lecture of of how to keep one’s College English one: weight down without going Key to some on a diet.exercises: 3.Fish ___ very p525:Ⅰ.b, b, c, c, largely in the food of b.these islanders.Ⅱ.1.visualize;4.Do you prefer ___ 2.sketch;3.footing;or popular music?

4.forefront;5.disc;5.The Great Wall is 6.estimate;7.orientate;evidence of China’s ___ 8.immovable;9.faith;history.10.reliance 6.He made several p527:Ⅴ.1.It was ___ before starting the until I read your report painting.that I learned the truth.7.I place complete 2.Goods will be ___ on his judgment.delivered to you in 8.All necessary ___ accordance with your have been made for the requirement.operation to be started.3.In the Middle 9.Working without a Ages, the European church plan is sailing without a interfered seriously with ____.the advance of science.10.The play was in 5.He drove German, but I had read the hurriedly in the direction English __ of it.of the pole star.1.unaware, 2.rough, p530: 3.features, 4.classical, 3.She told us about 5.ancient, 6.sketches, her past in the form of a 7.reliance;8.arrangements, story.9.compass, 10.version

7.His point of view 翻译：

is for your reference only.1直到半夜才发现孩子 8.They attempted 们并不在他们的卧室里。

many experiments in the 2我们的结论基于全部past two years.可获得的知识，而不是基于猜

Unit 19 Text A: Animals at Risk: Who Cares?

our world consists of human beings, animals and many plants.So without the animals, our human would be lonely and we’ll in some trouble.But because of our greed, the changeable natural environment, many species are becoming extinct.So I hope we can harmonize with all the animals and plants.This is an important article.A.New words:

1.species: n 种、类，单复数同形。其他类似词还有：clothes, means etc.2.extinct: adj灭绝的，绝种的；extinction: n灭绝

3.pace: n/v 速度，踱步，短语：keep pace with sb/sth与„并驾齐驱，齐头并进

4.compete: v竞争、比赛；competition: n;competitor: n;competitive: adj

a.They can’t compete with/against such an experienced team.b.Do you want to compete in the 100 meters race?

c.They are competing for an important position.5.likelihood: n可能性，同义词：possibility;likely: adj可能的，be likely to do;

6.clearance: n 清除、清理；clear: v清除 clear away sth；adj清楚的

7.vegetation: n植物的总称；vegetable: n蔬菜;vegetarian: n素食主义者

8.ignore: v不顾、不理；ignorance: n不知、无知;ignorant: adj无知的

She saw him coming but she ignored him.9.threat: n威胁、恐吓；threaten: v威胁；threatening: adj

10.tourist: n旅游者；tourism: n旅游业；tour: n/v旅游（*）

a.Tourism is an

important part of our economy.b.paris is full of tourists all the rear round.c.He wishes to make a round the world tour.11.variation: n变化、变化量；vary: v变化；variety: n种类；various: adj各种各样的（*）

a.Differences among living things of the same kind are known as variations.b.All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.c.Your reasons for not wanting to meet Smith may be many and various, but you must still meet him.12.magnificent: adj 壮丽的；magnificence: n 13.survive: v幸存;survival: n;survivor: n(*)a.The principle of survival of the fittest is one of the major findings of charges Darwin.b.The government sent help to the survivors of the earthquakes.c.Few people survived the flood.14.conservation: n保存、保护；conserve: v;conservative: adj保守的

15.reserve: v/n保留、预定； reservation: n 16.provided: conj假如（*）

a.I will accept the invitation provided that you go with me.b.We’ll have a visit to the seaside providing the weather remains good.17.determination: n 决心、决定；determine: v determine to do sth;determined: adj下定决心的

18.specialize: v特殊化、专攻，specialize in sth;special: adj特殊的；specially: adv特殊地（出现在课文中 *）

a.Is there anything special to disclose to me? b.He had been produce enough offspring, interested in history or by completely changing since he was a child, so their environment at he specialized in history surprising speed.when he was in college.译：这句话含有一定的 c.I came here 讽刺意味，告诉我们正是由于specially to reserve 在过去的几个世纪里，科技的tickets for tonight’s 巨大发展，人类才快速捕杀生show.物，以致他们无法繁衍足够的

后代来延续物种，或是人类以 19.publicity: n宣传;惊人的速度完全改变他们生存publicize: v宣传；public: 的自然环境，导致物种的灭adj公共的(出现在课文中绝。

*）

注意：介词by“通 a.There is a lot of 过„”；such„that如此，publicity about the harm 以致；at„speed以„的速度

of excess dieting.]

b.They worked hard 4.A number of to publicize their new examples can be given of products so as to develop the way in which natural business.environments are being c.people like going rapidly changed„(*)

to parks on public 译：自然环境正在被迅holidays.速改变的例子多不胜数。

注意：a number of许 B.Intensive reading: 多；in which = in the way 1.An animal species 以某中方式；时态are being becomes extinct when it changed fails to produce enough

young in each generation 5.But even when the to keep pace with the danger is widely death-rate.publicized, the financial 译：当一种动物不能在rewards for the hunters 每一代都生育出足够的后代以may be so great that they 便与死亡率相平衡时，它就会choose to ignore the 濒临灭绝。

threat to the species.注意：谓语动词译：即使人们广泛宣传becomes;fail to do;keep 这种危险的存在，偷猎者也会pace with sth与„保持平衡

因为经济利益而漠视物种的灭

绝。

2.It is a natural 考点：reward for sth;process and extinction is so„that;choose to do;the fate of any animal threat to sth

that has specialized too

far to change when its 6.Many people are environment changes, or concerned about animals has to compete with a and wildlife conservation.better-adapted and more 译：许多人都非常关心powerful animal.动物和野生生物的保护。

译：这是一个自然的过重要短语：be 程。如果一种动物过于特殊concerned about sth关心„

化，不能随着环境的变化而变化，当它与适应能力较强，更 7.one way to 强壮的动物竞争时，注定会死preserve species under 亡。

threat of extinction--考点：too„to;whatever the cause--is compete with sth

to remove them to zoos and

parks and breed them there.3.Because of 译：不管是由何种原因remarkable technical 造成他们的灭绝，有一种方法developments during the 可以挽救濒临灭绝的物种，那past few centuries, man 就是把物种迁移至动物园和公has destroyed or nearly 园喂养。

destroyed some species by 考点：to preserve killing them at such a species under threat of rate that they couldn’t extinction是不定式作定

语，修饰one way;

to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there是不定式作表语；under threat of extinction避免濒临灭绝；remove sth to„

8.There is always the chance that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment – provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again!

译：在那里总是有可能让他们生育出足够的后代，有朝一日再把他们重新放回自然生存环境—假如他们的自然生存环境依然存在的话，假如偷猎者不在捕杀他们的话！

分析：the chance句子主语,that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment是同位语从句修饰the chance;provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again是条件状语从句，但不用虚拟语气。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.fail to do(1段1行);2.keep pace with(1段2行);3.compete with(1段7行);4.at a rate(1段10行);5.such„that(1段9-10行);6.a number of(2段1行);7.lead to(2段10行);8.be concerned about(3段1行);9.be armed with(3段倒数2行);10.add to(4段2行);11.in a form(4段3行)

Text B: The Killer Smogs

I often tell my students that everything is just like a double-edged sword.on the one hand, advanced technology can bring us many benefits;but on the other hand, it harms our living environment in some way.A.New words:

1.smog: n smoke and fog烟雾

2.disaster: n灾难；disastrous: adj灾难性的

3.conclude: v推断

出；conclusion: n结论

4.pollute: v污染；pollution: n;polluted: adj污染的

5.invisible: adj看不见的；visible: 看得见的

6.exhaust: v用尽、耗尽；exhaustion: n;exhausted: adj tired 筋疲力尽的

7.fortunately: adv幸运地，luckily.B.Important phrase and sentences: 1.be filled with = be full of The hospitals were filled with patients.(1段6行)

2.be known for = be famous for London, England, has always been known for its “black fogs.”(3段1行)

3.combine sth with sth The chemical fumes combined with the water droplets in the fog to form harmful substances caused the illness of those who breathed the polluted air.译：含有化学物质的烟尘与雾气中的水珠结合形成有害物质，它们让呼吸了污染过的空气的人得病。

4.be covered by sth This is covered by an upper layer of warm air that acts like a lid.5.prevent sth from doing It prevents the polluted cooler air from rising.Homework: 选择填空：

1.The earthquake was the greatest ___ the country had ever experienced.disaster disturbance disruption disadvantage 2.Air ____ can cause human diseases.pollution pattern phenomenon pressure 3.This room is much too hot;it’s like a ____.9.development;fantasy fossil 10.clearness/clearance fashion furnace

Ⅴ.1.The natural 4.Many people were environment in which killed in the ___ between animals grow has been the bus and the car.worsening all the time.conflict contrast 2.The hunters often collision contact

go hunting for their own 5.The large oil __ purpose without is responsible for the air considering the living pollution in this area.environment of others.refinery recycle 3.If there were no resource reference

natural reserves, more

species of animals would 翻译：

be extinct.1他发现要赶上物理学 p559:Ⅱ.1.Fossils;的进步很难。

2.species;3.tourism;2现在，中国可以与世4.extinct;5.by-product;界上大多数国家竞争。

6.offspring;7.competed;3只要我们努力，就完8.fate;9.treat;10.pace 全有可能做得更好。

Ⅲ.5.The warship is 4越来越多的人开始关armed with nuclear weapons.心我们的自然环境。

7.We’re very happy 5如果你不泄露给任何that he has survived the 人，我就告诉你实情。

heart attack.1.He finds it hard 8.The danger of to keep pace with the tiger extinction in our development in physics.country should not be 2.Now China can ignored.compete with most of the

countries in the world.Unit 20

Text A: 3.There’s every You Can’t Do It Because likelihood that we can do It Hurts Nobody it better if we work hard.In our China, 4.More and more there’s an old saying: people are beginning to be Don’t fail to do good concerned about our even if it’s small;Don’natural environment.t engage in evil even if 5.I’ll tell you it’s small.From it, you the truth provided that should realize what’s you don’t disclose it to about the text.please pay anyone else.attention to the translation of the title.这是一个带原因状语的否定前移，译成：不能因为没有伤害任何人，就可以干坏事。

A.New words: The 25th lecture of 1.tough: adj tough College English one:

glass不易碎的玻璃, tough Key to some criminal粗暴的罪犯, tough exercises:

steak咬不动的牛排, tough p556:Ⅰ.d, c, a, d, problem难题

b.p557:Ⅱ.1.extinct;2.crime: n罪，2.species;3.offspring;criminal: n罪犯，adj有罪4.likelihood;5.fur;的（*）

6.trophy;7.survive;a.He committed 8.arrangement;

a crime last year and was 9.development;10.reserve

sent to prison.Ⅲ.1.existence;b.Do you know 2.extinction;

that the man has a 3.lilkelihood;4.variety;criminal record? 5.creation;6.death;c.The criminal 7.determination;was sentenced to five 8.arrangement;years’ hard labor.46

3.drunk: adj喝醉的，drink: v

4.admit: v承认，后接动名词；admittance: n

He admitted having stolen that person’s wallet.5.citizen: n 公民、居民；city: n城市；citizenship: n公民权（*）

a.She comes from the United States and has applied for Chinese citizenship.b.Many Chinese in the United States have become American citizens.c.Beijing is known to be one of the largest cities in the world.6.fatal: adj致命的，同义词：deadly

7.threaten: v威胁，threat: n;threatening: adj

8.tolerate: v容忍，tolerable: 可容忍的； tolerant: adj 容忍的； tolerance: n

a.Nowadays, parents often treat their children with too much tolerance.b.I can’t tolerate your carelessness.c.He is tolerant of opinions different from his own.9.celebrate: v庆祝；celebration: n

10.championship: n冠军身份；champion: n冠军

11.rob: v抢劫；robbery: n;robber: n抢劫者

a.The robber is still at large.b.In the morning they found that the bank had been robbed.c.There have been several robberies near here lately.12.honesty: n 诚实； honest: adj

B.Intensive reading: 1.Among the people you know, how many have

never broken the laws?(*)译：在你认识的朋友中，有多少从未犯过法呢？

2.In the same way that diseases range from the common cold to fatal forms of cancer, crimes vary in degree.（*）

译：如同疾病可以分为从普通的感冒到致命的癌症不等一样，犯罪的程度也有所不同。

考点：in the same „ that引导定语从句；range from„to;vary in sth

3.In addition to breaking the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of crime.译：除了自己违法外，人们容忍不同程度的犯罪。

考点：in addition to sth;break the law;

4.It may be that, by seeing others do something, we accept it more easily./ „ if they see someone breaking store window, they might start breaking windows„

注意：这两句话包含有一个句型：see sb do sth;see sb doing sth前一句强调看见事情发生的全过程；而后者强调看见某一个动作正在发生。

a.I saw a man steal that person’s purse.b.I saw a man stealing that person’s purse.5.We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.译：我们一定也想知道，每天从电视报纸上接触到的暴力行为会不会使我们更能接受违法行为。

分析：whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day作宾语从句的主语，谓语动词用单数形式makes;make sb do sth;more than we should超过我们应该的程度。

6.We become used to 3.symbolically: advseeing blood on the news 象征性地；symbol: n象征；on TV, or in full color in symbolize: v象征

newspaper and magazines.4.religious: adj虔译：我们习惯了从电视诚的；religion: n宗教

上看到血腥场面，或者在报纸 5.preparation: n准上看到色彩逼真的流血事件。

备；prepare: v;prepared: 重要短语： be used adj, be prepared for sth;to doing sth = be 6.potential: n/adjaccustomed to doing sth

潜在的、潜力

7.prefer: v更喜欢，7.perhaps this is prefer to sth;preference: why someone who robs a few n, preference for sth/to dollars by force from a sth corner store will often

end up with a longer jail B.Some phrases: term than a fraud artist 1.be different from who swindles thousands of sth(1段2行);2.compare dollars: threatening the sth with sth(1段3行);life of an individual is 3.be comfortable with(2段not acceptable in our 2行);4.for the purpose society.of sth(2段3行);5.be 译：也许这就是为什么willing to do sth(4段6-7从街角的商店里抢劫几美元会行);6.be involved in(4段被判刑长于那些冒牌艺术家行11行);7.be dressed in(6骗几千美金：因为威胁某个人段2行);8.be surrounded 的生命在我们的社会里是不被by(6段4行);9.respond to 接受的。

sth(6段9行);10.in the Why引导表语从句；manner(6段9行);11.along rob sth from sth从„抢with(7段7行);12.in 劫；end up with以„告终；contrast(标题)longer„than;分号后的部分

是解释这样做的原因，动名词 Grammar point: 作主语。

Emphatic Sentence

前面我们已介绍过，这 C.Summary about the 里在强调一下，为了强调句子phrases: 的某一成分，可以用该句型。1.commit crimes(1段但并不是所有句子成分都能强2行);2.tell the truth(1调，通常只能强调：主语、宾段5行);3.go through the 语、状语。当你在考题中看到customs(1段6行);4.in “是”，“就是”，“正是”case(2段1行);5.break 时一定要求用强调句型进行翻the law(2段2行);6.go to 译。

jail(2段3行);7.divide„ 强调句的构成形式：it into(2段4行);8.range + is/was + 被强调部分 + from„to(2段6行);9.in that/who + 句子其他部分。

addition to(3段1行);注意：若被强调部分是10.be tolerant of sth(3段人称代词，可以用主格也可用2行);11.be used to 宾格。若想强调谓语可以用doing(4段3行);12.care do, does, or did.about sth(5段3行);a.I do miss you!13.prevent„from(5段4行);b.He does finish 14.come to sth(5段5行);his work.15.rob „ from(5段11行);c.We did arrive 16.end up with(5段12行);there on time.17.keep an eye on sth(6段 Exercises on page 7行);

599:

Ⅱ.1.It was her Text B: Marriage in husband that / who took Iran and America: A Study her to the nearby hospital in Contrasts

that afternoon.A.New words:

2.It was their 1.culture: n文化；third man-made satellite cultural: adj 文化的

that launched last week.2.bride: n新娘； 3.It’s on this bridegroom: n 新郎； matter that she doesn’t

have anything to say.4.It’s your uncle that/who wants to sell the old car.5.It’s a more detailed report that I hope you’ll give me.6.It was the key to he door that they were looking for yesterday.7.It was by changing the natural environment in which the animals lived that humans destroyed some animal species.8.It’s your manager who / that I want to see.9.It was in Hong Kong that I first met her.10.It was not until yesterday that I got your letter.The 26th lecture of College English one:

英语

（一）测试（L16-L20）

本试题分两部分，第一部分为选择题，50分；第二部分为非选择题，50分。

part one

一、选择题。（20分）

1.That young lady spent a lot of money ____ clothes.A.on B.in C.for D.to

2.We naturally associate the name of Darwin ____ the theory of evolution.A.to

B.with

C.and D.towards

3.Their views have nothing ____ with ours.A.of common B.in common C.common sense D.common ground

4.The body needs fat to keep it from cold and to provide a ___ layer for the organs, but only is small quantities.A.preventing

B.practical C.private countries in science and __6__, the conversation with a D.protective technology.inaccurate or indefinite stranger.And speaking of 5.A thick forest A.keep pace

B.words may make _7__ restaurants – that is the ____ the school ground ___ take pace

C.put pace difficult or the listener other problem with London.the south side.D.set pace to understand the The food here is no good A.borders„in B.15.She got ten _8__which is being at all!I haven’t had one borders„on C.borders„at pounds for ___ fifteen transmitted to him.The good meal in the three D.borders„by rooms.speaker who does not have days we’ve been here.6.He has not ___ A.looking on B.specific words in his Since you asked me made up his mind what looking for C.looking working vocabulary may be to write to you about attitude to adopt towards after D.looking about _9__ to explain or everything I learned on her.16.He was clever describe in a _10__ that this trip, here is what A.as far as

B.enough to compete ___ the can be understood by his I’ve learned about London.as yet C.and yet mathematics scholarship.listeners.London’s D.by far 7.He gave us a lot of trouble, but I like him _____.A.the same

B.just the same C.at the same time

D.all the same 8.What is certain about sleepwalking____ it is a symptom of emotional disturbance.A.is B.are

C.is that D.are that 9.They were certain ___ she would get over her illness.A.of B.of that

C.that D.in that 10.Scientists say that many factors brought ____ changes in the weather.A.forth

B.about

C.around D.forward 11.____ being slow, they worked actually very fast.A.Far from

B.Far to C.Far away D.So far 12.They presented the world in the form of a flattened disc ____ a sphere, which was the form adopted by ptolemy.A.more than

B.rather than

C.better than D.other than 13.Many species of animals are under the threat of ___ because of the rapid change of natural environment.A.guns

B.extinction C.hunters D.existence 14.We must try to ___ with the western A.for B.1.A.of B.with

C.against at C.for D.on D.in 2.A.inaccessible 17.She took a B.timely

C.likely spoonful and tasted it ___ D.invalid it was hot.3.A.encourages A.in case

B.B.prevents C.destroys in case of C.in the case D.offers of D.in that case 4.A.encourage 18.You will soon B.take away C.back up become ____ to the weather D.stir up here.5.A.who

B.A.using

B.as C.which D.used

C.use what D.useful 6.A.moreover B.19.Did any young however

C.people ___ anything old preliminarily D.what people said to them.7.A.that

B.A.care of

B.is C.so D.care about C.take care this D.take care of 8.A.speech

B.20.Will you ___ on sense C.message D.our things while we are meaning away.9.A.obscure B.A.keep an eye B.difficult

C.impossible make an eye C.open an eye D.unable D.set an eye 10.A.case

B.means

C.method

二、完型填空。（10D.way 分）

The first and

三、阅读理解。（20smallest unit that can be 分）discussed in relation to passage one language is the word.In London is great.speaking, the choice of It’s great.Rome and words is _1__ the utmost paris were fine places, importance.proper but I knew as soon as we selection will eliminate landed in London, this was one source of _2__ the finest of the three.breakdown in the There are only two communication cycle.Too small things which I often careless use of don’t like about London.words __3_ a meeting of First of all, everyone the minds of the speaker speaks English here.I had and listener.The words so much fun in Rome and used by the speaker may paris.There I could speak __4_ unfavorable reaction in foreign languages.In in the listener ___5_ words, I made a lot of interfere with his friends that way.But here comprehension;hence, the everybody can understand transmission – reception me.I don’t have any system breaks down.reason to start up a

population of eleven

million makes it the second largest city in the world.It is bigger than

New York but not as big as Tokyo.London is twice the size of New York.It has an area of 620 square

miles!The Thames River runs right through the center of the city.Someone once called the Thames “liquid history”.It is a very good name.Dozens of armies have crossed it over the past few thousand years.one of

the first was the army of Julius Caesar two thousand years ago.And most

recently – Mr.and Mrs.Gill.So far I have only had time to visit one

neighbourhood.It is called Bloomsbury.In fact there is a group of

writers known as the Bloomsbury Group.It got its name because so many

of them lived there.Virginia Woolf was one of them.I know how much you

like her novels.Baker Street is also part of Bloomsbury.Do you remember who once lived on Baker Street?

When I asked bob this question, he answered, “” a man who baked bread，right? Sherlock Holmes, of course, I won’t have time to find his address.Maybe you will when you come.1.We learn from the

first two paragraphs that _____.A.it is more

difficult to start up a conversation in English in

London than in any languages.B.the writer had made a trip in Italy and France before she came to England.C.of all the meals the writer has had in London, only one she thinks is good enough.D.the writer hates to talk to strangers who can speak English.2.It seems that the writer ____.A.can speak English as a foreign language B.does not like her mother language C.does not speak French at all D.can speak French as a foreign language 3.Who do you think Mr.and Mrs.Gill? A.A famous general and his wife.B.As famous American writer and his wife.C.Two friends of the writer’s.D.The writer and his husband.4.Who once lived on Baker Street? A.A man who baked bread.B.Sherlock Holmes.C.The former US Secretary of State.D.A friend of the writer’s.5.Where is the passage most probably taken from? A.A letter.B.A diary.C.A guidebook.D.A business report.passage two

A person who is able to operate a machine, prepare a financial statement, program a computer, or pass a football has a technical skill.That is, he or she is able to perform the mechanics of a particular job.Managers such as production supervisors must often understand a technical skill well enough to train workers in

difficult for managers t their jobs.In certain learn technical skills companies, executive 4.General without technical skills management skills _____.in programming, A.are used by engineering, or accounting.general managers in But even here, most different ways managers have to have some B.can be technical skills – such applied to different as scheduling techniques enterprises and the ability to read C.can be can be computer printouts.learned but not be taught Technical skills at a technical school are sometimes not readily D.are not transferable from one readily transferable from industry to another, one industry to another whereas general management 5.Te best title for skills can often be this passage would be applied to a wide range of _______.industries.If you’re A.Importance of trained to operate textile the technical skills.– cutting machines, you B.Managers and probably would be unable their business skills to use your skills in the C.Technical restaurant business.If skills and management you’re an executive who skills runs a garment business, D.How one skill however, you might be able is transferred to another to use your general pART TWo management skills in

different enterprises.四、单词拼写。（10 1.Which of the 分）

following does not seem to 1.有益的、有利的 a be a technical skill?

b________;A.Managing non-2.足够的、充分的 a production workers.s_________;B.programming a 3.恢复、痊愈 v computer.r_________;C.preparing a 4.外科的、手术的 a financial statement.s_________;D.operating a 5.诊断、判断 v textile – cutting machine.d_________;2.The first 6.显露、揭露 v paragraph is mainly about d_________;_____.7.征候、征兆 n A.a person who has s_________;a technical skill

8.显著的、值得注意的 B.the definition of a r___________;a technical skill

9.提及、说起

v C.managers such as m__________;production supervisors

10.特征、特色 n D.how to operate a f__________;machine.11.哲学家

n 3.In the writer’s p__________;opinion, _____.12.大众化地

ad A.technical p__________;skills are more important 13.干涉、介入

v than management skills

I__________;B.technical 14.威胁、恐吓

n skills are more complex t___________;than management skills

15.灭绝、熄灭

n C.it is e___________;necessary for managers to 16.壮丽的、宏伟的 a learn some technical m_____________;skills

17.幸运地

ad D.it is f__________;

18.冠军身份

n c___________;

19.诚实、正直

n h__________;

20.潜在的、可能的 a p___________;

五、用动词正确的时态填空。（10分）

1.Her main task is organizing _____(culture)and social activities.2.In fact, I have known several friends who got ___(marry)without even telling their parents or other family members.3.Honesty will have to come from social ________(press).4.She finally _____(conclusion)that she would try to get a job on a store.5.The new law will reduce ____(pollute)of the air.6.Stinging eyes and dry coughs show that ____(harm)chemicals fill the air.7.The oldest ____(know)map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3800BC.8.They went along the main road ____(lead)to a distant town.9.It’s generally agreed that a panic attack does not ____(danger)a person’s life directly.10.Their replies were ____(remarkable)similar.六、汉译英。（15分）

1西方世界最大杀手之一是心脏病。

2研究表明女人比男人更易患恐慌症。

3许多人都关心野生动物的保护。

4在你的朋友中有多少人从未犯过法呢？

5为什么你容忍他们所犯的这些罪行呢？

七、英译汉。（15分）

A guide dog is a dog especially trained to guide a blind person.Dogs chosen for such training must show good disposition，intelligence, physical fitness and responsibility.threatened by lasting dry weather.give precision to hte report if you want to to widen the road.At the age of about fourteen months, a guide dog begins an intensive course that lasts from three to five months.It becomes accustomed to the leather harness and stiff leather handle it will wear when guiding its blind owner.The dog learns to watch traffic and to cross street safely.It also learns to obey such commands as “forward”, “left”, “right” and “sit” and disobey any command that might lead its owner into danger.The most important part of the training course is a four-week program in which the guide dog and its future owner learn to work together.However, many blind people are unsuited by personality to work with dogs.only a tenth of the bind find a guide dog useful.Key to some exercises: p583:Ⅰ.b, d, a, c, d.p585:Ⅱ.1.commit;2.customs;3.fatal;4.jail;5.tolerate;6.anonymous;7.rob;8.tax;9.keep an eye on;10.misconception p586:Ⅳ.1.by going with her;2.and not to stop;3.and call off;4.and stress;5.experimented and;6.pulling down all buildings and other facilities;7.at the end of the semester;8.which did not belong to him;9.and prohibited;10.and not working p588: Ⅲ.1.The prices of these goods range from few dollars to a few hundred dollars.3.His foreign friends have become used to living in china.6.please take an umbrella with you in case it rains.8.The crops are 9.The company impress the audience.threatened the inhabitants c.The soldiers should with cutting off the water be very precise in supply.following instructions

7.necessarily: adv必然、必定；necessary: adj 必然的；unnecessary: adj;necessarily: adv

8.criticize: v;The 27th lecture of criticism: n;critic: n;College English one:

critical: adj Unit 21 Text A: The 9.quantitative: adj定Language of Uncertainty

量的；quantifiable: adj 可 In our opinion, we 量化的；quantity: n数量always hope to get（*）

something certain from a.A quantitative others or give others the research is absolutely same thing.But it’s not necessary for the solution always so.Uncertainty is of the problem.full of our everyday life.b.The quantity of And we also find that such equipment was enough, but uncertainty is not always the quality was far from harmful, so we needn’t being satisfactory.criticize it.c.Words such as

frequently, rarely, A.New words:

occasionally, though 1.dominate: v 统治、支quantifiable, denote a 配；domination: n;quantity imprecisely known.dominant: adj

The high building 10.subjective: adj 主dominates over the river.观的；objective: adj客观的

2.judgement: n 判断；11.potentially: adv 可judge: n/v法官、判断

能地，潜在地；potential: 3.editorial: n 社论，adj/n adj编辑的；edit: v;12.prediction: n 预edition: n;editor: n

言、预告；predict: n预

言；predictor: n预言家；4.probability: n 可能predictable: adj可预测的

性;probable: adj可能的；

improbable: adj;probably: 13.signify: v 意味；adv(*)

significance: n意义；a.It is highly significant: adj有意义的

probable that it will rain 14.assign: v分配、指today.派；assignment: n b.The storm is one of

the probabilities for 15.proportionately: tomorrow.adv 成适当比例地；c.He will probably proportion: n比例

refuse the offer.16.marked: adj 明显的；同义词：obvious, clear 5.verbal: adj语言的；

non-verval: 非语言的

17.widen: v加宽；wide: 6.imprecision: n 不精adj宽的；widely: adv宽地确；precision: n;precise:（*）

adj 精确的；imprecise: adj a.There is a wide 不精确的；precisely: adv;river between the small imprecisely: adv

villages.b.The two students a.The imprecision of gave two widely different information led to their accounts of a quarrel.failure in the battle.c.The officers are b.Its necessary to holding a meeting on when

18.consistent: adj与„一致的，consistent with sth;consistence: n符合；inconsistent: adj与„不符的

19.intelligence: n智力；intelligent: adj聪明的

20.numerical: adj数字的；number: n数字；numerous: adj极多的

21.ratio: n比率，ratios

22.systematically: adv有系统地；system: n系统；systematical: adj系统的（*）

a.How to develop a good system of memory training is an important problem.b.A systematical attempt is a guarantee for success.c.The profits of the company are increasing systematically.B.Intensive reading: 1.Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.译：不确定的语言彻底贯穿我们的生活，以致于它在我们的语言中占主导地位。

短语：spread through贯穿

2.our everyday speech is made up in large part of words like probably, many, soon, great, little.译：我们的日常语言由大量这样的词组成„

注意：everyday形容词，作定语;be made up of = consist of由„组成

3.Indeed, it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.译：事实上，这种语言具有它的价值，正因为在无法精确定量表达时，它能让我们来进行判断。

indeed = in fact;allow sb to do;out of the question = impossible;out

第二篇：大学英语自学教程(上册)

英语学习不是一句两句就说的完的，今后我会在教学中逐步让大家感受到学英语的乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我将四个英文字母以及一句谚语送给我们每一位自学者：IIpp----Interest, Intention, patience and persistence.Where there is a will, there is a way!(有志者事竟成！)Good luck!下面我们开始上课。我想在第一课开始之前对大家提几点要求：1.每人都必须有课本，即高远主编的《大学英语自学教程》（上）；2.每讲后必须要复习、做作业；3.最好能提前看看下讲的课文；4.每5个单元有测验，请大家务必认真完成;5有问题随时问，学习上不要害羞。

本教程共计25个单元。每单元分A，B两篇文章，一般A 位重点文章，精讲；B为培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。

Unit one: Text A: How to Be a Successful Language Learner?

Ⅰ.New Words: 1.successful: a 成功的；

succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功;success n;successfully ad(*)a.She wished him success_ in his new job.b.Were you successful in finding a new house? c.I finished my training successfully.d.He succeeds in finding a good job.2.disagree: v disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧，意见不一致), n disagreement, a disagreeable;反义词：agree, agreement, agreeable e.g.I always disagree with him.3.guarantee:n / v 保证、担保、保修

e.g.1>.The watch has a two-year guarantee.(n保修)2>.The TV set is guaranteed for one year.(v 保修)4.intelligent:a 聪明的、明智的，n intelligence 聪明、智慧 5.conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的

6.similar:a 相似的、类似的，短语be similar to sth / sb in sth(*)e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾气)to her mother.7.independent:a 独立的、自主的，independence n 独立、自主、自立，（*）字根：depend(v):依靠、依赖，depend on / upon dependence: n 信赖、信任、依靠；dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的 a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence.b.Children depend on their parents for food.c.I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to something 9.adult: n 成年人；a 成年的、成熟的

a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now.b.His behavior isn’t adult.10.conclusion: n 结论、推论；v conclude.decide v 决定，decision n 决定、决心

11.communicate: v 交流、通讯、传播，习语： ①communicate sth to sb: 传播某事给某人； ②communicate with sb: 同某人交流

名词：communication: a communication satellite 通讯卫星；

a communication network 通讯网，telecommunication:电讯、电信，China telecommunication中国电信

12.inexact: a 不正确的，反义词：exact incomplete: a 不完整的，反义词：complete 13.purpose: n 目的、意图，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的，purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*)a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的

15.technique: n 技术、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement ②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点：

修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? ③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice„

hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与„不同

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地„)这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.(*)译：语言学习研究显示成功的语言学习者在许多方面都是相似的。

①本句主语Language learning research；谓语：shows；宾语：that引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中successful language learners是主语；are是系动词；similar in many ways是表语

②重要短语be similar(to sb/sth)in sth在„方面与某人/某事相似

7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.(*)译：不是等这老师解释，而是自己努力去发现各种句型和规则。

①Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介词短语作状语，主语：they；谓语：try to find；宾语：the patterns and the rules for themselves ②介词of后的动词要用动名词waiting ③短语：instead of sth;wait for sb to do sth;try to do sth;8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.(*)译：他们寻找说这种语言的人，当他们说错时就请这些人帮助指正。

①这是一个由and连接的并列句，其中有一个定语从句who speak the language，修饰先行词people;有一个时间状语从句when they make a mistake ②correct: v 指正、纠正，短语：make a mistake 犯错误

9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things.译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 从句 a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.c.He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.译：当交流困难时，他们会接受不准确或不完整的信息。

本句中包含一个时间状语从句When communication is difficult，一个定语从句that is inexact or incomplete，修饰先行词information，在从句中that作主语。

11.It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.(*)译：对他们来说，学会用所学的语言来思考比学会每个单词的意思更重要。

①it作形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to learn to think in the language.原句语序应是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word.用形式主语的目的是因为不定式作主语太长，为避免句子头重脚轻，用it代替真正的主语。e.g.For many people to learn English well is very difficult.=It’s very difficult for many people to learn English well ②短语：learn to do sth学会做„;more important than „更重要

12.It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.= For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary 译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的

①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语

②短语：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;learn from sb:向„学习13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。②短语：on the other hand: 另一方面来说;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨„，最好„.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone!Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A.Useful phrases: 1.disagree with „(2段1行);2.hundreds of(2段3行);3.be different from„(3段1行);4.succeed in sth„(3段3行);5.as much as you can(4段2行);6.practice doing sth(4段2行);7.try to do„(4段4行);8.similar in sth„(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do„(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do„(7段6行);17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)

B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, purposefully;12.regularly;13.technique;14.outline.C.Key to part exercises:(from page 8 to 12)

一、课文练习： Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;Ⅱ.1.task;2.intelligent;3.tudy;4.clue;5.conclusion;6.repeat;7.communication;8.purpose;9.probably;10.outline Ⅲ.1.Instead of;2.therefore;3.more„than;4.even;5.first of all;6.because;7.on the other hand;8.finally;9.looking for;10.conversely Ⅳ.1.见课文；

2.Language learning is active learning.Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language.3.Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful.4.见一讲作业。

5.The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分； 3.cover: v 覆盖； uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词；discover: v 发现，同义词：find,习题答案为：covered;uncover;discovered Ⅱ.1.inexact;2.technique;3.outlined;4.communicate;5.regularly;6.clue;7.intelligent;8.incomplter;9.similar;10.statement Ⅲ.1.disagree;2.independent;3.incomplete;4.inexact;5.uncover/discover Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业3,4,5题。2见课文 5.We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully.Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般了解，属阅读理解课文，对于text B的文章来说，虽然较A篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅读结果的标准是能够独立地完成课后的习题。

A.Some new words: 1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例，常用短语for instance，例如。

2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)，waitress女服务员、女招待

3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp.to a far away place travel: v 旅游

4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man 5.exact 反义词inexact 6.consist;v 短语： consist of 组成 e.g.My class consists of 20 students.7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的 B.Some language points: 1.not only„but also„不但„而且，并列连词。(连接两个并列成分)e.g.⑪ I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend.⑫ „, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.2.neither„nor:既不„也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。

e.g.⑪ Autumn is a good season.It’s neither hot nor cold.⑫ people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁)4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法

e.g.I learn English by myself.In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major.5.The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad.a.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。

b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不„

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。Key to the part exercises: page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2 Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking, general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的 5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱

a.How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b.He was charged with the guilty of murder.10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)a.She always adds sugar to her tea.b.He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.c.We will need additional help to do the work.11.confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj;confusion n(*)a.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.b.This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.c.Do you think this will cause much confusion? d.They confused me by asking so many questions.11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about.complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*）a.Students always complain about too much homework.b.She complained that the exam was too hard.c.He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory.(诉说有病)d.There is no reason for complaint.12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful;careful→careless;helpful→helpless;hopeful→hopeless etc.13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical;practice v 实践、实际 14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序

15.tend: v 易于、倾向于，tendency n 趋势、倾向 a.people tend to get fat as they grow older.b.prices continue to show an upward tendency.(物价呈持续上升趋势。)

B.Intensive reading: 1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。

分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things.当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。

e.g.1>.The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?）2>.The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister.请试着翻译句子：

1你一直在找的那个人来了。

2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。Answer: 1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come.2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen.短语；be sure of:对„确信、确定 e.g.We can be sure of his honesty.2.Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。

短语：have a corner on something:垄断„;lead with因„领先 e.g.China leads the world with her silk products.3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。

分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于„, when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。

Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。

a.This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)b.I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)

c.please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

短语：in addition to 除„还有„(+)e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。

短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用„, spend sth on sth在„花费，或spend sth in doing sth.e.g.Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

The 3rd lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、课文练习：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.diverse;4.consisted of;5.similar;6.tends to;7.complaining about;8.i addition to;9.issue;10.agree on Ⅳ.1.How much do you charge for a haircut? 2.We are trying to raise funds for the Red Cross.3.He earned a good reputation for honesty.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protested government’s foreign policy.二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ见2讲讲课内容。

Ⅱ.1.charge;2.department;3.due;4.diverse;5.earns;6.vary;7.property;8.leading;9.fund;10.tends

Ⅱ.Text B: It’s about advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.Some are from TV, some are from radio, some are from newspaper, and others are from magazines and even Internet.When you find so many ads have penetrated into all the corners of our life, then do you think it’s good or bad? Now let’s find something from our text.A.New words: 1.advertise: v 做广告、登广告；advertisement: n 缩写ad;advertising company广告公司；advertiser: n 登广告的人

2.attract: v 吸引；attraction: n 吸引力；attractive: adj 吸引人的 3.design: v 设计； designer 设计师

4.persuade: v 劝说，常用习语：persuade sb to do sth 5.leisure: n 空暇、悠闲，at leisure有空，清闲。6.classified: a 分类的；classify v 分类 7.edition: n 版本，a paperback edition（平装版）, a rare edition（珍藏版）, a deluxe edition（精装版）, a revised edition（修订版）；edit: v;editor: n 8.entertainment: n 娱乐、款待 9.audience: n 观众、听众。

10.characteristic: a 典型的； n 特性、特征

11.commercial: adj 商业的； n 商业广告； commerce n 商业。12.responsible: a 有责任的； responsibility n 责任 13.particular: a 特定的

14.estimate: n / v 估计、评价

15.management: n 管理、经营； manage: v 管理； manager: n 经理 16.approve: v 赞成、同意、批准； approval: n 17.involve: v 牵涉、卷入，be involved in sth;involvement: n

B.Some difficult sentences: 1.Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it’s the part that attracts the most attention.译：广告仅仅是整个销售活动的一部分，但就是这部分最能吸引人们的注意力。

注意本句的主语advertising是动名词作主语，表示登广告。再如： playing football is my favorite sport.短语：attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力。

2.Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.（*）

译：色彩和画面配上声音和音乐，既好看又好听。

重点掌握短语：1>.add sth to sth加„到„, e.g.I don’t like add milk to/into my coffee.2>.catch the ear, catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，吸引眼睛 3>.as well as:也 ,除了„还有„(+)e.g.I like Chinese as well as English.3.Television ads are short, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times.(*)译：电视广告时间很短，但它们被反复播放，可以使观众看听许多遍。

短语：over and over again一遍又一遍； so that = in order that表目的；

audience:称作集体名词，当单形集体名词被看作一个整体时，具有单数概念；被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases: 1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.词汇练习：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do„, be unwilling to do„;副词：unwillingly, willingly;名词：will意愿、意志。（*）

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.4.salty: a 咸的，salt: n 盐；salted用盐腌的 a.The sea water is salty.b.The salted beef is delicious.5.average: n/a/v平均数、平均的、平均常用短语：on the average(*)a.The average of 2,3 and 4 is 3.b.The average age of the students in this class is eighteen.c.They averaged 20 miles a day during their last journey.6.range: n 山脉、范围；v 变化，排列成行 a.She has a wide range of interests.b.He ranged the books by size.7.peak: n 高峰，adj 高峰的，反义词：off-peak peak hour = rush hour 8.eastward, westward, northward, southward: adj adv 9.crew:集体名词

10.becalm: v become calm;calm: a平静的、安静的, please keep calm.11.current: n 水流、电流；adj 流行的

a.The current is the strongest in the middle of the river.b.Turn off the current while making repairs.c.of all her dresses, only one is still current.12.affect: v 影响、打动；effect n 影响，have an effect on sth;affecting adj 动人的；effective adj 有影响的、有效的。（*）

a.Violent TV programs have a bad effect on the children.b.Music can affect some people very strongly.c.The law is no longer effective.13.furnish: v 用家具布置，家具：furniture.B.Grammar knowledge: 定冠词的用法

please look at the following sentences from the text: a.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that „.b.The narrowest place is between the bulge of „.c.The Azores are the tops of the peak „.1.冠词（articles）:是一种虚词，放在一个名词前，帮助说明该名词的含义。它分为定冠词和不定冠词两种。2.定冠词the的用法如下： ①重复上文提到过的人或物：

e.g.There is a refrigerator in the kitchen.The refrigerator is white.(第一次提到用不定冠词，第二次用定冠词，表特指。)②特指谈话双方都知道的人或物。e.g.How do you like the film? ③指世界上独一无二的事物。

e.g.The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.④常用在乐器前：

e.g.I want to play the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事业名称前, e.g.I will go to the post office/ the museum/ the cinema.⑥用在序数词和形容词最高级之前，e.g.the first time, the biggest.⑦用在某些专有名词前，e.g.the people’s Republic of China, the great wall, the white house ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊，e.g.the Changjiang River, the pacific ocean, the Himalayas, the Salt Lake ⑨和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人, e.g.the rich, the poor, the dead, the young ⑩用在姓氏的复数形式前，表一家人, e.g.The Greens are watching TV.另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A: 1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。He is the best person that always helps others 2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。He is the last person that I want to see.3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost? 4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。We should hand in all that you have found.5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短语：separate sth from sth把„与„分开

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析：主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made；宾语：the early sailors；宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句）4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as a.My hair is twice as long as yours.b.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs.5.It’s more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.译：哥伦布穿越大西洋的航线有4000多英里宽。

基数词 + 形容词→作度量状语。a.He is only five years old.b.The river is three meters deep.c.The classroom is five meters long.6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands.Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean.译：这么大的一个海洋却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它是世界上盐分含量最高的海洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大特点。）

7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is.译：大西洋中有多得令人难以想象的海水。

So„that引导结果状语从句。(so + adj / adv)It’s so hot these days that we can’t go out.8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.译：假设不再有雨水降入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。本句存在一个重要的语法现象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实的假设。该语法放到text B中进行详讲。

9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up.译：它大约需要4000年的时间才干涸。

重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少时间作某事 Every day it takes me an hour to go to work.10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.译：我们现在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎变小了。

短语：such + n + that 引导结果状语从句，注意和so„that„比较。

a.She’s such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much.b.She’s so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much.seem to 仿佛、好像

Ⅱ.Brief summary about the useful phrases: 1.separate„from„(1段1行);2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行);3.make sb do sth(2段1行);4.boiling hot(2段5行);5.so„that„(5段1行);6.no more(5段2行);7.on the average(5段4行);8.pile up(10段2行);9.such„that„(11段1行);10.seem to(11段2行);11.be unwilling to do„(2段1行)

Text B:做一般了解。A.New words: 1.observation: n 观察，observe: v 观察；observer: n 观察者

2.continually: adv 不停地，continue v 继续, continual adj 不停的 3.merely: adv 同义词only 4.absolutely: adv 完全地、绝对地，同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly.5.uncomfortably: adv 不舒适地，反义词：comfortably;uncomfortable, comfortable 6.inhabitant: n 居民（不是永久的），永久的resident, inhabit;v 居住 7.occasionally: adv 偶尔地； occasional: adj, occasion: n 场合、机会

B.Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

它是谓语动词的一种形式，表示非真实的假设、或表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。a.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind„

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun„

虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）

条件从句

结果主句

对现在事实的违背

过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词

should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C.Further notes on some sentences: 1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。except for:除了„,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮

这是一个难句，隐含有一个虚拟语气句：which would otherwise be dark.That is: If the surface of the whole earth didn’t reflect enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark.短语：in the same way用同样的方式； reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到„;be able to do 能做„

D.useful phrases: 1.except for(2段1行);2.face towards sth(3段4行);3.face away from sth(3段4行);4.keep sth in mind(3段6行);5.light up(3段6行);6.sth is enough for sb to do(4段2行);7.speak of(4段3行);8.know sth well(4段5行);9.reflect sth onto sth(4段6-7行);10.in the same way(4段7行);

homework: 从所给词中选择恰当的填入空格内； boil narrow unusual salty average spot peak crew affect highway 1.The ___ hours of traffic means the times when the traffic is highest.2.All the ____ members on the ship are ready for sail.3.Jack’s work at school is well above the ____, but he is still not happy with himself.4.When water ___, it changes into steam.5.His ____ ideas surprised everyone.6.The information super ____ makes the world smaller and smaller.7.He road was too ___ for trucks to pass.8.He wants to know why sea water is _____.9.He showed the police the very ____ where he was beaten.10.He said that the climate ____ his health.Key: 1.peak;2.crew;3.average;4.boils;5.unusual;6.highway;7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;10.affected 汉译英：

1、这座山有泰山的一半高。

2、这所学校平均每个班有45人。

3、昨晚他过了好一会儿才入睡。

4、电视里的广告太多，无法记住到底有多少。

5、许多错误的想法导致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。Key: 1.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.2.on the average, there are 45 students in each class in this school.3.Last night it took him quite a long time to fall asleep.4.There are so many ads on TV that it’s impossible to remember the exact number.5.Many wrong ideas made people in the days of Columbus unwilling to sail westward.Homework for 2nd lecture: 1.He is not only a teacher, _____ also a friend.however but as and 2.Deaf and dumb people “talk” to each other with the help of their ____ fingers eyes faces mouths 3.Music is different from languages.It can be ____ by people from different countries.spoke understood known taken 4.An Italian entered a restaurant and sat down ____ a table.on in to at 5.Moving one’s head up and down generally _____ “yes”.means says brings makes 6.He was just going to give up _____ another chance came.when while although however 7.We have ____ people to finish the job today.seldom little enough much 8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly 9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into 汉译英：

1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。Key: 1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn this text, you will get something useful to help you improve your memory.please listen carefully and intensively.Unit 4 Text A: Improving Your Memory Ⅰ.New words: 1.psychological: adj 心理学的;psychology: n 心理学;psychologist: n 心理学家;psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）

a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础;basically: adv 基本上、根本上

4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意义的； meaningless:adj 无意义的;meaning: n 含义(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 组织者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 联合、协会； associate: v 把„同„联系起来；n 同伙；adj 副的 a.NBA means National Basketball Association.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.c.John and paul are associates.d.Mr.Liu is an associate manager in this company.7.visualize: v 想象、设想；visualization: n想象、设想 8.rhyme:字母h不发音。9.ability: n 能力，短语：to the best of one’s ability,尽力而为。同义词capacity;able: adj有能力的，短语：be able to do sth, 反义词：unable.10.random: adj/n 胡乱的、随便，常用短语：at random,随便地。He took a book at random.11.categorize: v 分类；category: n 种类

12.needless 不需要的,不必要的；needful 需要的，必要的 13.refer: v 涉及、参与；reference: n reference book please refer to the dictionary if you come across a new word.14.relate: v 有关联，叙述，讲述；related: adj 有关联的；relation: n 关系、关联 a.I can’t relate what he said with what he did.（我不能将他所说与所做联系起来。）b.This part relates to the current situation.(这部分指的是目前的形式。)

15.accurately: adv 准确地，同义词：exactly；accurate: adj;accuracy: n 16.memorize: v 记住；memory: n 记忆力；memorandum(memo)备忘录 17.improvement: n 改进、增进；improve: v 18.image: n 形象、印象；imagery: n 肖像的总称，意象;imagine: v 想象 19.repetition: n 重复、反复；repeat: v;repeated: adj a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的

21.preserve: v 保护、维持；preservation: n保护、维持;preservative: adj 保护性的，保存的

Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.physical research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory.译：心理学研究集中在一些有利于记忆的基本原则上。

本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰basic principles.短语：focus on sth;a number of = many 许多；basic principles: 基本原则 a.please focus your attention on your work.b.A number of students are studying English.c.The number of students studying English is increasing.2.It’s useful to know how these principles.本句的主语为：to know how these principles；it为形式主语。通常由于动词不定式作主语、主语从句作主语、动名词作主语太长，使句子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于形式主语。

a.To have a good sleep before the exam is very necessary.It’s necessary to have a good sleep before the exam.b.playing with fire is dangerous.It’s dangerous playing with fire.c.That the earth is round is true.It’s true that the earth is round.3.Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.译：对你毫无意义的信息是很难记住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定语从句，修饰information.这句话还可改为： It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短语：make some/no sense:有/没有一定意义 a.What you said makes no sense.b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense? 4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

译：不用说，第二种词表要比第一种词表更容易记忆。短语：needless to say不用说

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.译：联想意思是把我们要记住的材料与我们已经准确记住的东西联系起来。分析：主语Association;谓语：refers to；宾语：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，动名词作宾语。包含定语从句：we want to remember，修饰the material； we remember accurately修饰something.短语：refer to sth指„;relate sth to / with sth把„同„联系起来。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分构词法：

在英语中，词的构成法有四种：派生法、合成法、转化法、缩略法。

1．合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如：black + board = blackboard 2．转化法：由一种词类转化为另一种或其他词类。如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．缩略法：将原词缩略，在读音和写法上成为新的形式。

主要的名词后缀：

后缀例词

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

-ness busy→business;ill→illness;kind→kindness etc.-ship friend→friendship;citizen→citizenship etc

-th deep→depth;true→truth;long→length etc.-tion,-sion decide→decision;invent→invention;organize→organization etc.-ty safe→safety;difficult→difficulty;active→activity etc.-sure,-ture create→creature;please→pleasure, mix→mixture etc

Ⅳ.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.focus on(1段1行)；2.a number of(1段1行);3.basic principle(1段1行);4.make sense(2段2行);5.for instance(2段4行);6.make a difference in sth(3段1行);7.be kept in random order(3段2行);8.for example(3段5行);9.as follows(3段10行);10.needless to say(3段11行);11.refer to(4段1行);12.relate sth to sth(4段2行);13.associate sth with sth(4段3行);14.compared with(5段6行);

Text B: There are two kinds of memory: long-term memory and short-term memory.And information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating it over and over again while information in long-term memory may be kept for days or weeks.So I think when you learn English, the long-term memory is welcomed by everyone.A.New words: 1.short-term, long-term: 是合成形容词。

2.contrast: n/v,两个词性发音不同。短语：in contrast with;contrast with sth;3.release: n/v 释放、解放，release sth from sth;4.reward: n/v 奖赏、报答

5.proficiency: n proficiency at/in sth;proficient: adj熟练的

B.Grammar point: passive Voice(被动语态)please look at the following sentences from text B: 1.Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed.2.The information may be kept for days or weeks.3.The two experiences here show how short-term memory has been studied.以上每句话中都含有被动语态。接近于中文中的“被”字句。

1．语态是表示主语和谓语的关系的。若主语是动作的执行者，动词要用主动语态；反之若主语是动作的承受者，则要用被动语态。

2．英语中共有16中时态，其中常用的10中存有被动语态。为了便于大家学习，我将被动语态列为6个公式，请大家套用。

1>.s + be + p.p(动词的过去分词)（一般现在时、一般过去时）

a.Her room isn’t cleaned today.b.Her room was cleaned yesterday.2>.s + be + being + p.p（现在进行时、过去进行时）a.White Snow is being told by the teacher.b.White Snow was being told by the teacher yesterday afternoon.3>.s + has/have/had + been + p.p(现在完成时、过去完成时)a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般将来时、过去将来时)a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(现在将来完成时、过去将来完成时)a.Thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情态动词 + be + p.p(情态动词的被动语态)a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text: 1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)课文练习：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high Ⅲ.见上讲作业。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose 词汇练习：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5 Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 谬论、谬误

2.quality: n 质量、素质；quantity;n 数量 3.deer: n 单复数同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蛮的；n 野人； v 残害

5.bravery: n 英勇、勇敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

6.eager: adj 渴望的，常用短语：be eager to do sth, be eager for sth.eagerly:adv(*)aShe is eager for knowledge.b.He is eager to know if he has passed the exam.7.civilized: adj 文明的，反义词savage;civilize: v 使„文明；civilization: n 文明（*）

a.Education can help people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a highly civilized society.c.In China, Marco polo found a civilization far ahead of that in Europe.8.magical: adj 魔术的、不可思议的；magic: n 魔术； magician: n 魔术师 9.poisonous: adj 有毒的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒药 our children are poisoned by violent TV program.10.overseas: adj/adv海外的、在海外

a.There are many overseas students in Britain.b.We are used to living overseas.11.widespread: 合成形容词

12.digest: v 消化，n 文摘；digestion: n 消化；digestive: adj 消化的;digestible: adj 易消化的；indigestible: adj 不易消化的（*）

a.Some foods digest more easily than others.b.The meat should have been cooked a little longer.It was not very digestible.c.She suffers from stomach trouble and has a very poor digestion.d.Water makes the digestive juices flow more freely and makes the food more digestible.e.We often read Reader’s Digest.13.foundation: n 根据、基础；found: v 奠定基础 14.mixture: n 混合物；mix: v 混合

15.belief: n 信念、信仰；believe: v 相信 16.combination: n 结合、联合；combine: v combine sth with sth 17.protein,carbohydrate, fat, vitamin:食物的主要养分。

18.contain: v 包含、包括

A kilometer contains one thousand meters.19.sustitute: n 替代品，v 代替

a.Vegetable oil is a good substitute for animal oil.b.She substituted for the professor who was ill.B.Intensive reading: 1.Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.译：许多原始人相信通过吃某种动物，他们就能获得它的某些长处。

分析：主语Many primitive peoples；谓语believed；that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves是宾语从句，其中by eating an animal是方式状语；peoples:指不同的种族。

2.They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.译：例如，他们认为吃鹿肉能使他们跑得跟鹿一样快。Eating deer是动名词作宾语从句得主语。短语：make sb do sth;as + adj/adv + as

3.They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.(*)译：西红柿被称作爱之果，谁吃了它，谁就会坠入爱河。

注意被动语态的用法：were called被称作„，were supposed to被认为„.;fall in love 短语.4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous.本句包含有一个同位语从句the idea that they were poisonous,它属名词从句的一种.它所表达的意思就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思.通常同位语从句前的名词必须是表事实的抽象名词: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc.The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.)that在该从句中虽不作任何成分,但一定不能省略.同位语从句和定语从句经常是貌似,请加以区分.a.The news that the leader will come here is not true.b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true.分析:第一句是同位语从句,第二句是定语从句.根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断,若that在从句中不担任任何成分,则是同位语从句,反之为定语从句.5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*)难句！!译:如果那些认为西红柿有毒的人们知道在二战期间有成百万磅的西红柿供应给在海外作战的士兵,他们将会多么吃惊!分析:这是由how surprised引导的感叹句.整句的主语是the people;谓语would be;who thought tomatoes poisonous是定语从句修饰the people;if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是条件状语从句.本句还含有一个语法点:虚拟语气,对现在假设的虚拟.短语:be supplied to/for sb„供应给„;supply sb with sth供应„ a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor.6.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.译:喝水将食物冲下而代替咀嚼不是一个好办法,但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的.动名词Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主语.as a substitute for chewing介词短语,作为„的替代品.短语:substitute for sth

7.A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*)译:几年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能饮用的这种看法变得十分普遍.that引导同位语从句,修饰belief.should never be drunk是情态动词得被动语态.8.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.译:不要同时吃肉和土豆,这种看法是愚蠢的,就像说不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一样.正常语序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主语太长用形式主语it.还要注意英文中讲究balance the sentence.即,主语是不定式,表语也要是不定式.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行);2.be eager to do sth(1段6行);3.be supposed to do sth(2段4行);4.fall in love(2段5行);5.be supplied to sb(3段4行);6.a great many(4段1行);7.substitute for sth(6段2行);8.have sth to do with(7段2行);9.have no foundation(7段1行);10.as a matter of fact(7段5行);11.in the same way(8段4行);12.think of sth as sth(8段3行)

Text B: Do Animals Think? A.New words: 1.engage: v 从事, engage in sth, His father engages in politics.2.arrange: v 安排,筹划;arrangement: n, arrange sb to do sth.3.creature: n 生物;create: v 产生 4.imitate: v 模仿;imitation : n 5.instinct: n 本能,直觉, by instinct The birds can fly by instinct.6.variety: n 变化;vary: v 变化

7.unlike: prep 不像;dislike: v 不喜欢

B.Important phrases: 1.a great deal(1段2行);2.be true with/of(1段3行)(3段4行);3.as well(1段4行);4.engage in(2段5行);5.search for sth(4段2行);6.in some respects(5段2行);7.a great many(5段3行);8.connect with(5段4行);9.take care of(5段7行);10.make improvement in sth(6段1行);11.by instinct(7段3行);12.speak of(8段1行);13.a great variety of sth(8段3行);14.no use doing sth(8段8行);15.have no knowledge of sth(9段7行)

C.Grammar point: 倒装句

1.The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play.2.Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.3.Nor is this all.我们知道,通常主语应该在谓语之前,这是自然语序,但有时出于某种需要,会对主谓的有特殊的要求,出现部分谓语或全部谓语置于主语之前,这样的语序称作倒装.今天介绍几种常见的倒装的情况.1.当表示否定意义的词放在句首时,句子需部分倒装,即将助动词,情态动词或be提至主语之前.常见的这样的词有:never, hardly, little, not only, rarely, scarcely etc.e.g.Hardly had he said anything before he left.2.only引出的状语放在句首时.a.only after class did he go home.b.only when you finish your homework can you watch TV.3.句首为so, nor, neither等副词,表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句.a.He can speak fluent English.So can I.b.I can’t play computer games.Nor can he.4.在as引导的让步状语从句中.1>.adj + as + 主语 + be: Young as he is, he knows a lot.2>.n(不带冠词)+ as +主语 + be: King as he is, he is unhappy.3>.adv + as + 主语 + 动词: Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with her.4>.动词 + as + 主语 + 助动词: Try as she does, she will never pass it.5.当句子主语过长或需要强调某些词时.More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, and even death.6.在非真实条件句中,若从句有had, should, were时将它们倒装到主语之前.a.If I had left earlier, I would have caught the train.= Had I left earlier, I would have caught the train.b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.7.当here, there, then, thus等副词放在句首,并且谓语动词为come, go, be等不及物动词时.a.Here is a book for you.b.There goes the bell.c.Here comes the bus!8.用在may + 主语 + 动词原形„句式中,表示祝愿,希望.a.May you succeed!b.May you be happy!该语法可参阅课本p569.The 7th lecture of College English one Key to exercises: p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c;p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery;2.eager;3.civilized;4.overseas;5.substitute;6.foundation;7.combination;8.belief;9.protein;10.contain p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins;2.firemen;3.data;4.deer;5.potatoes, tomatoes Ⅳ.1.During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes.3.It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food.4.Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast.p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free;b.freedom;c.freely;4.a.scientists;b.scientific;c.science.p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture;2.poisonous;3.suppose;4.digest;5.widespread;6.overseas;7.similar;8.foundation;9.eager;10.substitute p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion;2.mixture;3.belief;4.civilization;5.combination Ⅳ.4.Some stories are very widespread, while others are not.6.people often think of a school as a small society.p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T， T, T, F, T

Unit 6 Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、难得的（不是数量少，而是物种稀有，区别于scarce）,rarely: adv 同义词：unusual 2.sustance: n material 物质 3.slight: small adj 轻微的

4.extreme: a 极端的；n 极端；adv extremely 5.pressure: n 压力；press v 压住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受欢迎的 be popular with/among;popularity: n;popularize: v 使„流行、普及（*）

a.please put your hand up if you can answer the question.b.please hand me that model plane.c.only a handful of people came into the meeting.8.formation: n 形成、构成；form: n 表格；v 形成（*）a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army.b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits.c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.9.volcano: n 火山；volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有点

I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior.11.elevator: n 同义词：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的；impress: v 留下深刻印象；impression: n 印象（*）a.What was your first impression of Beijing? b.We listened to a very impressive speech yesterday.c.I was deeply impressed by his noble deeds.13.experienced: adj 有经验的；inexperienced 无经验的；experience: n 经验、经历;v 经历(*)a.She has much experience in teaching, so she’s an experienced teacher.b.I had a funny experience in Africa last year.14.miner: n 矿工；mine: n 矿，gold mine 15.immediately: adv 立刻，at once

B.Intensive reading: 1.They are the hardest substance found in nature.译:它是被发现的自然界中最坚硬的物质。found作定语，短语：in nature

2.There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.（*）译：人们发现的金刚石主要产区只有四个。where引导一个定语从句。

3.Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.became popular with sb:在„受欢迎，流行。

4.India’s supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2500years of mining the stones.译：2500年的开采终于使印度的金刚石资源枯竭。run out 用尽、枯竭； We are running out of our fresh water.5.These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago.译：这些金刚石可能是在两万年前，随着覆盖于地球表面的冰川，从它们的形成漂移至印度的。这句话注意它的从句：where they were formed作介词from的宾语从句，词性相当于后面的India，不是定语也不是状语；that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago是定语从句修饰great sheets of moving ice。

6.Diamonds, as they are found, don’t look very impressive.译：金刚石刚采出时，并不十分吸引人。

7.But some people have carried around an unusual pebble for weeks before finding out that they had got a diamond.译：而有的人数周后才发现带在身边的不寻常的鹅卵石原来是一颗金刚石。finding out that they had got a diamond作介词before的介宾。

find out与find不同，find out强调通过努力之后的发现，而find含有偶然性。a.I found my lost pen on the floor.b.I found out that he is a cheat.C.Summary about the phrases: 1.in nature(1段2行);2.be made from/of(2段1行);3.chang sth into sth(3段2行);4.be popular with(5段4行);5.run out(6段3行);6.pick up(8段2行);7.sort out(8段3行);8.so that(9段8行);9.stick to(9段10行);10.find out(10段4行)Text B: We all know that plants are different form animals.What’s their difference? Most of us will say that plants have leaves and roots and flowers, but animals haven’t them.But have you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.A.New words: 1.beneath: prep 和某物接触并在下面，反义词是on;under:强调垂直在下，反义词over.2.aside: adv 在旁边，短语：put sth aside 3.magnify: v 放大、扩大；magnifying glass:放大镜

4.puzzle: v 迷惑；n 智力测验 jigsaw puzzle智力拼图；puzzled, puzzling: adjl;puzzlement: n a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao.The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.6.inorganic: adj无机的，organic:有机的 7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences: 1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.译：你可能会看着树下的一群奶牛，或者当你捕捉牵牛花里一只正早起采蜜的蜜蜂时，若有人问你能否区分哪是动物，哪是植物，你会觉得好笑。

分析：standing under the trees作a group of cows的宾补，类似句型：see sb do/doing sth, hear sb do/doing sth, etc;you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant是虚拟语气，对将来某种情况的假设。其中tell sth from sth:区分某事物。I can’t tell her from her twin sister.2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object;and they see many things which most people would fail to see.译：大自然的研究者不满意于猜测，而是日复一日地观察物体所发生的变化；他们看到了大多数人没能看到的东西。

分析：这是一个并列句，用；隔开。有很多短语需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:对„满意； ②day after day: 日复一日地；

③take place: 发生（偶然）； ④fail to do sth:没有作成„

分析：本句含有两个语法点：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定词在句首需倒装；虚拟语气，对过去某种情况的假设，条件从句if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings，结果主句No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth。

D.Summary about the phrases: 1.neither„nor（1段5行）;2.seem to（1段6行）;3.look up/down（2段1行）;4.a matter of some difficulty（2段5行）;5.tell sth from sth（3段4行）;6.turn aside from（4段1行）;7.be satisfied with sth（5段1行）;8.not„but（5段1行）;9.day after day（5段2行）;10.take place（5段2行）;11.fail to do sth（5段3行）;12.lie in（5段5行）;13.hold good（6段5行）;14.whether„or（7段1行）;15.live on（7段2行）;16.fit for（8段4行）;17.take in（9段3行）;18.suck up（10段3行）;19.take up（10段4行）;20.dissolved in sth（10段4行）;21.be different from（11段1行）

Grammar knowledge:句子的分类

英语中的句子按其结构可分为四种：简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句。

1.简单句：只有一个主语（或多个并列主语）和一个谓语（或多个并列谓语）的句子称为简单句。

a.We learn English.b.My father and mother go to work at 8a.m.and come home at 6p.m.2.并列句：由两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句构成。它们中间常用等立连词，或用分号、冒号、逗号等连接。

a.I help him and he helps me.b.I’ve just got a piece of good news: I was accepted by Xi’an Foreign Language University.3.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是句子的主体，从句只是整个句子的一部分，不能单独作句子。如：我们经常见到的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。

a.We should never pretend to know what we don’t know.b.The boy whose father is a pilot has come.c.What I want to say is that you shouldn’t give up, even if you have failed again.4.并列复合句：在一个并列句中的一个或更多的分句中，包含有一个或更多的从句称为并列复合句。

a.Last year I met a boy who is an orphan, and now we have become good friends.b.They always help those who are in trouble and they are respected by them.详情见p135

The 8th lecture of College English one

Unit 7 Text A: Families We know that family is the basic unit of a society.There are many kinds of families nowadays: nuclear families, extended families, DINK families, the single parent families, remarried families etc.so let’s study families from our text.A:New words: 1.definition: n 定义；动词，下定义：define 2.marriage: n 婚姻，marriage certificate, marry: v;反义词：divorce 3.descend: v 遗传、下来；后裔：descendant,反义词：ancestor 祖先

4.household: n 家庭 adj家庭的 a household name；householder: n 家长、户主；

5.relative: n 亲戚，adj 相对的；relate: v relate to;relation: n 关系(*)a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives.b.There is no relation between those two events.c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 传统的；tradition: n;traditionally: adv(*)a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition.b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children.c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理会，security guard保安 8.basically: adv, basic: adj;base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心；nuclear energy核能；nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area无核区

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family;extend: v 延伸；extension: n;extensive: adj 广泛的、广阔的（*）

12.industrial: adj 工业的；industry: n 工业、行业；industrialize: v 工业化；industrialization: n(*)a.These cities are highly industrialized.b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution.c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.13.earner: n 赚钱者；earn;v 赚钱； earnings: n 赚得的钱 14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax.b.There is a split in the blackboard.15.social: adj 交际的、社会的；society: n 社会；socialize: v 交往、交际；socialism社会主义

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.„, having a family simply means having children.（*）译：有家意味着有孩子。

主语是动名词，为了平衡整个句子宾语也是动名词。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*)译：家庭大致有两种类型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*)译：孩子们在核心家庭中生活一直到长大结婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.（*）

译：随着农业社会向工业社会的转变，许多核心家庭为了寻找工作而从家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.（*）

译：由于父母都愿意要更少的孩子，核心家庭日趋缩小，而无子女家庭日益增多。注意：the number of sth后用单数谓语动词。

8.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house and the children.（*）

译：传统上，核心家庭由父亲挣钱养家，而母亲照看家庭和孩子。短语：care for = take care of

9.Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again„(*)

译：大多数单亲父母发现独自一人照料一个家庭很难，于是很快他们再婚。。分析：it是形式宾语，短语take care of sth照料、照看。

C.Brief summary about phrases: 1.and so on(1段5行);2.think of sth as sth(1段5行);3.far away from(1段8行);4.in order to(4段4行);5.care for(5段5行);6.take care of(5段9行);7.split up(5段10行);8.talk of(6段2行)

Text B: The Changing American Family

A.New words: 1.generation: n generation gap代沟

2.customary: adj习惯上的；custom: n习惯、习俗；customer: n 顾客； customs: n 海关 3.similarity: n 相似、类似；similar: adj 相似的；similarly: adv 4.emotional: adj 感情的；emotion: n 感情

5.provider: n 供应者；provide: v 供应，provide sb with sth;provide for sb.6.preparation: n 预备、准备；prepare: v 准备

7.primary: adj初级的，primary school.primary colors 8.preschool: adj学龄前的，pre前缀，反义词post, prewar, postwar.9.baby-sitter: n 临时看小孩的人；baby-sit: v 帮人照看小孩

B.Important phrases in text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行);2.all over the world(1段1行);3.provide for(2段4行);4.be expected to do(2段5行);5.on the other hand(3段1行);6.in addition(3段8行);7.share sth with sb(3段10);8.in contrast(3段12行);9.give up(4段4行);10.instead of(4段7行);11.be busy doing sth(5段9行);12.in conclusion(6段1行);13.help sb with sth(3段11行)

Grammar knowledge: Tenses时态

这是英语

（一）考试的重点，无论选择、完形填空、词类转换、翻译都会出有关时态的题目。因此这部分语法很重要。请大家一定要100%掌握。见课本p159 1.时态实际是指：时间和体。英语中共有16种时态，我们着重讲考试的6种。

2．它们分别是：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行时。其余的书上写得很详细，大家自己看。

1>.一般现在时的用法有6点：经常或发生的动作行为；主语的特征、性格、能力；客观事实或永久不变的真理；计划或安排好的事情；用在某些从句中；用于某些惯用表达语中；

a.He often goes home at four o’clock every afternoon.b.Light travels in straight lines.c.I like any kind of fruit.d.The train leaves at 6a.m.and arrives at 10p.m.e.I’ll thank you if you give me a lift.f.There goes the bell.2>.一般过去时的3种常见用法：过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态；过去接连发生的一系列动作；用于某些从句中。并且常和时间状语连用。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang.b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.5>.将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。请注意该时态的时间状语。a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper.b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.6>.现在完成进行时可以表示一个动作开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到说话时刻未结束，还可能继续进行；也可表示到说话时刻为止该动作已结束。

1.所说的是真理或客观事实。

The teacher told us that the earth is round.2.说话者强调动作正在进行或将发生。He told me the train leaves at three.作练习p169.The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B;2.D;3.D;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.C;9.D;10.A(讲解)p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c.Ⅱ.1.rare;2.substance;3.slight;4.pressure;5.crystal;6.crack;7.gem;8.elevator;9.crush;10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to;2.change„into;3.stick to;4.running out;5.pick up;6.changed into;7.ran out;8.picked up;9.sorting out;10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced;2.extreme;3.formation;4.pressuer;5.blasted;6.handful;7.crystal;8.destroyed;9.unusual;10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5见课后作业。

2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected.3.These designs are very popular with / among young people.p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T.p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve;3.aside;4.magnifying;5.latter;6.observes;7.beneath;8.broad p169:这部分练习讲解。（*）Ⅰ.1.died;2.doesn’t guarantee;3.advised;4.is looking;5.comes;6.was going;7.will have left;8.would help;9.will be sitting;10.were playing;11.will go;12.had helped;13.would be;14.will have locked;15.had been getting;16.had been helping;17.had happened;18.will tell;19.had finished;20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B;2.B;3.D;4.D;5.B;6.B;7.D;8.A;9.D;10.A Ⅲ.1.invented;2.offer;3.have been sitting;4.brought;5.has not paid;6.had seen;7.was making;8.has been working;9.am preparing;10.has happened Ⅳ.1.The students of a medical school are observing an operation.2.The wind in March blows hard.3.Where are you going to hang that picture? 4.She fell when she was going downstairs.5.How many years has Henry been learning the cook from Miss Smith? 6.The history teacher said that the first World War ended in 1918.7.Mary has been waiting for you this morning.8.My sister told me that the programs weren’t interesting at all.9.You can see him at the office if you come at eight tomorrow morning.10.---Have you seen this movie?---Yes, I have.I saw it in Nanjing.p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c.Ⅱ.1.divorce;2.single;3.extended;4.together;5.traditional;6.increase;7.result;8.like/love;9.earn;10.usually p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives;2.extend;3.marriage;4.desended;5.nucleus;6.traditional;7.social;8.definition;9.security;10.basically Ⅲ.1,4, 8见课后作业。

2.She is a teacher while her brother is an engineer.3.Traditionally, Chinese young people live with their parents until they grow up.5.In some families, both parents work and take care of their home and children.6.The group was split into two, for it’s too big.7.They plan to extend their research in this field.p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, T.p189.Ⅰ.1.d;2.a;3.b;4.c;5.d Ⅱ.1.dependent;2.primary;3.structurd;4.similarities;5.role;6.partners;7.customary 关于语法：被动语态，前面已经讲过，大家自己看看书，今天讲解练习。

Ⅰ.1.are being printed;2.are guaranteed;3.will be pulled;4.were developed;5.will be built;6.was praised;7.have been translated;8.had been sent;9.would be given;10.is being done.Ⅱ.口头练习。

Ⅲ.1.is spoken;2.can’t be kept;3.was turned off;4.were believed;5.shouldn’t be eaten;6.were let out;7.were taken care of;8.can be remembered;9.would be becalmed;10.are lit up.Ⅳ.1.Was the United Nation founded in 1945? 2.It’s said that he was badly injured.3.The building will be designed by Dr.Ford.4.Where was the last meeting held? 5.Was America discovered by Columbus in 1492? 6.The task must be performed by you.7.The patient should be treated with care.8.She was warmly welcomed at the railway station.9.He’s called Lao Wang, though he’s not old at all.10.The gate was closed when I went back.Unit 8 Text A: Telecommunication via Satellite We live in a highly developed society.Everybody knows telecommunication, which can not only transmit television broadcasts, but also telephone calls and printed materials.So do you know it also has shortcoming? If you want to know the answer, you must read our today’s text.This is a very important text.A.New words: 1.telecommunication: n 电信,communication 通信，tele表示远距离的、电的 telephone, telegraph etc.2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,经由

3.transmit: v 播送、发射，transmit sth to sth.名词：transmission 4.photograph: n 简称photo, photos.5.establish: v 建立、创立，同义词：found;established: adj;establishment: n(*)a.The university was established 150 years ago.b.You should not break the established rule.c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.6.signal: n/v信号，发信号。sign: n 标识；signature: n 签名(*)a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.b.The traffic signal turned red.c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.7.orbit: v 绕轨道运行，n 轨道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun? b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity.be capable of doing, be able to do, 9.broadcast: n/v 广播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation 10.theory: n 理论，theoretic adj理论的，短语：in theory = theoretically 11.access: n 进入的机会，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短语：have access to sth可接近，可进入

12.unlimited: adj无限的，反义词：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.13.entertain: v 娱乐、招待；entertainment: n;entertainer: n 供人娱乐者 a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.14.demonstrate: v 说明、演示；demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育 a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.16.remote: adj 遥远的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔离、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n

18.instruction: n 教学、指示；instruct: v;instructor: n 指导者

19.conversation: n 谈话，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile

21.risk: n风险；v 冒„的风险，risky: adj有危险的risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck

22.privacy: n 隐私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短语：make contact with与„接触，结识 a.I don’t have much contact with her family.b.I will contact you next month.24.harm: n/v伤害、损害；harmful, harmless 25.expert: n 专家；adj熟练的。expert in/at sth 26.application: n 申请、应用；apply: v B.Intensive reading:

1.By the middle of the century, both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures.译：到二十世纪中叶为止，广播和电视已成为公认的传送声音和/或图象的工具。

分析：由于用了时间状语：by the middle of the century,因此要用完成时态。若时间是过去的，用过去完成时；若时间是将来的，用将来完成时。

a.By the end of 2000, we had learned 50 texts.b.By the end of 2003, we will have learned 100 texts.means: n 单复数同形，方法、手段。

2.In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo became the first to be transmitted via satellite.译:1964年，东京奥林匹克运动会是第一次通过卫星传送的节目。to be transmitted是动词不定式作定语。

3.The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information, will change ever home into an education and entertainment center.译：卫星传送信息，电脑储存信息，电视播放信息，把三者结合起来能使每个家庭成为一个教育娱乐中心。

分析：虽然句子长，但成分简单。the combination是主语，will change是谓语。从satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information是介词of的宾语。每个词都包含有一个非限定性定语从句。

短语：change sth into sth

4.In theory, every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.(*)译：从理论上讲，人们都能获得无限量的信息。

短语：in theory, have access to sth, amount of sth(un)

5.The most common use of telecommunication satellites, however, has been for transmitting telephones calls.译：然而，通信卫星最广泛的用途还是电话的传送。注意该句的时态。

6.Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily.译：电信使得人们能快捷方便地使用来自世界各地的信息。注意：短语make sth available to sth使„被获得

7.It’s important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.(*)译：同一技术既可助人也可害人，认识到这点很重要。

to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是真正的主语，it是形式主语。that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是宾语从句；

that helps us是定语从句修饰the same technology.8.It’s the intelligent application of technology that will lead us to success.(*)译：只有明智地运用技术才能获得成功。这是一个强调句式。正常的句子应是：The intelligent application of technology will lead us to success.强调句的基本公式：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that(who)+ 其余成分。请注意该句式不能强调谓语部分，只能强调主语、宾语、状语。

Ann had a heavy cold last week.我们可强调主语、宾语、状语。a.It was Ann that/who had a heavy cold last week.b.It was a heavy cold that Ann had last week.c.It was last week that Ann had a heavy cold.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.at the beginning of(1段1行);2.by the middle of(1段3行);3.in order to(2段1行);4.such as(2段1行);5.pick up(2段5行);6.be capable of(2段7行);7.change„into(3段3行);8.have access to(3段4行);9.in remote areas(4段3行);10.for the first time(4段4行);11.provide sth to sb(5段1行);12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行);13.care for(5段5行);14.at the same time(6段7行);15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行);16.pay for(7段5行);17.isolate from(8段1行);18.as well as(8段4行);19.prevent from(9段2行);20.lead to(9段5行);21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

We all know that without air, we couldn’t live.It’s like fish couldn’t live without water.But do you know if there weren’t air, we would have no sound, no wind or clouds? So if you are interested all of these, please read the text very carefully.A.New words: 1.obvious: adj 明显的，obviously: adv 2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇护；shelter from sth 3.atmosphere：n 大气；atmospheric: adj大气的

4.electrical: adj 电的、电气的；electricity: n 电；electrician: n 电工 5.existence: n 存在；exist: v存在 6.lightening: n 闪电，thunder:打雷； 7.unending: adj不尽的、不停的；ending 8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆发；explode: v 爆炸；explosive: n 炸药、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood(2)第一讲中介绍过在非真实条件句中的虚拟语气的主要用法，难点在于句子的时态比真实条件句的时态后退一步。即：现在时→过去时；过去时→过去完成时；将来时→过去将来时；在今天这讲中将继续将它在一些从句中的用法介绍给大家。

1在宾语从句中的用法：

1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建议、命令等语气的宾语从句中。（*）句型：主语 + should(省略)+ 动词原形

a.I suggest that we(should)do it at once.b.I insist that he(should)give up smoking.2>.在wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而其时态的用法与非真实条件句一样。（时态后移）a.I wish I were you.(与现在事实相反的愿望)b.I wish I had learned more.(与过去事实相反的愿望)c.I wish I would have another chance.(与将来事实相反的愿望)注意区分：wish + 从句：表示不可能实现的愿望，必须用虚拟语气；而hope + 从句：表示可能实现的愿望，不用虚拟语气。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him.b.He wishes we would go there with him.3>.在would rather后的从句中.句型：主语 + would rather + 从句（用一般过去时）I would rather you stayed at home.2.在主语从句中的用法。

在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语必须用虚拟语气。见课本p542。考试的考点时should的省略。

3.在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。

4.在定语从句中的用法。

It is time + that + 主语 + 动词的过去时。It is time that you left.= It is tome for you to leave.5.在含蓄条件句中的用法。

有时一个假设的情况并不是用条件从句表示，而用其它方式表示，称含蓄条件句。1>.用with, without介词结构代替条件从句。

We might have died you without your help.= We might have died if you hadn’t helped us.2>.用相当于if的其它连词表示虚拟结构。常见的连词有：otherwise, in that case, on condition that, provided that, but for, etc.a.I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.= I as very busy last week.If I hadn’t been busy, I would have come to see you.b.But for the storm, we should have arrived early.= If we hadn’t met the storm, we should have arrived early.6.在错综时间条件句中的用法。

有时非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件句中的谓语动词不是同时发生，这时可按照需要来调整各自的时间。

a.If you had followed the doctor’s advice then, you would have be all right now.主句与从句发生的时间不同，进行调整。

b.If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would have been all right then.主句和从句的动作同时发生。

请注意：碰到这种从句要特别注意它的时间状语，必须明确给出时间，否则按同时发生使用。

7.虚拟语气的倒装与省略。

符合下列条件，可以省略if,并进行倒装。①必须是非真实条件句。

②只有当从句中出现were, had, should时，才可省略if，并把这些词放在主语之前。a.If I should meet her, I would tell her.= Should I meet her, I would tell her.b.If I were in your position, I would do it better.= Were I in your position, I would do it better.请阅读课本p539-p545，并完成课后练习。看看本文中出现的虚拟语气句：

1.Without air, we could not exist.2.If we didn’t have air, there would be no sound.3.Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.C.Important phrases in the text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行);2.be forced to do(3段3行);3.shelter from(3段3行);4.consist of(5段1行);5.rest upon(5段4行);6.gazt at sth(6段5行);7.in wonder(6段5行);8.not„until(6段6行);9.large amounts of(7段3行);10.the same„as(8段3行);11.learn to(9段1行);12.in the meantime(9段3行);13.pay attention to(9段4行);14.add to(9段6行);15.in order to(2段4行);16.protect„from„(3段4行)

D.本文在写作时有一个非常明显的特点，运用了大量的同根词，即在这句话中出现的是动词，在下句中就出现它的名词或形容词。我们总结一下：

1.exist→existence;2.atmosphere→atmospheric;3.pressure→press;4.weigh→weight;5.electric→electrical,electricity

Unit 9 Text A: Learned Words and popular Words In fact, every language has the similarity.For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu.In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu.So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word.So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary.Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.A.New words: 1.learned: adj 有学问的，博学的；learn: v;learner: n 2.cultivated: adj 耕种的、有修养的；cultivate: v 耕种、培养；cultivation: n 耕种、培养；cultivator: n 耕种者（*）

常用的短语：so/as far as „ concerned:至于，对„而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:对人或事关心、挂念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness.b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.4.stock: v 储备、储存；n 库存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有库存/没有库存

5.possession: n 所有、拥有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、拥有； 6.relatively: adv 比较而言；relate: v;relation: n;relative: adj

a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary.b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party.c.He formally presented his application form.10.highly: adv 非常、高度地；high: adj 高的；height: n 高度（*）a.She spoke highly of his discovery.b.He is 1.76 meters in height.c.The church tower is 20 meters high.11.elevated: adj 提高的、高贵的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 电梯

a.She applied to the university for her degree of Master of Arts.b.What he said applies to us all.c.We should apply what we have learned to our work.15.absolute: adj 绝对的、完全的；absolutely: adv

16.popularity: n;popular: adj；popularize:

17.clssification: n 分类；classify: v 分类；classified: adj 分类的

18.convenient;adj 方便的, convenience: n ；反义词：inconvenient, inconvenience

19.avoid: v 后用动名词；avoidance: n；avoidable: adj 可避免的；unavoidable: 不可避免的。

I am trying to avoid meeting him.20.misconception: n 误解，反义词：conception.前缀：mis-含有“错误地”，mistake, misunderstand, misapply etc.21.presence: n 出席、存在；present: adj到场的

22.literature: n 文学；literary: adj文学的

B.Intensive reading: 1.First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.(难句！！)译：首先是那些我们在日常交谈中逐渐熟悉的词语，即我们从家人、朋友那儿学来的和那些即使不会读写也应该知道和会用的词。

分析：主语：those words,在它之后有三个定语从句修饰它，①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, ②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and ③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.看出这一点对于理解整个句子是至关重要的。下面分别看看这三个定语从句。①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation,掌握短语：become/be familiar with sth对„熟悉。

注意：在定语从句中若介词置于关系代词之前，介词宾语只能用which代物，whom代人，其余的关系代词都不能用。这是考点！

a.This is the hero of whom we are proud.= This is the hero who/that/whom/省略 we are proud of.b.I want to find the pen with which I finished my papers.= I want to find the pen that/which/省略 I finished my papers with.②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends,掌握短语：that is to say = that is所作成分属插入语;Learn from sb向某人学习。We should learn from LeiFeng at any time.③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write 本句包含一个让步让步状语从句，even if„即使„.2.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language.译：这些词和生活中的普通事情相关，是所有使用这门语言的人的常备词汇。短语：stock in trade: 库存、常用手段。

3.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.译：这些词可以被称为“普通词”，因为它们属于广大的普通百姓，而不只为有限范围内的一个阶层所有。

since为因为，短语：belong to: 属于„;at large: 普遍地、逍遥法外地 a.These books belong to me.b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy? c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起)译：我们初识这些词不是从母亲的口中或同学的话中，而是从我们所读的书中，所听的课中，或从对某一特殊话题进行严肃的讨论的受过高等教育的人们的较正式谈话中首词次了解到的。本句的难点实际上是名词的修饰语多。

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.learned words;2.popular words;3.make up（1段2行）;4.be familiar with（1段3行）;5.that is to say（1段4行）;6.even if（1段5行）;7.stock in trade（1段7行）;8.belong to（1段8行）;9.at large（1段8行）;10.on the other hand（2段1行）;11.a large number of sth（2段1行）;12.be known to（2段3行）;13.acquaintance with（2段4行）14.not„ but„（2段5-6行）15.come up（4段6行）;16.as to（4段6行）;17.as a whole（4段11行）;18.be due to（4段14行）;19.rather than（4段15行）

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:（讲解）

Ⅰ.1.knew;2.were;3.were;4.would have been;5.would eat;6.could build;7.hadn’t come;8.earn;9.didn’t have;10.would be;11.apply;12.go;13.would be;14.were;15.had been;16.bought;17.be put off;18.would get;19.had been caused;20.had grown up Ⅱ.1.C;2.B;3.B;4.D;5.A;6.D;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.D Ⅲ.1.If only the Englishman had spoken Italian.2.If you should have a panic attack, what would you do? 3.I wish I could lose one pound in weight per day.4.It’s very important that you take responsibility for your own health.5.Without water and air, all living things would die.6.If I were you, I would join the army.7.If we had paid more attention to those factors, we would have greatly reduced he risk of heart disease.8.If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have got into trouble.9.It’s suggested that each class give a performance.10.If he hadn’t been so busy then, he would have given you more help.Exercise on p206: Ⅰ.1.c;2.a;3.b;4.d;5.d Ⅱ.1.transmit;2.access;3.remote;4.demonstrate;5.instruction;6.simultaneously;7.travel;8.available;9.privacy;10.application p210:Ⅱ.1.displayed;2.theory;3.established;4.remote;5.visual;6.signal;7.access;8.channel 9.transmitted;10.transportation Ⅲ.1.Satellites are capable of transmitting not only TV broadcasts, but also telephone calls.3.You should follow the doctor’s instructions on how to take this kind of medicine.4.Computer systems can transmit sound as well as pictures at the same time.6.This patient should be isolated from the other patients.7.The soldier displayed courage and skills.8.His experiments fully demonstrated that principle of psychology.p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, F, T, T, T, F.p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, a Ⅱ.1.atmosphere;2.existence;3.thorough;4.radar;5.elements;6.protect from;7.created;8.rest on p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b, a Ⅱ.1.to concern;2.possession;3.situation;4.acquaintance;5.lively;6.grown-up;7.classification;8.principle;9.convenient;10.presence p240.Ⅱ.1.style;2.occasions;3.highly;4.concern;5.possessions;6.topics;7.formal;8.cultivated;9.convenient;10.absolute Ⅲ.2.After he arrived in that country, he found there few occasions to speak Chinese.4.No two leaves are exactly the same in the world.5.When I say they’re friends, I don’t mean they share everything.6.The meeting concerns trade and agriculture.7.Serious problems may come up if the situation becomes worse.Text B: How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary? I think this is a question concerned by anyone.You can find some best ways in this text to give you some help, I am sure.We can get more words through context and through word parts.Maybe you have more of your ways.No matter which, I just hope you can succeed in English studying!

A.New words: 1.vocabulary: n 词汇表

2.context: n 上下文，from context;through context;contextual: adj 上下文的 3.securely: adv 安全地；secure: adj;security;n 4.intend: v 打算，intend to do sth;intention: n 意图 5.preference: n 偏爱,用介词for； prefer: v 用介词to.a.I prefer to do it myself.b.She has a preference for blue.6.prefix前缀，suffix后缀

7.apparently: adv 同义词：obviously，明显地。

8.consult: v 请教、查阅；consultation: n;consultant: n 顾问；常用短语： consult with sb:讨论谋事；consult sb about sth:向某人请教谋事 9.personally: adv = in person;personal: adj;10.heighten: v 提高、加高；high: adj;highly: adv;height: n 高度

11.maximum: n 最大量；反义词：minimum:最小量

12.effectiveness: n 有效性；effective: adj 有效的；effect: n 影响；affect: v 13.sharpen: v 削尖；sharp: adj尖的

14.awareness: n 意识、觉悟；aware: adj有意识的，be aware of sth;无意识的：unaware 15.accuracy;n 准确性；accurate: adj准确的

16.ease: n 舒适、安逸，feel at ease with sb;v 缓和;easy: adj 容易的。The aspirins eased my headache.B.Some important sentences in the text: 1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “look it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.译：当问大学生阅读时遇到生词时该怎么办，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，这么做，你就会打断最富有成效所需的思维进程。

短语：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday.②look sth up in„在„中查阅

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books.③make sth + adj使„如何 please make the room warm.2.It all depends.(*)= It all depends on the situation.（金牌口语句）

依情况而定。

3.That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context.译：这就是为什么我们得从上下文入手。

why引导表语从句。make such good sense:有充足的理由；begin with从„开始

注意：由于only+时间状语从句放在句首，用了部分倒装。短语：①go through:仔细研究或检查，I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.②come up with:想出、提出

He came up with a new suggestion.5.Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary.Use it!the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease.The result will be like money in the bank.译：好，你的新公式—上下文，构词成分，字典。运用它！随后的练习将具体地、循序渐进地帮你敏锐察觉到上下文提示，学会最有用的构词成分和越来越轻松地使用字典。其结果就像你在银行里存了一笔钱。

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非谓语动词)英语中的动词根据它是否能单独做句子的谓语分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。不能单独作句子谓语的称作非谓语动词。它又分三类：动词不定式，分词，动名词。今天先介绍动词不定式。

A.不定式（Infinitive）：大多数是由不定式标记to加动词原形构成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出现的。

B.在句中它除了不能作谓语外，可担任其他句子成分：主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、宾语补足语。在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。

1.不定式作名词时在句中充当主语、宾语和表语.a.He likes to play basketball.b.For him to learn English well in such a short time is not easy.c.His job is to clean all the windows.注意：1>.当作主语的不定式较长时，常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语放在谓语后，将上面b可改为：It’s not easy for him to learn English well in such a short time.2>.在这种情况下我们常用for sb.或of sb.来做不定式的逻辑主语，但是有区别的。

for sb.常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：easy, difficult, hard, important, interesting, impossible etc.of sb常用表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, foolish, clever, etc.a.It’s important for us to say something directly.b.It’s clever of him to leave that country.3>.不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数。

4>.不定式作宾语时，若宾语有自己的表语，常用it作形式宾语。I know to finish the work so soon impossible.I know it impossible to finish the work so soon.2.不定式作形容词的用法：通常在句中担任定语。，并且放在它所修饰的名词后面。He always has a lot of meetings to attend.注意：1>.有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具，不定式后应该加上必要的介词。

please pass me some paper to write on.2>.当一句话中既有形容词又有不定式修饰something, anything, nothing这三个词时，请注意词序：something/anything/nothing + 形容词＋不定式

Do you have anything interesting to read?

3>.不定式作定语时有时用主动语态表示被动含义。a.There is a letter to write.b.There is no time to lose.c.Mary has three babies to look after.3.不定式作副词的用法；在句中担任状语

a.He is lucky to get there on time.(原因状语)b.He came here to help me with my math.(目的状语)c.After that day they were separated, never to see each other.(结果状语)

请注意以下固定句型中不定式的用法： 1>.too + adj/adv + for sb + to do sth The book is too hard for the boy to read.2>.enough的用法：

a.He is old enough to go to school.b.The road is wide enough for three horses to go.3>.不定式在句中作为独立成分：

a.To tell you the truth, I don’t like this film.b.To be frank, you are lying.c.To make matters worse, it began to get dark.4.不定式作宾语补足语。

a.I don’t want her to leave here so quickly.b.We allow you to enter the room.注意以下省去to的情况：

1>.在某些感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时省略to，但在被动语态中不可省略to.a.I hear someone sing this morning.b.The workers were made to work day and night.c.please let the dog go out!

2>.当介词but, except, besides前面有实义动词do时，可省to.The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.3>.在下列固定词组中：

①had better do sth;②would rather do sth than do sth;③can’t but do;a.You had better not go now.b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework.c.I can’t but think so.C.不定式的否定形式：not + 不定式

My father told me not to skate on the lake.D.连接代词或副词＋不定式，相当于一个名词短语，一般充当宾语。a.Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult problem.b.please decide as soon as possible when to start.E.不定式的常用时态有：一般式，进行式，完成式三个.a.He has decided to give her some money.b.He pretended to be studying when his father came in.c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.F.不定式的被动语态：to be done;to have been done a.It’s an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting.b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.见课本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one:

Review some important phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段2行);2.look sth up in„(1段3行);3.at top speed(2段4行);4.after all(2段6行);5.make good sense(2段8行);6.begin with(2段9行);7.provide sb with sth(3段2行);8.preference for sth(3段3行);9.come up with(5段5行);10.find out(6段3行);11.lead to(6段4行);12.in black and white(6段6行);13.build up

5.imagination: n 想象力；imagine: v想象；imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓励；stimulation: n刺激、鼓励；stimulant: n 刺激物、兴奋剂

7.phenomenon: n 现象，phenomena(复数)8.unknown: adj未知的，反义词：known被人所知的，know: v;短语：be known to / be unknown to被人所知/所不知;be known as被认为是„(*)a.He was known as a successful writer b.That actor was almost unknown before he played that part.c.You never know what the result is till you finish the test.9.open-minded: adj无偏见的，open-mindedness: n minded是形容词，表示具有某种心智、头脑的，如：strong-minded;feeble-minded;narrow-minded;absent-minded etc.10.regardless: adj/adv 不留心的、不关心的，不顾、不惜；regard: v 注视、认为，n 问候；regarding: prep关于；常用短语：regard sth as sth;regardless of sth(*)a.please give my kind regard to your grandparents.b.His experiment is always regarded as a dig success.c.He tried again and again regardless of the failure.11.previously: adv 在前地、早先地；previous: adj 12.disagreeable: adj让人讨厌的，反义词：agreeable另人愉快的、宜人的 13.failure: n 失败；fail: v 失败，fail to do sth;fail in sth Failure is the mother of success.14.solution: n 解决办法，solution to/for/of sth 15.adapt: v 适应、改编 adapt to sth 适应„；adapt for sth:适用于„;adaptation: n;adaptable: adj适应的，(*)a.She found it difficult to adapt herself to the life in a foreign country.b.He is not adapted for this job.16.perfect: adj完美的，反义词:imperfect No one is perfect.人无完人。

17.acceptable: adj可以接受的，accept: v 接受；acceptance: n 接受;acceptability: n 可接受性

a.Is this program acceptable to you? b.The acceptability of the proposal is under discussion.c.He asked her to marry him and she accepted him.18.frequently: adv usually;frequent: adj;frequency: n 频繁(*)a.He has written to me frequently since I went abroad.b.Rains are very frequent here in summer.c.The frequency of her visit surprised him.19.determine: v 决定，determine to do sth;determined: adj;determination: n 20.growth: n;grow: v

B:Intensive reading: 1.Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment.译：科学源于人们/人类开始对周围事物提出疑问的时候。

Starting asking„动名词作start的宾语。ask question about sh

2.Not all his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know.译：并非所有的答案都正确，但至少那时的人们确实想了解他周围的世界。

当not放在all, both表示半否定，若要表示全否定两者间用neither,三者用none.a.They both are my friends.b.Not both of them are my friends.c.Neither of them is my friend.d.They are all good students.e.They are not all good students.f.None of them is good students.3.Curiosity and imagination are important qualities which help stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.译：好奇心和想象力是帮助发现新的事实并推动科学发展的重要素质。help do sth, help to do sth，4.Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.译：具有科学头脑的人们相信因果关系。短语：believe in sth相信

5.Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*)译：像这些容易被人观察到的变化称之为现象。

这句话包含有两个被动语态，一个出现在定语从句中，另一个出现在主句中。

6.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.译：对于一些人们不知其解的现象，科学的观点是必有其因，只是尚未被发现罢了。分析：主语the scientific point of view；系动词：is；后跟表语从句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是状语。In cases:在„情况下，后跟定语从句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻译：尚欠缺的唯一条件。

7.This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.译：这指的是面对现存的事实而不管自己原来想法的能力。分析：to face the facts是动词不定式作定语修饰the ability;as they are表示按照它们的实际情况；regardless of常用短语，不管、不顾。what one has previously thought作介词of的介词宾语。

8.Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.(*)译：托马斯。爱迪生失败了成千次才成功制造了第一盏电灯。

注意本句的几个考点：thousands of times;succeed in producing;连词before

9.The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*)译：实际问题的解决方法是不能事先预见的。

注意考点：the solutions to sth;can’t be seen;in advance短语：事先。

分析：change their thinking改变思路；adapt their theories to new facts使„适应„； as they are discovered状语从句。

11.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.（*）

译：这是人的理解总是不尽完美的另一种说法。考点：动名词saying；短语less than

⑪.Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.⑫.New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.当碰到hard, difficult, easy时后面的不定式用主动表被动，除此外其他的形容词要用过去分词表被动。

14.It may take time for new acts to become available.译：新事实的发现、获得使需要时间的。

基本句型：It takes sb some time to do sth;

C.Summary about all the phrases: 1.start doing(1段1行);2.at least(1段5行);3.lay aside sth(2段1行);4.be curious about sth(2段3行);5.take apart sth(2段3行);6.wonderabout sth(3段1行);7.combine sth with sth(3段1-2行);8.carry out(3段2行);9.believe in(4段1行);10.cause and effect;11.in case(4段7行);13.point of view(4段8行);14.regardless of sth(5段2行);15.be willing to do(5段6行);16.thousands of(5段6行);17.succeed in doing(5段7行);18.in advance(6段1行);19.adapt sth to sth(6段2行);20.once and for all(6段4行);21.make a change in sth(6段4行);22.in the light of sth(6段8行);23.respect for(7段1行);24.come up(7段3行);25.be laughed at(8段2行);26.in all fields of knowledge(8段4行).Text B: 1.arouse: vt 引起、唤起，区别：rise: vi;raise: vt;arise: vi出现、呈现(*)a.His behavior aroused my suspicion.b.A new difficulty has arisen.c.The sun rises in the ease and sets in the west.d.He raised his voice to make everyone hear.e.once his curiosity has been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge„

f.problems arise in a variety of ways.2.obtain: v 得到，get, gain.3.biological: adj 生物学的；biology: n 生物学；biologist: n 生物学家 4.account: n 叙述、帐户；v account for sth说明„的原因;accountant:会计 a.I have 2000 yuan in my account.b.His illness can account for his absence.5.logical: adj 符合逻辑的，反义词：illogical 6.analysis: n 分析；analyze: v;analyst: n 分析者 7.indicate: v 指示；indicator: n;indication: n 8.inference: n推论；infer;v;类似的词还有：refer, reference;prefer, preference 9.prediction: n;predict: v 预计

10.confidence: n 信心；confident: adj有信心的； self-confidence自信 11.unreliable: adj 靠不住的，反义词：reliable.12.accurate: adj;accuracy: n

The 13th lecture of College English one: A.Intensive reading Text B: 1.please look at the second paragraph on page 275.I’ll read and then I’ll translate it, especially pay attention to those phrases。

译：首先要认识问题。只有问题找对了，才能得出正确的答案。解决问题始于透彻的理解。问题的出现有各种情况。它们有时产生于偶然的观察，有时可能出自于阅读、实验或仅仅思考，也有可能来于新的发展或人类新的不同的需求。例如：今天，许多问题产生于核物理、生物工程和微电子领域的新发现。工业的发展也已经带来了大量的必须被解决的问题。

短语：⑪first of all首先；⑫only if除非；⑬grow out of=arise from产生于；⑭result from产生于；⑮bring about导致；⑯large number of大量的

2.Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)译：有时未回答的问题会显示需要进一步研究的领域。注意在这句话中suggest不是“建议”而是“暗示，显示”，因此不用虚拟语气。a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虚拟语气)b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虚拟语气）

短语: in need of sth需要„

3.Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.(8段)译：如果所观察到的或预测结果正如所料，科学家对他假说的可靠性就增加了信心。

通过翻译我们会发现这句话包含有一个虚拟语气，并且省略了if，进行了倒装。原句应是： If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但请大家注意此时主句用了陈述语气，属于非正式用法。短语：turn out 结果是„

He turned out to be a cheat.4.Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）译：实验必须在严格控制的条件下进行。

考点：under carefully controlled conditions.B.Important phrases: 1.first of all(2段1行);2.only if(2段2行);3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);4.result from(2段5行);5.bring about(2段10行);6.large number of(2段10行);7.build a firm foundation(4段5行);8.in need of sth(5段5行);9.build up(6段1行);10.turn out to be(8段1行);11.give up(8段4行);12.check with(9段1行);13.a variety of sth(2段3行);14.carry out(7段2行)

C.Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(2)Gerund and participles：（动名词和分词）Ⅰ.Gerund: 动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词原形加ing构成。具有某些动词的特点，在句中起名词的作用，由此得名动名词。它可以有自己的宾语和状语，这是动词的特点；在句中担任主语、表语、宾语，及定语，这属于名词的特点。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主语)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表语）c.I enjoy sleeping.（动宾）

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介宾）

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定语）

动名词也可根据需要在前面加上物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.动名词作主语：

a.Seeing is believing.b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用动名词作主语，有时也可用it作形式主语。如上面的第二句可改为： It’s no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth;it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.2.动名词作表语：一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作，这时表语和主语常可互换。a.What he likes best is making jokes.b.Making jokes is what he likes best.3.动名词作宾语：既可作动词宾语，也可作介词的宾语。有些动词后面必须用动名词，请记住下列常考动词：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, deny, mind, practice, risk, suggest, postpone, miss, can’t help, put off, give up, keep on etc.a.She denied stealing her money.b.I tried my best to avoid meeting him in the street.c.You’d better put off having the meeting because of SARS.d.If you want to make great progress, you must practice speaking every day.e.I am considering doing it again.动名词常跟在一些固定的词组后面，如：

insist on, look forward to, be used to, succeed in, be interested in, be engaged in, depend on, be busy doing, stick to, devote to, etc

注意：有些动词后面既可用不定式作宾语也可用动名词作宾语，且差别不大，如：continue, begin start, prefer etc.a.I prefer making a plan before I go over my lessons.b.I prefer to make a plan before I go over my lessons 但有些动词区别却很大，如：remember, forget, regret, go on, try, etc.(*)a.I remember giving money to him.(表示give这个动作已在remember 前发生过了。)b.I remember to give money to him.（表示give这个动作还未在remember 前发生。）c.I regret accepting your advice.d.I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.e.They went on talking about it.f.They went on to talk about it.g.They stopped talking.h.They stopped to talk.4.动名词作定语：一般表示所修饰词的用途，如：drinking water, writing desk, reading room, etc.5.动名词的否定式：not + 动名词

I’m sorry not getting there on time.6.动名词的时态和语态：

1>.一般时表示一般性的动作，发生的时间不明确。而完成时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生。a.I am looking forward to seeing you soon.b.Thank you for having helped me so much.2>.当动名词逻辑上的主语是它所表示的动作的对象时，要用它的被动语态。a.He insisted on being sent to hospital.b.He insisted on sending her to hospital.3>.当句子谓语是want, need, require, deserve时，常用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。a.The radio needs repairing.(= The radio needs to be repaired.)b.The babies require examining.(= The babies require to be examined.)4>.主语 + be worth doing / 主语 + be worthy + to be done/of being done.a.The book is worth reading.b.The book is worthy to be read.c.The book is worthy of being read.Ⅱ.participle:分词也是非谓语动词的一种，它有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词。分词可以有自己的宾语和状语，也可有逻辑主语，在句中担任表语，定语，状语和宾补。

a.The story is interesting.I’m interested in it.（表语）b.This is a moving film.（定语）

c.She came in, singing and dancing.（状语）d.He saw that man jumping off the wall.(宾补)1.现在分词和过去分词的区别：从语态上讲，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动；从时态上讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom? b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.d.Look!The falling leaves are yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.2.分词作表语：一般当主语是物时，用现在分词，含有“令人„” ；当主语是人时一般用过去分词，表示“感到„”.a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.

第三篇：大学英语全新版阅读教程3课文翻译

1.待走读生好点

克里斯托夫·M·贝利托

你也许可以列出往宿家中，每天赫家和学校之间的大学走读生所享受的种森!}l}越之

处。_但在下面的文章中，作者试图揭示事‘清的另一面，认为走读生的生活并不如人}l!}们想像中的那般轻松。走读生过着一种矛盾的生活，他去学校是为了能体会一种自我探}ll}索的生活，而实际上与父母在一起是绝对无法保持“我独立的。

你也许认为我们这些人住在家中、每天往返学校的日子很惬意。不用等洗衣机，牙膏用完了橱拒里有新的，更重要的是，冰箱里塞满了食物，也不用自己付款。不仅如此，通常还有人付电话费，即使再晚，微波炉里也还热着食物。你会嗤之以弃—那不是大学生活，那只是永远长不大的孩子。

也许表面上看起来我们像被惯坏了的孩子，但事情远没有那么简单。住在家里的大学生过着一种矛盾的生活。跟你们一样，我们来到大学探索自我;自我探索和有机化学一样是我们所受教育的一部分。然而，鉴于父母监督子女的本能不会减弱，我们要保持自我独立可就不容易了。再者，家庭的责任也在所难免。比方说，当父母的结婚周年纪念日正好在我们期末考试的前一天，我们该怎么办?事实上，做一个无法脱离家庭约束的学生简直与努力跟一个你不喜欢的室友相处一样困难。

我们的问题很复杂。在一定程度上，我们是这个社会的二等公民。由于你不得不开车回家或赶最后一班车，你很难享受俱乐部、大学生联谊会和舞会的乐趣。同样不幸的是，你意识到你不能参加仅有一次的商法复习课，因为它结束得太晚。但这还不是问题的关健:毕竟，每个人都可以随时在朋友的宿舍里借宿。’真正的问题在于，我们错过了那些活动，错过了由此产生的一种友好的情嗦，这种情嗦来自于一同突击恶补工业心理学的漫漫长夜，来自于谁跟谁上了床的瞎扯闲铆，来自于关于“乔治·威尔”和“亲爱的艾比”的热门话题，以及在这之后彼此对于毕业临近的真切感受的交流。诚然，我们走读生也可以偶尔参与这些活动，但我们跟不上大学学术生活的日夜节奏。，我们这帮走读生永远也无法像住校生那样体会《山水又重逢》中的那种终生的友谊。

其次是时间安排问题。走读生的日子比住校生更有条理，我们不得不如此。我们许多人就像省钱一样节省时间，而且我们还花费大量的时间在工作上，这些工作让我们能支付学费。当然，制定错综复杂的作息时间可以教会我们效率，这可比新生笔记技能培训班有效得多。当一个口奥无比的选遇鬼庞然大物般地遥向你的课本时，除了走读生，还有谁能把在黑暗随道里飞驰的火车离散概率分布图画得尽善尽美呢?3在父母要准备上班、弟弟们上学要迟到了、妹妹要在水池里洗袜子的时候，与他们共用一个浴室使得三分钟的洗浴冲刺成为一种有用的技能，可以与课堂上学到的任何东西媲美。事实上，如果因为火车着火或者酒鬼堵在门口而使40分钟的路途花了两小时，一切都是空谈。

有一种错误的观念，认为走读生很幸运，因为他们可以回家，摆脱学校的纷扰。实际上，你们住校生过得更轻松些。至少你可以不受约束地冲着窗户外大声叫喊，还可以参加Party，消除紧张，这种Party不难找到。而当我们过得不如意时，却无处可逃;令人沮丧的一天的结束只是个开头。首先，我们要乘车走很长的路，公交车上的暖气和空调在美国似乎总是按阿根廷的手节变换规律在运行。‘其次.还有父母的提醒，尽管是出于好意，可还是很烦人。倘若总是被再三叮呼“晚了要打电话”，我们如何能体会到独立?当然还有奶奶，当我们还在三个街区以外她就开始热饭菜，然后坐在旁边看着我们吃，嘴里还啧喷地说我们太瘦了，没有足够的睡眠。尽管意式卤汁面是一流的，但有时候完全不管我们，也许会更好些。

当离开(家庭)的时刻真正到来时，离别对于我们这些从没真正离家的人来说更加痛苦。

那些离家上学的大学生可以平静地与家人分手，他们在校园里建立了另一种活动的基地。诚然，所有的家庭在与去上学的18岁的孩子说再见时都会经历一个艰难的时刻，但到毕业时他们已经克服了这一点，并逐渐把你看做一个有你自己生活的大人了。走读生就没有那么超然了。家里的很多情况是我们不能忽视的。这种区别与回家过感恩节看看爷爷又老了多少和跟他住在一起看着他一天天老去之间的区别一样。这就使得毕业时的离别更加伤感—对家人对学生自己都是如此。

对我们的长辈来说，这样的生活安排也很难:他们感到烦恼，不知是撒手给我们自主权好还是像以前那样继续干预我们的生活好。5倘若学校在数里之外，‘父母就看不见孩子们是在为打一篇论文到凌晨6点还是在自由自在地喝啤酒—尽管我相信在许多不眠之夜里往往就是这两种情形。自然，在家时你的行动是受到监督的。我能理解如果我没有按时回家我母亲的担心，但如果我不能在图书馆里呆到很晚以便为明天的口头陈述做一些研究的话，我也会很紧张的。家，对于一些学生而言无可避免地成为了寄宿处，于是沮丧的父母时孩子有了这样的反应“我甚至不认识你了”。但我们要去认识我们的教授，要结交新朋友，要探索新的领域—所有这些只能靠我们自己去获得。

我们是特殊的群体:在学校是渴望独立的年轻人，在家人眼里却在一定程度上还只是孩子—也许，从某种意义上说在自己眼里我们也还是孩子。我仍然相信我在接受最好的教育，尽管我也会是承认—并悲叹—自己正在错过一些传统的大学体验的第一人。因此，不要以为走读生是只会享乐的弱者或者软骨头。我们只是活在一个夹缝之中，一边是学术领域的岩石，一边是家庭里不时出现的璧垒，挣扎着应付两头这一个由来已久的问题。

2.The American Man

我们不厌其烦地谈论“美国男人”，似乎他们身上存在着某种几十年或者十年恒常不变的品质。当今的美国男人不再是 1630 年来到新英格兰的快乐的农民了。他们不再是老脑筋，他们不再以内向的性格为荣，他们不会坐在没有取暖设备的教堂里连做三遍祷告。在南方，富裕的受母亲制约的种植园主也发展壮大了，但这两种“美国男人”都不像之后东北部发达起来的贪婪的铁路承包商。而不计后果、为所欲为的西部文明移民也不像他们。即使在我们自己的年代，公认的模范也发生了戏剧性的变化。举个例子说，在 20 世纪 50 年代，这样一种美国人越来越凸显出来，成为大多数人认可的模范。这就是 50 年代的男人。上班起早贪黑，干活尽职尽责，养家糊口，遵规守纪。里根就是这类人的典型——固执而坚忍不拔。这类人弄不懂女人的心，却颇为赏识女人的身体；他们的文化观和文化观的美国部分幼稚而乐观。他们大都有坚忍不拔、信心十足的品质，但在他们魅力十足、虚张声势的外表下，还有另外的三个特征：孤立、清贫、被动。他们需要通过自己的敌人来证明自己还活着。50 年代的男人喜欢橄榄球，好斗，他们维护美国，从不流泪，只是默默奉献。但在这些男人的身上，善于接纳和对人友善的品质消失了。他们的个性缺乏洋溢感。他们还缺乏同情心，正是这点怂恿了他们对越战的狂热；就像后来的里根，他的头脑中缺乏那种我们称之为“和平之心”的东西，这使得他对萨尔瓦多那些手无寸铁的人，对这里的老人、失业者、上学的孩子，乃至对穷人都铁石心肠、残暴野蛮。50 年代的男人清楚地知道男人该是什么样，男人的职责是什么，但他们自身孤立和片面的观念弄得他们危机四伏。到了 60 年代，又出现了另外一类男人。越战的荒废和暴虐让他们质疑，自已是否真的知道一个成年男人是什么样子?如果成年等于越战，他们对成年还有一丝一毫的向往吗?同时，女权运动激励男人们开始真切地审视女人，迫使他们开始理解 50 年代男人苦苦逃避的担忧和苦楚。随着男人们开始正视女人的过去和她们的感受，一些人开始留意并专注他们自己的所谓“女性 ”的那一面。女权运动一直持续到了今天，我敢说，当代男人或多或少地都曾卷入其中。这场运动留下了某些美好的东西，我是说男人们开始习惯于迎合并培养自己的女权意识。这一点很重要。可是我也觉察到哪里出了问题。过去的二十年中，男人变得越发体贴和绅士了。但经历了这场运动，他们却变得越来越不自由了。一个男孩，能让自己的妈妈还有自己的同居女友高兴，他就是好男孩。到了 70 年代，我开始觉察到在全国范围内普遍存在的一种现象，我们可以称之为“软男人”现象。时至今日，有时你看看窗外的人群，没准其中一半的年轻男性都是被我称之为“软”的男人。他们很可爱，他们令人钦佩。我喜欢他们，因为他们对破坏地球和发动战争不感兴趣。从他们的所有本性和生活方式中，你可以看到他们对待生活温和友善的态度。但是他们大多数人都不快乐。你很快就会发觉他们身上缺乏活力。他们在维护生命，而不是真正地给予生命。更具讽刺意味的是，你会经常看到这些男人和强壮的女人在一起，而那些女人又恰恰是活力四射。我们这里有一位优雅的年轻人，从生态学的角度看，他优于他的父辈，他对全世界和平相处深表赞同，然而他本人却了无生气。毕业于 60 年代的、那些强壮的给予生命的女人，或者说继承了老一辈精神的女人，她们生育了维护生命但却不能给予生命的男人，她们的作用可谓不可或缺。我记得 60 年代有一款汽车保险杠上的贴纸这样说：“男人越说不，女人越说是。”我们承认抵抗潮流是需要勇气的??要么蹲监狱，要么移民加拿大，这和应征入伍开赴越南战场差不多。但是二十年前的女人会说，自己绝对更喜欢既温柔又能容纳对方的男人。所以男人的成长或多或少地受到了这种偏爱的影响。不能容纳对方的男人总是被视为暴力，能够容纳对方的男人往往得到赏识。在那个年代，一些活力四射的女人会选择温柔的男人作情人，兴许在某种程度上也会选他们做儿子。90 年代的现在，她们仍然会做出这样的选择。夫妇中“阳刚”之气并没有被重新分配，哪怕只是一两次。年轻男人有各种各样的理由选择更强健的女人，而女人们也开始心仪更温柔的男人。这种现象在当时看来不失为好的安排，然而，在我们忍受这种现象足够长的时间之后，我们发现那根本解决不了任何问题。在早期的男人聚会中，当这些男人给我讲述了他们的故事之后，我第一次了解到了这些“软”男人的苦痛。1980 年，新墨西哥州的喇嘛会社邀我去给他们作报告，只给男人讲。这是他们第一次聚会，大约有四十人参加。每一天我们都专注于一个希腊神或一个老故事，接着下午晚些时候我们聚在一起谈心。年纪小一点的男人讲话时，五分钟之内就会哭出来，这种情形司空见惯。这些男人的悲痛和苦恼让我震惊不已。他们苦痛的一部分源于远离他们的父亲，他们敏锐但只是部分地感受到婚姻或两性关系中的麻烦。他们已经学会了容纳对方，但这仍不足以帮他们度过婚姻的难关。每一种关系都会偶尔需要一种强烈的东西：男人该有，女人也该有。但在真正需要的时候，年轻人往往又英雄气短了。他努力酝酿，但往往很快又会需要另外一种东西??为了爱情，为了生活。“软” 男人会说：“我能感受到你的痛苦，我把你的生命和我的生命看得同等重要，我会照料你，我会安慰你。”但是他想要什么却说不出口，一说到这个话题他就卡壳。他空有决心，可惜，没胆。在《奥德赛》中，赫耳墨斯命令奥德修斯，一旦自己逼近喀耳刻(某一种母权力量的代表)，他要么举剑，要么亮剑。起初，许多年轻人很难分清什么是亮剑，什么是伤人。一个男人，一个被赋予 60 年代某种特殊精神和情怀的肉体，一个居然在圣克鲁斯郊外的树上生活了一年的人，当他手中握剑的时候，他会发现自己已经举不起胳膊。他已经深深地牢记不能伤人，于是他不但举不起剑，甚至都不敢看一眼剑上反射的阳光。然而，亮剑并不一定等于战斗，它同样可以表示一个可喜的决断。变得温柔，变得能容纳，变得“向女性发展”，许多美国男人所选择的这一历程是一个有巨大价值的历程。但是，前方路漫漫，何处是终点?

3.The Civil Rights Movement: What Good Was It?

当我们还是在父母的关爱下成长的小孩子的时候，我们期待着外面世界的精彩。幸运的话，有时候父母会告诉我们有关外面的世界的事。有时我们能从其他的地方得到外界的知识。我们被焦虑和恐惧所包围，希望我们不要长大后生活在这个我们看到的糟糕的世界上。我们渴望着充满活力的生活，我们希望有能够将我们从乏味的生活中拯救出来的办法。我们期待着出现奇怪事件的迹象，我们在未知的人群中搜寻着不平凡的面孔。

这只是六年前，从我真正活着算起。当然在六年之前我也活着——我已经23岁了，但是在那之前我并没有真正意义上理解了活着。而且我不知道，因为没人告诉我，到底怎么样才算真正的活着。我——一个郁郁不乐，躁动的，典型的高中生。但是在别人看来，我是一个黑人，我也是这么认为的。在那之前，我的头脑一直被禁锢在这具仿佛是别人的躯体内。我的头脑里有着自己的想法和精神——我想成为一名作家或科学家，虽然说我的肤色不允许我这样。我仿佛一个幽灵般的存在。在白人的世界里，我的存在感比影子还低。作为一个生长在贫民窟里的年轻人，和许多同样生活在这里的人，我们不存在于书籍，电影里，甚至被政府所忽视。我期待着被当作人的那一天。有一天，通过一个奇迹般的事件，我被视作人。在1960年那个骚动的夜晚我们家购买我们的第一台电视机。我的母亲已习惯于在她做女仆工作的地方看下午肥皂剧。在她不工作的日子里，除了肥皂剧没有什么能让她满足。尽管买的时候价格很高，但她还是省吃俭用买了一台电视机。我觉得母亲爱看的肥皂剧很乏味。肥皂剧里充斥着怀孕，流产，虚伪，不忠以及酗酒的剧情。所有这些男人和女人都是白人，他们和仆人住在这栋有着长楼梯以及有着带天井的院子的大房子里。（在院子里，他们每天喝很多酒。）但是我的母亲，带着一天的疲劳，靠在椅子上休息着，看着上面那些做过头发的女人们的动作，听着每一句台词，考虑着每次的暗示以及语调的变化。在看这些肥皂剧的时候，她把自己当作剧中人物之一。她把自己放到每一个她看到的场景中，她的头发变成金色，她的衣服变得时髦，她粗糙黝黑的皮肤变白变光滑了。她的丈夫变得英俊，”有才华，机智，文雅，迷人。然而，当她转身看坐在她身边穿着汗衫的父亲翘着臭脚，脸上的表情总是很悲剧。然后，她叹息道，走出去到厨房，她很失落，觉得这不是真的。我的母亲，一个真正伟大的女人。她毫无怨言的养育了八个自己的孩子以及六个邻居家的孩子。但她认为自己比不了那些肥皂剧上的人物。她服从自己的灵魂，成为“美丽的白人”的忠实胆小的支持者。有一次她问我是否认为白人天生更聪明，更漂亮，更好。（这一块儿不会翻译）一个从来没有丢下任何一个孩子，从来没有欺骗我的父亲，从来就不是一个虚伪的人，甚至从来没有喝过酒。她甚至不敢责怪白人强迫让她相信白人的理念：如果她长得不像他们那样，想的不想他们那样，那就是不存在。黑色不止是我母亲的肤色，它就像一面挡住她的墙。

当然，写肥皂剧脚本的人总是使黑人女佣坚定，可靠，并在最后关头想到补救的方法，但我的母亲，工作将近四十年的女仆，（不会翻译）和其他人一样，至少在她的白日梦，她认为她是自由的。

六年前，三心二意的看着我母亲的肥皂剧，（不会翻译），民权运动走进我的生活。就像是未来的好兆头，马丁路德金博士出现在电视上，我第一次在电视屏幕上看到我们黑人的面孔。而且，就像童话故事一样，我的灵魂被他所震动了，当时，他正被押上警车，因为领导了在阿拉巴马州一个有领导的抗议游行。我爱上了他游行时严肃而又坚定的表情。当“We Shall Overcome”这首歌在我耳边响起，我母亲的肥皂剧已经不可能对我造成任何影响了。马丁路德金的人生，似乎很高大，很非凡。因为他的所作所为以及他的坚毅与真诚，我相信他。他承受了很多，因为他坚持非暴力，爱和情谊这些简单的信念。也许大多数男人无法坚持这些信仰，但是金博士不顾家庭以及他自身的危险也要达到这些目标。他就是我等待很久的那个英雄啊。

金博士承诺的不是给每个黑人一个牧场风格的房子和一亩修剪整齐的草坪，而是最后的自由。他并没有承诺为每一个家庭两辆车，而是让我们拥有自由行走的权利。他没有承诺有一天，（不会翻译），而是让我们拥有自由居住，自由求职的权利。他没有说，我们每个黑人都要像美国白人中产阶级一样;但他说，我们有权利成为我们想成为的人。

由于这场运动，由于一个新奇的，充满想象力的信念唤醒人类精神，由于“黑与白在一起”-（不会翻译）我比以前更加坚定的奋斗，找到了机会成为我自己，而不只是影子亦或是一个数字代号。在此之前，我没有超出过填饱肚子的生存理由。现在我有了奋斗的理由时，耶稣说过我们不能光靠面包而活。为了成为一个真正的人，我曾战斗过、努力过，也曾斋戒过、祈祷过，更曾诅咒过、悲伤过。毫不夸张地说，我就像重生了一样，懂得了人生的意义，这种认识使我走向了外面的世界，去大学，去不同的地方，见不同的人。对于我来说，存在的部分意义是了解此刻的我与过去的我的差异。它是保证精神生活以及物质生活的能力。它是能够告诉我是被谁冤枉的。它提醒我要保护我以及我爱的人。这意味着成为国际社会的一部分，要注意选择加入哪一部分，并且知道当这部分不适合我的时候如何更改到另一个部分。知道就是存在：存在就是参与，到处走动，用自己的眼睛看世界。这场运动至少给了我这些。

4.备受煎熬的黑人中产阶级

莉安尼塔。麦克莱恩

一位美国黑人妇女取得了经济上的成功，并由此迈入中产阶级的行列，黑人和白人的不同反应却令她感到沮丧。白人认为她是不同寻常的黑人，她的成功依赖的是运气而非才能。黑人则将她当做背叛者而抛弃她。然而，内心深处，她知道自己永远是黑人，而且，只要有黑人受到歧视，她就不能说自己成功了。

黑人中产阶级因其成功而备受煎熬，我就是其中一员。一方面，白人认为我不过是幸运昙了;另一方面，黑人则妒忌我，僧恨我。

一旦获得了机会，能够从事属于白领阶层的工作，和所有人一样，黑人就会对生活抱有极大的希望，这些包括了人们常说的梦中的豪宅，两辆汽车，接受良好的教育，还有孩子们在迪斯尼乐园度过的假期。这一事实仍会让很多人感到震惊。实际上，相较于其他美国人，我们黑人更渴望获得这一切，因为我们已有太久无权拥有和享受这些东西了。

同时，在通常被人们称为贫民区的地方，仍生活有相当多的黑人同胞，他们和那些观念陈旧的黑人好战分子一起，总是无休止地责写黑人中产阶级，说我们“忘了本”!’指责我们抛弃了革命，背叛了本民族，变成了白心黑人—皮肤是黑色的，内心却已被白人同化。

而事实是我们不曾忘本，我们也不敢忘本。我们只不过是奋斗在不同的阵线，也不比他们少厌倦战争。或许，我们还更伤心，因为我们清楚地知道黑人世界和白人世界本可以融会在一起，而这个融合在一起的世界将会更美好。

只要那些花言巧语的骗子仍无所顾忌地利用儿时的友情来作编我，我就不可能忘本2。当我怀着恐惧回到以前住过的地方，钱包被人抢走时，我不会忘本;当我享用商务午餐却发现服务员是老同学时，我也不会忘本。我回忆起儿时一起玩洋娃娃的女孩，她现在靠福利救济抚养五个子女;而那个住在教堂里的男孩，现在因谋杀罪而被关在监狱里;儿时的密友则因服食过量毒品被发现死在我们曾一起玩捉迷藏的小巷里。这一切怎能令我忘本!我的生活中充满了不和谐。精神饱满地从巴黎度假归来，一星期后，我却坐上小公共汽车行驶在熟悉的路上，去南方腹地的穷乡僻壤参加我那年老而又糊涂的叔父的葬礼。叔父是个文盲，他生活的圈子方圆不过50英里。有时，拿着公文包在车站等车去上班时，我会碰到我阿姨和其他一些清洁女工从车上下来去给我的邻居清扫地板。

但我从未因此感到羞愧。黑人的进步已远远超出我们最大的期望;我们甚至没有抱很大希望，因此这进步委实让我们吃惊。

然而，在我心里，祖辈们悲惨的过去或同辈人毫无目的的生活却离我并不遥远3。我总担心这样的命运会重新落到我的头上。我是中产阶级，然而我活得并不惬意，活得并不自在。

我是成功了，但这又怎么样呢?种族主义仍死缠着我的同胞。在有些社区里，还有人在那些有钱又有勇气搬入的黑人家庭的草坪上焚烧十字架以示对“劣种人”的威胁。

我们是成功了。我妹妹穿着著名服装设计师设计的名牌服装，却被出租车司机送到了她所住的紊华公寓的后门，因为他仅凭她的肤色就断定她是女佣，或是保姆厨娘之类该走后门出入的人，而绝非住在这里的哪一家的女主人。这时，我们的成功变得多么的虚有其表啊!我曾聆听过移民们白手起家的故事，也听到过那些“为什么你们就不能和我们一样”的简亘指责。我符合成为美国中产阶级的种种条件，但我时时感到自己不受欢迎、被成见所定格。我已经解决了衣食住行的种种问题，但我无法逃开老天的报应，那就是偏见。生活很简单，但做一个黑人却并非如此简单。每天，我都疲于向白人们展示黑人也是人。按过去的话说，我是我们种族的光荣。我是兄弟姐妹们的保护人，尽管他们中的很多人以为我抛弃了他们从而抛弃了我。

我在黑人世界和白人世界里两头受气，而双方都是既诅咒我又祝福我。我穿梭在两个世界中，仔细观察，努力参与。而我也被两个世界所利用，就像拔河比赛里的那根绳子。如果说我在那位于市中心的办公室里是一个标志的话，那么在我表姐的教堂茶会上我同样也是一个标志。我的存在减轻了白人们的犯罪感，击碎了黑人天生就不行的种种流言，也向我的父辈们证明了他们的忍耐的确是一种美德。

我在两个世界都有所涉足，但我无法就此愚弄自己。我能看到白人公然的欺骗，也能看到黑人痛苦的无助。白人世界的生活令我感到自己的无能为力，而黑人世界的现状则让我感到窒息。

许多白人就因为他们是最先和新搬入他们社区的黑人谈论草坪里草籽的好坏而自我欺骗地说种族关系已相当不错。然而，在美国极少有黑人和白人将他们的孩子送入同一所学校就读，或彼此成为朋友，互相款待时方，黑人与白人一同出去吃饭总会引人侧目。我的许多同事，在星期五晚上乘坐火车离站后直到周一早上在咖啡机旁看到我这一段时间内，都不会见到任何黑人。迄今为止，我这张黑人面孔仍然是件新奇事物，令人惊异。

一些和我相熟的“开明”白人称赞我，却暗示像我这样的黑人是凤毛麟角，我能成功靠的不是才能，而完全是因为运气好，祖辈积善行德所致。我可以生活在他们之中却很难容忍他们这种行为。他们怎会在根本就看不起我的同胞时真正尊重我呢?而且，当他们试图将我和我的同胞分裂开来时，如果我保持沉默，那我又怎能容忍自己的所作所为呢? 白人们不会相信我和他们间有根本差异，而黑人们也不会相信我与他们保持着根本一致。

我只需照照镜子就知道自己是多么忠诚于自己的种族，我亦痛苦地意识到即使穿上高档的米黄色礼服，我也因自己的肤色而受到人们先入为主的轻视。

至于我同胞们的妒忌，我是否应该放弃自己的事业和已有的生活水准，以抚慰他们并让自己感到良心安宁呢?不，我不能这样做，这些都是我该得的，我辛勤工作以获得这些享乐，尽管我从不能做到心安理得地去享受这一切。

中产阶级舒适的生活无从改变我是黑人这一事实，也不会让我忽略我的同胞们所处的悲惨境地。只要我们作为一个群体仍然被人看低，就没人能够从根本上改变现状。只要有一个黑人同胞呆在贫民区里，我们大家就都在受罚;同样，如果有哪位同胞跨越了障碍，我们就跟着一起受益。

7.是取缔手枪的时候了

兰斯·莫罗

在美国，无效的枪支控制很可能就是高谋杀率和暗杀率的原因。在有人企图暗杀罗纳德·里根总统之后不久，兰斯·莫罗就写了这篇文章，发表在《时代》杂志上。本文探讨了美国枪支暴力产生的原因，呼吁禁止手枪。但是，禁止手枪是不是就会削弱由宪法赋予人民的权利和美国人的个人自由呢?

由于进化过程中某种奇特性，人的头骨里都隐藏着一个史前残迹:一个爬行类动物的大肺:这种返祖现象就像安放在更为理性的大脑皮层中的一枚手榴弹一样，是人类许多原始冲动产生的阴暗且扰攘的场所。与这种返祖现象共生的是美国人保留下来的另一种特性，它是这个 }圈家在从人烟稀少、警察不多的农业社会向现代工业文明演变的历史过程中，人们忘了淘汰掉 }的东西。’那种残迹就是枪—更臭名远扬的是手枪，虽然过时了，但仍然被人们大量使用。1963年以来，被枪打死的美国人的数量(400旧以〕)比死于二战中的还多。{上个礼拜(另一把令人痛苦的“周末作案”第22号小手枪像一个孤儿被放里在达拉斯的 {一家当铺里，直到另一个病态的失效者将其拿回到他的出租屋里想入非非)，美国历史上又一一攻枪击事件之后，许多人对自己说:“噢，也许这次枪击事件将最终说服人们做点努力来对付一这该死的枪。”不过没人时此有把握。为抵御社论的猛烈攻击，美国步枪协会紧闭门户;但是，他们心里却盘井着，像以往一样，反对枪支的愤怒情绪很快就会平息下来。，约翰·菲茨杰拉德 l·肯尼迪总统被暗杀后如此，马丁·路德·金被暗杀后如此，罗伯特·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪、乔治· l华莱士、约翰·列农和里根总统以及许许多多其他人被暗杀后均是如此。像以前一样，有朝一!二在美国只会听到成百上千万只枪发出的砰砰砰的枪声，美国也会成为世界上用手枪谋杀比!举最高的国家。.美国这个超级大国政治上如此德定而国内却如此充满暴力，这一奇观会使其他国家感到震和迷惑。像英国和日本这样”国家，“于谋杀率低，且禁止持枪，对美国人如此摆上柜台公开买卖枪支感到震惊。

枪的增加似乎像蜂娜繁殖一样无法控制，美国人自己也为此深深地感到沮丧。多年来，大多数人支持对持枪加以限制。1938年的盖洛普调查显示，84%的人赞成枪支控制。最近的盖洛普调查表明，62%的人希望通过更严厉的立法来管理枪支销售。但是美国人继续以每13秒就售出一只手枪的速度销售手枪。谋杀率持续上升。这就是枪支销售带来的报应。查鱼匹主盛几个月，就会有一位魅力超凡的公众人物从某个脑子里藏着古怪念头，衣兜里揣着旧手枪，且处游荡的精神病患者那儿吃到一颗枪子儿。3 多年来，许多犯罪是与枪有关的。为什么政府就不能像控制毒品、汽车、拖船、民用电台和狗那样通过制定法律来悄无声息地控制枪支呢?据某些参议员佑计，一定程度上这仅仅是因为美国步枪协会在华盛顿是最有效的游说组织，而竞选期间对其国会对手则是最致命的一。叠然，国家现在有了相关的法律，不过只是由25，000条国家的、各州的或是地方枪支管理条例拼凑而成。这些条例不成体系又互有矛盾，无效之甚近乎荒谬。

枪械在美国具有一种特别的必然性—美国枪多为患的西部传统现在与幕力犯罪增多带来的恐怖紧密地联系在一起，也跟这样一种意识联系在一起，那就是随着社会契约的破碎，好人得买枪来抵杭越来越多的坏人的袭击。要那些好人接受这样一些观念是很难的，那就是:好人们手中的手枪最终对他人的致命伤害比对他们害怕的动物做出的伤害要多得多;好人们有时会醉酒，从而在愤怒中杀死别的好人，或把自己的脑袋打飞(有意或无意地)，或是误伤自己的小孩。大部分谋杀案都是一时冲动造成的，而手枪则是中杀的最佳武器:.二阵

抑制不住的狂怒在脑子中一闪，通过神经向扣扳机的手指发出信号—砰!4枪击无需过多的动作，手上不一定会沾满血污，而用刀杀人则会如此，赤手空拳去进行艰辛而具有危险性的杀人也会如此。枪与受害者的距离从某种程度上净化了这种关系—至少时扣扳机的人是这样—这种距离使得进行这一行为更容易一些。子弹通过这一距离瞬息之间击中人体。于是(与血腥的杀人)在本质上分离了，几乎成了一种抽象概念。这就是为什么拿一支枪就能很轻易地杀人，这样确实也方便。暗杀后的布道，即对“美国社会病态”的诚挚哀悼极端愚蠢。它责备每一个人，在巧分钟诚挚空洞的，片海后又宽怒他们。确实，在美国嫌体中有许多那恶的东西;电视和幕力的纯粹重复使得全国大部分地方道德败坏，大家都很麻木，难于被幕力事件所震撼。然而，大部分基力事件的产生不是因为社会的病态而是因为法律的愚蠢和不足。国家需要制定新法律，至少限制部分枪支进入市场。犯罪行为中谁要是使用T枪就给予强制性的额外惩罚将有助于枪支限制，罗纳德·里根总统赞成这种办法。但是除此以外有必要做更多的事情。由于枪支的机动性，只有联邦法律才对其有限制作用。步枪和鸟锐这样的长枪不是问题;不管怎样，这些枪对于保护房屋是最好的武器了，而且罪犯很难藏匿这样的枪支。而大部分的手枪是用来向人们开火的，不是用于瞄靶射击或是用于玩游戏。此类枪支必须取缔。美国个人主义所享有的大童拥有轻型武器的自由应该作出让步，以便让公众享受追求心智健全和安全的权利，即“追求幸福” 的权利。5 当然，那仍然会让数以百万计的手枪非法地流通;拥有此类武器，尤其是在犯罪中使用此类枪支的人受到的处罚必须很严厉。尽管上面说了那么多，要清除全国的手枪还得花上很多年的时间。不管其内容如何，如果里根总统不支持，那么国会是不可能通过枪支管理的具体规划的。他该这样做，不是因为他曾被子弹击中胸部，而是因为应该这样做。大家都能任意的使用枪支最终会让美国人在国外濒面尽失，在国内则会让大家没有安全感。历史学家弗·杰·特纳有关美国西部边疆开拓时期的终结的著名论点提出以来，几乎已经过去了90年。但是西部的邪恶却没有随之消失，其暴力虽然在那块广衷的土地上曾经尚可容忍，而在现代美国，枪声不断却完全是一种历史的倒退。

8.when a citizen fight back

Colin 和Joan在搬到波士顿南部后，准备在他们所居住的街道开展犯罪清扫计划，向犯罪行为发起挑战。但是以暴力制暴力是一个减少犯罪的好办法吗？在Colin用网球牌击打了一个抢劫犯时，他开始对此感到越来越不确定。

在一种责任感的驱使下，Colin 和Joan开始对他们所面对的交通堵塞、不合格房屋、猖獗的卖淫和犯罪行为发起了挑战。他们有一张记录着所有波士顿南部犯罪情况的记录。朋友和邻居打电话给Joan来报告各种犯罪的案件，而她将所有的案件都记录在活页笔记本中。以一种校园女孩的笔迹，Joan记录了案件提供者的姓名，案件发生地点，日期，案件发生时间，攻击者的数目以及描述，他们的武器，受伤者的姓名，被拿走的物品和钱财，还有案件是否报案。

在圣诞季中犯罪的水平维持平稳，但是在1975年年底，犯罪的情况开始彻底地恶化了。

这是从12月30日星期二开始的。有一个人在房子后面的小道上遭到抢劫。在第二天下午的五点钟（除夕夜）一群拿着棍子的恶棍拦住了一个老人的去路并抢掉了他的钱包。

半小时后这群人又劫走了一个老妇人的钱包。

在一月六号的下午五点三刻，Linda和她三岁的孩子在归途中遭到两个年轻男子的靠近。一个人突然冲上前勒住她的脖子，她拼命挣扎，攻击者对他说，“不要尖叫，只要给我你的钱”她说她并没有带。这两个年轻的男子搜了她的口袋，然后逃窜走了。

还是那晚的九点四十五分，Colin 和Joan在看电视的时候突然听到房屋后面的小道上有一声尖叫。Colin立即抓住了了她的棒球棒和网球拍冲进了小道。在那里他找到了一个名字叫TERRY的女士，她的钱包被抢掉了。Colin朝小巷中看去，但是强盗已经逃逸了。

在第二天晚上，Diver全家要去看一个全新真空吸尘器。那个售货员是一个名字叫Kirby Jacobs的大学生，他看上去很激进但是很有魅力.Colin和Joan笑着看着他在餐厅展示这个吸尘器的刷子和管道。

在八点20分左右，Diver夫妇的长子叫着走下楼梯，“我听到外面的尖叫声”。Colin向Jacobs做了手势让他关掉吸尘器。“你确定，Brad？” “我想是的吧” Colin奔向大门，从壁橱中拿出他的棒球棒，然后冲出了走道。在那里他发现了一个二十五岁左右的黑人。

“发生了什么？”colin问道 “他抢了我的包” “谁干的？” “一群流氓。他在我脸上打了一拳，然后抢我的钱包” “他们朝哪条路走的？” “往那！”她指着Tremont大街

当Colin朝那个方向走去，他发下一个人拎着一个大包朝图书馆那边流窜。“那是我的包！”

“站住！”Colin呐喊道“站住，那是贼” 那男子加快脚步，消失在图书馆附近。渐渐colin意识到了他所追捕的对象的不同之处，因为他最近常常出现。大多数别的强盗都像橄榄球联赛中看到的那种少年那么敏捷，而这个不一样：这是一个二三十岁的人，走路笨重得像大象。Colin就快要抓住他了。

在Tremont大街，这个男子躲闪到一辆鸣叫着的出租车后，有飞奔到一个响着喇叭的卡车后，最后向人潮涌动的闹市区跑去。Colin迟疑了一会。Tremont大街是一个他所了解的地域的边境，也是波士顿南部中产阶级化地域的南部边境。在另一头是波多黎各人、多米尼加人和古巴人的地域。O’DAY操场是波士顿南部的海洛因交易场所，一个白天黑夜都十分危险的地方。在过去的抓捕行动中,Colin总是停在这条大街，因为他不愿追捕到别人的领域。但是这次，因为一周内发生的那么多起案件，他终于厌倦了。他不再多想，冲过了大街疾步追想那个逃窜的身影。

那是一个阴沉、多云、阴冷的夜晚。街灯在雾霾中若隐若现。天空中飘散着的细细小雨把地面打湿，但是Colin没有停下他的步伐，不断追赶。那个强盗已经跑向了西部Newton大道的中央。当Colin离那个强盗越来越近是，他想：我是真的要抓到那个强盗了！他可以清晰的感受到棒球棒上的把柄。他举起棒子，他想：我要打到那个家伙？我可以吗？我应该吗？当他还没想清楚前，他已经与那个强盗肩并肩，他举起棒球棒，划过一道短短的弧线后有力地打击在强盗的头。

这一击似乎像是扣了隐形的扳机一样，场面立即变得支离破碎。那个强盗倒在了大街上。

Colin在马路上被结冰的地面被绊倒在地。

那个皮夹子从强盗手中飞了出来，掉在了泥潭里。棒球棒被断成了两节，飞到了附近一户人家的门廊上，而那个把手还在Colin手中。

Colin站了起来，准备去走向他那个在努力站起的对手。不久，马路的中央站着两个相互凝视着的男人。那个强盗缓缓地摇晃着脑袋，似乎想让自己的眼睛从迷糊变得清晰，边步履瞒珊地向前走着。

我的上帝，Colin想到，他或许有刀或者枪。但是这个强档既没有看他也没有想对他做什么，知识开始摇晃着连走带跑地朝人行道走去。Colin’捡起包。他有一次犹豫了。他要讲包桂怀那个女人，还是要打那个强盗一顿，或许还是忘了那个强盗。

在那一刹那，那个吸尘器销售员，叫着跑过来，“发生了什么”Colin壮胆说道，“快接住这个包，我还要追上去去收拾那个家伙。”

Colin从门廊那捡起棒球棒，沿着人行道继续追赶，几乎要转上两个穿着时髦的黑人。“快！”Colin叫道，“帮帮我好嘛？看到前面那个人吗？他刚刚抢劫了一个女孩，拿了她的包”

“你没有在开玩笑吧”其中一个人说。“来吧”Colin说道，”他打了那个女孩一拳” “好吧”另一个说

Colin和他新的伙伴一起开始了追捕。当他们跑大盘SHAWMUT大街后不久，他们抓住了那个已经没有力气反击的盗贼。Colin抓住他的意志胳膊，另两个黑人抓住他另一只手臂，一起吧他推向了SHAWMUT大街上，那里有一辆警车。COLIN立即拦住了警车。

警官惊讶的下车，问发生了什么。Colin还没有喘过气，但他竭尽全力地解释。最后警官拘留了强盗。

之后又有一名警察来到Colin的住所，而Colin一直沉浸在晚上所发生的事件中。他用棒球棒击中了那个强盗。自从少年年代起，他再也没有进入过混战。像很多另据所说，“如果我逮住了那个混蛋，我一定会„„”但是做起来就并不那么简单了。钥匙使用棒球棒，总会造成伤害。他看到那个强盗惊讶的站在哪里，就像被职业拳击手击中一样。如果这一击真的造成这个罪犯的三长两短的话，律师一定会让他配上很多医药费的。为了自己和那个强盗的利益，Colin希望这一打击没出什么事。

这个事件所带来的深层还以更是饶人。在十年前，他搬到这个城市，希望能带来种族之间的平等。但是他如今却打向一个黑人。如见在他面前的桌子上搬着断掉的棒球棒，不能再用了。他珍惜的一些设想也变成了碎片

。10．Answer, please answer 关于其他星球上是否存在智慧生命体，众说纷纭的观点往一往出现在各种文章、科幻小说及大量影片中。本·波沃所撰科幻小说的这一章节，向人们描述了两名选派到南极的美国士兵是如何探测到地球附近一颗造父变星所传激光信号的过程。

? “我没想到()ZMA工程还在搞。有什么新的收获吗?”

这回，轮到瑞佐耸肩了:“还是一无所获呢!非常时期，这工程自然就搁浅了。如果不打仗，碟形卫星天线不被炸毁，我们还要搞。”

“还是侦听那两颖星吗?”

“嗯„„还是鲸鱼座T型星和波江座E型星。还只有这两个类似太阳的星座，可能在一定范围内附带有像地球这样的行星。”

“所以你指望窃听到其他智慧族群所传出的无线电信号。”

“有这个想法。”

我弹掉手指上的烟灰，“咦，想方设法去获取智慈生物传出的无线电信号，但给我的感觉总是毫无希望。”

“毫无希望，什么意思?”

我反洁道:“凭什么外星人要向星际太空传出无线电信号呢?劳神费力，而且很可能是彻底的白费力气，因为在能够交流到的范围之内，根本就没有交谈对象。” “可是，如果想到在别的什么行星上或什么地方可能存在着外星人，这还是值得一试的。”

“嗯。我们在设法寻找外星人。不是在发送无线电信号吗?”

他坦陈道:“没有吧!花大笔资金建造一座如此巨大的发射台，国会是不会表决通过的。”

我说道:“言之有理，所以我们只是收听信号而不是发送信息。”

瑞佐并没就此打止，而是接着说道:“我说，光凭统计数据，很可能在其他数百万个太阳系中就有智慧生命体的存在。我们早就该与之取得联系了!对于我们人类一些至今无法解决的唯题，他们也许倒是十分了解。”

“此话不错，”我说道:“但守着接听无线电信号这个方法本身就有问题。”

“嗯?”

“要有效地进行远程星际无线电传播，需要非常大的功率，这实在难以做到。所以，我们应不断地观察各种信号，而不是什么细心地接听。”

“观察?”

指着操纵台上微弱的小灯，我说道:“用激光，光学激射器。在太虚一片漆黑之中，小灯发出亮光。只要通上一点适量的电力，激活几万亿颖原子，一束铅笔那么粗的强光就会出现，即便在数百万英里之外都能看得清楚。”

“数百万英里并不等于光年，”瑞住咭味道。

“我们很快就要接近用激光测量光年距离这一技术了。想必这个星系中某个智慧物体已取得了在星座与星座之间进行传输所必备的技术，那就是通过光束。”

瑞佐问道:“那我们怎么从没见过?”

“或许看见过。”

“什么?”

“我们观察到了各种各样的变星，像造父变星、天琴RR型变星以及金牛座T型星。我们假定所看到的是恒星，由于某些自然的、在我们看来又无法解释的原因，它们搏动并改变亮度。目前，或许我们所看到的就是激光光束，只不过从环绕别的星座运行的行星上发出的信号传到地球时就太弱了，我们也就看不到了吧?”

瑞佐情不自禁地霉出了好奇的神情。

“检查这种光源的光语，进而确定这种光究竟是自然星体发出的还是人造的激光光束，那就相当简单T。”

“你试过?”

我.点了点头。

“接着呢?”

我慢条斯理，使得他屏住呼吸，迫切想知道下文。“毫无结果。但我检验的每颖变星都是

实实在在的星座。”

他反感地长嘘了一口气，说道:“哈，你一直是在开玩笑。是吧。”

“不错，”我说，“的确是这样。”

置身于遮风档雨的国顶崖内，时光在流逝。我早就悄悄带来了一台手持式望远镜随身放

着，打算随时进行观察，但天公往往不作美。总是迫切想找点事做做的瑞佐于是开始替我安装一台电子图像放大器。

我们与外界的惟一联系就是每周从双多主拉中心所传来的无线电报。收发电报往往随意变换频率，以便信息不容易遭到截取和干扰。而且，我们发出无线电的时段受到严格限定。

慢慢熬过数周后，我们获悉我们的一颗载人卫星在武力威胁下被红方强行登占。而我们的太空站工作人员击毁了红方的两颗无人操纵间谋卫星。双方在位于北极的一座冰岛上发生了交火，并且，有六个国家正在进行核弹试验。

自然，我们收不到任何邮件。只有被轮换下来时，到了默多主控中心我们才能拿到信件。我免不了很想念妻子格拉里以及两个孩子，他们住在旧金山，而时旧金山曾出现的大爆炸和放射性尘埃，只好尽量不去想了。

“我妻子硬是通着我几乎耗尽所有的钱财在家中修了一个防空洞”，瑞佐时我说，“那鬼防空洞比我们的房子搞得还要漂亮。有帮人总觉得天灾人祸注定会要选个时候降临到头上，我妻子是那帮人的头头。要是不打仗，她竟反而觉得不可思议。”

我一声不吭。

天晴了，好天气保持了一段时间(在南极漫长的冬季里白昼和黑夜无从分辨)，我把时间甲分成两部分:一部分用来监测气象探测仪，一部分用来观察恒星。圆屋顶完全被埋在雪中，但我们通过积雪插进了一根伸向空中的“通气管”。

“圆屋顶蛮像一艘潜艇，只不过我们是在冰雪中而不是水中”，瑞佐说道，“但愿我们不会沉底。”

“数据显示我们平安无事。”

他面含·限怒:“数据还曾证明过飞机永远不能飞离地面呢!”

又来了几股风暴，但等到风暴再次平息时，瑞佐已给我装好了图像放大器。这时候，用我自己带的微型望远镜观察起来几乎达到了那种专业设备的效果。我甚至可以做洋洋地躺在床上，眼观放大器显示屏，遥控着整台装置。

果然如此。

开始，这只不过出于一种好奇心，但接着就成了怪癖。

我碰巧在观察研究一颗造父变体星，它属于体积极其巨大、光度相当强的那种星座，其闪烁极有规律，甚至可以用来校表。我们之所以注意到它，是因为对于一颗造父星来说，其距离近得出奇—仅仅相距 700光年，这种距离通过测定其闪动的次数就能轻而易举地枯算出来。

在我的劝说下，瑞位帮我安装了一台分光仪。我们不顾体面地在圆顶屋的备用零件箱里搜寻有用的东西，终于拼装出一台仪器。这台仪器可以将恒星发出的光分解成构造波长，以此告近我们大量有关恒星的化学成分和表面温度的信息。

起初，对于我的观察我简直难以相信。

这颗恒星的光语，竟然像一道宽宽的彩虹，其中交织着一些细细的深色线条。这其实也很正常。我们一般称之为吸收光语线;像太阳的光谱里就有成千上万条这样的吸收光谱线。但其中有一条异常明亮的放射线。从所有的物理原理和化学原理来讲，应该不会出现这种现象。

但的确如此。

我们对于这颗恒星扫描了不下几十次，也反复不断地查看自己的各种仪器，我还花了好几卜卜时在微线轴读出器上查阅了“公认的”光谱数据。光谱目录表中居然也找不到这条明亮的攻射线，而我们所有的仪器又毫无问题。

但这条明亮的放射线清清楚楚摆在眼前，千真万确!“这就怪了，”我说道:“带有数条明亮光语线的恒星，我以前倒看过不少，但从未见过这种在吸收光谱线里出现一条异常明亮放射线的恒星!真是闻所未闻。为什么会出现这种单波长以及那种具有精确能量的特型原子呢?为什么这种波长放出能量而其他波长并不如呢?” 瑞佐坐在床位上，咦哎地喷着香烟。低矮的圆屋顶下顿时烟雾缭绕，“这也许正是几周前你跟我提起的一种激光信号。”

我皱着眉头望了他一眼:“好了，好了。我说正事呢。对此我真是迷惑不解。”

“听我说，别忘了你说过什么搞无线电的宇航员尖起耳朵听，却一无所获;你也还说过我们只有观察才是，观察吧!”一种报复的感觉使他自鸣得意。

我摇摇头，又重新回到气象仪器上。

但瑞佐仍不罢休:“假如某颗造父变星附近的行星上存在着智慧物体，而他们也猜测别的行星上的智慧物体会出现宇航员;这些宇航员对于他们的行星会十分好奇，对吧?所以，他们就发出与他们行星脉动相对应的激光信一号。当你注意这颖行星时，自然就看到他们所发的信号。这有什么不好理解的?”

“算了吧，”我咕味道:“玩笑开够了„„”

“跟你说，”他仍不罢休:“我们把那种波长接入示波镜中观察，看看是否会出现明确的信号，说不定会打出‘领我见见你们的头’之类字眼。”

我没理他了，然后注意起军队方面的情况。气象仪运行起来真是无可挑别，但按要求我们每隔12小时就得仔细检查仪器一遍。因此，我查看了仪器，想定下神来，而瑞佐在笨手笨脚地鼓捣一只光电管示波器。

“来了，来了”，他终于说道:“我们倒要看看他们究竟要说什么。”

我不由自主地盯着示波器上的荧光屏。荧光屏上显现出一条均匀稳定、渐渐倾抖、略带绿色的线条。

“没有信息”，我说道。

瑞佐夸张地耸了耸肩。

“如果让显示器保持两天都打开，就不难发现线条会进行一次从峰.点到零讯点的周期性交替跳跃”，我告诉他，“从明亮到暗淡，恒星的脉动变化以两天为间隔。”

“快增大功率”，他说着，并马上拨动显示器前面的几个旋钮。

线条仍丝毫没有变化。

我问道:“扫描速度是多少?’’

“每厘米一毫微秒。”也就是说，显示屏上一厘米的刻度相当于十亿分之一秒。三十二年里

有多少秒，就相当于一秒里有多少毫微秒。“哎哺，如果灵敏度这么高的仪器都无法获取信号，那就别指望有什么信号了。”我说。

瑞位点了点头。戏谑就此打止了，他显出几分若有所失。我又回到气象仪器上，但再也无法凝神静气。不知什么原因，我也觉得失望。我想，潜意识里，我一直在指望瑞位真正会获取别的恒星所传发的信号。真傻!我暗自说道。但那明亮的放射线又怎么解释?我再次盯着那台显波镜。

骤然间，那根平稳均匀的线条突然开始变成了千千万万个上上下下颠簸移动的峰点和零讯点。

我双眼紧紧盯住。

瑞佐又躺回到床位上看一本杂志。我想喊他，但嗓子好像被什么东西咬住了似的。我眼睛仍停留在闪闪烁烁的显示屏上，伸出手，碰了他一下。

他抬头一看。

“天哪!”瑞佐轻轻地说道。

好长一段时间，我俩目不转睛静静地盯着显示镜荧光屏上那上下抖动的线条。此时，我们的圆顶小屋里蒙上了一层淡绿色的奇光。它有凡分拼森怪诞，却又妩媚撩人，让人昏昏欲睡。这条线不停地上下跳跃，它急促不清、结结巴巴地诉说着。它在千千万万的峰点和连续变换，快得眼睛几乎都跟不上。它忽上忽下，召唤我们，向我们诉说，上上，下下，止不住、静不下，不断地闪烁，把未知的信息传达给我们。

“难道是„„人?!”瑞佐惊惑不已。笼革在一片绿光之中，他那张脸猛然布一满了皱缤，苍老而憔悴:带有几分疑惑不解，又夹杂着几分惧怕。

“还能是什么?”我听到自己在说，“没有其他任何解释。”

我们俩静静地坐了很久很久。

终于，瑞位问道:“现在我们干嘛?”

11.superhumans

如果外星超人来到地球上，那么他们与我们人类之间会产生一种什么关系?所谓 “超人’，其实就是指来自其他行星的一种假设的人类，他们的文明较之于人类更发达。甘·拉文分析研究了其伦理道德。一个最让大家争论不休的问题是:外星超人对我们人类会有所眷顾关照吗?或者他们仅仅是把我们当做一种微不足道的动物?作者的分析发人深省。

? 如果从种种差异判别，特别是把人分成三、六、九等来看，外星人自然应列入“超人”之类。我想，这正是畅梢科幻小说里经常出没的人物形象。例如，在现实中，我们按人类常规不难设想出有的人简直能创造出隔山运木之类的奇迹。想想和人个头差不多的“蜘蛛侠”(外星超人)飞檐走壁;其力大无比，人们不堪一击，如此等等。还想想我们人类可说是拿外星人无计可施;虽说热核能武器威力无比，但外星人居然安然无恙，真令人难以置信。超人凭感官就能对物体进行透视，或者能直接看到根本不为我们一般人所知的信号，或者我们明知已有但得借助精密仪器才能看到的信号。自然，时下人们总认为这类超人天生就具有神奇的信息处理特异功能。把这些特征跟“超人”联系起来，对人们的道德观念会产生什么影响呢? 人们所议论的外星人的“超人”一面(毫无疑问这已引起爱思索的读者或电视观众的关注)，并不在于他们极其人性化的特征，而在于他们那非凡的善解人意的能力。然而，这些特是否具有某种道德性的意义则要取决于外星人的心理。他们用这些神奇的力量可能会干些什么?按理说，这些具有超人能量的外星人很有可能会超乎想像地乐善好施、心地友善、慷慨大方。但情况并非如人所料。如果真是那样，我们人类必须持有这种意念:避免致使外星人干出一些不考虑我们人类利益的不测事件。倘若外星超人真是刀枪不入，此举实属画蛇添足;但如果我们认为外星人也有一个致命的弱点(就像一个前景看好的候选人往往在核轰炸问题上遭到人们的责难那样)，那么就有一个尤为可取的原则:人们不要有任何冒犯外星人之举。

外星超人能为我们做些什么呢?种种可能数不胜数:想像外星人做超级清扫夫，把地板弄得纤尘不染，效率奇高，乐此不疲;或者是当超级建筑工，他们会用源源不断、唾手可得的各种建筑材料给你建造摩天大楼，短短几个小时即可大功告成，甚至你想什么时候完工就完工;或者是，倘若外星人数量有限，就不难想像会形成通常由于人们切身利益分配不均而引发的各种人类社会问题，或许还会引发战争、造成世界分割成资本主义和社会主义阵营等等，不一而足(，在我看来，上面所有这一切自然均为人类问题;只是难以从中看出有什么根本的道德含义，)假如人们所议论的这些外星超人果真法力无边、无所不能、大包大揽人类无穷无尽的需求，那么由于地球资源医乏、分配不均而引发的种种问题就不复存在了;人类于是就生活在休摸作品中的伊甸园里，我们为争夺有效资源所产生的种种纠纷变得毫无意义，进而还会导致人们与世无争、相安无事。这样一种情况下，又会出现另外一个问题:生活如此安逸舒适，我们人类还能欣欣向荣吗?不难想像，会出现一种自我否定的道德观，即要求我们从自身的长远利益出发，避免过度沉溺于外星人的服侍。’生活中常常见到这样一种情形:从家里到上班的地方只要走一会儿就到了，虽然人们也正需要走路这种运动，可一旦家里有车，就谁也抵档不住开车去上班的诱惑。诸如此类的例子还可举出一些。而这又似乎与人类最根本的道德利益不挂钩。

但是或许人们可以这么推测:那些能力高超、貌似人类的外星人很可能并不会因效劳于人类而获得莫大的快慰，而人们却指望他们所提供的是一种不折不扣、卑躬屈膝的服务。自然，还有一种与之截然相反的可能，那就是:外星人断然要奴役我们人类，或者是把人像牛一样好好养起来作为他们的美味佳肴。我们得好好想想这种谁也不愿意看到的可能性。这似乎有两种不同的形式:一种是这个人们议论的外星人确实刀枪不入，人们拿他毫无办法;另外一种是他们并非如此。当然，这只是一种简单的划分。显然，两种情形里不知还会有多少不同的各种可能。姑且一个一个地考虑一番吧。

“脆弱”一词如用在此处，所要表达的用意甚为差强人意，因为此词往往用于莱种事物受到伤害或损害的情况。但仍要进一步区别下面这两种情况:(1)通常的含义—遭到杀害、受伤、肢体功能受队等等情形;(2)特定的含义—指人们可以截住不给对方希望得到的种神受用及物品。这种差别具有重要意义，不难想像这样一种情况:某一种生物时另一种生物根东就谈不上施害(因为对方本身可说是刀枪不入、法力无边)，而他们对惟独只有我们人类所能给予的东西则情有独钟。浅而言之，外星人与人类的关系多少有点像人类男人和女人间的关系:两性当中，男人伤害女人、杀害女人等等情况，比女人反过来伤害男人、杀害男人的情况要多得多;但帷有女人能给予男人那种他们如有办法不肯将就的东西。因此，尽管现在“性别大战”方兴未艾，但男人与女人仍尽力密切为伴、和睦相处，甚至可说是男女两性关系的主要特点。人们不难看到，人与外星人的关系多少也是如此。倘若这样，人类与外星超人有望达成知睦相处、互惠互利的双边关系。

但如果人类在外星超人眼里就犹如蚂蚁在我们眼里一样，那又会怎样呢?假设外星人如此枝艺高超，我们人类在其衬托下就显得十分微不足道。那么也就会引.发两个这样的问题:其一，这是否可能;其二，如果可能，则又会有什么后果?我认为第二个问题回答起来还比较容易。二些哲学家可能倾向于这样论证:既然外星超人有义务在观念上把我们人类当做水来看侍，我们就应该改变习惯，对蚂蚁采取更友善的态度。2争议必然会朝另一端发展下去，虽然不会让我们感到舒服，但似乎更为合理:我们可以得出这样的结论，超人时我们不负任何责任。在他们眼里，我们地球人类顶多只不过是一些引发科学好奇心的物体，就像我们看待蚂蚁一样(且不计其阻挠价值)。坦率地说，我们从中充其量可找到的自我心理安慰又有多少!能否那样打比方来描绘外星人跟我们人类的关系真是一个有趣的问题。也许人们会认为，我们与蚂蚁的差别，不只是稍有不同，而是分属不同的种类，这就使得两者有着天壤之别。特别是，我们人类是一种具有意识，或准确地说，具有自我意识，并由此产生其他一切心理品质的生物;而蚂蚁，我们则设想根本就谈不上有什么内心感情生活及什么意识了。我们这么“设想”，但我们是否果真就了解呢?这就很难说了。就拿人类胚胎来说吧!胚胎是否有意识?某些人用脑电图测试之类的手段就断言胎儿是不具有意识的，甚至还证实了这一点。时此，我肯定是支持上述看法，但我这一看法并不是因为自己多么精通这些别出心裁的科学仪器设备所致。问题的症结就在于我确实无法回忆起自己还处在胎儿阶段时对事物是否留有任何记忆，而

那些我难以接受其观点的人也无法做到这一点。如果胎儿有意识，毫无疑问地也不至于在大脑中留下明显的记忆痕迹，而这就肯定无法充分证明胎儿具备意识的存在。但是说到蚂蚁，其问题显然与此不同。在某些奇妙细微的方面，它们的行为的确令人叹为观止，但要想像蚂蚁能按人一样思维办事，那我们发现这将会是毫无结果，一无所获。但是，这不同于我提出的胎儿意识试验，那么做肯定存在欠缺:我们努力想像蚂蚁的意识，却得不出任何有趣的结论，这一事实恰恰说明了我们的局限性，而不是蚂蚁的局限性。

还有可能，我们人类与这些微不足道的蚂蚁根本就无法“息息相通”。不管我们能否认定他们是否具有意识，但终归我们清楚地了解了他们的行为与局限，假设蚂蚁真的具有意识，假设蚂蚁的确聪明到知道如何修筑蚁象，当它们朝某方向排队前行时，众蚂蚁都规规矩矩排成队伍跟在蚁王后，这是因为蚂蚁一心想要跟随蚁王，领会自己在谋求共同福利中出力的举足轻重的作用。那么我们现在应该有所感触吧?是否以至于必然要赋予蚂蚁种种权力呢?实际上，我想人们不致如此。与其念念不忘地认定蚂蚁是具有意识、充满智慧的生灵，我们人类为何不对蚂蚁的“处世哲学”忽略不计呢?对于像蚂蚁一样乐于献身事业的人(除了短暂地进行科学观测)，难道我们不应该钦佩地多看几眼?这难道不是构建道德规范的元素? 我似乎的确可以想像到，外星超人完全有可能持有我们人类这种观点。那些人类自认为辉煌灿烂的文化、智慧、道德等等诸如此类的伟绩，对于外星人来说，简直是不足挂齿;而这并不是因为其智商和理解力的局限，而是相比之下，我们人类所取得的成就根本不足为奇。如果真是这样的话，我看我们就没有理由认为我们正在谈论的这种生物会张开羽翼(域的什么东西)来保护我们，赋予我们权利等等。

13.halloween party

美国和加拿大以及英伦诸岛都过万圣节，孩子们穿上各种服装，走家串户，索要礼物或戏弄别人。本文中，一位困惑的母亲写信给她认识的人，详细地描述了在她家举行的一次万圣节晚会。

一位我们认识的妇女给我们写来了下面这封信: 我十三岁的儿子要为一群男孩女孩举行万圣节化装舞会。当他无休止地谈论康特·德拉库拉装扮时，我便成了他的出资人。在过去的十年中，康特·德拉库拉似乎是最受欢迎的万圣节装扮—一个黑色绸缎康特·德拉库拉式斗篷(18.95美元)，康特·德拉库拉式撩牙(1.25美元)，面色苍白的小丑面具(2美元)，以及佐德牌舞台假血(2美元)。晚会的菜单包括炸鸡、意大利通心粉、可乐、色拉以及加橙汁或巧克力冰的杯式蛋糕(每份花费7美元)。招待客人和那些“不给礼物就捣蛋”的人所用的糖果是桔子和黑软胶豆粒糖、南瓜糖、玉米软糖、Tootsie ROlls糖、Raisinets糖、拟mond JOys糖、Nestl己Cruneh糖、Baby Ruths糖、Milky Ways 糖、Heide Jujyfruits糖、Pcanut Chews糖以及Craeke:Jaek。糖(全部开4肖为38.65美元)。我儿子还要八个直径为六英寸的小甜饼，上面还要有黑猫装饰(每份1.25美元);八个装满硬糖的塑料南瓜，每个南瓜顶端有一个抖动的塑料小铲(每个2.50美元);八个橙色的气球，吹起来像猫(每个85美分);八个橙色的有杰克灯面孔的棒棒糖(每个70美分);一张宽大的纸桌布，上面印有一个黑衣巫婆站在一口大黑锅上挥动铲子的图案(2.25美元);配套的餐巾(1.10美元);配套的纸杯(2美元);配套的纸盘(1.75美元);一个“万圣节快乐”的标语(4美元);一个跳舞的枯镂(3.99美元);一种叫做快乐铲的东西(4美元);一个传统的用真南瓜制作的杰克灯(加手工一共4美元)。全部的投资约181.59美元。制作杰克灯，清理厨房以及洗衣店的花费，共计35美元。感情和困惑方面的全部投资:无法确定。

我看着客人的到来。第一个，A，装扮成《星球大战》中的达斯·维达。B一扮作《星球大战》中的普克·斯卡沃克尔。C一像巨人哈克。I)一像个流浪者。E一像个鬼魅。F一像个女芭蕾舞演员。Gee穿着母亲的一件旧晚礼服，像贝蒂·米德勒。所有的人都处于一种极度狂欢的状态。A去拉C的衣服，G立刻开始向E扔南瓜糖。在去按邻居家门铃看看自己能得到什么礼物之前，他们给自己留了一个小时享受晚会。他们撕开炸鸡，大多数人只咬了几口，其他的就都浪费了。他们把软胶豆粒糖喷洒在炸鸡和面条上。他们挑挑拣拣地吃意式面条，莱单上有这个，因为我儿子说大家都喜欢面条。他们每次吃一条，而每吃一条就要掉一条到地板上。他业夕玉垫丝夔遍自逐丝通另二赴所谓_“必备食品”—他们喜欢咖啡因，永远也喝不够。‘ 这些八年级的孩子们，面无表情地看着别人，他们在谈些什么?他们在谈论他们的人生。他们在谈论上埃克塞特学校的事情。他们在谈论那鲁和那普法学院。他们在谈论如何上这所大学和如何上那所大学。他们在谈谁赚的钱多，是大通曼哈顿公司的总裁还是通用电气公司的总裁。没人谈论孩子们本该谈论的话题，没人谈论他们的现在以及该做些什么，没人谈论学习的事情，人人都显得老于世故。鱼，二全矮胖子男孩儿，总是试图打听班里其他孩子的成绩，他想鱼鱼习红丛丛丝全巫妙随问几他说的不仅仅是“公司法律顾问”，他一心想着成功。，他还告诉我儿子他要比他那在费城当公司鱼生鱼旦的叔叔赚更多的钱。接着，A又告诉我儿子他想上埃克塞特学校。为什么呢?“因为埃克塞特是通往哈佛的台阶，”他如此说。并不是因为埃克塞特所创造的奇迹而进入埃克塞特，而是因为它的名称对他今后有用。

B，嘴里塞满了糖，问了一个问题:“你想成为大池塘里的小鱼还是想成为小池塘里的大鱼?”

这些谈话与教育有什么关系?为什么不谈谈学习代数的乐趣?为什么不谈谈优秀的语法老师告诉你们如何辫认独立分词?为什么不谈谈你们的法语老师是如何教你们说连巴黎人都要为之惊叹的地道法语呢?我想问他们几个问题，但我还是没有开口。

现在，A在说他的母亲带他去攀岩了，因为攀岩运动是一项令人难以忘怀的活动，足以让他作为“兴趣爱好”填在申请埃克塞特学校的申请表上。

“但是你讨厌攀岩!”D说，他喜欢恶作剧，穿着流浪者的衣服却带着一副天使的面孔。“你讨厌娜动你的屁股，”D接着说。

对了，还有谁在这儿?C带着巨人哈克的面具。C是这群人当中的运动员。从两岁起，他就开始接受训练，学习一毛不拔的决窍。他很小心，很吝啬，绝对不会出于.‘仁爱之心而行善。

他也想成为公司法律顾问;B和D也一样。女孩儿们，尽管装扮成芭蓄舞演员和贝蒂·米德勒，却也想成为大公司的老总。她们都很轻松，充分意识到了妇女解放运动给她们带来的一切。还有E，那个打扮成鬼的孩子，也是帷一装扮朴素，仅用床单作服装的孩子。正在与B谈话的A 指出，E不必担心服装，因为他有钱，而且非常有钱。他的祖父住在得克萨斯州，而且还有一口真正的油井—不是新开发的而是那种时代久远而且产童很高的油井。E想成为电影导演，他向此刻想成为演员的我的儿子许诺，让我儿子扮演他第一部电影里的主角，他们是好朋友。他们都对那些想成为公司律师的人表示怀疑。

他们还说了些什么?他们仍在谈论埃克塞特学校。很明显，A被埃克塞特学校迷住了— 就是他把话题又扯回来了。

“他们要你写一封‘私人信件’给他们，”这个好事者说，“他们说，‘这封信应该尽可能地代表你自己。’但当他们辫认你所申请的目录时，你所要做的就是再告诉他们一次。”

C最后说话，“方法就是你得分析出老师到底要什么然后就把他所希望得到的交给他。”

D朝A喷了一口可乐，而这个未来的律师则站起来朝门口走去。就像打劫一样，这些孩子们把桔子、黑胶豆软糖、玉米糖、甜饼、会动的小铲、气球、杰克灯的棒棒糖以及所有其他的东西，统统塞进了他们的大袋子。他们特别大声片我说谢谢。女孩儿们在后面慢慢地跟着，会意地相互微笑着。E和我儿子跑上去赶上了他们。他们也慷慨地感谢了我。他们都走了，穿着他们的伪装去做“不给礼物就捣蛋”的游戏。留下我一个人来琢磨这一切究竟是怎么回事。

—选自《当代美国散文》，Maureen Howard编辑，Pengijin技力k公司1985年出版 4.“New Year’s Day”

? 本文节选自小说《豆树》(1988)，以第一人称“我”的口吻描述了和朋友到亚利桑纳州图森山谷的一次旅行以及在那里得到的许多惊喜。文中的“我”—泰勒·格利尔，肯塔基人，对亚利桑纳还很陌生。麦迪是她的雇主，但在这次旅行中充当她的向导。

? 下午三点时，所有的蝉一下子就停止了鸣叫，四周一片令人耳龚的寂静。大约四.点钟时，我们听到了雷声。麦迪把挂在窗户上的那块“关门”的牌子翻过来说，“来吧，我让你闻闻雷雨的味道。”她想叫艾斯拍拉扎一起去，奇怪的是她居然同意了。我上楼打电话给艾德娜和帕森夫人，告诉她们我要晚一点回去，其实我穿过公园就能喊到她们。艾德娜说没关系，孩子们没问题。于是我们就准备出发。就在出发前的最后一刻，埃斯特文说他也能去，因为不必上晚班一餐馆为不期而至的家庭聚会而歇业。我们都挤进麦迪卡车的驾驶室里，艾斯角拉扎坐在埃斯特文的腿上，我却跨坐在变速杆上。我们三个都不知道要去哪儿也不知道为什么要去那儿。天空中闪着光，我仿佛觉得和命运有个秘密的约会，就像听到关于克里斯托弗·里夫的悲剧命运的传闻一般。麦迪说对于印第安人来说，今天是他们的新年。这些印第安人在图森人到来之前一直生活在这沙漠里。

“什么?七月十二日?”我问，—那天正是十二号。但麦迪说也不一定就是七月十二号，实际上他们庆祝的是夏季第一场雨。从这一天起新年便开始了。她说:一切都从这一天开始，他们种植庄稼，孩子们光着屁股在水坑里戏耍，母亲们在洗衣服毯子以及所有的东西，他们畅饮仙人掌果酒直到快乐地醉倒。当干旱结束时，动物和植物也复活了。

“你会明白的，”麦迪说，“你也会有同样的感受。”

麦迪驾车驶上一条碎石路。我们在干涸的河床上颠簸前行，河床上铺满被太阳烤灼得变了色的鹅卵石，然后驶上了一片高地，此处离城大约一英里。下车后，我们在灌木中择路而行，来到小山顶上满是牧豆树的小树林附近。位于我们与城区之间倾斜的沙漠平原，就像伸给算命人看的手掌一样，有小山、小丘、还有像生命线和爱情线一样的干涸的河床。

一场暴风雨从南边缓缓而来，就像上帝洒下的巨幅蓝灰色幕帘一样，你几乎无法透过它看到另一边的群山轮廓。闪电时不时地在山顶和乌云之间跳跃。忽然，身后冷风骤起，牧豆树的刹也发出阵阵颤抖。快乐的鸟儿们掠过地面、栖息在纤细的、被风吹得频频摇免的草茎上。

沙澳最令我惊奇的是它所拥有的生命。我是个乡下人，来到亚利桑那希望看到的是无边无际的沙丘。我对沙漠的认识来自老西部人的叙述和奎克德洛·麦克戈洛的卡通片。但这个沙漠一点儿都不像我所知道的那样。这里就和其他地方一样，到处是灌木丛和杂草，只是颜色有所不同，并且一切有生命的东西都长有棘刺。

麦迪告诉我们这些植物的名称，但这些外语词汇从我耳朵里左边进右边出，记不住几个。树形仙人掌是最大的棘刺类植物，和普通的树一样高却很细，而且你总会觉得它们居高临下。每年此时，这些仙人掌的顶端周围都会挂满鲜红的果实，像咧开了嘴一般。蔓仙人掌则是一簇簇从地里钻出来的枯死般的带刺茎梗，每一株顶上都有一串像火焰般闪耀的橙黄色花蕾。

2而我却觉得它们像地狱里燃烧的蜡烛。

麦迪说那些看上去像是死了的东西实际上只是处于休眠状态，一旦雨季到来，它们就会发芽生长。她说，一切发生得那么迅速，你简直可以亲眼目睹。

暴风雨来临了，那蓝灰色的幕帘霎时被撕成几百块碎片，于是，雨就从高高的云端落下来，到处生起了一缕缕灰色的云烟，像聚在城市上空的五六十堆火焰一般，那高耸的，滚滚浓烟似的水柱倾盆而下。如果你走近一些，可以看到雨并非总是落到地面上的，天上落下的四分之三的雨水在干燥的空气中消失得无影无踪。

云层中透出太阳的光线，就像麦迪死去的丈夫的一份杂志上的封面所印的圣灵的光芒。闪电击中了附近的某个地方，雷声则把我和艾斯角拉扎吓得跳起来。其实雷声没有那么近，真的，根据麦迪的判断雷声离我们大约有两英里远。她计算了闪电和雷声之间的间隔，告诉我们五秒钟的间隔就相当于一英里的距离。

一片雨云正朝我们移过来，大滴的雨水溅落在地上，接着我们听到了像石子儿敲在窗户上一样的声音。大雨来势凶猛。刚才还是干衣服，现在已被抓泼大雨淋透了，当湿透的衣服还贴在身上时雨已经到了另一边。四个人跳起来大口喘着气，突如其来的寒冷几乎使我们窒息了。麦迪大声地数着闪电和霹雳声:六，七，轰!埃斯特文和艾斯角拉扎跳起舞来，后来又和我跳，胳膊下夹了一块手帕，一会儿又拿着在空中挥舞—那舞姿在雷电声伴奏下如此美妙迷人。我记得曾有一次我们两几乎是赤着身子一起跳进了结冰的溪流里，那好像是很久以前的事情了，那是多么天真啊!在许多人当中，我是那么疯狂地爱上了他。我情不自禁地笑起来，从没有感到这么快乐。

这就是我们闻到的雨的气息。它是如此强烈，感觉上已经远远超过了一种味道。当我们伸开双手时能真切地感受到从地面上升的气味。不知是否曾有人描述过那样的场景。这气味一点也不酸，也不甜，更不像花香。“刺鼻”是埃斯特文时它的形容。我说是‘。干净’，在我看来，它就像一块儿极干净的、被擦洗过了的松木地板。

麦迪解释说这种气味是由黑肉叶刺茎藤灌木生成的，这种灌木下雨时会释放某种化学物质。我问她是否有人曾想过用瓶子来装这些美妙的气味。她回答说没有，但是如果留.。锅话，在城里也能闻到它的气味。那样你就能分辫出城里什么地方在下雨。

我想知道这种气味是否真的这么好，或者说是否这仅仅是我们的感受而已。因为它的意义就是如此。太阳落山后，我们回到了卡车上。天边的云朵变成了粉红色，接着又变成了血红色，然后突然间天就黑了。很走运，麦迪患过夜盲症，所以带了手电筒。夜晚充满了各种各样的声音 —鸟儿的叫声，猫头鹰发颇的叫声，以及有点像绵羊洋洋的叫声，不过却比这呼洋声要响得多。这些声音在很远的地方此起彼伏，而我们却被脚下的回声吓了一跳。麦迪告诉我们说是幼足蟾。发出声音的那个东西不到四分之一英尺长。除了看到过的弹以外，我从不相信有这么小的东西。

“蟾玲是怎样来到沙漠腹地的?”我想知道。“亚利桑那州有很多蟾玲吗?”

“它们一直在这儿，聪明的小东西，在地里打洞，就像其他生物一样，一直等到死寂般的早手结束才出来，雨水水临时，它们才苏醒过来，爬出洞穴开始欢叫。‘

我很惊讶，这儿有无数动物能够将自己藏匿起来，等待时机再出洞，它们就在你认为你倪够看到的地方。

“呀，”我说，仿佛是藏在我脚边的哪只小动物发出的尖叫声。

“只有两件事值得发出这样的声音:死亡和求欢，”埃斯特文说。今晚他有些坏主意。直月此刻我才想起几天前的晚上做过一个关于他的梦，一个很详细的梦。我顿时觉得面红耳赤，幸好暮色昏昏，没人看见。我们循着麦迪的声音跟着队伍，很小心不被黑暗中的棘刺挂住。

“对蟋蛤来说，两者是一回事，非此即彼。”麦迪这样说。“这样的天气千载难逢，它们.抓紧时间。我们可能会一连几个星期不再下雨。到了早晨，每个水坑里都会有卵。两天或不到两天的时间，就可以看到小料抖。在水坑干涸以前，它们就已长出腿来，跳到较高的路面上去。”

我们排成一排跟在麦迪身后，黑暗中相互拉着潮湿的衣服或是牵着手。突然，艾斯角拉扎的手紧紧地抓住了我的手腕，手电筒的光照到一条蛇，它就在眼前，它那强健的身体绕在一根光滑的树干上。

“最好退后点，那是一条响尾蛇。”麦迪镇静地说。她用手电筒顺着蛇身照到头，照出尾巴上的球形物，看上去像个干净的易碎的玻璃珠。响尾蛇保持着向上的姿势一动不动。

“我不知道蛇可以爬树，”我说。

“当然会，是去找鸟蛋的。”

我喉咙里发出轻微的声音。我不是真的害怕，但看见一条蛇之类的东西，会使你的胃发紧，无论你如何感受它。

“公平地说，”当我们走过树旁的一条宽道时，麦迪指出，“动物和人一样都得填饱肚子。”

—选自《豆树》

15.圣瓦伦丁节的时尚里·爱瑞克·舒密特

? 尽管英国的许多圣徒节日在美国都被遗忘了，圣瓦伦丁节依旧是一个最受欢迎的节日。美国人是怎样喜欢上圣瓦伦丁节的?历史学家舒密特在下文中讲述了它的秘密。

19世纪40年代，圣瓦伦丁节在美国还不是一个很流行的节日。华盛顿的生日在2月，是美国革命重要的纪念日，而古老的圣瓦伦丁节无论在地位上还是在重要性上都比它逊色多了。垮越大西洋，从英国来到美国，大多数的英国圣徒节日已渐渐淡出人们的记忆，比如人们曾纪念过的那些忠实的信徒们、杰出的民间先知者、慈善家们，比如圣·阿格纳、圣·安娜、圣·菲斯、圣·西蒙以及圣·托马斯，所以人们有理由认为圣瓦伦丁节会像其他许多纪念日一样淡出人们的记忆。由于受到工业社会和新教的时间观念的严格制约，和其他许多散布于中世纪和早期现代日历中的圣徒日一样，圣瓦伦丁节似乎注定是要毯废止的。’新兴美国的年历不会像早期现代英国的年历一样列满教堂的圣徒纪念日行会仪式或王室纪念日，但却可能是独具特色的节日大拼盘，比如共和国庆典，各国移民的不同节日，福音派教会的复活节以及安息日等。和圣过自特里克日，样，圣瓦伦丁日最终被证明是个例外;但与圣·帕特里克日不同的是，创造并赴领圣瓦伦丁节在美国复兴的是商业而不是种族特点。2当然有关圣瓦伦丁日的民间信仰在早期的美国也得以长久地保存下来了，例如在历书上就经常标出这个节日，有时还附上一两首关于节日的韵律诗。一些代表性的传统意象也流传下来，1811年新泽西的柏林顿出版了一本圣瓦伦丁节的诗集，它唤起人们种种联想，如传统的乔臾式浪漫的求爱方式，美丽的春天，还有那些亲嘴的鸟儿，比如:知更鸟，黑鸟，鹤鹤，站在篱笆上的麻雀，欧掠鸟(燕八哥)，以及铿鸟等等，“它们在这节日里成群结队，在晨曦中发出腼腆的求爱宣言”。然而，在19世纪最初的几十年里，报刊几乎很少提到圣瓦伦丁节，而那些评论这个节日的作家们只把它当做几乎是独特的英国人的仪式，它只在伦敦特别流行而在美国却没有明显的吸引力和兴趣。小说家塞缪尔·伍德沃斯是美国最早的编年史作者之一，1832年曾指出:‘，2月14日英国人互送圣瓦伦丁节贺卡，通过抓阉来确定丈夫和配偶的习俗，美国人从未有过很多的尝试，而且现在也不了解。”1858年，《哈勃周刊》报道说，在1840年左右商人们首次寄出印有他们瓦伦丁节产品样品的“旅游代理”的信封，这些推销商们实际上“在大多数情况下是被迫而为，并解释说，这样做是为了使用特别的书信和记录他们所准备的特别销售季节。”19世纪4(j年代以前，这个节日在美国流行文化里无足轻重，不为人关注。

19世纪40年代和50年代，这个节日的命运发生了戏剧性的变化。“几年前，我们看到欧洲人庆祝这个节日的报道，而在这里却没有它的讯息。”《费城公共文摘》1845年评论道，“现在情况发生了变化，圣瓦伦丁节的书信，以及心形节日标志等都被引入。特别在纽约，这种半严肃、半滑稽的求爱方式，花言巧语的爱情宣言，今天都写在纸上，通过邮局来传递。成千上万封这样的信件被寄出„„即使在一向严肃的费城，圣瓦伦丁节也为人们所推崇。”《费城公共文摘》在这个节日的欢欣鼓舞里看到了希望。怀着对恢复失传的民间传统和节庆的极度渴望，报纸高度赞扬这种复古的行为。“我们已经变得很通达了，所有古老的节日或圣日或纪念日几乎都从日历上被抹掉了„„我们太过于算计了。”这个国家所需要的是“多一点灵魂的洗练，少一点脑力劳动”，是留出更多的时间来“释旦三兰感，是找到更多的机会抛开“公务的操劳

和忧虑”，复苏的圣瓦伦丁节一丁一个允许异想天开和放纵的休息日—正好顺应了这种需圣止这个古老的节日的复兴其实是个莫大的讽刺，人们将商业观念注入其中，却推进了这个 “祝福日”的罗曼蒂克情调的复苏。

正是瓦伦丁贺卡使得圣瓦伦丁节在纽约和费城以及更大的范围内成为时尚。在这一潮流中，美国人最初是向伦敦寻找灵感，到19世纪末，印刷商和出版商们开发了瓦伦丁贺卡的商业市场。19世纪20年代中期时，在伦敦瓦伦丁节日卡的年发行量是20万;19世纪40年代末，据报道，年交易量已经翻倍;到1867年时，仅城市中的销售额就已经达到了100万。1843年，一位作家在《波士顿晚报》发表文章，他遗憾地写道，瓦伦丁节贺卡的商机在英国迅速繁荣，美国人对此“只是一知半解，恐怕由于这种误解，山姆大叔已经被骗走了一份本该得到的合法的财政收入。”在圣瓦伦丁节的最初发展上，美国会司对英国的进口和技术，比如花边纸产品，非常放心，而且经常吹嘘说他们进口的是伦敦所提供的最好的生产线。到了 1848年，费城的一家大公司就能自信地宣称“这些美观大方的、充满古典韵味的吐露心声的卡片”“在大西洋的这边”正变得“和那边一样流行l，5。那时，至少有11家美国企业开始生产他们自己的瓦伦丁节日贺卡了，无数家商店在零售这些英国和美国的产品;小贩们和旅行社把这些节日礼品带到乡村和城镇。

美国人对这种英国时尚的兴趣，实际上是在19世纪40年代兴起的。一位那鲁的学生指出这种对瓦伦丁节的“普遍的狂热”早在1842年就已经开始了，尽管他自己曾试图在这种喧嚣面前保持冷静。他听说，“1000张卡片”已经通过当地邮局寄出了。有人估计1843年通过纽约邮局发送的瓦伦丁贺卡数量达到了巧(X)0张;次年，这个数字达到了20000张;到1847年，估计已达到30000张。同样，在波士顿，1847年，仅一家快递公司就报告说已投递了8000张此类的贺卡。由于无法提供费城的任何一家公司所投递的瓦伦丁时尚卡的估计数字，《公共文摘》似乎对这种急剧增长的喧闹给叮呆了:“有如此多的通过邮局和快递公司传送的邮件，要查明昨天投递的数量是完全不可能的。据说，投递数远远超过了去年。我们亲眼看到一个邮递员费劲地搬动一个巨大的装满了信件的购物篮，我们也听说布拉德快递公司用手推车投递邮件。”尽管这种狂热在随后的十年里不可避免地冷却下来了，但一种全新的深入人心的问候语赞美语和俏皮话却保存T下来。19世纪40年代到60年代之间，交换瓦伦丁卡已成为一种历久不衰的风俗。

在弄懂了瓦伦丁节是一种商品以后，新的庆祝仪式就以商业为媒介广泛地推广起来。由于这个节日的复活，瓦伦丁这个词本身的意义也在19世纪中期发生了变化。这个词最早的现代意义关注个人或一种关系。也就是说，人们用抽签的方式来确定此刻谁是自己的瓦伦丁(情人)，或指自己的亲密爱人或未婚妻(夫)。与此相比，19世纪时这个词主要是指人们可以去商店购买的用来交换的物品—精美的花边信纸和带有彩色石印的信纸。简而言之，瓦伦丁节成了一种商业产品，一件像任何其他商品一样可出售的商品，供人消费。其词源正表明了这个词的根本变化。

为什么偷牛贼总是赢不了亨利·格莱格·菲尔森

? 一个偷牛贼，在一个错误的时间偷了一大群牛，从此使自己陷入了窘迫的困境:他既不能卖掉它们，也不能遗弃它们。最终，他不得不在当地的一所学校里担任训导员，工作二十年来偿还他为了喂养那群牛所借的贷款。有趣的是，他竟然成了学校里最尽职· 的、最棒的训导员，虽然他这样做别有用心。

? 银行家们非常富有，偷牛喊却很穷，因为是由银行家读《东部商报》给偷牛绒听。偷牛贼 —卷毛仔孟塔哥的故事可以很好地说明这一点。

卷毛仔孟塔哥就是一个彻头彻尾的坏蛋:他不是偷别人的牛，就是偷别人的马;不是抢银行，就是打劫释站马车。丝孟直三蟹发皿，_尸肚子坏水外加诡计多端都比不上受过良好的教育管用。’

这一点是有一次当卷毛仔正在得克萨斯州闲逛，寻找可偷的东西时明白的。骑马越过一座小山丘，突然，他发现自己身边有一大群肥牛，大约两百来头。

他扳上扳机，四处搜寻着应该在此看守肥美牛群的牛仔。然而，找不见牛仔。哈!一个偷牛碱最美的梦就要实现了。

卷毛仔查看了一下牛身上的烙印，仅仅是简单的一O标记。他却下自己的烙铁，生了一堆火，很快，两百头牛身上的一0就变成了+Q。卷毛仔赶着他的新牛群，朝得克萨斯州的挞科镇出发，那是铁璐上的一个装运站点。

卷毛仔抵达挞科镇后，将牛群赶进铁道上的畜栏内，然后沿着街道去找当地的买主。他看见一栋楼前，挂着好大的招牌:挞科国际银行，塞思，斯利密西先生，行长及经营者。收购菜牛。

卷毛仔跳下马，挎上枪，走了进去。

进银行却不抢钱，对于卷毛仔来说，这可是破天荒第一回，所以他有点局促不安。2“我刚赶来两百头牛，”他对银行家说，“我想卖掉它们。”

银行家摇了摇头，“小伙子，对不起，我现在可不想收牛，牛价降到了最低点。呵，买进的话.运费都比养着它们的饲料费还贵。看看我的这份纽约金融报，上面都登了些什么吧。”

卷毛仔膘了一眼报纸，但是他看到的全是一行行字首的大写字母和分数，眼睛都花了。“好了，”他说，“既然报上这样说，我想那就是吧。”

“小伙子，给你提点建议，”银行家说，“把牛赶回去，圈在农场养着等牛价上涨。”·

既然牛不值钱，卷毛仔决定让它们从哪儿来回哪儿去，以免影响自己赶路。可是，到达城镇边界时，他碰上了县治安官和他的民防团。“上哪儿去啊，我的牛仔?”治安官问道。

“我急着赶回家，看望我七年未见的老爹老娘呢。”卷毛仔答道，“这可没违法，你说是 “巴?”

“是没违法，”治安官回道，“只要你别落下那二百头牛，就没有违法。在得克萨斯的这一片儿，遗弃牛群可是不轻的罪名!”

“长官，”卷毛仔说，“我正打算将那群肥牛送给你忠实的部下呢。”

“精明鬼，我的牛仔，”治安官说，“你不会打算将你的重担却到我们肩上吧?这里的每个人都有自己喂不饱的牛群。”

好了，卷毛仔只得回到铁道畜栏，赶着他的牛群出城。他想将它们赶到牧场，然后自己开溜，但是他找不到机会。治安官的一部分人马，一直跟着他。而且每一个牧场，都有全副武装的牛仔，时刻准备着向他射击，如果他真想将牛群遗弃在他们的领地。

这样过了两三天，最后，卷毛仔实在受不了了。

“得了，得了，长官，”他说，“你赢了，我投降，我认罪。”

“认什么罪?”治安官问道。

“我承认这群牛是我偷的(，”

治安官盯着卷毛仔，大笑起来，“这是我一辈子听过的最大的谎言!”他大叫道，“运一头牛一英镑一便士，而喂一头牛一英镑两便士，你竟然说你偷了牛!孩子，你娘没教你不要对治安官撒谎吗?”

回到镇上，卷毛仔把牛又圈到铁道畜栏里，花掉了他的最后一个子儿买饲料。然后，他拖着疲惫的身子，爬到床上睡觉。

半夜，他起床穿上靴子，带上枪，穿过街道去抢银行。太容易了!民防团正在监视着出城的路，以防他逃跑。所以，当他倒空保险拒，携款回到旅店时，没人管他。

下一步怎么办?卷毛仔决定花钱为他的牛群办理去堪萨斯州的通行证。一旦脱手，他就自由了，说不定还能赚几个钱。

第二天早上，卷毛仔去吃早餐时，治安官正等着他呢。“小伙子，”治安官说，“今儿个早上我看了看你的牛群，它们正饿着呢。”

“我正准备上午去买饲料，”卷毛仔答道。

“是吗?”治安官说，“昨天我看到你花掉了最后一美元，当时我就在想你用什么来换钱。今天早上这个镇上帷一的有钱人，就是昨天晚上抢银行的那个家伙。如果我们逮住他，一半的人想毙了他，另一半人想绞死他。”

得了，卷毛仔是个倒霉蛋，他有钱却不能花。另外，他的肥牛正日渐消瘦。

“为什么不去向银行家货牲畜饲料和给水款呢?”治安官建议道，“塞思·斯利密西无夕_懂畜牧之道，他自己也有农场—一O标记的农场。

“从银行借钱?”卷毛仔确实惊呆了。

“为了可怜的牛群，这是你帷一的办法。”

有生以来第二次，卷毛仔没有戴头革踏进银行。塞思·斯利密西先生听得挺认真，却不能提供帮助。他非常乐意提供货款，但是他的银行被抢了，没钱可贷。于是，当天晚上，卷毛仔只好将钱放回银行，这样他就能再将它们借出来。

第二天，虽说钱又重新回到了银行，塞思·斯利密西先生却并不急着货款—尽管他知道，卷毛仔也知道，牛群就是从他那儿偷走的。“但是，小伙子，我欣赏你，”银行家斯利密西说道，“很幸运我经营着饲料店，我打算让你在我的店里赊账喂养你的牛群，你直接跟饲料店货款就是了。什么时候你卖了牛，就什么时候用你挣的钱还我，剩下的你就先欠着吧。”

“我们将考虑把牛群算作动产，”银行家斯利密西先生继续说道，“我会一直记着你的账，我甚至会以复利来计算你的利息，一天百分之十。”

“我万分感谢，”卷毛仔说道。他在银行家给他的文件上签了字，当然，毫无疑问，他有了他的牛群所需要的全部饲料。

后禾，有一天，塞思·斯利密西先生在畜栏处拜访了卷毛仔，看见牛群长得很壮实。“小伙子，”斯利密西先生说，“喂牛的饲料已经花掉了你五百美元。你喂的时间越长，欠我的债越多，如今我再也不能给你付账了。不过，如果你把牛给我，就由我来承担这笔费用。你欠我的就仅仅是饲料和货款的利息。”

“你真这样想吗?”卷毛仔问，“你是说我可以把牛群还给你?”

“小伙子，我欣赏你，”斯利密西答道，“现在只要你愿意在这份文件上签字„„”，’我一弄到五百美元，就还清你的钱，”卷毛仔说道。

“五百美元只是货的款，”塞思·斯利密西先生很和气地说道，“我想加上利息已经到了叁仟柒佰零捌分，我今天还只算你半天的利息。”

卷毛仔还没来得及回话，就听到雷鸣般的声音，是一大群牛从四面八方奔向挞科镇。“出什么事了?”卷毛仔问斯利密西，“怎么每个人都赶着牛群?”

“是因为我的《东部商报》上发布的新消息，”银行家斯利密西先生说，“牛市又变了，这个星期在堪萨斯城，一百磅的牛他们付五十美元。”

“那么，我的牛现在值五万美元了!”卷毛仔说道。

“峨，不，”塞思·斯利密西先生说，“是我的牛。”

唉，卷毛仔拖着沉重的脚步回到旅店，他大概是得克萨斯州有史以来最伤心、最绝望的偷生丛工尘他归拢他所有的马具，准备出城去，但再一次被治安官档住了。“小伙子，”治安官说，“如果在你的账还清之前就被绞死的话，银行家斯利密西先生会很难过的。我这儿有个本份的工作，你可以用来还清你的债，我决定派你出任学校的训导员。”

尽管有些人对卷毛仔能否在这个岗位上干下去持怀疑态度，但事实证明他们错了。卷毛仔成了挞科镇有史以来最棒的训导员，他的薪水也加了，再干二十年他就可以还清债务了鱼二

没人明白他为什么对工作如此认真，直到有一天学校的一位老师问到他这个问题。

“夫人，”卷毛仔答道，“我要确保这些孩子呆在学校，确保发生在我身上的事绝不在他们身上重演。夫人，即使这些卑戏、粗莽的孩子长大后成了罪犯，他们也是受过教育的罪犯。而且，他们再也不会蒙受被老实人欺骗的奇耻大辱。’

17．安德兽斯先生

爱德华·摩根·福斯特

?两个游魂被接纳进入天堂，但是，天堂却让他们倍感惊讶和失望:那里的神自私卑贱，天堂也不能使他们达到永恒的境界。因此，他们决定离开天堂，重返万物之灵的怀抱，这就是福斯特所认为的人类历史的体现。福斯特借助他对宇宙的释义，表达了自己对于宗教、个人主义、友谊和集体进步的看法。

死人的游魂朝命运之审判席和天堂之门飘去。就像大气挤压上升的气池一样，万物之灵从各个方向挤压着他们，努力征服他们，要撕开他们单薄的人格外衣，要把他们的品德与自己的鱼兰二玉三但是他们杭拒着，仍惦记着自己在尘世辉煌的一生，盼望着来世。

他们当中有一位安德鲁斯先生的游魂，度过了积德行善、正直诚实的一生，安德普斯先生最近刚刚在城里的住所去世。虽然他非常谦卑地迎接着将要到来的审判，但审判结果是不容置疑的，因为他明白自己一生善良、诚实、虔诚。上帝不再是满怀猜忌之心的上帝，只要希望得到灵魂的拯救，他不会拒绝超度亡灵。一颖正直的心能意识到自己的正直，安德鲁斯先生意识到了自己的正直。

“路真远啊，”一个声音说道，“但愉快的谈话使路途缩短。我们可以一起走吗?”

“非常乐意。”安德普斯先生答道。他伸出手来，两个游魂一起往上飘去。

“我是在与异教徒的斗争中被杀死的，”那个游魂兴高采烈地说，“我将径直到达穆罕双德所说的极乐世界。”

“你不是基督教徒?”安德鲁斯先生严肃地问道。

“不，我是基督教徒。但你肯定是穆斯林教徒，对吧?”

“不，我信仰基督教。”安德普斯先生说。

两个游魂静静地向上飘浮，手紧紧地拽在一起。“我是广教派的，”他轻轻地加了一句，“广”字却奇怪地颤抖了一下。

“谈谈你的经历吧，”最后土耳其人说道。

“我出生于一个体面的中产阶层家庭，毕业于英国温彻斯特大学和牛津大学。我曾想当一名传教士，没想到英国贸委会给我提供了一个职位，我接受T。三十二岁结的婚，有四个孩子，两个已经死了，我的妻子还活着。如果再活几年，我应该会被封为爵士。”

“好，我说说我的情况。我从来不知道父亲是谁，母亲从未提及。我是在萨洛尼卡贫民窟长大的，然后加入帮派，我们洗劫异教徒的村庄。后来我就发达了，娶了三个老婆，她们都比我命长。如果再活几年，我应该会拉起自己的帮派。”

“我的一个儿子就是在马其顿被杀害的，说不定就是你干的。”

“很有可能。”

两个游魂手牵着手飘向上方。安德香斯先生不再说话，对于即将到来的悲剧，他心里非常惧怕。这个人，如此那恶，如此目无法纪，如此凶残，如此贪欲好色，竟然相信他会被容许进入天堂。进入一个什么样的天堂—一个粗俗的尘世流氓寻欢作乐的地方!可是，安德普斯先生既不觉得嫌恶，也不觉得愤慨。他惟一的感觉就是无限的同情，完全忘了自己的种种关德。2他渴盼着去拯救他，他将他的手握得更紧了，而他觉得，那人将自己的手也越握越紧。抵达天堂之门时，他没有如先前自己所想的那样问“我可以进去吗?”而是大声叫道:“难道他不能进来吗?’’

就在那时，他听到土耳其人也那样喊道，他俩的心里是一样的。入口处一个声音回答道:“都可以进来。”他俩很高兴，相拥着往前走。

那个声音又问道:“进去时想穿什么样的衣服?”

“穿我最好的衣服，”土耳其人大声吼道:“那套我偷来的衣服。”接着，他戴上一条华丽的鱼丛主纽匕j丝遨清丝绒的马甲和肥大的裤子，还系上一条别着烟斗、手枪和短刀的腰带。，“你进去时穿什么衣服?”那个声音问安德鲁斯先生。、安德鲁斯先生想起他最好的衣服，但是他没有再穿一次的欲望了。最后，他记起什么来，便说道:“长袍。”

“什么颜色和式样?”那个声音问他。’

安德鲁斯先生从未过多考虑这类事情，他扰豫地答道“:白色，我想，比较轻柔、飘逸的料子。”很快，就给他拿来了他所描述的衣服。“我穿上它合适吗?”

“穿上它，只要你高兴。”那个声音答道，“还想要什么?”

“竖琴，”安德鲁斯先生提出来。“一把小的。”

一把金制的小竖琴放到了他的手上。

“再要一片棕桐叶—不，我不能要棕桐叶，它是给予殉教者的奖赏;我的一生安宁而幸福。”

“你可以拥有一片棕祠叶，只要你想。”

但是，安德鲁斯先生谢绝了棕相叶，匆忙穿上了长袍，跟在土耳其人身后，他已经进入T 天堂。当他穿过那敞开的大门，有个穿着打扮像他一样的人从大门出来，带着绝望的表情。

“他为什么不高兴?”安德鲁斯先生问道。

那个声音没有回答。

“那些坐在王座上和山间的人是谁?为什么有些看上去那么可怕，那么伤心，那么丑陋?”

没人回答。安德鲁斯先生走了进去，发现那些坐着的雕像正是凡间所供奉的神。每一座神前都有一群游魂围坐着，在唱赞美歌。可是神充耳不闻，因为他们正在聆听活人的祈祷，只有活人的祈祷才能给他们营养。有时候，一种信仰会变得衰弱，日常的香火就不旺，该信仰所供奉的神也会随之变得姜靡、虚弱、衰败。有时候，因为一场宗教复兴运动，或一次隆重的宗教纪念仪式，或者其他原因，一种信仰会变得强大，该信仰所供奉的神也会变得强大。而且，更亘竺垫壑壑丝红迪途二业煊迎有了变化，该信仰所供奉之神的外貌特征也会随之改变，变得型丝丝址丛全勺鲤递血应巴卫红卫巡业生壑幽有时候，一个神会分化成两个，三个，或者更多，而分离出来的每个神都有自己的宗教礼仪和不稳定的祈祷供奉者。

安德鲁斯先生见到了佛陀、毗湿奴、阿拉、耳卜和华，还有埃洛希姆;也见到了小小的、丑陋的、表情毅然的神，照样有一小群野人供奉着他;还见到了新异教徒的宙斯高大而模糊的轮廊。有残暴的神、粗鲁的神、受难的神，更糟糕的是，还有坏脾气的神、狡作的神和下流的神。人类的愿望都能得到满足，甚至还有一种游离于中间的状态，正如那些基督教精神疗法者所祈盼的，这种状态可以表明他们还未死亡。

安德鲁斯先生弹了一会儿竖琴，徒劳地找寻着游魂朋友。尽管游魂不断地涌进天堂，天堂看上去依然是空荡荡的。尽管他的愿望都已经实现，他却没有一种极大的幸福感，没有对美的

神秘冥想，没有与善合而为一的玄妙感受。有什么能与那个时刻相比，当他立在天堂之门时，祈祷那位土耳其人能进去，而同时他也听见土耳其人为他所作的同样的祈祷?最终他还是找到了自己的伙伴，他向他发出人类的欢呼。

土耳其人坐在那儿沉思，可兰经里所承诺的七个处女围坐在他身边。

‘峨，我亲爱的朋友!”他大声叫道。“快来，我们永不分离，我能享受的这些，你也能享用。我其他的朋友上哪儿去T?那些我爱的人和我杀掉的人在哪儿?’’

“我也是只找到了你。”安德鲁斯先生说道。他坐在土耳其人旁边，那些长得几乎一摸一样的处女，乌黑的眼珠向他抛着媚眼。

“虽然我想要的都有了，”土耳其人说，“但我不觉得非常幸福。没有什么能与那时相比味当我站在天堂门口时，听到你和我一样的祈祷。尽管这些处女长得漂亮，跟我所想的一样，我还是希望她们更美一点。”

正如他希望的，那些处女外表变得更丰满了，眼睛更黑更大了。而安德鲁斯先生，因为类似的愿望，他的长袍变得更洁白、轻柔了，他的竖琴闪闪发光。在天堂，他们的渴望实现了，但不是他们的希望。

“我要走了，”安德鲁斯先生最后说道，“我们希望得到永恒，而我们却无法想像它的存在，我们如何相信它的存在是真实的呢?我从未想像过什么永恒的善或永恒的美，除非在梦里。”

“我跟你一起走。”另一个说道。

他们一块儿找到天堂之门。土耳其人丢下了他最好的衣服和他的处女，安德普斯先生舍弃了他的长袍和竖琴。

“我们能离开这儿吗?”他们问道。

“如果你们想离开，可以走，”那个声音答道，“不过记住外面有什么。”

一走出大门，他们再一次感受到万物之灵的挤压。有一段时间，他们俩手牵手共同抵档着。之后，他们听任万物之灵冲破外壳，接着，他们，以及他们的全部经历，他们内心里发生的所有的爱和智慧，全部融会到万物之灵中去，使之更加美好。，一个宝物的发现纳丁·戈迪默

? 一个最近刚与第二任妻子离婚的男子，情绪非常低落，决定外出度假来忘掉自己的不幸。这回好像他彻底对女人失去了信心。但是，在海滩上，他拾到了一个宝物—一

枚亮光闪闪的蓝宝石钻戒，这颗蓝宝石钻戒幸运地给他带来了第三任妻子。这个女人会、不同于他不忠述竺煎妻们吗?似乎很难有一个乐观的答案。

?让她们见鬼去吧!一个在女人身上栽了跟头的男人，决定独自生活一段时间。他曾经两次为了爱而结婚。他鱼幽垫妙哆三鱼妻圣不知何故落下的东西全都扔出了家门，她走的时候卷走了他们俩一起收藏鲍些爱的财物一画，珍贵的玻璃器皿，甚至还有从酒窖取出来的极品葡萄酒。’他把扉页上留有第一任妻子刚当新嫁娘时，充满爱意地签下她的新名字的书也扔了出去。然后，他独自去度假，什么女人也没带。在他的记忆中，这可是他第一次出去度假没带女人，因为他曾经以为自己正在热恋的淫妇其实和信誓旦旦永远爱他的忠实的妻子一样并不忠实。

他来到一个度假胜地，这里的岩石从海底伸出海面，像残破不堪的烂扇子，潮水噬噬地响着，舔吸着石头间的水坑。海边没有沙子，在海水浸渍过的像硬糖般的岩石上，只有那些身上被日光浴硒得条条斑斑的女人，躺在盐蚀后退色的气垫床上，用香香的油轻抹肌肤。有些女人的头发盘起来，用假花装饰的弹性花环箍着，这在当时非常流行;有些女人的头发从镀金的发夹旁撒落下来—当她们浮出水面时，光滑的胳膊上满是清激透亮的水珠，而发夹在耳环边来回见动着。女人们担露着胸部，这在当时也很流行，她们仅仅在耻骨上挂着呈倒三角形、闪闪发光的布片，布片是由沿着臀部中缝的一根带子与从腹部和耽骨绕过来的两根带子系着。在他的视线里，她们朝海水走去时，看上去几乎是全裸着;而当她们快活而又气喘吁吁地从海水里出来，走入他的视线时，乳房一跳一跳的，她们边笑边弯腰去取毛巾、梳子和涂身油时，乳房就垂了下来。她们当中有些人身体上的图案就像扎染织品:一条条、一块块红白相间，因为衣服遮住了部分肌肤免受炙热阳光的曝硒。有些女人乳房上的乳头，像鲜嫩的草毒，看上去仿佛连香膏的涂抹都承受不住。男人当然有，但他没看到男人。当他闭上眼睛，倾听大海，他能闻到女人味—涂身油的味儿。

游了好一会儿，些游到远处宁静的海湾，周围的帆板运动员张开双臂呈十字靠在色彩绚丽丝丛生几鱼也游到离海岸较近的水域，海浪掀起的一簇簇的白色浪花拍打着他的头。，一群年轻的妈妈们在浅滩上抱着她们的婴儿，那些刚出生不久的婴儿光着身子，柔软的身体紧贴着妈竺丛丛工重上查鱼壬仍然与母垫丝在一起。就是像他这样的男人把孩泛乡番种到女人的身体里丝宜他躺在岩石上把身体晾干，他喜欢石头粗糙的刺激，身子动来动去，直到调整好自己.扭动着使身体包裹在石头的凹陷处，而不被石头硬抵着。他睡着了。醒来时看到一些修过的腿从他的头边走过—女人，湿头发抖落的水珠掉在他暖暖的肩上。有时在水中，他发现自己在她们身下游泳，他那有着坚硬肌肤的身体就像一头些鱼从她们身旁擦过。

男人独自在岸边时常常会向大海扔石头，他也一样。一边扔，一边回想—终于再一次掌握了使石头在水面飞掠的方法。趴在最近的小澳边，他仔细地端详着一颗颗被海水磨光的石子，再近一点，他开始以一种成年人不会有的方式:那种儿童盯着一朵花、一片树叶的方式 —来看一颖石头，看它被水冲击的痕纹，那神秘颜色的碎片，那嵌入的云母斑点，触摸着(他真的摸了)那状如卵形或菱形的石头，大海就像一只抹了油的、爱抚的手将石头磨成了这样的形状。

直些羞玉不是真的石头，有些扁平的琉角色的椭圆形石头其实是被海洋这个宝石切割机打磨得十分光亮的啤酒瓶碎片。4有蓝色和绿色玻璃的凸圈形宝石(还有浸没在水中的瓶子)，可能会被当做海蓝宝石和翡翠。孩子们将它们检到帽子和捅子里。一天下午，在这些夹杂着货船上丢弃的泡沫塑料，和其他被扔掉后漂到世界各地的岸上又被扔掉的杂物之中，他发现在他像和尚数念珠般把玩的石头中，有一个真正的宝物，一枚蓝宝石钻戒躺在那些彩色玻璃卵石之间。它没在石头海滩的地面上，很明显，它不会是当天某位女士掉下的。而是某位富有男人的心肝宝贝儿(或者是他的金屋藏娇)戴着她的首饰跳下游艇潜水，时觉地脱掉其他的衣饰时，可能感觉到有一枚戒指从她的手指滑落到水里去了。兴许没有感觉到，当她回到甲板上时才注意到自己的损失。然后才赶忙去寻找那张保险单，而海水将戒指推得越来越远;日复一日，年复一年，终于有一天大海对它厌倦了，慢慢地推着，冲刷着，直到将它扔到岸上。真是一枚漂亮的戒指，圆形的钻石环绕着一颗大大的椭圆形蓝宝石，这颗难璨宝珠的水平面上每边还有切成狭长形的钻石，将它连成一个精雕细琢的环形。

尽管戒指是他的手指随意地从六英寸深的地方淘出来的，他环顾四周，好像肯定失主就站在他旁边看着似的。

但是她们正在给自己抹油，正在用毛巾擦洗耍儿，正在对着小小的镜子拔眉毛，正翘着腿坐着，乳房懒洋洋地倚靠在摆了侍者从餐馆里拿来的沙拉、白葡萄酒的低矮桌子前。他拿着戒指进了餐馆，也许有人报失了呢。女老板不愿管这事儿，可能以前有销赃者拿来过偷来的东西。戒指很值钱，交给警察局吧。

怀疑使人警觉;在这个陌生的地方，人们的怀疑总是有原因的。即使交给警察局，也许没人认领这枚戒指时，有人会将它塞进腰包据为己有的。所以又有什么区别呢—把戒指塞进他的腰包，或者放进他的手提包里，和他的钱、信用卡、车钥匙、太阳镜在一块儿。他回到海滩上，在石头上、女人堆中，重新躺下来，开始思考。

他在当地的报纸上刊登了一则广告:蓝色地平线海滩上拾到一枚戒指，一号，星期二。上面还登了他的旅店房间号码和电话号码。女老板说对了:打进来的电话很多。有的是男人打来的，说他们的妻子或女朋友确实在海滩上掉了一枚戒指。他要他们描述一下戒指时，他们就想碰碰运气了:一枚钻戒。可是要求他们提供细节时，他们就支支吾吾讲不出来了。如果打进电话的女人哄骗、奉承他(甚至有的还哭哭啼啼)，一听就能辫别出是个中年女编子，当她们准备描绘自己丢失的戒指时，他啪的就挂断电话。可是当打进来的声音悦耳动听，而且很明显是年轻、温柔的女子，就算她厚颜无耻撒谎时吞吞吐吐，他也会请失主前来旅馆辫认戒指。

描述一下戒指。{ 他请她们轻松自如地坐在他的露天阳台上，大海上的亮光审视着她们的脸蛋。只有一个人1 署戴蕊夔署热黔鬃嚣

{ 创良值钱，就一定镶有钻石，有一两位女士机灵地说，是的，戒指上还镶有其他贵重的宝石，因为是传家宝(夕卜祖母或姑妈的)，所以她们实在是叫不出宝石的名称。一

可是颜色呢?形状呢? 离开时她们好像被胃犯了似的;或是心虚地傻笑，好像只是为了好玩来挑逗他似的，要把她们礼貌地请出去不那么容易。

后来有一个声音，不同于任何打进电话者，那是一位歌唱家或是女演员的很有分寸的声音，也许，表达得不太自信。我已经不抱希望了。找到它„„我的戒指。她看到了广告，所以想，不，不，不会是的。但是只要有万分之一的希望„„他请她来旅馆。

她肯定有40岁了，天生丽质，一双灰绿色的大大的眼睛，一切显得那么完美，如果头发再黑一点。头发从她饱满的额前一个像鸟嘴似的帽檐上垂下来，一直披到肩上。她的胸脯交汇处似乎都没有皱褶，紧紧地包在跟她的头发一个颜色的衣服领子里。她的手天生适合戴戒指;她张开修长的手指，掌心向上:后来它就不见了，我只看到水里闪了一下光—

描绘一下戒指。她眼睛直视着他，转过头去移开了视线，开始说话。非常精美，她说，铂金的还是金子的 „„你知道，一个你戴了好长时间不再留意的东西，是很难说清楚的。一颗大钻石„„还是几颗钻石。还有祖母绿宝石，红色的宝石„„红宝石，我想它们早已散落了，在你„„

他走到旅店的书桌兼梳妆台前，打开抽屉，从介绍旅店、有线电视节目以及客房服务的文件夹下面，拿出一个信封。你的戒指，他说。

她的眼神没有丝毫改变，他取出戒指给她。

她的手慢慢地向他飘送过来，就好像在水下似的。她接过戒指，准备将它戴在左手的食指上，但套不上去，她飞快地变戏法一般将它换了一下位置，戒指滑进了无名指。

他请她出去吃饭，而戒指之事却只字未提。后来也再没有说起过。她成了他的第三任妻子。他们在一起的生活，有些东西不必多言，就像其他夫妻之间一样。

19.蓝领日记

约翰·罗伊斯顿·科尔曼

?科尔受先生执教于卡内墓理工学院和麻省理工学院，后来成为赫佛福特学院院长。他利用高校的休假年做了一些蓝领工作。下面是对一些工作的描述，我们来看看科尔曼先生对他的新经历感受如何。

3.26星期一

暖和的星期天过后，又下了一场雨，很冷。春天到了，天气乍暖还寒。人们似乎不想进食，哪怕是牡垢饭馆的食物。顾客不多，不很热闹，也没有太多的活干。

我今天只有半天班。因为我要去我房间后面的轻便电炉上准备我的饭茱，我便在2:00溜到法尼尔厅市场去买了块肉和一些蔬菜。这一次我的制服创造了奇迹。在我驻足的三个拒台前，他们热情地招呼着我，并问了问牡垢饭馆的生意情况。要是我穿的是赫佛福特学院的制服，那么他们会礼貌地招呼着“您要买什么?’’，这是我每个周日上午7:oo在我家附近的韦恩农市得到的礼遇。可是今天不管是卖肉的还是卖蔬菜的都与我以“哥们”相称。这感觉很好。

我并未对自己买的东西少花钱。但是在一个柜台前，有人告诉我，“不，你不要买那个，” 并塞了一个更好的西葫芦到我手里。这差不多就跟少花了钱一样。

3.27星期二

今天一点时.一个我觉得难以容忍的女招待问我:“你是那个切柠檬的伙计吗?”

“我是那位男士，”我回答。

“噢，切好了的一个也没有了。”无一迹象表明她听明白了我的意思。

戴纳，在这当了大约十二年的厨师，听到了我们的谈话。

“没用的，杰克，”她走了后他说道。“如果她现在没有明白你的意思，那她是永远也不会明白的。”虽然他脸上有一丝微笑，但依然是一副悲伤的神情。

在那一刻，我明白了几年前那些宣传广告给人的巨大冲击力。广告说:“伙计，如果你中途退学，在你的余生中别人将会这样称呼你。”以前，我曾经带着某种自紊感去读那些宣传广告，广告上说:教育至关重要，这种宣传也给了教育界极大的鼓舞。’今天，我明白这些广告还含有某种别的意思。当然，在某种程度上它们并不真实。但是，如果别人不尊重你干的工作，即使你是位哲学博士，人们还是会叫你“伙计”。重要的不是教育，而是你所从事的工作。那些广告也道出了人们屈从于世俗的悲哀。他们认为有些人根本不会学习尊重他人，因此你得调整自己去适应他们，不要尝试去改变他们。如果你找一个好的工作，他们就不再会叫你“伙计”了。他们会用它来称呼别的人。

鱼途盛迷舀全圭超持聋尝试过去理解别人的感受，那么她的领悟性可真够差的。这种人不傅丛土生鱼蛋。赫佛福特学院多年来一直遵照贵格会传统，以给予他人关怀、体贴而自豪。然而，当我来到那里我很快就了解到，寝室的清洁女工被学生称作“袋熊”。似乎无人知晓这名字来源何处或者有何关联。如果有，那它就是字典里面的意思。美国大学字典里说，“袋熊是澳大利亚三种打洞有袋动物中的任意一种，有点像美国土拨鼠。”这名字只是赫佛福特不加权衡的一种做事方法。

没做太多的说服工作，学生就不再用这个名字了。今天，根本就没几个学生还记得这个名字。但是.我想清洁女工会记得很清楚。

当然，今天我也不会忘记被称作“伙计”。3.28星期三

又有一天空闲。

我走进闹市区一家餐馆，这是我开始做三明治厨师以来第一次进餐馆。出于好奇心，我要了一份总会三明治，只是想看看它做得有多好。当时是中午，我也知道厨师房里的男女厨师在这个时候一定很忙，但是我还是要了一份。

三明治看起来很精致，配料也新鲜。我对三明治师傅大加赞赏，但我想那女招待以为我不正常。

我真正想去吃饭的地方是牡垢饭馆。我想在一张餐桌旁坐下来，在众多的女招待中叫一位我喜欢的给我拿来菜单。在酒吧吃过牡垢之后我想吃点那种填料编鱼片。旁边放点色拉，配上樱桃蕃茄、黄瓜片，上面加点蓝色奶酪调料。我知道这个地方的一些内部秘密。比如说，我知道昨天一位顾客在海鲜杂脍汤里发现一颗图打(他对此深感不快)。不过我也知道，总的说来，这里的公共卫生很好，在这里工作的人很细心。我只是想看到，一顿饭菜做出来要像一件作品一样，而且是由我认识的人制作的。

总有一天，我会以一名顾客的身份在那里就餐，那么那里发生的事情会逃不过我的眼睛。

4.1星期日

整天都是繁重不变的工作。

每日甚至每周的节奏是十分的熟悉，以致到现在这种节奏该令人厌烦了。然而事实好像并非如此。接连不断的定单和顾客都是各式各样，以致我很少觉得我以前经历过这些。在每日结束时，清洗我(给顾客)盛莱的铝盘是很枯燥的活儿。如果可能，我乐意逃过这事。然而，即竺查遣丝鱼鱼哟丝遐中也有一个小小的悬念，我什么时候才能洗完盘子收工回家。每次总有女鱼待送来最后的点菜单，收好的盘子又取出来盛菜。3 要是我干这一行一直到退休，我不知道我要用完多少只面包，多少只离首。4.6星期五

我们第一次停了下来。我原想着要带上工作服、手套，现在我带上T。我是惟一一个戴手套的人。我们每个人都从卡车车厢拿出一个很大的绿色或橙色的塑料桶。为了拿起来方便每个捅的上部有一个洞。

斯迪夫带我到了第一家院子，“事情就是这样做的。”他说道，一边把后门三个垃圾捅里的东西倒进他的塑料桶内。然后，他身子一闪，跳入桶内并将里面的东西珠下去。“这样我们一趟就可清掉更多住户的垃圾。”他说道，同时一跳，又一闪，他就从捅里边出来了。他背起桶子，又去了邻里一家住户。

这就是训练过程。

他告诉我要清掉哪些片的垃圾。我们这一组有三个人，可是街道只有两边。所以斯蒂夫进行了一番调遣，解决了谁干哪一片儿的问题。4大多数时候，他让肯尼干一边而我千另一边，而他来回穿梭以清掉我们前面几家的垃圾。他还移动卡车。

在途中，我不知道我会在第一家住户的垃圾桶里看到什么，但我知道我小心翼翼地打开盖子时，桶里满是垃圾。这就对啦，我想。

我下不了决心像斯蒂夫那样跳到捅子里去然后又出来。于是，我用我带着手套的手使劲往下压，以便有更多的地方装后面垃圾箱的垃圾。清摔了两户的垃圾，塑料桶就装满了。我哼了一声，把桶举到了肩上(这似乎比把它背到背上要容易一些)，直奔卡车。所有的小孩—以及许多的大人—都想至少把一个垃圾桶扔进环保车正张开的柑夹里面，然后拉下杠杆压紧。我把我的第一捅垃圾扔进去之后，便有一种成就感。

就当清洁工而言，有一点，就是你清掉一桶垃圾之后，你就完全了解这份工作了。之后帷一的事情就是弄清楚路线，锻炼肌肉，加快速度。我以前绝不可能想像有些捅子会有多重。大部分时候我把三户的垃圾装到一个桶里，因为这是一路上最好的省时办法。然而有时几堆垃级加在一块太重，我将它抬到腰部都很吃力，更别说扛到肩膀上了。5我不得不一路找着这些垃圾桶或横过草地花到卡车旁。当然在路上拖垃圾捅发出的声音说明力气小。斯蒂夫时此抱以耐心的微笑，而肯尼就假装没看见。这也使我意识到，虽然他们一次也没拖过垃级捅，但也有几次他们俩写骂咧咧的说背着的桶子太沉了。于是我知道根本没有习惯于背这样重的东西一说。

这个工作和我曾注意到的赫佛福特城镇环卫工作者在家乡所做的工作有很大的区别。他们千得卖劲又快，他们可能比我们清理垃圾的线路要长。但他们的工作只是将住户的纸极箱或垃圾筒从街边抬到卡车上。他们不用穿过院子走那么一截额外的路程，不用扛着或背着垃极捅，也不用将垃圾从筒里装入捅内，从而避免了身体与垃圾的直接接触。垃圾车的司机就坐在驾驶室里。也许他也曾在肮脏的卡车施厢里当过多年垃圾工。在这里他和组员一起清除垃圾。现在我们仍然感到与赫佛福特城镇人有一种密切的关系，这种关系是我以前不曾感觉到的。

所有的时候都是斯蒂夫负责，他指示我们该去哪，他密切地关注我们。并不断地向前移动卡车以便我从院落里将垃圾弄到街道上就不用走太长的路，这是他一年多来每天要做的事。他时这一条线路的每家每户都十分清楚。(我们是这一地区帷一的垃圾清理队，自由垃圾站的其他卡车到本县的其他镇作业，而横跨全县的D斗den地区则由另一公司提供服务)。清早他说到要我紧跟上他曾把我吓坏了。看看他的肌肉和行动方式，我就知道我就要接受一次考验。但是一天快要过去了，我发觉我不必害怕他。我干得没有他快，也没有肯尼快。但是，他一次也没找我的碴，相反他树立了一个榜样。

在第一天，我就弄清楚了关于这个工作的两件神秘的事情:一是我们在哪里吃中餐。答案是我们根本就没吃，我们一直干到把工作做完。然后我们把车开回去，打卡考勤。然后回家想吃啥就吃啥。我幸亏早餐吃得很饱。另一件神秘的事情，就是工作时如何解决生理功能问题。严格地说，Dryden是一个住宅区。这一带既无加油站也无咖啡馆。在一些街道的尽头有些树木，但是他们却分隔很远。似乎也没有住户会请他们进屋。但是高兴的是我们随身带着些装备。下一次我要是看见一个清洁工跳入一个空旷的地方，那里的垃圾已搬到了卡车的后厢，而他似乎在注视他前面育曲的金属屏障时，我就会明白他不是在找裂缝，而是在小便。

3:30之后，我们才开车回到工场。我知道我已干了一天的活。今天我在垃圾桶里看到的东西并没有破坏我的胃口。晚上我饱吃了一顿，并且吃得干干净净，一点没剩。今后我不会给清洁工增加额外的负担了。

20.蹼丝工人

阿格尼丝·斯梅德利

? 在1928年到1941年混乱的几年里，阿格尼丝·斯梅德利作为一家德国报刊的战地记者到中国旅行。她用她的“第三只眼睛”观察，并且设法弄清真相。半个世纪以后的今天读她的报道并分享她的看法是件十分有趣的事情。

? 我在一年当中最炎热的时候去南方，其真正的原因是去研究丝绸行业数百万“缘丝民工”一的命运。当时丝绸行业中美国的市场正不断被日本占领。然而我不想以权威的广州丝绸行会的客人身份去参观产丝区。因为这个行会毕竟就像一个赤裸上身、开怀大笑、宽大的裤带之上突出个大肚皮的弥勒佛。后来我发现岭南基督大学的一群教授在从事该行业的研究。一位年轻的专家正要前往顺德丝绸地区，开始为期六个星期的调查旅行。我便和他一起去T广州丝绸行会，在那里他与一位多疑的行会官员吵起来了，最终获准乘坐行会的轮船进入数百万民工辛苦劳动的地区。在那里，南洋的百万富翁们建立T许多大型的缘丝厂，纺纱工人全是年轻女性。

次日，我和那位年轻专家登上T轮船。船上的其他乘客就是那二三十名行会商人。轮船用装甲钢板和机枪来保护商人，免遭“盗匪”的抢劫。我了解到，“盔匪”是一些农民，为了谋生，在一年的某一段时间拦路打劫。

我曾计算过，假如这些“盗匪”袭击并掠夺了我们乘坐的这条轮船，他们能弄到足够全村吃上数月的食物。吃饭的时候，商人们坐在桌旁弯腰耸肩，吃着丰盛的食物，把鸡骨头扔到地上。他们谈论着丝绸、金钱、市场以及他们的公司的亏损情况。丝绸行业的生计的确举步危难。但是，如果说有亏损，很明显，这些钱根本不是来自于他们自己的腰包。我有点思念杰西·詹姆斯。

那些人对我的年轻同伴很敬畏。但是当他谈到那些丝绸民工和缘丝女工时，他的话语里便表露出敌视和轻蔑。我好不容易才弄明白他为什么对成千上万的缘丝女工，似乎有着特别的丝鱼止他告诉我，在全中国，这些女人以女同性恋者而臭名昭著。她们拒绝结婚。如果她们的家庭强迫她们，她们就会用一部分工资买通丈夫并劝他们纳妾。像这样一个结了婚的女孩会做的一件重大的事情就是生一个儿子，然后又回到工厂，不再与丈夫在一起生活。政府曾颁布法令禁止妇女通过行贿逃婚。但是妇女们漠然处之。

“她们太富裕了—这便是麻烦之根源!”我的年轻同伴解释道。“她们一个月挣钱可多达 11美元，于是就变得妄自尊大、目空一切了。”他补充到，她们也靠这钱来赡养父母、兄妹和爷爷奶奶。

“她们挥霍无度!”他大声说，“我每次去电影院，必定看到她们手拉手，成群结队地坐在一起。”

煤丝厂曾经有共产党的基层组织和工会，直到1927年，这些组织才被禁止。他指责道，这些卑都的女人秘密组织“妇女会”来逃避法令。她们甚至敢为争取较短工作时和较高工资而罢工。由于家人强迫她们结婚，因此，不时地会有两三个女孩集体自杀。

几周以来，我和我的同伴要么步行，要么坐小船到过一个又一个村庄，一个又一个集镇。火辣辣的阳光直射在我们身上，我们的衣服就如同外科医生的手套粘在身上，汗水浸湿了帽糖和鞋子。晚上我们要么在乡村客栈投宿，要么在祠堂挂起坟帐，搭起帐篷。道路上都是光着膀子的民工队伍，盛满蚕茧的大篓子在竹扁担两头上下晃悠，把他们的腰都压弯了。集镇散发出蚕茧的气味。一束一束的、未加工的丝线堆至仓库的屋棣。养蚕的浅盘子在每个村庄都随处可见。那些光着上身、面容憔悴、操心劳神的农民不分昼夜地喂养，照看他们的蚕。2 我的同伴，首先是出于好奇，后来，当我问到这些农民的生活和工作时，他便开始饶有兴趣地替我翻译。她们的家就是一些空荡荡的泥巴地面的小屋，木板上铺一块旧席子，并围上一块棉布，便成了床。棉布曾是白色的，原来当蚊帐用。家里通常就只有一个泥土小灶和一两件厨具，一张窄板凳，有的有一张破旧的桌子。时数百万人来说，这便是家。少数家庭有几裸桑树。因为桑树也属于他们的财富。但是几乎所有的家庭，为了弄到钱或吃的，都预先把蚕茧卖掉。如果桑树未长好，他们就完了。不管我们走到哪，情况都一样。操丝工人被商人用来作抵钾，永远也还不清债。

只有当我们接近大集镇，那里的嫌丝厂喷出蚕茧的恶臭，我们才看到了较好的家庭和不那么操心劳神的面孔。这些家庭的女儿们都是缘丝工。尽管这里的工业化和其他地方的一样精糕，可就在那里我才开始明白工业化对那些女工来说意味着什么。3在整个国家，只有在这些地方，生女孩是件开心的事情。因为在这里，女孩是主要的家庭支柱。她们有单严的独立的姿态，反映出她们意识到了自身的价值。我开始明白了，她们为什么被指控为女同性恋者。她们设法不把自己有年严的地位和已婚妇女的低下地位作比较。4她们的独立对官僚们来说似乎是一种人身的侮辱。

当我们参观完操丝厂后，我的同伴对这些女工的憎恨变得更加明显。长长的队列中，女孩们穿着光亮的黑茄克和长裤子，坐在滚烫的蚕茧缸前，她们滚烫的手指在缸里一闪一闪地抽丝。有时候队列中传出的一句话，使整个工厂的女工大笑起来。我同伴的脸色会变得铁青。

“他们称我是资本主义的走狗，你是外国帝国主义的恶魔!她们嘲笑你的衣服、头发和眼

一天晚上，我们俩坐在老祠堂的门口。在祠堂的石头建的空空的大堂里，我们已搭起了帐篷。运河的对面可以看到一家嫌丝厂高高的围墙，很快穿着黑色制服的女工们从工厂涌出来，每人手里拿着锡制饭盆。所有女工都穿着木制凉鞋，凉鞋由一根皮带跨过脚趾拴着，走起路来啪啪作响。她们发亮的黑发梳在后面，一根发辫垂于腰际。在颈背处，可看到发辫上缠着大约两三英寸宽的红丝带，色彩非常好看。

当她们长长的队伍涌过横跨运河的桥梁，经过祠堂门口的时候，我感到我从未见过这么美丽的女人。

我极力要求同伴替我翻译，但他拒绝了。他说他不懂她们的方言。他很是生气，于是起身朝集镇走了。他走T之后，我走下台阶。一群女孩围着我，眼睛睁得大大的。我拿7麦芽糖果给她们吃。她们洁白的牙齿一闪一闪，用明显的不连贯的方言惊叫着。她们接过糖，开始嚼，然后审视我的衣服，瞪大眼睛看着我的头发和眼睛。我也盯着她们看，很快我们相互大笑起来。

她们中有两个人挽着我的胳膊，开始拉着我上了石板街。其他人跟着，一路开心地、叽叽喳喳说个不停。我们来到了一个女孩的家，并受到她父母和两个大眼睛弟弟的欢迎。他们身后的小屋里已挤满了另外一些女孩和好奇的邻居。方桌中央燃着一根蜡烛，方桌的四周摆满了板凳。他们让我坐在贵座上，按习俗给我倒了一杯茶。

然后我们开始了奇怪的谈话。即使我懂得最标准的普通话，我也不可能听懂这些女孩说些啥。因为她们的话与这个国家任何其他地方说的话都不一样。我断断续续学过一些汉语—在满洲、北京和上海—但是每一次，我刚一开始，就又不得不去一些新的地方，因而我前面所学的东西就几乎变得无用了。上海有其自己的方言，我曾在上海学到的语言在北京会引起大笑，而在南方就绝对没用了。只有传教士和领事官员才有可能花上一年时间在北京语言学校学习汉语。记者们不得不这里、那里，到处奔波。

于是，我就用手势和动作与这些缘丝女工交谈。她们指着孩子，问我有没有小孩。没有? 也没有结婚?她们似乎很感兴趣，也很惊讶。为了解释，我抽出钢笔，从口袋里拘出笔记本，设法让她们了解我的想法，挑别地审视她们，然后开始写。这里一片欢腾。

站在门边的一个男人用普通话问了我一些事情，我能听懂他的话。他告诉满屋子拥挤的人们，我是一个美国人、记者。是的，我是一个知识分子—不过，也曾当过工人。当他翻译这个的时候，她们似乎觉得难以置信。

女孩们挤着坐在板凳上，其他人一排排地站在她们后面。我通过运用我极少的几句普通话和许多手势了解到了她们中一些人每个月能挣到8美元或9美元，有些人能挣11美元。她们一天工作10小时，而不是我同伴说的8小时。她们曾经每天工作14小时。

我的话硅硅巴巴地说不下去了，便在笔记本上画一些自然的图形来补充。她们是如何获得 10小时工作日的?我画了一个煤丝厂的草图，又画一个大胖子男人站在上面大笑着;第二幅图也一样，只是这个胖男人在哭泣，因为一排女孩子手拉手围着工厂站着。她们对这几幅画叽叽喳喳说了一气，然后一个女孩大声说出了两个字，所有人便开始表演罢工。她们叉着双甘，仿佛拒绝干活，而有些人把手肘搁在桌子上，垂下头，好像不肯动。她们大笑起来，开始手挽手，把我拉到国圈里。我们大家都手拉手，排成完整的队伍，开怀大笑。是的，她们就是这样获得了10小时工作日!我们站在那里时，一位女孩突然用甜美的高音唱起歌来。歌声戛然而止，整个房子里的人用歌声做了回答。她一次又一次地用歌声提出问题，其他人便做了回答。我站在那，心潮澎湃，却因为听不懂而失望。

奇怪的歌唱结束了，她们又开始要求我唱歌。她们想要听一首歌，我想到了马赛曲，我就唱了。她们大声喊道再来一首，我便试着唱了国际歌，同时，仔细观察她们的反应。她们根本就不知道这一首歌。于是我想，说这些女孩有共产党基层组织是不真实的!房子里出现了一阵小小的骚动，我看到一个男子手里拿着竹笛站在门边。他把笛子放到嘴边，笛子开始发出轻轻的低沉的声音。接着笛声升高，甜美的女高音紧跟而至。接着女声停止。笛声升得更高，又加入了一个男声。他在讲述着某个传说。当他停下时，女声又唱了起来。那肯定是一首民歌，一些当地人世代流传的歌，因为其中包含着一些民间音乐共同的特点。5 就这样，我与那些我根本就不会说她们语言的人度过了一个夜晚。当我返回祠堂时，很多人陪我一起走，一路上还有人提着灯笼照明。我经过寂静的石院来到我的房间睡觉。村里的更夫彻夜打着铜锣，大声地报时。锣声从远处响起，穿过祠堂的墙壁，然后再渐渐消失，告诉大家平安无事。

我躺在那，想着这些普通人的旧事，想着全世界普通人的善良和团结。

第四篇：大学英语写作教程

大学英语写作教程：（四六级范文集）

1.大学英语四六级写作基本要求，范文两篇（了解题目，提纲，字数，时间等要求）

2.分析题目提纲，历年作文题目每类两个（对比观点题；问题解决题型；利弊分析题型；原因解

释题型；综合类题型（叙事型）；通知、海报、启事与指令；讲话稿的撰写；申请信、简历、介绍信、推荐信）

3.篇章写作

对比观点题两篇例文找出模板句型，模板句型介绍

经典用语

案例分析（列举一篇以前学生写过的作业，随堂分析，包括用词，语法，观点陈述）--一篇类型相同，不同题目的文章，分析完案例，学生随堂写一篇同样题目的文章，作为比较

4.附录：范文（1.思路分析，即范文中的body部分内容概述，帮助学生对于各种话题扩展思路和信息量；

2.经典用语）

第五篇：新标准大学英语综合教程3答案(全版)

Unit 4 active reading(1)3 1 3 9 4(1)junk(2)corporate(3)disapprove(4)visualiza(5)bet(6)ascertain(7)marbin(8)confer(9)eminent(10)scowl 5(1)visualiza(2)disapprove(3)junk(4)bet(5)confer(6)marbins(10)scowling 6(1)inquisitive(2)incomprehensible(3)jot(4)observant(5)whereabouts(6)dispirited(7)prohibitively 7 b a b b a b acctive reading(2)3 b c b b b a 5(1)obsession(2)economics(3)boast(4)automobile(5)suburb(6)innovation(7)implication(8)horizons 6(1)suburb automobile(2)obsession innovations(3)boast(4)implication(5)economics horizons 7(1)unprecedented(2)plausible(3)ignorance(4)staggering(5)stability(6)curse 8 a a b a b a a a a b Lanuage in use 6(7)ascertaining

(8)corporate

(9)eminent

1(a)Yes,i do.but other people just take notes on a separate piece of paper because they don't want to spoil the book.(b)The victory is not big;it is just a narrow or close victory.(c)They may face social and econommic problems because they have fewer opportunities and may find it difficult to join the malinstream society.(d)The chances are small and any errors are likely to be very small.2(a)You feel embarrassed because your answer has shown people ignorance and most people do not like to show this in public.(b)It's a human excuse because it means that you didn't know the law on that point , but it is not a legal excuse.(c)Yes.in the early days of the stock market in china, some people bought shares in the belief that all shares would like money quickly, but later they lost money when the shares lost value.they bought the shares in ignorance about how the manket works and they had little idea of the risks.3(a)I would feel complimented because that's a nice thing to say to anyone.(b)It would have been the quantity of the opposition, eg they large number of opponents.(c)Not at all,because that kind of cliff is nearly vertical and

it is very difficult to climb without training。7（1）

即使是那些从事市场研究工作的成年人也难很想象公关部的人每天都在做些什么。一名普通的系统分析师肯定不知道空间推销员在店里都干些什么，就好像空间推销员对分析系统的工具也一窍不通一样。（2）不管怎么说，这就是那耳熟能详的套话。可是，让我们有这种论调的正是缘自我们对新奇事物的过度迷恋，对深层次历史模式的无知，以及我们的狂妄自大。为了证明相比于先辈们的优越性，我们夸耀说自己生活在一个前所未有的变革期。但是，有一个很好的例子可以用来证明，实际上我们并没有生活在多么有趣的时代。

8（1）We couldn’t make of their proposal at all, because it was no easy job for us to come to grips with their perspective.It was a safe bet that we were as much baffled about their way of thinking as they were about ours.I think we need to arrange a meeting to clear up misunderstandings and to remove communication barriers.（2）From a biography written by one of his former colleagues who had worked with him for more than two decades, it is not difficult to conclude that what he represented was nothing if not the elite class of the country in the wake of World War II, who were rather conservative in terms of religious and political views.Unit 5 Active reading(1)Dealing with unfamiliar words 4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.答案：donation intense sophisticated progressive competent recruit intimidate encounter 5Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4 答案：progressive intense donations recruits competent intimidated encounter sophisticated.6Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.You may need to make other changes.答案：agreeable laughable corruption shivering doubtful shrugged impatient applause 7Answer the question about the words and expressions.答案：a a b a b a a b a.Active reading(2)Dealing with unfamiliar words 5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.答案：loyalty enable competitor contract management investment 6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in

Activity 5 答案：contracts investment competitors loyalty management enable 7Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.You may need to make other changes.答案：core membership delivery threatened dwell on prevail over 8Answer the question about the words and expressions 答案：a a a b a b.9Choose the best way to complete the sentences.答案：b c c b b.Language in use 3Complete the sentences with an appropriate prep.+ which / whom.答案：（1）to which（2）of which(3)with whom(4)by which(5)in which（6）to whom 6Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.Josh shivered as he checked the address on the slip of paper in his hand.He’d never been to Joanne’s, but knew it by

reputation, not because of its food, which had often been maligned, or its jazz orchestra, which had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet, but because of the stellar quality of its sophisticated guests: politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars and Nobel Prize winners – in short, anyone who was anyone in this city of power brokers.答案：乔希打了个冷战，他打开手里的纸条核对了一下地址。之前他没来过乔安妮餐厅，但对于它的鼎鼎大名却早有耳闻，倒不是因为这里的饭菜有多美味，其实这里的菜品屡遭恶评，也不是因为这里的爵士管弦乐队有一位知名电影导演客串吹小号，而是因为这里汇集了有头有脸的宾客，可以说是星光璀璨，他们中有政客、外交家、电影明星、载入名人堂的体育明星、记者、作家、摇滚明星、诺贝尔奖得主等等——总之，这里的每一位客人都是这座权力之城里的一个人物。2 The Swedes and the Saudis in this true story have different concepts of the role of personal relationships in business.For the Swedes, business is done with a company;for the Saudis, with a person whom one has learned to know and trust.As long as one does not know another person well enough it is convenient to have present an intermediary or go-between, someone who knows and is trusted by both parties.At the root of the difference between these cultures is a fundamental issue in human societies: the role of the individual versus the role of the group.答案：在这个真实的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人对人际关系在商业中的作用有着不同的理解。对瑞典人来说，他们是在和一个公司做生意；但对沙特人来说，他们是在和一个他们了解并且信任的人做生意。只要他们对某个人还不够了解，就会让一位双方都认识并信任的中间人或介绍人在场，这样做会比较方便。这两种文化的差异源于人类社会的一个根本问题：即个人角色与集体角色的问题。7Translate the paragraphs into English.这位年轻人是个侦探小说迷，在看了福尔摩斯探案故事之后，他自以为完全掌握了侦探技巧，于是就开始调查一起抢劫案。经过几个星期的周密调查，他倒是追查到了三名疑犯，只可惜案发时这三个人都身在国外。(know sth inside out;track down)

答案：This young man liked reading detective stories.After finished reading Holmes’ stories, he thought he had known the detective’s skills inside out and started to investigate a case of robbery.After a few weeks of close investigation, he tracked down three suspects, who turned out to be abroad when

the robbery took place.在本书中我们确实体会到了两种文化之间的差异。不过作者没有详细叙述这些差异，而是仔细讨论了两种文化的相同点，其中说得最多的是为什么这两种文化都如此强调工作的热忱。(dwell on;of which;loyalty)

答案：In this book, we do find some differences between the two cultures.But instead of dwelling on the differences, the author presents lengthy discussions on things they have in common, of which their loyalty to work are most thoroughly touched upon.Unit 6 Active reading(1)Dealing with unfamiliar words 5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.答案：extinguish toll nightmare tragedy utmost heroism chaotic 6Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5 答案：chaotic extinguish tragedy nightmare toll utmost heroism

7Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.答案：decent gratitude herd massive evacuate leadership 8Answer the question about the words and expressions 答案：b b a b a b b b a Active reading(2)Dealing with unfamiliar words 3 Match the words in the box with their definitions 答案：delegate ascribe correspondent genius dominate unconscious oversee 4Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3 答案：genius delegates oversee dominate correspondent ascribed unconscious 5Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.答案：crippled summit column marvelous lobby slums 6Answer the question about the words and expressions 答案：a b a b b a a a a Language in use 5Complete the sentences with the correct form of suitable expressions from the collocation box.Sometimes more than one collocation is possible.答案：（1）massive heart attack（2）column of smoke（3）daily newspaper column(4)take a toll on(5)death toll(6)newspaper columns(7)pay a toll(8)stroke of genius（9）has a genius for(10)massive amount 6Translate the paragraphs into Chinese I thought how we firemen were always saying to each other, “I’ll see you at the big one.” Or, “We’ll all meet at the big one.” I never knew how it started, or when I’d picked up on it myself, but it was part of our shorthand.Meaning, no matter how big this fire is, there’ll be another one bigger, somewhere down the road.We’ll make it through this one, and we’ll make it through that one, too.I always said it, at big fires, and I always heard it back, and here I was, thinking I would never say or hear these words again, because there would never be another fire as big as this.This was the big one we had all talked about, all our lives, and if I hadn’t known this before – just before these chilling moments – this sick, black noise now confirmed it.(? 这段话由许多短句构成，要注意短句间语气的连接。像at big fires，all

our lives等词语应该调整语序。)答案：我想起我们消防员平常总互相打趣说：“在大火中见吧。”或者是“我们肯定会在大火中碰面的。”我不知道这种说法是怎么来的，或者我自己是从什么时候开始说起这种话来的，但这就是我们的暗语。意思是不管这场火有多大，以后在别处还会有比这更大的。我们能安然无恙地度过这场火，也会安然无恙地度过下一场火。遇到一场大火时，我总是这么说，也总听别人这么说，可现在，我呆在这儿，想着自己再也不会说这样的话了，也不会再听到别人这么说了，因为再也不会有比这更大的火了。这会是我们大家一辈子都在说的那场大火，如果以前——就在这一个个令人胆战心惊的瞬间之前——我没有认识到这一点的话，现在这浑厚的、不祥的响声印证了这一点。Named as the first chairman of the UN Human Rights Commission, Roosevelt oversaw the two-year process of drafting and securing passage of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Additionally, her clashes with representatives of the Soviet Union led one Republican to lean forward in his chair and state – he wouldn’t allow his name to be used for fear of being labeled as a Democratic supporter – “Now, if you want to know what I think about Mrs Roosevelt, she is tuh-riffic!Mrs Roosevelt is unique in her capacity to create an understanding

of our position in the minds of the delegates of other countries.Her performance is so superlative that it is rather unexpected to be asked to evaluate her in ordinary terms.”

答案：作为联合国人权委员会的首任主席，罗斯福监督了《世界人权宣言》历时两年的起草和通过的全过程。此外, 她和苏联代表的交锋让一位共和党人从椅子上朝前探过身来，说出了下面一番话——因为怕被当成是民主党的支持者，他不愿意透露自己的姓名——“如果你想知道我对罗斯福夫人的看法，那我会说她真是了不起!罗斯福夫人有一种独特的能力，能让其他国家的代表清楚地了解我们的立场。要用平常的语言来评价她高超的外交手腕，一时间还真不知道该怎么说。”

7Translate the paragraphs into English.人们很不理解为什么他一份工作干了30年，大多数人到了他这个年纪至少已经换了四五份工作了。也许对他来说，为了获得更高的薪水或是寻求体验新事物的刺激而换工作毫无意义。在他看来，唯一重要的事是稳定。(stick with;point;thrill)

答案：People are quite puzzled about the fact that he has stuck with the same job for 30 years when most people of his age have changed at least four or five jobs.Maybe for him there is no

point in changing jobs for a higher pay or for the thrill of experiencing something new.The only thing that matters, in his point of view, is stability.协会中的大多数会员认为应该竭力游说政府，确保这项计划获得批准。至关重要的是要把决策者中的一些反对者争取过来。虽然这会很难，但是他们下定决心要作最大的努力。(lobby;win over;adj.+ though it + be;utmost)

答案：Most members of the association believe that they need to lobby as hard as possible to make sure that the plan will be approved by the government.It’s essential to win over some of the naysayer among the policy makers.Tough though it will be, they have made up their mind to make utmost efforts.Unit7: Active reading(1)2.ababdaba 3.misfortune neutral mathematical vulnerable subsequent frequency 4.misfortunes neutral frequency mathematical vulnerable subsequent 5.route overlapped adjacent sacked cluster duration 6.abbbbbbba 7.bedca Active reading(2)3.dcdc

4.persevere literally venture confidence sustain frustrated 5.frustrating venture persevere confidence sustain literally 6.blend entitled

evidently subtract scanner blessing functional 7.abaaaabaa 8.bd 9.MFMMFFFMM 翻译 1.司机不赶时间的时候碰到的红灯其实和赶时间的时候一样多；只是如果时间不紧急，红灯带来的不便要小得多。认为红灯出现的次数比绿灯多其实是一种错觉。产生这种错觉的原因很简单，因为司机有更多的时间去想红灯，而绿灯的时候，车子几秒钟之内就疾驰而过了——这其实和在畅通的公路上开车没有任何区别——而红灯却迫使司机改变行为，一小会儿的时间里要强迫自己努力一下,承受点压力，还要失去一两分钟的自由。所以红灯会深深地印在司机的脑海里，而绿灯转瞬间就被抛到脑后了.2.人人都能学会唱歌吗？在撰写我最新出版的《唱着歌的尼安德特人》一书时，这个问题就一直萦绕在我的心头。我做的研究让我相信音乐才能是深深植根于人类基因中的，从进化史的角度来说，它比人类的口头语言都要古老得多。可是我本人一唱起歌来不是跑调，就是跟不上节奏。朋友们和学术同僚们都说，那都是因为我小时候对音乐失去了兴趣，只要上几节音乐课，我一定能放声歌唱。也许他们是对的。记得小时候，音乐老师们让我在全班同学面前独“唱”，让我觉得很丢脸。所以后来一有机会，我就躲开音乐，35 年来从来没有参加过任何音乐活动。说不定学一学我也能唱得不错。1.The media doubt the claim that the two consecutive tragedies were independent of each other, and are dissatisfied with the fact that the President was not responsive immediately.When

it comes to his competence in running the government, the media have long lost their trust, if only he could do well in his subsequent term.2.Keep remembering that do not humiliate your child because they don’t gain good grades, as their memory of the humiliation will haunt them for a long time, turn them off from learning at an early age and prevent them from gaining positive attitudes towards life.The development of children can be sustained only when parents identify the strengths in their children and encourage them from time to time.Unit8 Active reading(1):5.dump lounge beloved sneak fury gossip 6.bumped into sincere vacuum stick around advisable filled up with 7.aabab aaab Active reading(2): 3.dabcbd 4.humble justify undergo feast calendar youngster charm

goodness

preach 5.justification youngsters calendar charm undergoing humble feast preaches good 6.aabbaa 7.bbaaa bbb 翻译1.在国际妇女节那一天, 苏联的妇女们沐浴在男性所给予的爱意和感激之中。因为这一天是假日，早上她们不用去上班，可以懒洋洋地躺在床上。而她们的丈夫们则要为全家人做早饭，虽然嘴里骂骂咧咧的，还弄得锅碗瓢盆叮当乱响；到了十点，丈夫颇为自豪地把煎得焦糊糊、皱巴巴的鸡蛋端到妻子跟前。盘子边上还放着一

束鲜花，一份小礼物，可能是一瓶香水或者一双裤袜，妻子会高兴得大叫起来，激动好一会儿，直到孩子们怒气冲冲地跑过来，小脸涨得通红，闹着要妈妈给他们做一顿像样的早餐

2.不管是好是坏, 世界在过去二十多年间所经历的变化可能比过去两百年间所经历的还要多。为了让彼此间联系得更紧密，营造出一个真正的地球村，我们消耗了更多的资源，烧掉了更多的能源，造成了更多的污染，灭杀了更多的动植物。过去，我们一直把电视看作是连接全世界的终极手段，直到我们了解了互联网，才发现事实并非如此。所有这些变化都让我们用另外一种眼光来看待外面的世界以及我们自己的家园。在这个全球市场中，得到任何东西都是要付出代价的。如果我们想拥有西方世界那著名的眩目而舒适的生活，我们也必须接受西方文化中的一些异常事物。当然，这并不是说节日对于西方人来说有着不同的意义。

1.When he divorced his wife, he knew that he would never hear the end of it from his friends, because they all believed the rumor that he had dumped her for a younger woman.Whenever he bumped into a friend in the street, they would reprimand him severely for betraying his wife.He realized with his own experience that if a rumor stuck around long enough, people would gradually take it as true.。

2.After undergoing so many misfortunes, he vents all his anger, discontent and despair on people around him, be they families

or colleagues.Instead of shutting our eyes and ears to his anomalies, we should offer him more cares and love.We believe he is bound to recollect himself and go through the tough time。

大学英语教程(上册)_笔记(全)

第一篇：大学英语教程(上册)_笔记(全)

第二篇：大学英语自学教程(上册)

第三篇：大学英语全新版阅读教程3课文翻译

第四篇：大学英语写作教程

第五篇：新标准大学英语综合教程3答案(全版)

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