大学英语笔记总结

第一篇：大学英语笔记总结

金融103 第三组

1、一系列 a range of

a host of

a portfolio of

a array of2、少数名族ethnic minorities3、台湾问题Taiwan question4、制定并实施一项政策Develop and deliver on an policy

Develop and implement an policy5、赤贫abject poverty6、穷人the poor7、贫穷地区 poverty-stricken areas/communities8、重债国Debt-ridden country

Heavy-debt country9、最贫困地区LDC=least developed country10、中国拥有…china is home to。。

China boasts。。

11、拨款allocate/channel/divert/earmark12、助学金state grants13、奖学金scholarship14、补贴subsidy15、国家助学贷款state student loan16、生活补贴living allowance/subsistence allowance17、低保者subsistenceallowancerecipient19、发展经济boost/expand/prosper/grow/grow economy20、A比B的状况好A has a better picture/landscape than B21、发展的结果惠及全民ensure results/fruits of development reach the peopleAll the people are included in the results of developmentAll the people are covered by the results of development22、由贫困引起的一系列问题problems arising from poverty

Problems emerging from poverty23、财富差距wealth divide24、贫富差距gap between the rich and the poor25、贫富差距加大gap between the rich and the poor is yawning/widening26、缩小差距narrow the gap27、以科学的方式in a scientific manner/fashion/way28、收入很好的工作 well-paid job29、有很多理由……there are many reasons behind……

30、……的原因therationalebehind……

31、引起全世界的注意arouse/draw/attractworldwide attention32、关系到bear on/be related to33、有途径进入have access to34、教育难have no access to education35、就业难have no access to employment

Eg：Government should provide access to education for people.36、劫车carjacking37、内陆地区 hinterland38、城市人均可支配收入per capita disposable income of urban residents农村人均可支配收入per capita net income of rural residents39、hinder 阻碍，妨碍

40、vulnerable 有弱点的，脆弱的41、.广泛讨论 something has been much in the talk…

金融103 第三组

谢优男唐希光

王扬张翠锋杨程旖旎

第二篇：大学英语教程(上册)_笔记(全)

本课程的名称为“大学英语自学教程（上册）”，它是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）专科阶段的公共实践课，检测好坏的标准是会不会灵活运用这门语言。考试大纲规定，大学英语的教学目标是“使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说、读、写及汉译英能力，为获得专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础”。

本课程包括较系统的英语语法知识、英语单词约3000个和词组约500个，阅读量为30000余词。本课程的重点是英语的基本词汇和语法，课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。

本课程的主要考试内容是从词汇、语法、阅读和翻译着手的。从2000年开始考试题型已改为如下七种：A.客观题部分：1.单项选择10%；2.完型填空10%；3.阅读理解30%；B.主观题部分：4.单词拼写10%；5.词形转换10%；6.汉译英15%；7.英译汉15% 为了帮助大家在英语学习、考试方面能达到事半功倍的效果，以及从我这几年教受英语课程的经验来看，想给大家提几点建议，：

第一，要勤读、多读。我们这里所说的“读”包括朗读和阅读，正确的发音，流利的朗读，对于熟练掌握单词、句子和课文，提高阅读速度都有根本意义；

第二，记牢单词。我知道这历来是考生们最头疼的事情，但是我认为只要大家有好的适合自己的方法，那么对于大纲要求的这3000词汇来说应该只是a piece of cake(小事一庄)。发音要正确，背单词要有计划，读写结合，注意常用词的词类和变化规则，记单词要和学习课文结合起来，不能死记硬背，最后一环是和遗忘作斗争的最有效手段---复习。英语中有一句谚语：Rome wasn’t built in one day!译成中文是：冰冻三尺非一日之寒。记忆单词尤应记住它；

第三点，学好语法。学语法的主要目的是为了用。对于英语教学我最擅长的就是讲解语法，一般我会将语法现象融入所学课文中，让大家感觉不是那么晦涩难懂。只有在错综复杂的语言现象中学和用，才能真正掌握语法。

guaranteed for one year.英语学习不是一句两句(v 保修)就说的完的，今后我会在教学4.intelligent:a 聪明中逐步让大家感受到学英语的的、明智的，n intelligence 乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事聪明、智慧

业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富5.conversely: ad 相反大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟地，converse a 相反的

是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我6.similar:a 相似的、类将四个英文字母以及一句谚语似的，短语be similar to 送给我们每一位自学者：sth / sb in sth(*)IIpp----Interest，e.g.She is similar in Intention, patience and temper(性情、脾气)to her persistence.Where there mother.is a will, there is a 7.independent:a 独立way!(有志者事竟成！)Good 的、自主的，independence n luck!

独立、自主、自立，（*）

下面我们开始上课。我想字根：depend(v):依靠、在第一课开始之前对大家提几依赖，depend on / upon 点要求：1.每人都必须有课dependence: n 信赖、信本，即高远主编的《大学英语任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依自学教程》（上）；2.每讲后靠的、需要支持的

必须要复习、做作业；3.最好a.When you begin to 能提前看看下讲的课文；4.make money you can live a 每5个单元有测验，请大家务life of independence.必认真完成;5有问题随时b.Children depend on 问，学习上不要害羞。

their parents for food.本教程共计25个单元。c.I don’t want to be 每单元分A，B两篇文章，一dependent on my parents, 般A 位重点文章，精讲；B为because I am an adult.培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。

8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to Unit one:

something Text A: How to Be a 9.adult: n 成年人；a Successful Language 成年的、成熟的

Learner?

a.She can do it

herself, for she is an Ⅰ.New Words:

adult now.1.successful: a 成功b.His behavior isn’t 的；

adult.succeed v : succeed 10.conclusion: n 结in doing something做某事论、推论；v conclude.成功;

decide v 决定，decision n success n;决定、决心

successfully ad(*)

11.communicate: v 交a.She wished him 流、通讯、传播，习语：

success_ in his new job.①communicate sth to b.Were you successful sb: 传播某事给某人；

in finding a new house?

②communicate with sb: c.I finished my 同某人交流

training successfully.名词：communication: a d.He succeeds in communication satellite 通finding a good job.讯卫星；

2.disagree: v disagree a communication with somebody(与某人有分network 通讯网，歧，意见不一致)，telecommunication:电讯、电n disagreement, a 信，disagreeable;反义词：agree, China agreement, agreeable

telecommunication中国电信

e.g.I always disagree 12.inexact: a 不正确with him.的，反义词：exact 3.guarantee:n / v 保 incomplete: a 不完证、担保、保修

整的，反义词：complete e.g.1>.The watch has a 13.purpose: n 目的、意two-year guarantee.(n保图，purposeful: a 有目的修)的，蓄意的，2>.The TV set is purposefully: ad 有

目的地、蓄意地(*)

a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的 15.technique: n 技术、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲

a.You should outline the story before you write it.b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement

②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点：

修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom,(一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析！

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has

come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地„)这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in 译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。

①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 从句

a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的

①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语

②短语：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice„

hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与„不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.(*)译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。

①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some many ways.(*)

c.He’s afraid that 译：语言学习研究显示成he’ll be late for class.功的语言学习者在许多方面都10.When communication 是相似的。

is difficult, they can ①本句主语Language accept information that is learning research；谓语：inexact or incomplete.shows；宾语：that引导一个译：当交流困难时，他们宾语从句。在宾语从句中会接受不准确或不完整的信successful language 息。

learners是主语；are是系动本句中包含一个时间状语词；similar in many ways从句When communication is 是表语

difficult，一个定语从句②重要短语be similar that is inexact or(to sb/sth)in sth在„方incomplete，修饰先行词面与某人/某事相似

information，在从句中that7.Instead of waiting 作主语。

for the teachers to 11.It’s more explain, they try to find important for them to the patterns and the rules learn to think in the for themselves.(*)

language than to know the 译：不是等这老师解释，meaning of every word.(*)而是自己努力去发现各种句型译：对他们来说，学会用和规则。

所学的语言来思考比学会每个①Instead of waiting 单词的意思更重要。

for the teachers to ①it作形式主语，真正explain,介词短语作状语，主主语是动词不定式to learn 语：they；谓语：try to to think in the language.find；宾语：the patterns 原句语序应是：For them to and the rules for learn to think in the themselves

language is more important ②介词of后的动词要用than to know the meaning 动名词waiting

of every word.③短语：instead of sth;用形式主语的目的是因为wait for sb to do sth;try 不定式作主语太长，为避免句to do sth;

子头重脚轻，用it代替真正8.They find people who 的主语。

speak the language and e.g.For many people they ask these people to to learn English well is correct them when they very difficult.make a mistake.(*)

=It’s very 译：他们寻找说这种语言difficult for many people 的人，当他们说错时就请这些to learn English well 人帮助指正。

②短语：learn to do ①这是一个由and连接的sth学会做„;more 并列句，其中有一个定语从句important than „更重要

who speak the language，修12.It’s necessary for 饰先行词people;有一个时间them to learn the language 状语从句when they make a in order to communicate mistake

with these people and to ②correct: v 指正、纠learn from them.正，短语：make a mistake = For them to learn 犯错误

the language in order to 9.They are not afraid communicate with these to repeat what they hear people and to learn from or to say strange things.them are necessary

learn from sb:向„学习

13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。

①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)

14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)

译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。

①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。

15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。

①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。

②短语：on the other

hand: 另一方面来说;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨„，最好„.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone!Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A.Useful phrases: 1.disagree with „(2段1行);2.hundreds of(2段3行);3.be different from„(3段1行);4.succeed in sth„(3段3行);5.as much as you can(4段2行);6.practice doing sth(4段2行);7.try to do„(4段4行);

8.similar in sth„(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do„(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);

14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do„(7段6行);

17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, A.Some new words: purposefully;1.instance: a single 12.regularly;

13.fact, event, example.例technique;14.outline.子、实例，常用短语for C.Key to part instance，例如。

exercises:(from page 8 to 2.waiter: a person 12)

who serves food at the

一、课文练习： tables in a restaurant(男Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;性)，Ⅱ.1.task;waitress女服务员、2.intelligent;3.tudy;女招待

4.clue;5.conclusion;3.traveler: a person 6.repeat;7.communication;who goes from place to 8.purpose;9.probably;

place, esp.to a far away 10.outline place Ⅲ.1.Instead of;travel: v 旅游

2.therefore;3.more„than;

4.primitive: adj 原4.even;5.first of all;始的：of the earliest 6.because;7.on the other times of life or of man hand;8.finally;9.looking 5.exact 反义词for;10.conversely inexact Ⅳ.1.见课文；

6.consist;v 短语： 2.Language consist of 组成

learning is active e.g.My class learning.Learners should

consists of 20 students.take advantage of every 7.simply: adv, chance to use the language.simple adj 简单的

3.Language learning should be active，independent and purposeful.B.Some language 4.见一讲作业。points: 5.The teachers 1.not only„but often pass on their also„不但„而且，并列连successful experience in 词。(连接两个并列成分)language learning to us.e.g.⑪ I hope to be

二、词汇练习： not only your teacher, but Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲also your good friend.解部分； 3.cover: v 覆 ⑫ „, we can 盖； uncover: v 揭开，为do it not only with the cover的反义词；discover: help of words, but also in v 发现，同义词：find,习题many other ways.答案为：covered;uncover;2.neither„nor:既discovered 不„也不，并列连词，连接两Ⅱ.1.inexact;个并列成分。

2.technique;3.outlined;e.g.⑪ Autumn is a 4.communicate;5.regularly;good season.It’s neither 6.clue;7.intelligent;hot nor cold.8.incomplter;9.similar;⑫ people who 10.statement can neither hear nor speak Ⅲ.1.disagree;talk to each other with 2.independent;the help of their fingers.3.incomplete;4.inexact;3.He entered a 5.uncover/discover restaurant and sat at a Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业table.(坐在桌旁)3,4,5题。2见课文 5.We

4.in this way:介词短should learn something new 语，用这种方法

independently, actively e.g.I learn English and purposefully.by myself.In this way, I have finally got the Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般diploma of English major.了解，属阅读理解课文，对于 5.The Englishman text B的文章来说，虽然较Awho was very hungry by 篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅this time and not at all 读结果的标准是能够独立地完thirsty looked very sad.成课后的习题。a.本句包含有一个定语

从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。

b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不„

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。

Key to the part exercises:

page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2

Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world.Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things.There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes;they are for the federal government, state government, and city government.Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.A.New words:

1.tax: n 税；vt 对„征税

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking，general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的

5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)a.More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.b.A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.c.I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)a.Holiday jobs are many and varied.b.people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)c.prices of fruit vary from season to season.8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售

9.charge: v 收费、控告

a.How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b.He was charged with the guilty of murder.10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)a.She always adds sugar to her tea.b.He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.c.We will need additional help to do the work.11.confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj;confusion n(*)a.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.b.This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.c.Do you think this will cause much confusion?

来了。

d.They confused me 2昨天我妈给我的钱已by asking so many 经被偷走了。

questions.Answer:

1.The man 11.complain: v 抱who/whom/that/省略

you 怨，常跟介词of, about.have been looking for has complaint: n 抱怨、投诉come.（*）

2.The money a.Students always that/which/省略 my mother complain about too much gave me yesterday was homework.stolen.b.She complained 短语；be sure of:that the exam was too hard.对„确信、确定

c.He used to e.g.We can be sure complain bitterly of his of his honesty.bad memory.(诉说有病)

d.There is no 2.Americans don’t reason for complaint.have a corner on the death

market, but many people 12.useless: adj 无用feel that the United 的，反义词 useful;carefulStates leads the world →careless;helpful→with the worst taxes.(*)helpless;hopeful→ 译：美国人并不垄断hopeless etc.“死亡”市场，但很多人感到 13.impractical: adj 美国却以最重的赋税在世界上不切实际的，反义词 名列前茅。

practical;practice v 实 短语：have a corner 践、实际

on something:垄断„;lead 14.program: n 计划、with因„领先

节目、程序；v 编程序

e.g.China leads the 15.tend: v 易于、倾world with her silk 向于，tendency n 趋势、倾products.向

a.people tend to 3.With the high cost get fat as they grow older.of taxes, people are not b.prices continue very happy on April 15, to show an upward tendency.when the federal taxes are(物价呈持续上升趋势。)

due.译：由于高额的税款，B.Intensive reading: 每年4月15日人们很不开 1.Americans often 心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税say that there are only 款的日子。

two things a person can be 分析：With the high sure of in life: death and cost of taxes,介词短语作原taxes.(*)

因状语，with = because of, 译：美国人常说，一个由于„, 人一生中只有两件事可以肯定 when the federal 会发生：死亡和纳税。

taxes are due是非限定性定 分析：主语：语从句，修饰on April 15。Americans；谓语：say；thatWhen 叫关系副词。

引导一个宾语从句，还包含有 Where, when, why是一个省略了关联代词的定语从定语从句中的三个关系副词，句，a person can be sure 分别在定语从句中作地点状in life修饰two things.语、时间状语、原因状语。

当先行词在定语从句中 a.This is the house 作宾语时，常可省略。

where I was born.(where = e.g.1>.The watch in which)that/which/省略 I found in b.I’ll never the library is his.forget the day when I（why?）

entered the college.(when 2>.The girl = on which)who/whom/that/省略 you met c.please tell me at the party is my sister.the reason why you are 请试着翻译句子： always late for my 1你一直在找的那个人class.(why = for which)

另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)

译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)

译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item.charged to表示“向„征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)

译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。

短语：in addition to 除„还有„(+)

e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that

it spends too much on of;5.similar;6.tends to;（修订版）；edit: v;useless and impractical 7.complaining about;8.i editor: n 3.Television ads are programs.addition to;9.issue;8.entertainment: n short, but they are 译：他们经常抗议政府 10.agree on 娱乐、款待 repeated over and over 对他们交纳的税金使用不当。Ⅳ.1.How much do 9.audience: n 观again so that the audience 他们认为政府在一些没用或不you charge for a haircut? 众、听众。sees and hears them many 切实际的项目上花钱太多。2.We are trying to 10.characteristic: times.(*)短语：use sth in the raise funds for the Red a 典型的； n 特性、特征

译：电视广告时间很wrong way,错误地使用„, Cross.11.commercial: adj 短，但它们被反复播放，可以 spend sth on sth 3.He earned a good 商业的； n 商业广告； 使观众看听许多遍。在„花费，或spend sth in reputation for honesty.commerce n 商业。

短语：over and over doing sth.4.We pay taxes in 12.responsible: a again一遍又一遍； so that e.g.Mother says he exchange for government 有责任的； responsibility = in order that表目的； spends too much time in services.n 责任 audience:称作集体名watching TV every day.5.An open letter 13.particular: a 特词，当单形集体名词被看作一 8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

短语：have different views on sth对„有不同观点，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb;同意做某事：agree to do sth.Ⅲ.Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行);2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);3.lead with(1段4行);4.consist of(2段1行);5.depend on(3段3行);6.that is(3段4行);7.be similar to(4段3行);8.in addition to(4段10行);9.public works(5段4行);10.municipal buildings(5段5行);11.complain about(6段3行);12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);13.spend„on(6段4-5行);14.tend on(6段6行);15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、课文练习：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.diverse;4.consisted protested government’s 定的 foreign policy.14.estimate: n / v

二、词汇练习： 估计、评价

Ⅰ见2讲讲课内容。15.management: n 管 Ⅱ.1.charge;理、经营； manage: v 管2.department;3.due;理； manager: n 经理 4.diverse;5.earns;6.vary;16.approve: v 赞7.property;8.leading;成、同意、批准； approval: 9.fund;10.tends n 17.involve: v 牵 Ⅱ.Text B: 涉、卷入，be involved in It’s about sth;involvement: n advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.B.Some difficult Some are from TV, some are sentences: from radio, some are from 1.Advertising is newspaper, and others are only part of the total from magazines and even sales effort, but it’s Internet.When you find so the part that attracts the many ads have penetrated most attention.into all the corners of 译：广告仅仅是整个销our life, then do you 售活动的一部分，但就是这部think it’s good or bad? 分最能吸引人们的注意力。Now let’s find something 注意本句的主语from our text.advertising是动名词作主 语，表示登广告。再如： A.New words: playing football is 1.advertise: v 做广my favorite sport.告、登广告；advertisement: 短语：attract one’s n 缩写ad;advertising attention吸引某人的注意company广告公司；力。advertiser: n 登广告的人

2.attract: v 吸引； 2.Voices and music attraction: n 吸引力；have been added to color attractive: adj 吸引人的 and pictures to catch the 3.design: v 设计； ear as well as the eye.designer 设计师（*）4.persuade: v 劝说，译：色彩和画面配上声常用习语：persuade sb to 音和音乐，既好看又好听。do sth 重点掌握短语：1>.add 5.leisure: n 空暇、sth to sth加„到„, 悠闲，at leisure有空，清 e.g.I don’t like 闲。add milk to/into my coffee.6.classified: a 分 2>.catch the ear, 类的；classify v 分类 catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，7.edition: n 版本，吸引眼睛 a paperback edition（平装 3>.as well as:版）, a rare edition（珍藏也 ,除了„还有„(+)版）, a deluxe edition（精 e.g.I like Chinese 装版）, a revised editionas well as English.个整体时，具有单数概念；被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a

big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is

quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases:

1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);

3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide

on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.词汇练习：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;

4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual.Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important.A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海员； sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）

a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do„, be unwilling to do„;副词：unwillingly, willingly;名词：will意愿、意志。（*）

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.please look at the 4.salty: a 咸的，salt: following sentences from n 盐；salted用盐腌的

the text: a.The sea water is a.The Atlantic ocean salty.is one of the oceans b.The salted beef is that „.delicious.b.The narrowest place

is between the bulge of „.5.average: n/a/v平均c.The Azores are the 数、平均的、平均常用短语：tops of the peak „.on the average(*)

a.The average of 2,3 1.冠词（articles）:是and 4 is 3.一种虚词，放在一个名词前，b.The average age of 帮助说明该名词的含义。它分the students in this class 为定冠词和不定冠词两种。

is eighteen.2.定冠词the的用法如c.They averaged 20 下：

miles a day during their ①重复上文提到过的人或last journey.物：

e.g.There is a 6.range: n 山脉、范refrigerator in the 围；v 变化，排列成行

kitchen.The refrigerator a.She has a wide range is white.of interests.(第一次提到用不定冠b.He ranged the books 词，第二次用定冠词，表特by size.指。)

②特指谈话双方都知道的7.peak: n 高峰，adj 人或物。

高峰的，反义词：off-peak

e.g.How do you like peak hour = rush the film? hour

③指世界上独一无二的事8.eastward, westward, 物。

northward, southward: adj e.g.The earth is adv

bigger than the moon, but 9.crew:集体名词

smaller than the sun.10.becalm: v become ④常用在乐器前：

calm;calm: a平静的、安静e.g.I want to play 的, please keep calm.the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事业名称11.current: n 水流、电前, 流；adj 流行的

e.g.I will go to the a.The current is the post office/ the museum/ strongest in the middle of the cinema.the river.⑥用在序数词和形容词最b.Turn off the current 高级之前，while making repairs.e.g.the first time, c.of all her dresses, the biggest.only one is still current.⑦用在某些专有名词前，e.g.the people’s 12.affect: v 影响、打Republic of China, the 动；effect n 影响，have an great wall, the white effect on sth;affecting house adj 动人的；effective adj ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、有影响的、有效的。（*）

海洋、湖泊，a.Violent TV programs e.g.the Changjiang have a bad effect on the River, the pacific ocean, children.the Himalayas, the Salt b.Music can affect Lake some people very strongly.⑨和某些形容词连用，表c.The law is no longer 示某一类人, effective.e.g.the rich, the 13.furnish: v 用家具poor, the dead, the young 布置，家具：furniture.⑩用在姓氏的复数形式

前，表一家人, B.Grammar knowledge: e.g.The Greens are 定冠词的用法 watching TV.另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A:

1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。

He is the best person that always helps others

2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。

He is the last person that I want to see.3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。

Which is the bike that you lost?

4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。

We should hand in all that you have found.5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短语：separate sth from sth把„与„分开

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it

kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）

译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析： 主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made； 宾语：the early sailors； 宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句）

4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as

that this big ocean seems a.My hair is twice to have grown smaller.as long as yours.译：我们现在有如此多 b.My classroom is 的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似only one third as big as 乎变小了。

theirs.短语：such + n +

that 引导结果状语从句，注 5.It’s more than 意和so„that„比较。

4000 miles wide where a.She’s such a Columbus crossed it.lovely girl that everyone 译：哥伦布穿越大西洋likes her very much.的航线有4000多英里宽。

b.She’s so lovely a 基数词 + 形容词→作girl that everyone likes 度量状语。

her very much.a.He is only five seem to 仿佛、好像 years old.b.The river is three Ⅱ.Brief summary meters deep.about the useful phrases: c.The classroom is 1.separate„from„(1five meters long.段1行);2.keep sb from

doing sth(1段2行);6.For so large an 3.make sb do sth(2段1行);ocean, it has very few 4.boiling hot(2段5行);islands.Also, it is the 5.so„that„(5段1行);world’s saltiest ocean.6.no more(5段2行);7.on 译：这么大的一个海洋the average(5段4行);却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它8.pile up(10段2行);是世界上盐分含量最高的海9.such„that„(11段1行);洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大10.seem to(11段2行);特点。）

11.be unwilling to do„(2

段1行)7.There is so much

water in the Atlantic Text B:做一般了解。ocean that it is hard to A.New words: imagine how much there is.1.observation: n 观 译：大西洋中有多得令察，observe: v 观察；人难以想象的海水。

observer: n 观察者

So„that引导结果状 2.continually: adv 语从句。(so + adj / adv)

不停地，continue v 继续, It’s so hot these continual adj 不停的

days that we can’t go out.3.merely: adv 同义

词only 8.But suppose no 4.absolutely: adv more rain fell into it and 完全地、绝对地，同义词：no more water was brought completely, entirely, to it by rivers.thoroughly.译：假设不再有雨水降 5.uncomfortably: 入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。adv 不舒适地，反义词：本句存在一个重要的语法现comfortably;uncomfortable, 象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实comfortable 的假设。该语法放到text B 6.inhabitant: n 居中进行详讲。

民（不是永久的），永久的

resident, inhabit;v 居住

9.It would take the 7.occasionally: adv ocean about 4000years to 偶尔地； occasional: adj, dry up.occasion: n 场合、机会

译：它大约需要4000

年的时间才干涸。

B.Grammar knowledge: 重要句型：it takes / Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

took sb some time to do 它是谓语动词的一种形sth花某人多少时间作某事

式，表示非真实的假设、或表 Every day it takes 示命令、建议或说话人的主观me an hour to go to work.愿望。

a.But suppose no 10.We now have such more rain fell into it and fast ways of traveling no more water was brought

to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind„

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun„

虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early.c.If I should fail, I would try again.为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：

条件从句

结果主句

对现在事实的违背

过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词 should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形

对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C.Further notes on some sentences:

1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。

except for:除了„,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2.We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun„

3.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮

4.In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。这是一个难句，隐含有5.unusual;6.highway;一个虚拟语气句：which 7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;would otherwise be dark.10.affected That is: If the 汉译英：

surface of the whole earth

1、这座山有泰山的一didn’t reflect enough of 半高。

the sun’s light on to the

2、这所学校平均每个face of the moon, the 班有45人。

parts of it would be dark.3、昨晚他过了好一会 短语：in the same 儿才入睡。

way用同样的方式； reflect

4、电视里的广告太sth on to/onto sth 反射多，无法记住到底有多少。

到„;be able to do 能做„

5、许多错误的想法导

致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。

D.useful phrases: Key: 1.except for(2段1 1.The mountain is 行);2.face towards sth(3half as high as Mount Tai.段4行);3.face away from 2.on the average, sth(3段4行);4.keep sth there are 45 students in in mind(3段6行);5.light each class in this school.up(3段6行);6.sth is 3.Last night it enough for sb to do(4段2took him quite a long time 行);7.speak of(4段3行);to fall asleep.8.know sth well(4段5行);4.There are so many 9.reflect sth onto sth(4ads on TV that it’s 段6-7行);10.in the same impossible to remember the way(4段7行);exact number.5.Many wrong ideas

made people in the days of homework:

Columbus unwilling to sail 从所给词中选择恰当的westward.填入空格内；

Homework for 2nd boil narrow lecture: unusual salty average 1.He is not spot peak crew affect only a teacher, _____ also highway

a friend.1.The ___ hours of however but as traffic means the times and when the traffic is 2.Deaf and dumb highest.people “talk” to each 2.All the ____ other with the help of members on the ship are their ____ ready for sail.fingers eyes 3.Jack’s work at faces mouths school is well above the 3.Music is ____, but he is still not different from languages.happy with himself.It can be ____ by people 4.When water ___, from different countries.it changes into steam.spoke understood 5.His ____ ideas known taken surprised everyone.4.An Italian 6.The information entered a restaurant and super ____ makes the world sat down ____ a table.smaller and smaller.on in to at 7.He road was too 5.Moving one’s ___ for trucks to pass.head up and down generally 8.He wants to know _____ “yes”.why sea water is _____.means says brings 9.He showed the makes police the very ____ where 6.He was just going he was beaten.to give up _____ another 10.He said that the chance came.climate ____ his health.when while Key: although however 1.peak;2.crew;7.We have ____ 3.average;4.boils;people to finish the job

today.seldom little enough much

8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly

9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into

汉译英：

1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。

2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。

3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。

4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。

5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。

Key:

1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one

Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn

this text, you will get 把„同„联系起来；n 同伙；something useful to help adj 副的 you improve your memory.a.NBA means National please listen carefully Basketball Association.and intensively.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.Unit 4

Text A: c.John and paul are Improving Your Memory associates.Ⅰ.New words: d.Mr.Liu is an 1.psychological: adj associate manager in this 心理学的;psychology: n 心company.理学;psychologist: n 心理 学家;7.visualize: v 想象、repeated: adj

a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的

21.preserve: v 保护、是很难记住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定语从句，修饰information.这句话还可改为：

It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短语：make some/no sense:有/没有一定意义

a.What you said makes no sense.psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础;basically: adv 基本上、根本上 4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意义的； meaningless:adj 无意义的;meaning: n 含义(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 组织者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 联合、协会； associate: v 设想；visualization: n想维持；preservation: n保象、设想

护、维持;preservative: 8.rhyme:字母h不发音。adj 保护性的，保存的

9.ability: n 能力，短Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 语：to the best of one’s

1.physical research ability,尽力而为。同义词has focused on a number of capacity;able: adj有能力

basic principles that help 的，短语：be able to do memory.sth, 反义词：unable.译：心理学研究集中在一 些有利于记忆的基本原则上。

10.random: adj/n 胡乱本句包含有一个that引的、随便，常用短语：at

导的定语从句，修饰basic random,随便地。principles.He took a book at 短语：focus on sth;a random.number of = many 许多； basic principles: 基本原则

11.categorize: v 分

a.please focus your 类；category: n 种类 attention on your work.12.needless 不需要的,b.A number of students 不必要的；needful 需要的，are studying English.必要的

c.The number of 13.refer: v 涉及、参students studying English 与；reference: n reference is increasing.book

please refer to the 2.It’s useful to dictionary if you come

know how these principles.across a new word.本句的主语为：to know

how these principles；it14.relate: v 有关联，为形式主语。通常由于动词不叙述，讲述；related: adj 定式作主语、主语从句作主有关联的；relation: n 关

语、动名词作主语太长，使句系、关联 子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于a.I can’t relate what

形式主语。

he said with what he did.a.To have a good sleep（我不能将他所说与所做联系before the exam is very 起来。）

necessary.b.This part relates to It’s necessary to the current situation.(这have a good sleep before 部分指的是目前的形式。)the exam.b.playing with fire is 15.accurately: adv 准dangerous.确地，同义词：exactly；

It’s dangerous accurate: adj;accuracy: n playing with fire.16.memorize: v 记住；c.That the earth is memory: n 记忆力；

round is true.memorandum(memo)备忘录 It’s true that the 17.improvement: n 改earth is round.进、增进；improve: v

18.image: n 形象、印3.Information that 象；imagery: n 肖像的总

does not make any sense to 称，意象;imagine: v 想象 you is difficult to 19.repetition: n 重remember.复、反复；repeat: v;译：对你毫无意义的信息

b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense?

4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

译：不用说，第二种词表要比第一种词表更容易记忆。

短语：needless to say不用说

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.译：联想意思是把我们要记住的材料与我们已经准确记住的东西联系起来。

分析：主语Association;谓语：refers to；宾语：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，动名词作宾语。包含定语从句：we want to remember，修饰the material； we remember accurately修饰something.短语：refer to sth指„;relate sth to / with sth把„同„联系起来。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.译：与通过反复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人记住了80%到90%。

分析：using imagery现在分词作定语。

短语：compare with拿„与„对比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard.b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行)译：如果一个图书馆的图书陈列得杂乱无章，那么这个图书馆会有什么用呢？

这句话需注意：虚拟语气.in„order以„顺序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分构词法：

在英语中，词的构成法有四种：派生法、合成法、转化法、缩略法。

1．合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如：black + board = blackboard 2．转化法：由一种词类转化为另一种或其他词类。

如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．缩略法：将原词缩略，在读音和写法上成为新的形式。

如：bicycle缩为bike;examination缩为exam;the United Nation缩为UN etc.4．派生法：在词根上加上前缀或后缀构成新词，这是四种方法中最为常见、较难掌握的一种。我将分几讲用表格的形式介绍给大家，请注意平常学习时的总结、记忆！

主要的名词后缀： 后 缀 例 词

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

A.New words:-ness

1.short-term, long-busy→business;illterm: 是合成形容词。

→illness;kind→kindness 2.contrast: n/v,两个etc.词性发音不同。短语：in

contrast with;-ship

contrast with sth;friend→friendship;3.release: n/v 释citizen→citizenship etc

放、解放，release sth from

sth;-th

4.reward: n/v 奖赏、deep→depth;true→报答

truth;long→length etc.5.proficiency: n

proficiency at/in sth;-tion,-sion

proficient: adj熟练的

decide→decision;

invent→invention;B.Grammar point: organize→organization etc.passive Voice(被动语态)

please look at the-ty following sentences from safe→safety;text B: difficult→difficulty;1.Information in active→activity etc.long-term memory can be

recalled at a later time-sure,-ture

when it is needed.create→creature;2.The information please→pleasure, mix→may be kept for days or mixture etc

weeks.3.The two

experiences here show how Ⅳ.Brief summary short-term memory has been about the phrases:

studied.1.focus on(1段1行)； 以上每句话中都含有被2.a number of(1段1行);动语态。接近于中文中的3.basic principle(1段1“被”字句。

行);4.make sense(2段2 1．语态是表示主语和行);5.for instance(2段4谓语的关系的。若主语是动作行);6.make a difference 的执行者，动词要用主动语in sth(3段1行);7.be 态；反之若主语是动作的承受kept in random order(3段2者，则要用被动语态。

行);8.for example(3段5 2．英语中共有16中时行);9.as follows(3段10态，其中常用的10中存有被行);10.needless to say(3动语态。为了便于大家学习，段11行);11.refer to(4段我将被动语态列为6个公式，1行);12.relate sth to 请大家套用。

sth(4段2行);13.1>.s + be + p.p(动词associate sth with sth(4的过去分词)（一般现在时、段3行);14.compared 一般过去时）

with(5段6行);

a.Her room isn’t

cleaned today.Text B:

b.Her room was There are two kinds cleaned yesterday.of memory: long-term

memory and short-term 2>.s + be + being + memory.And information in p.p（现在进行时、过去进行short-term memory is kept 时）

for only a few seconds, a.White Snow is usually by repeating it being told by the teacher.over and over again while b.White Snow was information in long-term being told by the teacher memory may be kept for yesterday afternoon.days or weeks.So I think

when you learn English, 3>.s + has/have/had the long-term memory is + been + p.p(现在完成时、welcomed by everyone.过去完成时)

a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般将来时、过去将来时)

a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(现在将来完成时、过去将来完成时)

a.Thirty-seven

stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情态动词 + be + p.p(情态动词的被动语态)

a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text:

1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)

课文练习：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high

Ⅲ.见上讲作业。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose

词汇练习：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling

up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5

Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 谬论、谬误

2.quality: n 质量、素质；quantity;n 数量

3.deer: n 单复数同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蛮的；n 13.foundation: n 根野人； v 残害

据、基础；found: v 奠定基5.bravery: n 英勇、勇础

敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

14.mixture: n 混合物；6.eager: adj 渴望的，mix: v 混合

常用短语：be eager to do 15.belief: n 信念、信sth, be eager for sth.仰；believe: v 相信

eagerly:adv(*)

16.combination: n 结aShe is eager for 合、联合；combine: v knowledge.combine sth with sth b.He is eager to know 17.protein,carbohydratif he has passed the exam.e, fat, vitamin:食物的主要

养分。

7.civilized: adj 文明 的，反义词savage;18.contain: v 包含、包civilize: v 使„文明；括

civilization: n 文明（*）

A kilometer contains a.Education can help one thousand meters.people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a 19.sustitute: n 替代highly civilized society.品，v 代替

c.In China, Marco polo a.Vegetable oil is a found a civilization far good substitute for animal ahead of that in Europe.oil.b.She substituted for 8.magical: adj 魔术the professor who was ill.的、不可思议的；magic: n

魔术； magician: n 魔术师

B.Intensive reading: 9.poisonous: adj 有毒1.Many primitive 的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒药

peoples believed that by our children are eating an animal they poisoned by violent TV could get some of the good program.qualities of that animal

for themselves.10.overseas: adj/adv译：许多原始人相信通过海外的、在海外

吃某种动物，他们就能获得它a.There are many 的某些长处。

overseas students in 分析：主语Many Britain.primitive peoples；谓语b.We are used to believed；that by eating living overseas.an animal they could get

some of the good qualities 11.widespread: 合成形of that animal for 容词

themselves是宾语从句，其12.digest: v 消化，n 中by eating an animal是方文摘；digestion: n 消化；式状语；peoples:指不同的种digestive: adj 消化族。的;digestible: adj 易消化 的；indigestible: adj 不易2.They thought, for 消化的（*）

example, that eating deer a.Some foods digest would make them run as more easily than others.fast as deer.b.The meat should have 译：例如，他们认为吃鹿been cooked a little 肉能使他们跑得跟鹿一样快。

longer.It was not very Eating deer是动名词作digestible.宾语从句得主语。

c.She suffers from 短语：make sb do sth;stomach trouble and has a as + adj/adv + as very poor digestion.d.Water makes the 3.They were called digestive juices flow more love apples and were freely and makes the food supposed to make people more digestible.who ate them fall in e.We often read love.(*)译：西红柿被称作Reader’s Digest.爱之果，谁吃了它，谁就会坠 入爱河。

注意被动语态的用法：were called被称作„，were supposed to被认为„.;fall in love 短语.4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous.本句包含有一个同位语从句the idea that they were poisonous,它属名词从句的一种.它所表达的意思就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思.通常同位语从句前的名词必须是表事实的抽象名词: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc.The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.)that在该从句中虽不作任何成分,但一定不能省略.同位语从句和定语从句经常是貌似,请加以区分.a.The news that the leader will come here is not true.b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true.分析:第一句是同位语从句,第二句是定语从句.根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断,若that在从句中不担任任何成分,则是同位语从句,反之为定语从句.5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*)难句！!

译:如果那些认为西红柿有毒的人们知道在二战期间有成百万磅的西红柿供应给在海外作战的士兵,他们将会多么吃惊!

分析:这是由how surprised引导的感叹句.整句的主语是the people;谓语would be;who thought tomatoes poisonous是定语从句修饰the people;if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是条件状语从句.本句还含有一个语法点:虚

拟语气,对现在假设的虚拟.短语:be supplied to/for sb„供应给„;supply sb with sth供应„

a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor.6.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.译:喝水将食物冲下而代替咀嚼不是一个好办法,但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的.动名词Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主语.as a substitute for chewing介词短语,作为„的替代品.短语:substitute for sth

7.A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*)译:几年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能饮用的这种看法变得十分普遍.that引导同位语从句,修饰belief.should never be drunk是情态动词得被动语态.8.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.译:不要同时吃肉和土豆,这种看法是愚蠢的,就像说不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一样.正常语序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主语太长用形式主语it.还要注意英文中讲究balance the sentence.即,主语是不定式,表语也要是不定式.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行);2.be eager to do sth(1段6行);3.be supposed to do sth(2段43.Nor is this all.行);4.fall in love(2段5我们知道,通常主语应该行);5.be supplied to sb(3在谓语之前,这是自然语序,但段4行);6.a great many(4有时出于某种需要,会对主谓段1行);7.substitute for 的有特殊的要求,出现部分谓sth(6段2行);8.have sth 语或全部谓语置于主语之前,to do with(7段2行);这样的语序称作倒装.今天介9.have no foundation(7段1绍几种常见的倒装的情况.行);10.as a matter of 1.当表示否定意义的词放fact(7段5行);11.in the 在句首时,句子需部分倒装,即same way(8段4行);将助动词,情态动词或be提至12.think of sth as sth(8主语之前.常见的这样的词段3行)

有:never, hardly, little，not only, rarely, scarcely Text B: Do Animals etc.Think?

e.g.Hardly had he A.New words:

said anything before he 1.engage: v 从事, left.engage in sth，2.only引出的状语放在His father engages in 句首时.politics.a.only after class did 2.arrange: v 安排,筹划;he go home.arrangement: n, arrange sb b.only when you finish to do sth.your homework can you 3.creature: n 生物;watch TV.create: v 产生

3.句首为so, nor, 4.imitate: v 模仿;neither等副词,表明前句说imitation : n

明的情况也适用于本句.5.instinct: n 本能,直a.He can speak fluent 觉, by instinct

English.So can I.The birds can fly by b.I can’t play instinct.computer games.Nor can he.6.variety: n 变化;4.在as引导的让步状语vary: v 变化

从句中.7.unlike: prep 不像;1>.adj + as + 主语 + dislike: v 不喜欢

be:

Young as he is, he B.Important phrases: knows a lot.1.a great deal(1段22>.n(不带冠词)+ as +行);2.be true with/of(1主语 + be: 段3行)(3段4行);3.as King as he is, he is well(1段4行);4.engage unhappy.in(2段5行);5.search for 3>.adv + as + 主语 + sth(4段2行);6.in some 动词: respects(5段2行);7.a Fast as you run, you great many(5段3行);can’t catch up with her.8.connect with(5段4行);4>.动词 + as + 主语 + 9.take care of(5段7行);助动词: 10.make improvement in Try as she does, she sth(6段1行);11.by will never pass it.instinct(7段3行);5.当句子主语过长或需要12.speak of(8段1行);强调某些词时.13.a great variety of More important is the sth(8段3行);14.no use question of how to face doing sth(8段8行);the possibilities of 15.have no knowledge of illness, injury, and even sth(9段7行)

death.6.在非真实条件句中,若C.Grammar point: 倒装从句有had, should, were时句

将它们倒装到主语之前.1.The ants, a.If I had left hardworking as they are, earlier, I would have have their times for play.caught the train.2.Very busy must be = Had I left earlier, their thoughts while I would have caught the engaged in these sports.train.b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.7.当here, there, then, thus等副词放在句首,并且谓语动词为come, go, be等不及物动词时.a.Here is a book for you.b.There goes the bell.c.Here comes the bus!8.用在may + 主语 + 动词原形„句式中,表示祝愿,希望.a.May you succeed!b.May you be happy!该语法可参阅课本p569.The 7th lecture of College English one

Key to exercises:

p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c;p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery;2.eager;3.civilized;4.overseas;5.substitute;6.foundation;7.combination;8.belief;9.protein;10.contain

p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins;2.firemen;3.data;4.deer;5.potatoes, tomatoes

Ⅳ.1.During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes.3.It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food.4.Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast.p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free;b.freedom;c.freely;4.a.scientists;b.scientific;c.science.p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture;2.poisonous;3.suppose;4.digest;5.widespread;6.overseas;7.similar;8.foundation;9.eager;10.substitute

p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion;2.mixture;3.belief;4.civilization;5.combination

Ⅳ.4.Some stories are very widespread, while others are not.6.people often think of a school as a small society.p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T， T, T, F, T

Unit 6

Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、难得的（不是数量少，而是物种稀有，区别于scarce）,rarely: adv 同义词：unusual

2.sustance: n material 物质

3.slight: small adj 轻微的

4.extreme: a 极端的；n 极端；adv extremely 5.pressure: n 压力；press v 压住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受欢迎的 be popular with/among;popularity: n;popularize: v 使„流行、普及（*）

a.our products have enjoyed general popularity.b.They are trying to popularize their new methods of farming.c.Madonna’s songs are extremely popular with young people.7.handful: n 一把；hand: n 手；v 递给（*）

a.please put your hand up if you can answer the question.b.please hand me that model plane.c.only a handful of people came into the meeting.8.formation: n 形成、构成；form: n 表格；v 形成（*）

a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army.b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits.c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.9.volcano: n 火山；volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有点 I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior.11.elevator: n 同义词：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的；impress: v 留下India by great sheets of 深刻印象；impression: n 印moving ice that covered 象（*）

parts of the earth 20000 a.What was your first years ago.impression of Beijing?

译：这些金刚石可能是在b.We listened to a 两万年前，随着覆盖于地球表very impressive speech 面的冰川，从它们的形成漂移yesterday.至印度的。

c.I was deeply 这句话注意它的从句：impressed by his noble where they were formed作deeds.介词from的宾语从句，词性

相当于后面的India，不是定13.experienced: adj 有语也不是状语；that covered 经验的；inexperienced 无经parts of the earth 20000 验的；experience: n 经验、years ago是定语从句修饰经历;v 经历(*)

great sheets of moving a.She has much ice。

experience in teaching, so

she’s an experienced 6.Diamonds, as they teacher.are found, don’t look b.I had a funny very impressive.experience in Africa last 译：金刚石刚采出时，并year.不十分吸引人。

14.miner: n 矿工；mine: 7.But some people have n 矿，gold mine

carried around an unusual 15.immediately: adv 立pebble for weeks before 刻，at once

finding out that they had

got a diamond.B.Intensive reading: 译：而有的人数周后才发1.They are the hardest 现带在身边的不寻常的鹅卵石substance found in nature.原来是一颗金刚石。

译:它是被发现的自然界finding out that they 中最坚硬的物质。

had got a diamond作介词 found作定语，短语：before的介宾。

in nature

find out与find不同，find out强调通过努力之后2.There are only four 的发现，而find含有偶然areas where very many 性。

diamonds have been found.a.I found my lost pen（*）

on the floor.译：人们发现的金刚石主b.I found out that he 要产区只有四个。

is a cheat.where引导一个定语从

句。

C.Summary about the

phrases: 3.Diamonds became very 1.in nature(1段2行);popular with the kings and 2.be made from/of(2段1queens of Europe.行);3.chang sth into became popular with sb:sth(3段2行);4.be 在„受欢迎，流行。

popular with(5段4行);

5.run out(6段3行);4.India’s supply of 6.pick up(8段2行);diamonds was finally 7.sort out(8段3行);8.so running out after that(9段8行);9.stick 2500years of mining the to(9段10行);10.find stones.out(10段4行)译：2500年的开采终于 使印度的金刚石资源枯竭。

Text B: run out 用尽、枯竭； We all know that We are running out of our plants are different form fresh water.animals.What’s their

difference? Most of us 5.These diamonds were will say that plants have probably carried from leaves and roots and where they were formed to flowers, but animals

haven’t them.But have

you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.A.New words:

1.beneath: prep 和某物接触并在下面，反义词是on;under:强调垂直在下，反义词over.2.aside: adv 在旁边，短语：put sth aside

3.magnify: v 放大、扩大；magnifying glass:放大镜

4.puzzle: v 迷惑；n 智力测验 jigsaw puzzle智力拼图；puzzled, puzzling: adjl;puzzlement: n

a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao.The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.6.inorganic: adj无机的，organic:有机的

7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences:

1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.译：你可能会看着树下的一群奶牛，或者当你捕捉牵牛花里一只正早起采蜜的蜜蜂时，若有人问你能否区分哪是动物，哪是植物，你会觉得好笑。

分析：standing under the trees作a group of cows的宾补，类似句型：see sb do/doing sth, hear sb do/doing sth, etc;you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant是虚拟语气，对将来某种情况的假设。其中tell sth from sth:区分某事物。I can’t tell her from her

twin sister.2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object;and they see many things which most people would fail to see.译：大自然的研究者不满意于猜测，而是日复一日地观察物体所发生的变化；他们看到了大多数人没能看到的东西。

分析：这是一个并列句，用；隔开。有很多短语需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:对„满意； ②day after day: 日复一日地；

③take place: 发生（偶然）； ④fail to do sth:没有作成„

3.It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.译：很长一段时间，人们认为动植物的主要差别是前者能移动而后者不能。

分析：it是形式主语；真正的主语是that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t。其中又包含有一个表语从句：that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.这两句话的连词that均不能省略。

短语：the difference between sth and sth;move about/around.4.No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.译：如果不是先出现植物把地球变为适应更高一级生物生存的地方，就没有鸟，没有鱼，也没有其他动物。

分析：本句含有两个语法点：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定词在句首需倒装；虚拟语气，对过去某种情况的假设，条件从句if the plants 句只是整个句子的一部分，不hadn’t come first and 能单独作句子。如：我们经常fitted it for the dwelling 见到的主语从句、宾语从句、place of a higher order of 表语从句、定语从句、状语从beings，结果主句No bird 句等。

nor fish nor other animal a.We should never could ever have lived on pretend to know what we this earth。

don’t know.b.The boy whose father D.Summary about the is a pilot has come.phrases:

c.What I want to say 1.neither„nor（1段5is that you shouldn’t 行）;2.seem to（1段6give up, even if you have 行）;3.look up/down（2段failed again.1行）;4.a matter of some

difficulty（2段5行）;4.并列复合句：在一个并5.tell sth from sth（3段4列句中的一个或更多的分句行）;6.turn aside from（4中，包含有一个或更多的从句段1行）;7.be satisfied 称为并列复合句。

with sth（5段1行）;a.Last year I met a 8.not„but（5段1行）;boy who is an orphan, and 9.day after day（5段2now we have become good 行）;10.take place（5段2friends.行）;11.fail to do sth（5b.They always help 段3行）;12.lie in（5段5those who are in trouble 行）;13.hold good（6段5and they are respected by 行）;14.whether„or（7段them.1行）;15.live on（7段2 详情见p135 行）;16.fit for（8段4 行）;17.take in（9段3 行）;18.suck up（10段3 行）;19.take up（10段4 行）;20.dissolved in sth

（10段4行）;21.be different from（11段1

行）

The 8th lecture of

College English one Grammar knowledge:句子 的分类

Unit 7 Text A: 英语中的句子按其结构可Families 分为四种：简单句、并列句、We know that family is 复合句、并列复合句。

the basic unit of a 1.简单句：只有一个主语society.There are many（或多个并列主语）和一个谓kinds of families nowadays: 语（或多个并列谓语）的句子nuclear families, extended 称为简单句。

families, DINK families, a.We learn English.the single parent families, b.My father and mother remarried families etc.so go to work at 8a.m.and let’s study families from come home at 6p.m.our text.A:New words: 2.并列句：由两个或两个1.definition: n 定义；以上并列而又相互独立的简单动词，下定义：define 句构成。它们中间常用等立连2.marriage: n 婚姻，词，或用分号、冒号、逗号等marriage certificate, 连接。

marry: v;反义词：divorce a.I help him and he 3.descend: v 遗传、下helps me.来；后裔：descendant,反义b.I’ve just got a 词：ancestor 祖先

piece of good news: I was 4.household: n 家庭 accepted by Xi’an Foreign adj家庭的 a household Language University.name；householder: n 家

长、户主；

3.复合句：由一个主句和

一个或一个以上的从句构成的5.relative: n 亲戚，句子。主句是句子的主体，从adj 相对的；relate: v

relate to;relation: n 关系(*)

a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives.b.There is no relation between those two events.c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 传统的；tradition: n;traditionally: adv(*)

a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition.b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children.c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理会，security guard保安

8.basically: adv, basic: adj;base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心；nuclear energy核能；nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area无核区

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family;extend: v 延伸；extension: n;extensive: adj 广泛的、广阔的（*）

a.The extension of the house became a kitchen.b.The professor has an extensive knowledge of Chinese history.c.They have extended the road from ten miles to sixty miles.11.agicultural: adj 农业的；agriculture: n 农业

12.industrial: adj 工业的；industry: n 工业、行业；industrialize: v 工业化；industrialization: n(*)

a.These cities are highly industrialized.b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution.c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.13.earner: n 赚钱者；earn;v 赚钱； earnings: n 赚得的钱

14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax.b.There is a split in the blackboard.is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.（*）

译：由于父母都愿意要更备、准备；prepare: v 准备

7.primary: adj初级的，primary school.primary colors

8.preschool: adj学龄

前的，pre前缀，反义词post, 2>.一般过去时的3种常见用法：过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态；过去接连发生的一系列动作；用于某些从句中。并且常和时间状语连用。

15.social: adj 交际的、社会的；society: n 社会；socialize: v 交往、交际；socialism社会主义

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.„, having a family simply means having children.（*）

译：有家意味着有孩子。主语是动名词，为了平衡整个句子宾语也是动名词。

2.No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is.译：无论年轻还是古老，大还是小，传统还是现代，每个家庭都有自己对其理解和感受。No matter„引导让步状语从句。

3.It’s that feeling of belongings, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.译：那是共同居住、彼此帮助、互相分享而产生的归属感，互爱感和安全感。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*)译：家庭大致有两种类型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*)译：孩子们在核心家庭中生活一直到长大结婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.（*）

译：随着农业社会向工业社会的转变，许多核心家庭为了寻找工作而从家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family 少的孩子，核心家庭日趋缩prewar, postwar.小，而无子女家庭日益增多。

9.baby-sitter: n 临时注意：the number of 看小孩的人；baby-sit: v 帮sth后用单数谓语动词。

人照看小孩

8.Traditionally, the B.Important phrases father of a nuclear family in text: earned money for the 1.be important to sb(1family while the mother 段1行);2.all over the cared for the house and world(1段1行);3.provide the children.（*）

for(2段4行);4.be 译：传统上，核心家庭由expected to do(2段5行);父亲挣钱养家，而母亲照看家5.on the other hand(3段1庭和孩子。

行);6.in addition(3段8短语：care for = take 行);7.share sth with sb(3care of

段10);8.in contrast(3段

12行);9.give up(4段4行);9.Most single parents 10.instead of(4段7行);find it very difficult to 11.be busy doing sth(5段9take care of a family 行);12.in conclusion(6段alone, so they soon marry 1行);13.help sb with again„(*)

sth(3段11行)译：大多数单亲父母发现 独自一人照料一个家庭很难，Grammar knowledge: 于是很快他们再婚。。

Tenses时态

分析：it是形式宾语，这是英语

（一）考试的短语take care of sth照重点，无论选择、完形填空、料、照看。

词类转换、翻译都会出有关时

态的题目。因此这部分语法很C.Brief summary about 重要。请大家一定要100%掌phrases:

握。见课本p159 1.and so on(1段5行);1.时态实际是指：时间2.think of sth as sth(1段和体。英语中共有16种时5行);3.far away from(1段态，我们着重讲考试的6种。

8行);4.in order to(4段4 2．它们分别是：一般行);5.care for(5段5行);现在时，一般过去时，现在完6.take care of(5段9行);成时，过去完成时，将来完成7.split up(5段10行);时，现在完成进行时。其余的8.talk of(6段2行)

书上写得很详细，大家自己

看。

Text B: The Changing 1>.一般现在时的用法有American Family

6点：经常或发生的动作行

为；主语的特征、性格、能A.New words: 力；客观事实或永久不变的真1.generation: n 理；计划或安排好的事情；用generation gap代沟

在某些从句中；用于某些惯用2.customary: adj习惯表达语中；

上的；custom: n习惯、习a.He often goes home 俗；customer: n 顾客； at four o’clock every customs: n 海关

afternoon.3.similarity: n 相似、b.Light travels in 类似；similar: adj 相似straight lines.的；similarly: adv

c.I like any kind of 4.emotional: adj 感情fruit.的；emotion: n 感情

d.The train leaves at 5.provider: n 供应者；6a.m.and arrives at 10p.m.provide: v 供应，provide e.I’ll thank you if sb with sth;provide for you give me a lift.sb.f.There goes the bell.6.preparation: n 预

a.I was born in 1971.b.They got married last year.c.This morning they got up at seven o’clock, and then went out to work.d.She told me that she would come back in 2 hours.3>.现在完成时有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。该时态指动作开始在过去，但对现在留下某种结果和影响。这是它区别于一般过去时的主要特点。

a.He has turned off the light.b.I have taught English for 6 years.4>.过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经完成的动作。即我们常说的“过去的过去”。它也同样分为“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang.b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.5>.将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。请注意该时态的时间状语。

a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper.b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.6>.现在完成进行时可以表示一个动作开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到说话时刻未结束，还可能继续进行；也可表示到说话时刻为止该动作已结束。

a.It has been raining for three hours.b.I have been waiting for you for five hours.另外，还有一个考点就是“时态呼应”，即，当主句有过去时出现的时候，从句必须要用过去的某种时态进行时态呼应。但有几点除外；

1.所说的是真理或客观事

实。

The teacher told us that the earth is round.2.说话者强调动作正在进行或将发生。

He told me the train leaves at three.作练习p169.The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B;2.D;3.D;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.C;9.D;10.A(讲解)p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c.Ⅱ.1.rare;2.substance;3.slight;4.pressure;5.crystal;6.crack;7.gem;8.elevator;9.crush;10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to;2.change„into;3.stick to;4.running out;5.pick up;6.changed into;7.ran out;8.picked up;9.sorting out;10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced;2.extreme;3.formation;4.pressuer;5.blasted;6.handful;7.crystal;8.destroyed;9.unusual;10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5见课后作业。2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected.3.These designs are very popular with / among young people.p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T.p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve;3.aside;4.magnifying;5.latter;6.observes;7.beneath;8.broad p169:这部分练习讲解。（*）

Ⅰ.1.died;2.doesn’t guarantee;3.advised;4.is looking;5.comes;6.was going;7.will have left;8.would help;9.will be sitting;10.were playing;11.will go;12.had helped;13.would be;14.will have locked;15.had been getting;16.had been helping;17.had happened;18.will tell;19.had finished;20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B;2.B;3.D;4.D;5.B;6.B;7.D;8.A;9.D;10.A Ⅲ.1.invented;2.offer;4.c;5.d 3.have been sitting;Ⅱ.1.dependent;4.brought;5.has not paid;2.primary;3.structurd;6.had seen;7.was making;4.similarities;5.role;8.has been working;9.am 6.partners;7.customary preparing;10.has happened

关于语法：被动语态，前Ⅳ.1.The students of a 面已经讲过，大家自己看看medical school are 书，今天讲解练习。

observing an operation.Ⅰ.1.are being printed;2.The wind in March 2.are guaranteed;3.will blows hard.be pulled;4.were 3.Where are you going developed;5.will be built;to hang that picture?

6.was praised;7.have been 4.She fell when she translated;8.had been was going downstairs.sent;9.would be given;5.How many years has 10.is being done.Henry been learning the Ⅱ.口头练习。cook from Miss Smith?

Ⅲ.1.is spoken;6.The history teacher 2.can’t be kept;3.was said that the first World turned off;4.were War ended in 1918.believed;5.shouldn’t be 7.Mary has been eaten;6.were let out;waiting for you this 7.were taken care of;morning.8.can be remembered;8.My sister told me 9.would be becalmed;that the programs weren’t 10.are lit up.interesting at all.Ⅳ.1.Was the United 9.You can see him at Nation founded in 1945? the office if you come at 2.It’s said that he eight tomorrow morning.was badly injured.10.---Have you seen 3.The building will be this movie?---Yes, I designed by Dr.Ford.have.I saw it in Nanjing.4.Where was the last p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c.meeting held? Ⅱ.1.divorce;2.single;5.Was America 3.extended;4.together;discovered by Columbus in 5.traditional;6.increase;1492? 7.result;8.like/love;6.The task must be 9.earn;10.usually

performed by you.p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives;7.The patient should 2.extend;3.marriage;be treated with care.4.desended;5.nucleus;8.She was warmly 6.traditional;7.social;welcomed at the railway 8.definition;9.security;station.10.basically

9.He’s called Lao Ⅲ.1,4, 8见课后作业。Wang, though he’s not old 2.She is a teacher at all.while her brother is an 10.The gate was closed engineer.when I went back.3.Traditionally，Chinese young people live Unit 8 Text A: with their parents until Telecommunication via they grow up.Satellite 5.In some families, We live in a highly both parents work and take developed society.care of their home and Everybody knows children.telecommunication, which 6.The group was split can not only transmit into two, for it’s too television broadcasts, but big.also telephone calls and 7.They plan to extend printed materials.So do their research in this you know it also has field.shortcoming? If you want p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, to know the answer, you F, T, T, F, T.must read our today’s p189.Ⅰ.1.d;2.a;3.b;text.This is a very

important text.A.New words:

1.telecommunication: n 电信,communication 通信，tele表示远距离的、电的

telephone, telegraph etc.2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,经由

3.transmit: v 播送、发射，transmit sth to sth.名词：transmission

4.photograph: n 简称photo, photos.5.establish: v 建立、创立，同义词：found;established: adj;establishment: n(*)

a.The university was established 150 years ago.b.You should not break the established rule.c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.6.signal: n/v信号，发信号。sign: n 标识；signature: n 签名(*)

a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.b.The traffic signal turned red.c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.7.orbit: v 绕轨道运行，n 轨道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun?

b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity.be capable of doing, be able to do，9.broadcast: n/v 广播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation

10.theory: n 理论，theoretic adj理论的，短语：in theory = theoretically

11.access: n 进入的机会，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短语：have access to sth可接近，可进入

12.unlimited: adj无限的，反义词：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)

a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.13.entertain: v 娱乐、招待；entertainment: n;entertainer: n 供人娱乐者

a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.14.demonstrate: v 说明、演示；demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育

a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.16.remote: adj 遥远的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔离、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n 18.instruction: n 教学、指示；instruct: v;instructor: n 指导者

19.conversation: n 谈话，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile 21.risk: n风险；v 冒„的风险，risky: adj有危险的

risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck 22.privacy: n 隐私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短语：make contact with与„接触，结识

a.I don’t have much contact with her family.b.I will contact you next month.24.harm: n/v伤害、损害；harmful, harmless

information.(*)25.expert: n 专家；adj译：从理论上讲，人们都熟练的。expert in/at sth

能获得无限量的信息。

26.application: n 申短语：in theory, have 请、应用；apply: v access to sth, amount of B.Intensive reading:

sth(un)1.By the middle of the 5.The most common use of century, both radio and telecommunication television had become satellites, however, has established means of been for transmitting transmitting sounds and/or telephones calls.pictures.译：然而，通信卫星最广译：到二十世纪中叶为泛的用途还是电话的传送。注止，广播和电视已成为公认的意该句的时态。传送声音和/或图象的工具。

6.Telecommunication can 分析：由于用了时间状make information from 语：by the middle of the around the world available century,因此要用完成时态。to use quickly and easily.若时间是过去的，用过去完成译：电信使得人们能快捷时；若时间是将来的，用将来方便地使用来自世界各地的信完成时。

息。

a.By the end of 2000, 注意：短语make sth we had learned 50 texts.available to sth使„被获b.By the end of 2003, 得 we will have learned 100 7.It’s important to texts.realize that the same means: n 单复数同形，technology that helps us 方法、手段。

may also harm us.(*)2.In 1964, the olympic 译：同一技术既可助人也Games in Tokyo became the 可害人，认识到这点很重要。

first to be transmitted to realize that the via satellite.same technology that helps 译:1964年，东京奥林匹us may also harm us是真正克运动会是第一次通过卫星传的主语，it是形式主语。送的节目。

that the same technology to be transmitted是动that helps us may also 词不定式作定语。harm us是宾语从句；

3.The combination of that helps us是定语从satellites, which transmit 句修饰the same technology.information, computers, 8.It’s the intelligent which store information, application of technology and television, which that will lead us to displays information, will success.(*)change ever home into an 译：只有明智地运用技术education and 才能获得成功。

entertainment center.这是一个强调句式。正常译：卫星传送信息，电脑的句子应是：The 储存信息，电视播放信息，把intelligent application of 三者结合起来能使每个家庭成technology will lead us to 为一个教育娱乐中心。

success.分析：虽然句子长，但成强调句的基本公式：It 分简单。the combination是is/was + 被强调部分 + 主语，will change是谓语。that(who)+ 其余成分。请注从satellites, which 意该句式不能强调谓语部分，transmit information, 只能强调主语、宾语、状语。

computers, which store Ann had a heavy cold information, and last week.我们可强调主语、television, which displays 宾语、状语。

information是介词of的宾a.It was Ann that/who 语。每个词都包含有一个非限had a heavy cold last week.定性定语从句。

b.It was a heavy cold 短语：change sth into that Ann had last week.sth

c.It was last week 4.In theory, every person that Ann had a heavy cold.will have access to an C.Brief summary about the unlimited amount of phrases:

1.at the beginning of(1段1行);2.by the middle of(1段3行);3.in order to(2段1行);4.such as(2段1行);5.pick up(2段5行);6.be capable of(2段7行);7.change„into(3段3行);8.have access to(3段4行);9.in remote areas(4段3行);10.for the first time(4段4行);11.provide sth to sb(5段1行);12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行);13.care for(5段5行);14.at the same time(6段7行);15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行);16.pay for(7段5行);17.isolate from(8段1行);18.as well as(8段4行);19.prevent from(9段2行);20.lead to(9段5行);21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one

Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

We all know that without air, we couldn’t live.It’s like fish couldn’t live without water.But do you know if there weren’t air, we would have no sound, no wind or clouds? So if you are interested all of these, please read the text very carefully.A.New words:

1.obvious: adj 明显的，obviously: adv

2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇护；shelter from sth

3.atmosphere：n 大气；atmospheric: adj大气的

4.electrical: adj 电的、电气的；electricity: n 电；electrician: n 电工

5.existence: n 存在；exist: v存在

6.lightening: n 闪电，thunder:打雷；

7.unending: adj不尽的、不停的；ending

8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆发；explode: v 爆炸；explosive: n 炸药、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood(2)

第一讲中介绍过在非真实条件句中的虚拟语气的主要用法，难点在于句子的时态比真实条件句的时态后退一步。即：现在时→过去时；过去时→过去完成时；将来时→过去将来时；在今天这讲中将继续将它在一些从句中的用法介绍给大家。

1在宾语从句中的用法： 1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建议、命令等语气的宾语从句中。（*）

句型：主语 + should(省略)+ 动词原形

a.I suggest that we(should)do it at once.b.I insist that he(should)give up smoking.2>.在wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而其时态的用法与非真实条件句一样。（时态后移）

a.I wish I were you.(与现在事实相反的愿望)b.I wish I had learned more.(与过去事实相反的愿望)c.I wish I would have another chance.(与将来事实相反的愿望)注意区分：wish + 从句：表示不可能实现的愿望，必须用虚拟语气；而hope + 从句：表示可能实现的愿望，不用虚拟语气。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him.b.He wishes we would go there with him.3>.在would rather后的从句中.句型：主语 + would rather + 从句（用一般过去时）

I would rather you stayed at home.2.在主语从句中的用法。

在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语必须用虚拟语气。见课本p542。考试的考点时should的省略。

3.在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。

当宾语从句中那些使用虚拟语气的动词的名词形式出现在表语从句和同位语从句中时，必须用虚拟语气。即，suggestion, order, insistence, demand, request etc.a.My suggestion is that we(should)try again.(表语从句)b.My suggestion that

we(should)try again is 7.虚拟语气的倒装与省accepted by them.（同位语略。

从句）

符合下列条件，可以省略 4.在定语从句中的用if,并进行倒装。

法。

①必须是非真实条件句。It is time + that + ②只有当从句中出现主语 + 动词的过去时。

were, had, should时，才可 It is time that you 省略if，并把这些词放在主left.语之前。

= It is tome for you a.If I should meet her, to leave.I would tell her.= Should I meet her, I 5.在含蓄条件句中的用would tell her.法。

b.If I were in your 有时一个假设的情况并不position, I would do it 是用条件从句表示，而用其它better.方式表示，称含蓄条件句。

= Were I in your 1>.用with, without介position, I would do it 词结构代替条件从句。

better.We might have died you 请阅读课本p539-p545，without your help.= We 并完成课后练习。

might have died if you 看看本文中出现的虚拟语hadn’t helped us.气句：

2>.用相当于if的其1.Without air, we 它连词表示虚拟结构。常见的could not exist.连词有：otherwise, in that 2.If we didn’t have case, on condition that, air, there would be no provided that, but for, sound.etc.3.Without air, there a.I was busy last week, would be no wind or clouds.otherwise I would have

come to see you.C.Important phrases = I as very busy last in the text: week.If I hadn’t been 1.be important to sb(1busy, I would have come to 段1行);2.be forced to see you.do(3段3行);3.shelter b.But for the storm, from(3段3行);4.consist we should have arrived of(5段1行);5.rest early.upon(5段4行);6.gazt at = If we hadn’t met sth(6段5行);7.in the storm, we should have wonder(6段5行);8.not„arrived early.until(6段6行);9.large 6.在错综时间条件句amounts of(7段3行);10.中的用法。

the same„as(8段3行);有时非真实条件句中，主11.learn to(9段1行);句谓语动词所表示的动作和条12.in the meantime(9段3件句中的谓语动词不是同时发行);13.pay attention to(9生，这时可按照需要来调整各段4行);14.add to(9段6自的时间。

行);15.in order to(2段4a.If you had followed 行);16.protect„from„(3the doctor’s advice then, 段4行)you would have be all

right now.D.本文在写作时有一个非主句与从句发生的时间不常明显的特点，运用了大量的同，进行调整。

同根词，即在这句话中出现的b.If you had followed 是动词，在下句中就出现它的the doctor’s advice, you 名词或形容词。我们总结一would have been all right 下：

then.1.exist→existence;主句和从句的动作同时发2.atmosphere→atmospheric;生。

3.pressure→press;4.weigh请注意：碰到这种从句要→weight;5.electric→特别注意它的时间状语，必须electrical,electricity 明确给出时间，否则按同时发

生使用。Unit 9 Text A:

Learned Words and popular Words

In fact, every language has the similarity.For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu.In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu.So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word.So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary.Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.A.New words:

1.learned: adj 有学问的，博学的；learn: v;learner: n

2.cultivated: adj 耕种的、有修养的；cultivate: v 耕种、培养；cultivation: n 耕种、培养；cultivator: n 耕种者（*）

a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land.b.Cultivated people should have good manners.c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.3.concern: v 涉及、使关心、挂念；n 关心、挂念;concerned: adj 担心的、焦虑的

常用的短语：so/as far as „ concerned:至于，对„而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:对人或事关心、挂念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness.b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.4.stock: v 储备、储存；n 库存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有库存/没有库存

5.possession: n 所有、拥有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、拥有；

6.relatively: adv 比较而言；relate: v;relation: n;relative: adj

7.educated: adj 有知识的；educate: v 受教育；education: n 教育； educational: adj教育的(*)a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life.b.She has been doing educational work for forty years.c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.d.our society needs more educated people.8.acquaintance: n 认识、熟人；acquaint: v 使„熟悉/通晓

9.formal: adj 正式的，反义词：informal;formally: adv（*）

a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary.b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party.c.He formally presented his application form.10.highly: adv 非常、高度地；high: adj 高的；height: n 高度（*）

a.She spoke highly of his discovery.b.He is 1.76 meters in height.c.The church tower is 20 meters high.11.elevated: adj 提高的、高贵的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 电梯

12.importantce: n 重要性； important: adj 重要的；unimportant, unimportance.13.grown-up: n 成年人；adj 成熟的；adult.14.apply: v 申请、应用；application: n；applicant: n 申请人(*)常用习语：apply to sb for sth:向某人申请某物；apply to sth:适用某物;apply sth to sth:将„运用到„中。

a.She applied to the university for her degree say, from the members of of Master of Arts.our own family and from b.What he said applies our friends, and ③which to us all.we should know and use c.We should apply what even if we could not read we have learned to our or write.看出这一点对于理work.解整个句子是至关重要的。下

面分别看看这三个定语从句。15.absolute: adj 绝对①with which we become 的、完全的；absolutely: familiar in ordinary adv

conversation,掌握短语：

become/be familiar with 16.popularity: n;sth对„熟悉。

popular: adj；popularize:

注意：在定语从句中若介

词置于关系代词之前，介词宾17.clssification: n 分语只能用which代物，whom类；classify: v 分类；代人，其余的关系代词都不能classified: adj 分类的

用。这是考点！

a.This is the hero of 18.convenient;adj 方whom we are proud.便的, convenience: n ；反= This is the hero 义词：inconvenient, who/that/whom/省略 we are inconvenience

proud of.b.I want to find the 19.avoid: v 后用动名pen with which I finished 词；avoidance: n；my papers.avoidable: adj 可避免的；= I want to find the unavoidable: 不可避免的。

pen that/which/省略 I I am trying to avoid finished my papers with.meeting him.②which we learn, that 20.misconception: n 误is to say, from the 解，反义词：conception.前members of our own family 缀：mis-含有“错误地”，and from our friends,掌握mistake, misunderstand, 短语：that is to say = misapply etc.that is所作成分属插入语;

Learn from sb向某人学习。21.presence: n 出席、We should learn from 存在；present: adj到场的

LeiFeng at any time.③which we should know 22.literature: n 文and use even if we could 学；literary: adj文学的

not read or write

本句包含一个让步让步B.Intensive reading: 状语从句，even if„即使„.1.First, there are

those words with which we 2.They concern the become familiar in common things of life, and ordinary conversation, are the stock in trade of which we learn, that is to all who speak the language.say, from the members of 译：这些词和生活中的普our own family and from 通事情相关，是所有使用这门our friends, and which we 语言的人的常备词汇。

should know and use even 短语：stock in trade: if we could not read or 库存、常用手段。

write.(难句！！)

译：首先是那些我们在日3.Such words may be 常交谈中逐渐熟悉的词语，即called “popular”, since 我们从家人、朋友那儿学来的they belong to the people 和那些即使不会读写也应该知at large and are not the 道和会用的词。

possession of a limited 分析：主语：those class only.words,在它之后有三个定语从译：这些词可以被称为句修饰它，①with which we “普通词”，因为它们属于广become familiar in 大的普通百姓，而不只为有限ordinary conversation, ②范围内的一个阶层所有。

which we learn, that is to since为因为，短语：

belong to: 属于„;at large: 普遍地、逍遥法外地

a.These books belong to me.b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy?

c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起)

译：我们初识这些词不是从母亲的口中或同学的话中，而是从我们所读的书中，所听的课中，或从对某一特殊话题进行严肃的讨论的受过高等教育的人们的较正式谈话中首词次了解到的。本句的难点实际上是名词的修饰语多。

分析：主语our first acquaintance with them；谓语：comes;剩余部分为宾语部分。在该部分中有一个大结构：not„but不是„而是。books, lectures, conversation三个名词后有很多的修饰关系，请大家注意。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.learned words;2.popular words;3.make up（1段2行）;4.be familiar with（1段3行）;5.that is to say（1段4行）;6.even if（1段5行）;7.stock in trade（1段7行）;8.belong to（1段8行）;9.at large（1段8行）;10.on the other hand（2段1行）;11.a large number of sth（2段1行）;12.be known to（2段3行）;13.acquaintance with（2段4行）14.not„ but„（2段5-6行）15.come up（4段6行）;16.as to（4段6行）;17.as a whole（4段11行）;18.be due to（4段14行）;19.rather than（4段15行）

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:（讲解）

Ⅰ.1.knew;2.were;3.were;4.would have been;5.would eat;6.could build;7.hadn’t come;8.earn;9.didn’t have;10.would be;11.apply;12.go;13.would be;14.were;15.had been;16.bought;17.be put off;18.would get;19.had been caused;20.had grown up Ⅱ.1.C;2.B;3.B;4.D;5.A;6.D;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.D Ⅲ.1.If only the Englishman had spoken Italian.2.If you should have a panic attack, what would you do? 3.I wish I could lose one pound in weight per day.4.It’s very important that you take responsibility for your own health.5.Without water and air, all living things would die.6.If I were you, I would join the army.7.If we had paid more attention to those factors, we would have greatly reduced he risk of heart disease.8.If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have got into trouble.9.It’s suggested that each class give a performance.10.If he hadn’t been so busy then, he would have given you more help.Exercise on p206: Ⅰ.1.c;2.a;3.b;4.d;5.d Ⅱ.1.transmit;2.access;3.remote;4.demonstrate;5.instruction;6.simultaneously;7.travel;8.available;9.privacy;10.application p210:Ⅱ.1.displayed;2.theory;3.established;4.remote;5.visual;6.signal;7.access;8.channel 9.transmitted;10.transportation

question concerned by Ⅲ.1.Satellites are anyone.You can find some capable of transmitting best ways in this text to not only TV broadcasts, give you some help, I am but also telephone calls.sure.We can get more 3.You should follow words through context and the doctor’s instructions through word parts.Maybe on how to take this kind you have more of your ways.of medicine.No matter which, I just 4.Computer systems hope you can succeed in can transmit sound as well English studying!as pictures at the same

time.A.New words: 6.This patient 1.vocabulary: n 词汇表 should be isolated from 2.context: n 上下文，the other patients.from context;through 7.The soldier context;contextual: adj displayed courage and 上下文的

skills.3.securely: adv 安全 8.His experiments 地；secure: adj;security;fully demonstrated that n principle of psychology.4.intend: v 打算，p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, intend to do sth;F, F, T, T, T, F.intention: n 意图

p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, 5.preference: n 偏爱,a

用介词for； prefer: v 用Ⅱ.1.atmosphere;介词to.2.existence;3.thorough;a.I prefer to do it 4.radar;5.elements;myself.6.protect from;7.created;b.She has a preference 8.rest on

for blue.p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b，a

6.prefix前缀，suffixⅡ.1.to concern;后缀

2.possession;3.situation;7.apparently: adv 同义4.acquaintance;5.lively;词：obviously，明显地。

6.grown-up;

8.consult: v 请教、查7.classification;

阅；consultation: n;8.principle;9.convenient;consultant: n 顾问；常用短10.presence

语：

p240.Ⅱ.1.style;consult with sb:讨论谋2.occasions;3.highly;事；consult sb about sth:4.concern;5.possessions;向某人请教谋事

6.topics;7.formal;9.personally: adv = in 8.cultivated;9.convenient;person;personal: adj;10.absolute

10.heighten: v 提高、Ⅲ.2.After he arrived 加高；high: adj;highly: in that country, he found adv;height: n 高度

there few occasions to

speak Chinese.11.maximum: n 最大量； 4.No two leaves are 反义词：minimum:最小量

exactly the same in the 12.effectiveness: n 有world.效性；effective: adj 有效 5.When I say 的；effect: n 影响；affect: they’re friends, I don’t v mean they share everything.13.sharpen: v 削尖； 6.The meeting sharp: adj尖的

concerns trade and 14.awareness: n 意识、agriculture.觉悟；aware: adj有意识 7.Serious problems 的，be aware of sth;无意may come up if the 识的：unaware situation becomes worse.15.accuracy;n 准确

性；accurate: adj准确的

Text B: How Should You 16.ease: n 舒适、安Build Up Your Vocabulary?

逸，feel at ease with sb;I think this is a v 缓和;easy: adj 容易的。

The aspirins eased my headache.B.Some important sentences in the text:

1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “look it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.译：当问大学生阅读时遇到生词时该怎么办，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，这么做，你就会打断最富有成效所需的思维进程。

短语：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday.②look sth up in„在„中查阅

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books.③make sth + adj使„如何

please make the room warm.2.It all depends.(*)= It all depends on the situation.（金牌口语句）

依情况而定。

3.That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context.译：这就是为什么我们得从上下文入手。

why引导表语从句。make such good sense:有充足的理由；begin with从„开始

4.only when you go through the mental exercise to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you’re right.译：只有在你经过一番脑力活动想出一个推测性的定义后，才应该打开字典来看看你的猜测是否正确。

注意：由于only+时间状语从句放在句首，用了部分倒装。

短语：①go through:仔

细研究或检查，I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.②come up with:想出、提出 语外，可担任其他句子成分：something/anything/nothing 主语、宾语、表语、状语、定+ 形容词 ＋ 不定式 2>.当介词but, except, 语、宾语补足语。在句中起名Do you have anything besides前面有实义动词do词、形容词和副词的作用。interesting to read? 时，可省to.1.不定式作名词时在句中 The enemy can do 充当主语、宾语和表语.3>.不定式作定语时有时nothing but/except He came up with a new suggestion.5.Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary.Use it!the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease.The result will be like money in the bank.译：好，你的新公式—上下文，构词成分，字典。运用它！随后的练习将具体地、循序渐进地帮你敏锐察觉到上下文提示，学会最有用的构词成分和越来越轻松地使用字典。其结果就像你在银行里存了一笔钱。

这是本文的最后一句总结全文的句子，它给大家最好的提示：如何最有效地记住单词。请大家参照着做。但也应因人而宜。最后一句：The result will be like money in the bank.Means that as long as you have mastered good methods in English studying, the longer you study English, the bigger vocabulary you’ll build up.在这里我也把这句话送给大家。May you succeed!

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非谓语动词)

英语中的动词根据它是否能单独做句子的谓语分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。不能单独作句子谓语的称作非谓语动词。它又分三类：动词不定式，分词，动名词。今天先介绍动词不定式。

A.不定式（Infinitive）：大多数是由不定式标记to加动词原形构成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出现的。

B.在句中它除了不能作谓a.He likes to play 用主动语态表示被动含义。basketball.a.There is a letter to b.For him to learn write.English well in such a b.There is no time to short time is not easy.lose.c.His job is to clean c.Mary has three all the windows.babies to look after.注意：1>.当作主语的不3.不定式作副词的用法；定式较长时，常用it作形式在句中担任状语 主语而将真正的主语放在谓语a.He is lucky to get 后，将上面b可改为：It’s there on time.(原因状语)not easy for him to learn b.He came here to help English well in such a me with my math.(目的状语)short time.c.After that day they 2>.在这种情况下我们常were separated, never to 用for sb.或of sb.来做不定see each other.(结果状语)式的 逻辑主语，但是有区别 的。请注意以下固定句型中不for sb.常用表示客观情定式的用法： 况的形容词，如：easy, 1>.too + adj/adv + for difficult, hard, important, sb + to do sth interesting, impossible The book is too hard etc.for the boy to read.of sb常用表示主观感情 或态度的形容词，如：good, 2>.enough的用法： kind, foolish, clever, etc.a.He is old enough to a.It’s important for go to school.us to say something b.The road is wide directly.enough for three horses to b.It’s clever of him go.to leave that country.3>.不定式在句中作为独3>.不定式作主语时谓语立成分： 动词用单数。a.To tell you the 4>.不定式作宾语时，若truth, I don’t like this 宾语有自己的表语，常用itfilm.作形式宾语。b.To be frank, you are I know to finish the lying.work so soon impossible.c.To make matters I know it impossible worse, it began to get to finish the work so soon.dark.2.不定式作形容词的用4.不定式作宾语补足语。法：通常在句中担任定语。，a.I don’t want her to 并且放在它所修饰的名词后leave here so quickly.面。b.We allow you to He always has a lot of enter the room.meetings to attend.注意：1>.有时不定式所注意以下省去to的情修饰的名词或代词是不定式动况： 作的地点，工具，不定式后应1>.在某些感官动词和使该加上必要的介词。役动词后作宾补时省略to，please pass me some 但在被动语态中不可省略to.paper to write on.a.I hear someone sing this morning.2>.当一句话中既有形容b.The workers were 词又有不定式修饰something, made to work day and night.anything, nothing这三个词c.please let the dog 时，请注意词序：go out!

surrender.3>.在下列固定词组中： ①had better do sth;②would rather do sth than

do sth;③can’t but do;a.You had better not

go now.b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework.c.I can’t but think so.C.不定式的否定形式：

not + 不定式 My father told me not to skate on the lake.D.连接代词或副词＋不定式，相当于一个名词短语，一般充当宾语。a.Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult

problem.b.please decide as soon as possible when to

start.E.不定式的常用时态有：

一般式，进行式，完成式三个.a.He has decided to

give her some money.b.He pretended to be studying when his father

came in.c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.F.不定式的被动语态：to

be done;to have been done a.It’s an honor for

me to be invited to attend the meeting.b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.见课本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one: Review some important

phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段

2行);2.look sth up in„(1段3行);3.at top speed(2段4行);4.after all(2段6行);5.make good sense(2段8行);6.begin with(2段

9行);7.provide sb with sth(3段2行);8.preference for sth(3段3行);9.come up with(5段5行);10.find out(6段3行);11.lead to(6段4行);12.in black and white(6段6行);13.build up

Unit 10 *Text A: Scientific Attitudes From very early time science began in the earth.Because we are curious about anything around us, we often ask many questions, such as: why the sun only come out at daytime;why the sky is blue;why we have four different seasons etc.then in this text we won’t study those questions but what attitudes we should have when we study the science.So I think its very necessary for us to learn them.A: new words: 1.scientific: adj 科学的； scientifically: adv 科学地； science: n 科学； scientist: n 科学家

2.attitude: n 姿势、态度，常用介词：to, towards 3.environment: n 环境；environmental: adj环境的，environmental protection环保(*)4.curiosity: n 好奇心；curious: adj好奇的,常用短语：be curious about sth / to do sth(*)

5.imagination: n 想象力；imagine: v想象；imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓励；stimulation: n刺激、鼓励；stimulant: n 刺激物、兴奋剂

7.phenomenon: n 现象，phenomena(复数)8.unknown: adj未知的，反义词：known被人所知的，know: v;短语：be known to / be unknown to被人所知/所不知;be known as被认为是„(*)a.He was known as a successful writer b.That actor was almost unknown before he acceptability: n 可接受性

played that part.a.Is this program c.You never know what acceptable to you? the result is till you b.The acceptability of finish the test.the proposal is under

discussion.9.open-minded: adj无c.He asked her to 偏见的，open-mindedness: n

marry him and she accepted minded是形容词，表示him.具有某种心智、头脑的，如：

strong-minded;feeble-18.frequently: adv minded;narrow-minded;usually;frequent: adj;absent-minded etc.frequency: n 频繁(*)

a.He has written to me 10.regardless: adj/adv frequently since I went 不留心的、不关心的，不顾、abroad.不惜；regard: v 注视、认b.Rains are very 为，n 问候；regarding: frequent here in summer.prep关于；常用短语：c.The frequency of her regard sth as sth;visit surprised him.regardless of sth(*)

a.please give my kind 19.determine: v 决定，regard to your determine to do sth;grandparents.determined: adj;b.His experiment is determination: n always regarded as a dig 20.growth: n;grow: v success.c.He tried again and B:Intensive reading: again regardless of the 1.Science had its failure.beginning when man started

asking questions about his 11.previously: adv 在environment.前地、早先地；previous: 译：科学源于人们/人类adj

开始对周围事物提出疑问的时12.disagreeable: adj候。

让人讨厌的，反义词：Starting asking„动名agreeable另人愉快的、宜人词作start的宾语。ask 的

question about sh 13.failure: n 失败；

fail: v 失败，fail to do 2.Not all his answers sth;fail in sth

were correct, but at least Failure is the mother he did want to know.of success.译：并非所有的答案都正

确，但至少那时的人们确实想14.solution: n 解决办了解他周围的世界。

法，solution to/for/of sth

当not放在all, both表15.adapt: v 适应、改编 示半否定，若要表示全否定两adapt to sth 适应„；adapt 者间用neither,三者用none.for sth:适用于„;a.They both are my adaptation: n;adaptable: friends.adj适应的，(*)

b.Not both of them are a.She found it my friends.difficult to adapt herself c.Neither of them is to the life in a foreign my friend.country.d.They are all good b.He is not adapted students.for this job.e.They are not all

good students.16.perfect: adj完美f.None of them is good 的，反义词:imperfect

students.No one is perfect.人 无完人。

3.Curiosity and

imagination are important 17.acceptable: adj可qualities which help 以接受的，accept: v 接受；stimulate the discovery of acceptance: n 接受;new facts and advance

science.译：好奇心和想象力是帮助发现新的事实并推动科学发展的重要素质。

help do sth, help to do sth，4.Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.译：具有科学头脑的人们相信因果关系。短语：believe in sth相信

5.Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*)

译：像这些容易被人观察到的变化称之为现象。

这句话包含有两个被动语态，一个出现在定语从句中，另一个出现在主句中。

6.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.译：对于一些人们不知其解的现象，科学的观点是必有其因，只是尚未被发现罢了。

分析：主语the scientific point of view；系动词：is；后跟表语从句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是状语。In cases:在„情况下，后跟定语从句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻译：尚欠缺的唯一条件。

7.This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.译：这指的是面对现存的事实而不管自己原来想法的能力。

分析：to face the facts是动词不定式作定语修饰the ability;as they are表示按照它们的实际情况；regardless of常用短语，不管、不顾。what one has previously thought作介词of的介词宾语。

8.Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in

producing the first electric lamp.(*)译：托马斯。爱迪生失败了成千次才成功制造了第一盏电灯。

注意本句的几个考点：thousands of times;succeed in producing;连词before

9.The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*)译：实际问题的解决方法是不能事先预见的。

注意考点：the solutions to sth;can’t be seen;in advance短语：事先。

10.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.译：科学家们必须能改变思路，调整自己的理论，使之于新发现的事实相适应。

分析：change their thinking改变思路；adapt their theories to new facts使„适应„；

as they are discovered状语从句。

11.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.（*）

译：这是人的理解总是不尽完美的另一种说法。

考点：动名词saying；短语less than

12.A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.译：科学的真理提供了一种解释，这种解释为人们所接受，使相对于某一特定时间内人们的知识而言的。

分析：that is acceptable定语从句修饰an explanation;what is known at a particular time作介词of的宾语。注意：in the light of sth按照、根据 = according to;be known;at a particular time.13.区分下面两句话中的被动语态用法：

⑪.Views which are entirely new or foreign knowledge„

may also be hard to accept.f.problems arise in a ⑫.New ideas are variety of ways.frequently very slow to be

accepted.2.obtain: v 得到，get, 当碰到hard, difficult, gain.easy时后面的不定式用主动3.biological: adj 生物表被动，除此外其他的形容词学的；biology: n 生物学；要用过去分词表被动。

biologist: n 生物学家

4.account: n 叙述、帐14.It may take time 户；v account for sth说for new acts to become 明„的原因;accountant:会available.计

译：新事实的发现、获得a.I have 2000 yuan in 使需要时间的。

my account.基本句型：It takes sb b.His illness can some time to do sth;

account for his absence.C.Summary about all 5.logical: adj 符合逻the phrases:

辑的，反义词：illogical 1.start doing(1段16.analysis: n 分析；行);2.at least(1段5行);analyze: v;analyst: n 分3.lay aside sth(2段1行);析者

4.be curious about sth(27.indicate: v 指示；段3行);5.take apart indicator: n;indication: sth(2段3行);n 6.wonderabout sth(3段18.inference: n推论；行);7.combine sth with infer;v;类似的词还有：sth(3段1-2行);8.carry refer, reference;prefer, out(3段2行);9.believe preference in(4段1行);10.cause and 9.prediction: n;effect;11.in case(4段7predict: v 预计

行);13.point of view(4段10.confidence: n 信8行);14.regardless of 心；confident: adj有信心sth(5段2行);15.be 的； self-confidence自信

willing to do(5段6行);11.unreliable: adj 靠16.thousands of(5段6行);不住的，反义词：reliable.17.succeed in doing(5段712.accurate: adj;行);18.in advance(6段1accuracy: n 行);19.adapt sth to sth(6The 13th lecture of 段2行);20.once and for College English one: all(6段4行);21.make a A.Intensive reading change in sth(6段4行);Text B: 22.in the light of sth(61.please look at the 段8行);23.respect for(7second paragraph on page 段1行);24.come up(7段3275.I’ll read and then 行);25.be laughed at(8段I’ll translate it, 2行);26.in all fields of especially pay attention knowledge(8段4行).to those phrases。

译：首先要认识问题。只Text B:

有问题找对了，才能得出正确1.arouse: vt 引起、唤的答案。解决问题始于透彻的起，区别：rise: vi;raise: 理解。问题的出现有各种情vt;arise: vi出现、呈现(*)

况。它们有时产生于偶然的观a.His behavior 察，有时可能出自于阅读、实aroused my suspicion.验或仅仅思考，也有可能来于b.A new difficulty has 新的发展或人类新的不同的需arisen.求。例如：今天，许多问题产c.The sun rises in the 生于核物理、生物工程和微电ease and sets in the west.子领域的新发现。工业的发展d.He raised his voice 也已经带来了大量的必须被解to make everyone hear.决的问题。

e.once his curiosity 短语：⑪first of allhas been aroused, he uses 首先；⑫only if除非；⑬certain methods and grow out of=arise from产procedures to obtain new 生于；⑭result from产生

于；⑮bring about导致；⑯large number of大量的

2.Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)

译：有时未回答的问题会显示需要进一步研究的领域。

注意在这句话中suggest不是“建议”而是“暗示，显示”，因此不用虚拟语气。

a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虚拟语气)

b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虚拟语气）

短语: in need of sth需要„

3.Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.(8段)

译：如果所观察到的或预测结果正如所料，科学家对他假说的可靠性就增加了信心。

通过翻译我们会发现这句话包含有一个虚拟语气，并且省略了if，进行了倒装。原句应是：

If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但请大家注意此时主句用了陈述语气，属于非正式用法。

短语：turn out 结果是„

He turned out to be a cheat.4.Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）

译：实验必须在严格控制的条件下进行。

考点：under carefully controlled conditions.B.Important phrases:

1.first of all(2段1行);2.only if(2段2行);3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);4.result from(2段5行);5.bring about(2段10行);6.large number of(2段10行);7.build a firm foundation(4段5行);8.in need of sth(5段5行);

9.build up(6段1行);10.turn out to be(8段1行);11.give up(8段4行);12.check with(9段1行);13.a variety of sth(2段3行);14.carry out(7段2行)

C.Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(2)Gerund and participles：（动名词和分词）

Ⅰ.Gerund: 动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词原形加ing构成。具有某些动词的特点，在句中起名词的作用，由此得名动名词。它可以有自己的宾语和状语，这是动词的特点；在句中担任主语、表语、宾语，及定语，这属于名词的特点。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主语)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表语）

c.I enjoy sleeping.（动宾）

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介宾）

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定语）

动名词也可根据需要在前面加上物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。

a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.动名词作主语：

a.Seeing is believing.b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用动名词作主语，有时也可用it作形式主语。如上面的第二句可改为：

It’s no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth;it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.2.动名词作表语：一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作，这时表语和主语常可互换。

a.What he likes best is making jokes.b.Making jokes is what he likes best.about it.g.They stopped talking.3.动名词作宾语：既可作h.They stopped to talk.动词宾语，也可作介词的宾

语。有些动词后面必须用动名4.动名词作定语：一般表词，请记住下列常考动词：示所修饰词的用途，如：admit, avoid, consider, drinking water, writing enjoy, finish, deny, mind, desk, reading room, etc.practice, risk, suggest，postpone, miss, can’t 5.动名词的否定式：not help, put off, give up, + 动名词

keep on etc.I’m sorry not a.She denied stealing getting there on time.her money.b.I tried my best to 6.动名词的时态和语态： avoid meeting him in the 1>.一般时表示一般性的street.动作，发生的时间不明确。而c.You’d better put 完成时表示动作在谓语动词之off having the meeting 前发生。

because of SARS.a.I am looking forward d.If you want to make to seeing you soon.great progress, you must b.Thank you for having practice speaking every helped me so much.day.2>.当动名词逻辑上的主e.I am considering 语是它所表示的动作的对象doing it again.时，要用它的被动语态。

a.He insisted on being 动名词常跟在一些固定的sent to hospital.词组后面，如：

b.He insisted on insist on, look sending her to hospital.forward to, be used to, 3>.当句子谓语是want, succeed in, be interested need, require, deservein, be engaged in, depend 时，常用动名词的主动形式表on, be busy doing, stick 被动含义。

to, devote to, etc

a.The radio needs

repairing.(= The radio 注意：有些动词后面既可needs to be repaired.)用不定式作宾语也可用动名词b.The babies require 作宾语，且差别不大，如：examining.(= The babies continue, begin start, require to be examined.)prefer etc.4>.主语 + be worth a.I prefer making a doing / 主语 + be worthy plan before I go over my + to be done/of being done.lessons.a.The book is worth b.I prefer to make a reading.plan before I go over my b.The book is worthy lessons

to be read.但有些动词区别却很大，c.The book is worthy 如：remember, forget, of being read.regret, go on, try, etc.(*)

a.I remember giving Ⅱ.participle:分词也是money to him.(表示give这非谓语动词的一种，它有两种个动作已在remember 前发生形式：现在分词和过去分词。过了。)

分词可以有自己的宾语和状b.I remember to give 语，也可有逻辑主语，在句中money to him.（表示give担任表语，定语，状语和宾这个动作还未在remember 前补。

发生。）

a.The story is c.I regret accepting interesting.I’m your advice.interested in it.（表语）

d.I regret to tell you b.This is a moving that I won’t accept your film.（定语）

advice.c.She came in, singing e.They went on talking and dancing.（状语）

about it.d.He saw that man f.They went on to talk jumping off the wall.(宾补)

1.现在分词和过去分词的区别：从语态上讲，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动；从时态上讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom?

b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.d.Look!The falling leaves are yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.2.分词作表语：一般当主语是物时，用现在分词，含有“令人„” ；当主语是人时一般用过去分词，表示“感到„”.a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.3.分词作定语：⑪单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰的名词后面。

a.The swimming boy is my brother.b.What is the language spoken in Japan?

⑫分词短语作定语放在被修饰的名词之后。

The girl dressed in white is Helen.4.分词作宾补：补充说明宾语的意义。通常用在一些感官动词和使役动词后面。与句子的宾语是主动关系用现在分词；若与宾语是被动关系，用过去分词。

a.I heard someone calling me.b.I heard my name called.过去分词在have, get后作宾补时，常表示该动作不是由主语完成的，而是由别人完成的。（考点＊）

a.You’d better have your hair cut.b.He had some pictures taken in the park.5.分词作状语：来修饰谓

语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。

a.（on)hearing the news, they couldn’t help laughing.b.Having turned off the TV, he began to read a book.(强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，用分词的完成形式作状语。)c.Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.(原因状语)d.Given more attention, the trees could have grown 5.previously;6.acceptable;C.so

D.In C.With 7.solution;8.proper;therefore D.Through 9.determine;10.sprout 4.A red pencil-mark 14.Sometimes you have p273:Ⅱ.1.failure;on the fifth page ______.to ____ a new word in the 2.relationship;A.catch his eye B.dictionary.3.environment;catches his eyes

C.A.look into B.4.imagination;5.evidence;caught his eye

D.look up C.look 6.findings;7.ohenonmenon;caught his eyes over

D.look 8.curiosity;9.attitude;5.In most large through 10.solution companies management is 15.Animals can live Ⅲ.1.Man wondered directly ____ planning the only on _____ plants have why birds could fly while advertising.already turned from man couldn’t.A.known as B.inorganic to vegetable 2.The child took capable pf C.matter.the toy apart but he involved in D.A.that B.didn’t know how to put it satisfied with which C.what better.(条件状语)e.Although working from morning till night, he can’t finish his papers.(让步状语)f.The hero sat there, surrounded by a lot of students.(伴随状语)

如上的句子中的分词都可改成从句，大家自己练习改写一下。

注意：分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，这点很重要。

a.If you see from the hill, the city is beautiful.(不可改为分词作状语，主句和从句主语不一致。)b.Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.= When the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.6.分词的被动语态形式： a.The question being discussed is very important.(表示一个动作正在进行，而又含有被动意味。)b.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class on Dec.25.(将来要发生动作的被动语态。)c.This is a picture painted by my boyfriend.７.若分词有自己单独的主语，而并非句子的主语，那么我们称它为独立主格。（以后介绍。）

key to some exercises: p270:Ⅰ.d, a, c, c, a.Ⅱ.1.curious about;2.take apart;3.stimulate;4.telationship;together again.6.Some states use 4.She’s very tired, income tax ____ sales tax but she is still willing to raise their revenues.to help others.A.with regard to B.6.We have in search of C.determined to seek the to combine with

D.in answers to the questions.addition to 8.You should adapt 7.The mother warned yourself to the new her son not to associate environment.himself _____ bad men.p280Ⅰ.T, T, F, T, F, A.with B.T, F, F, T, F to C.by D.and

8.Material that is organized ______ remembered than jumbled

information.The 14th lecture of A.is better B.College English one: to be better

C.Test about unit 1 to better

D.as unit 10: better 9.Meaningfulness 大学英语

（一）测试1 _____ memory at all levels.本试题分两部分，第一A.effects B.部分为选择题，50分；第二effects on

C.部分为非选择题，50分。affects D.affects on part one 10.The children are、选择题。（20分）eager ______ if there are 1.Some people who are people on the Mars.very intelligent and A.to know B.successful in their fields know

C.find ____ difficult to knowing

D.succeed in language about knowing learning.11.There is no A.them

B.substitute _____ good food themselves

C.it and excise.D.itself A.of 2.Death and taxes are B.for C.two things in life that to D.with every American can be sure 12.He offered to _____.supply us _____ another A.of B.clock free of charge.for C.A.with B.at D.with for C.of 3.The Atlantic ocean D.to is only half as big as the 13._____ contrast to pacific, ____ it is still his brother, he is more very large.considerate and friendly.A.but B.and A.By B.D.how

16.The difficulty _____ their great poverty.A.lies in

B.lies on C.lies with

D.lies down

17.She isn’t satisfied ____ the present living conditions.A.for B.by

C.with D.to 18.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family _____ the mother cared for the house and children.A.while B.because C.where

D.therefore 19.Generally, the

children stay in the nuclear family ____ they grow up and marriage.A.although B.as C.until D.where 20.It’s important to realize that the same technology ____ helps us may also harm us.A.as B.that C.what

D.when

二、完型填空。（10

分）Most forgetting takes place immediately after learning.An hour

after studying or learning something new, more than 50% has been forgotten.After one month 80% has been forgotten and so on.This shows that review is very important.If you _____ new material

you have learnt, you portion

C.side that brings re-creation of wisely remember much more.It’s D.section strengthen and spirit.D.good recreation important to review newly When one speaks of making activities contribute learnt material a little

三、阅读理解。（20good use of leisure, he greatly to health, growth and often.It’s also 分）means choosing and spirit necessary ____ frequent recreational activities breaks.We best remember passage one which contribute to health, ____ we learnt at the beginning of a learning period and at the point ____ we stop.After the break, it’s necessary to review what was learnt ____ the break----and then to continue learning the new material.other experiments have shown that the brain needs time to ‘digest’ what has been learnt.The time necessary ____ this is 5 to 10 minutes.After a break of this time, the memory will have absorbed what it has ___ learnt, and more will be remembered.During this break it is important to ____ the right side of the brain, because the left side is used during a learning period.Therefore you should ____ in some way.Listening to music, breathing in fresh air, and looking at a picture, are all ways of using the other ___ of the brain.1.A.review

B.remind C.recover D.remember 2.A.have

B.has

C.to have D.having 3.A.that

B.what

C.which D.this 4.A.when

B.that

C.which D.where 5.A.before

B.since

C.after D.until 6.A.to B.for

C.on D.by 7.A.merely

B.only

C.just D.recently 8.A.practice

B.drill

C.train D.exercise 9.A.relax

B.release

C.relieve D.relay 10.A.part

B.The problem of growth, and spirit.leisure is new.Until very 1.The phrase “from recent times people worked can to can’t” in each day to the limit of paragraph 1 means _____.their strength.of course A.from beginning to there were always a end B.from birth to privileged few who had death C from morning leisure;but most men had to night.D.from time to work 12,14, or even 16 to time hours a day, six days a 2.How to spend week.As late as1840 the leisure time wisely is not average factory worker a particularly difficult labored 72 hours a week.problem fro people ______.“Sunup to sundown” was A.who are very busy the farmer’s day, or as every day another phrase, “from can B.who are sick in bed to can’t.” C.who are aged and in Today, working good health D.less than 40-hour week, who have retired from work people enjoy more leisure 3.How does the author time.Hence, the wise use look at work and leisure? of leisure time has become A.We work hard so an important problem for that we can enjoy more everyone, young or old.It leisure.is a particularly B.We enjoy leisure so difficult problem for the that we can come back to sick, the aged, and those work with fresh energy.who have retired from C.Leisure can bring earning a living.Those us a lot of pleasure that people have so much cannot.leisure that it is hard D.The success of work for them to find has little to do with how interesting and worthwhile we spend our leisure time.ways to use it.4.What is the However, short the relationship between work week becomes, work is leisure and recreation still the most important according to the author? part of life.We don’t A.Leisure and work to get leisure and recreation are closely the pleasures leisure related.brings us;rather, we use B.Leisure and leisure wisely so that recreation are identical.work itself can become C.Recreation covers awarding and enjoyable.all kinds of leisure The feeling of success at activities.doing one’s daily work-D.Recreation doesn’t whether it is a job, belong to any leisure maintaining a home, or activities.going to school-depends 5.From the passage we largely on coming to it know that _____________.each day with fresh energy A.leisure has been an and active interest.old problem since ancient Leisure and times.recreation go together, B.leisure can’t be though they are not replaced as the most necessarily the same thing.important part of life.“recreation” has an C.our success in work obvious meaning.It is the is mostly determined by kind of leisure activity whether we use leisure

passage Two Each nation has its own peculiar character which distinguishes it from others.But the peoples of the world have more points in common than points in which they differ.one type of person

that is common in every country is the one who always tries to do as little as possible and to get as much as possible in return.His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere.Both these types are usually unconscious of their character.The man who avoids effort is always talking about his “rights”: he appears to think that society owes him a pleasant, easy life.The man who is always doing more than his share

talks of “duties”: he feels that the individual is in debt to society, and

not society to the individual.As a result of their views, neither of

these men thinks that he behaves at all strangely.The man who tries

to do as little as he can is always full of excuses: if he has neglected to do

something, it was because he had a headache, or the weather was too hot or too

cold, or because he was prevented by bad luck.At first, other people, such

as his friends and his employer, generously accept his stories;but

soon they realize what kind of person he is.In the long run he deceives

only himself.When his friends become cool towards him and he fails

to make progress in his

job, he is surprised and hurt.He blames everyone and everything except himself.He feels that society is failing in its duties towards him, and that he is being unjustly treated.6.The central ides if paragraph 1 is that ___________.A.Each nation is peculiar enough to enable us to distinguish it from others.B.The peoples of the world are as alike as they are different.C.The peoples of the world have more similarities than differences.D.Those who do more than is strictly necessary are common in every country.7.According to paragraph 1, the man who does more than is required _________.A.is ready to accept what the society offers him B.excepts nothing in return for his work C.feels that he is under heavy debt D.thinks this makes his life easy 8.Those who try to do as little as possible ___________.A.envy others’ good luck B.are good story-tellers C.supply false reasons for their lack of responsibility D.think that their opposites owe them a pleasant life 9.The phrase “in the long run” is closest in meaning to _________.A.in practice B.in the end

C.in effect D.in no time 10.It can be inferred from the passage that people who cheat___________.A.will be unjustly treated B.will cheat only themselves eventually C.will change their your behavior D.___________(convenient)will get surprised by 7.Computers are now their own stories being ____________(wide)used in China.part two 8.Sometimes ocean

四、单词拼写。（10currents ___________(call)分）“rivers in the sea”.1.重复、反复

n 9.The inhabitants of r__________ 2.the moon would see our 传统的 a t_____________ earth _____(reflect)the 3.代表、象征

vt light of the sun.r___________ 4.10.For centuries the 熟练、精通

n Atlantis ocean kept the p___________ Americans from 5.文明的、开化的a ________(discover)by the c___________ 6.消化 vt people of Europe.d___________

7.有经验的 a

六、汉译英。（15分）e______________ 8.给1.世界上只有四个地区发人印象深刻的 a 现有很多金刚石。I____________ 2.说肉和土豆不能一起吃9.火山 n 是愚蠢的 v_______________ 3.不用说，第二个词表比10.美味的_____________ 第一个词表更容易记忆。

11.准确地 ad 4.我们应该设法寻找问题a_____________ 12.的答案，而不是等待老师的解改进、增进 n 释。_______________ 5.随着现代交通的发展，13.不能消化的a 太平洋似乎变得越来越小。I______________ 14.准 备、预备

n

七、英译汉。（15分）p________________ What is color? Why 15.工业化

v do some objects look red, i____________ 16.others green, others blue? 相似、类似n Color is caused by s________________ reflected light rays.We 17.与众不同的a see color because objects u____________

18.reflect light.Something 观察，观察物 n that is red reflects o___________ mostly red light.(it 19.完全地，绝对地 ad reflects a little green or a_________ 20.仍然是，blue light, too, but we do 剩下 vi r_________ not see it.)in the same way, a green object

五、用动词正确的时态填reflects mostly green 空。（10分）light.White objects 1.In the 1600’s, reflect all colors of travelers from Europe light.Black objects __________(bring)back don’t reflect any light.diamonds from India.What happens to 2.Sometimes the colors of light that information in the long-are not reflected? They term memory ________(be)are absorbed by the object.hard to remember.The darker the color, the 3.Well-organized less light is reflected material is ________(well)and the more light is remembered than jumbled absorbed.Light that is information.absorbed is turned into 4.These plants can be heat.For this reason, ___________(easy)dark—colored clothes are categorized.warmer in the sunlight 5.Some common that light—colored __________(phenomenon)are clothes.not completely understood.6.We did that just for Key to exercises:

p258:Ⅱ.1.standing;

2.rising;3.beginning, advanced;4.done;5.playing;6.pleasing;7.reflecting;8.closed;9.reading;10.charged, bought;11.living;12.extended;13.outlined;14.coming;15.wearing;16.lying;17.having gone;18.working;19.moving;20.running.Ⅲ.1.He’s quite satisfied with the test result.2.She saw a group of cows standing under the trees.3.on hearing the news, they set off for the railway station at once.4.Hong Kong, returned to China in 1997, is one of the most important commercial and financial centers in Asia.5.please turn off the light when leaving the room.6.She has two sons living in Macao.7.He gave an important talk at the meeting held last week.8.presents costing less than $200 may be brought into the country duty free.9.Seeing him coming over, we hid ourselves behind the door.10.At this moment, she felt her heart beating fast.p291:Ⅱ.1.to say;2.leading;3.to say;4.eating;5.to learn, experienced;6.belonging;7.banking, leaving;8.doing;9.finished;10.smoking, eating;11.driving;12.buying, washing, to make;13.going;14.happening, controlling;15.to bring;16.to be done, to move;17.being discussed;18.meeting;19.being, to help;20.knowing, learning

Ⅲ.C, D, D, B, A, D, C, C, C, A

The 15th lecture of College English one: Unit 11

Text A: The Great American Garage Sale We have heard of flea market in China.But in America there is another kind of market used to sell and buy those second things.And such sales often happen in the garage, the yard, or the basement.Rising living costs are considered as a main reason for holding such sales and in such sales people can know many new friends, so they have become social events.A.New words: 1.unwanted: adj 不需要的；反义词：wanted;want 2.neighborhood: n 四邻、附近；neighbor: n 邻居；hood后缀，表示“„状态/状况”。

3.advertisement: 缩写ad.;advertise: v 4.buyer, seller:买主，卖主, buy, sell: v;sale: n(*)a.Is the house for sale? b.This little shop sells a wide variety of goods.c.The market of farm produce was filled with sellers and buyers.5.save: v 救助，储蓄，节省。

a.The doctor has tries her best to save her life.b.We are saving money for a holiday.c.please save a seat for me in the reading room.6.original: adj 起初的、新颖的；origin: n 开端、背景；originate: v 起因；originality: n 创造力；originally: adv 起初地（*）

a.He is a Chinese by origin.b.Her works of art show a great deal of originality.c.The original plan was better than the plan we followed.unwanted items—all sorts 7.computerization: n of things they wanted to 计算机化；computerize: v get rid of.计算机化；computer: n 计算译：把家里的东西整理一机（*）

下，找出大约有1500件不用a.Computers are used 的旧货—这些东西他们都想扔by people of all walks of 掉。

life.分析：Sorting through b.The computerization their possessions现在分词of management makes things 作时间状语，all sorts of easy and convenient.things they wanted to get c.The airlines have rid of是1500 old, already computerized their unwanted items的同位语。booking system.’

短语：come up with: find

out;some: about;all 8.era: n 时代、纪元 sorts of: all kinds of;We are living get rid of:摆脱、除去

computer era.a.I came up with a

better way to solve the 9.bargin: v/n讨价还problem from the 价；交易

experiment.a.---The bike only b.He finally got rid cost me 50yuan.---oh, you of those dirty and old have a good bargain!

shoes.b.She always bargains with the salesmen for the 2.The Ericksons necessaries.needn’t have worried.译：其实埃里克森一家本10.hunter: n 猎人；没有必要担心。

bargain-hunter:专找便宜货needn’t have done sth:的人。

是虚拟语气的一种形式，表示11.fabulous: adj神话原本没有必要做谋事，但实际式的，惊人的；

还是做了，反义词：should fabulous heroes传奇have done本应做，但却没式的英雄, a fabulous 做。

performance精彩的表演

a.I should have helped

you.12.mercy：n仁慈、宽b.They needn’t have 容；merciful: adj仁慈的；come here so early, for mewrciless: adj无怜悯心的

it’s Sunday!

13.reluctant: adj不情

愿的，同义词：unwilling;3.Eager buyers bought 反义词：willing;all but 50 of the items in reluctance: n

one weekend, leaving the

family $442 richer.(*)14.enthusiasm: n 热译：踊跃的买主在一个周情；enthusiast: n热心人；末就把全部商品几乎全买走enthusiastic: adj热情的： 了，除了剩余的50件商品(*)

外，给一家人增加了442元的 be enthusiastic 收入。

for/about sth;

考点：all but其中but

位介词“除了”，leaving现15.recent: adj最近在分词做伴随状语；richer的；recently: adv最近

更多的

16.bound: adj一定的，有约束的，准备到„去的

4.What would Americans a.The weather is bound want to shop by searching to get better tomorrow.among someone else’s b.Where are you bound cast-offs? for: I’m bound for school.译：为什么美国人这么喜

欢光顾别人的旧货摊，在里面B.Intensive reading 翻翻拣拣？

the text:

Would表示愿意„;shop: 1.Sorting through v 购物，shop: n 商店；their possessions, they shopping：n 购物

came up with some 1500 old, a.We are busy with our

work during weekends, therefore, we usually shop on Sundays.b.The family goes shopping once a week.c.I went to several shops but still couldn’t find the sort of diamond ring she wanted.Searching是动名词；some else’s别人的。

5.Rising living costs are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for holding sales and for attending them.译：不断上升的生活费是举办和光顾这些旧货展卖的会被每一个人考虑的几个原因之一。

Rising living costs是现在分词做句子的主语。请大家区分一下：rising, living形式相同但用法也相同吗？rising是现在分词，living是动名词。区分二者的方法是：看能否将动词的ing形式改为定语从句，可以则是分词，反之则为动名词。

a.Look at the sleeping boy.(Look at the boy who is sleeping.)

b.please go to your sleeping car.(the car for sleep 是说明用途。)

6.The seller makes a little extra money and the buyer saves quite a lot, since garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of their original cost.译：车库展卖的价格是原来价格的很小的一部分，所以卖主能挣一点额外的钱，买主却省了一大笔钱。

Since因为，sth is priced at some price:标明价格

7.one psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the computerization of their lives—they may be searching for their roots.译：一位心理学家解释说，人们厌倦了电脑网络化的生活—也许他们正在寻根。

Suggest在这里也不是“建议”，因此不用虚拟语气。

短语：be fed up with因„而厌烦；search for到

处寻找

We are fed up with the traffic and noise in big cities.8.Some people have made garage-sale shopping into a hobby;they spend their weekends going from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.译：有些人已经把逛车库展卖当成一种业余爱好；每个周末他们都泡在里面，从一家逛到另一家，希望能找到一件真正的宝贝。

make sth into a hobby使„成为一种爱好；hoping to run across a real treasure做谓语spend的伴随状语;run across偶然遇见、发现，同义词：come across

9.How long will all this enthusiasm continue„some day the people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had---getting rid of this stuff.译：这种热情会持续多久？ 某一天买了我们东西的顾客将会发现，他们也面临和我们同样的问题—怎样处理掉这些旧东西。

some day用于一般将来时中，be bound to do;be faced with面临„,面队„.getting rid of this stuff是the same problem的同位语。

a.Lazy Tom is bound to fail this exam.b.The country is faced with the economic crisis.C.Summary about the phrases: 1.not long ago(1段1行);2.decide to do(1段1行);3.sort through(1段2行);4.come up with(1段3行);5.get rid of(1段4行);6.all sorts of(1段3行);7.set out(1段7行);8.needn’t have done(1段9行);9.for sale(3段1行);10.be considered„as(6段1行);11.be priced at(6段4行);12.be fed up with(7段4行);13.search for(7段5行);14.be turned off(7段6行);15.make sth into sth(8段1行);16.run across(8段2行);17.separate sth from sth(9

6.depend on(6段4行);段3-4行);18.be bound 7.be likely to do(6段5to(10段2行);19.be faced 行);8.refer to(7段1行);with(10段2行);

9.small profit on a great quantity of goods(7段4Text B: American 行)；10.be known for(8段1Stores

行);11.the vast A: new words:

majority(9段1行);1.urge: v urge sb to do sth鼓励

2.practically;adv几 乎、简直，同义词：almost

3.normal;adj正常的，反义词：abnormal

4.confusing:adj使人困 惑的，confused: adj;

confuse: v;confusion: n

The 16th lecture of 5.explore: v 探险；College English one: explorer: n;exploration: Key to exercises: n

p303:Ⅰ.d, a, d, c, d 6.specialize: v 专门研p304:Ⅱ.1.possessions;究，specialize in sth;2.advertisement;3.variety;specialist: n 专家

4.replica;5.castoffs;7.likely;adj 有可能6.extra;7.era;8.hobby;的，be likely to do sth

9.fabulous;10.relunctant 8.profit: n 利润，收p305:Ⅳ.1.seller;益，同义词：benefit;v 有2.buyer;3.reporter;益于 profit from sth

4.waiter;5.artist;profitable, 6.owner;7.earner;profitless: adj

8.visitor;9.actor;9.flavor: n 味道；v 10.sailor 给„调味

Ⅴ.2.I ran across his

early works in a second-B.Important sentences: hand store.1.In the United 3.You will never States you will find believe that there are yourself being urged from people who would like to every page of newspaper buy those unwanted objects.and on practically every 5.We are bound to win television station to buy the battle.all kinds of goods that p307:Ⅱ.1.hobby;you are actually quite 2.local;3.recent;4.extra;happy without.5.stuff;6.original;译：在美国，你会发现，7.reluctant;几乎是每张报纸的每一页或每8.neighbourhood;一个电视台都在极力怂恿你购9.advertisements;买各种各样的商品，其实不买10.enthusiasm 它们也无所谓。

Ⅲ.1.The shop has put find yourself being up many ads in the urged现在分词的被动语态做neighborhood.宾补，be urged to do sth

3.I ran across a

friend of mine in the park 2.Not only is there a last week.wide range of prices for 4.He didn’t take goods in America, there is money with him, so he was also „

bound to come back.否定词放在句首句子需6.All useless items 倒装。

should be got rid of.7.our duty is to meet C．Summary about the ever-increasing needs of phrases:

the people.1.urge to do(1段1行);9.The music really 2.instead of(2段4行);turns me off.3.range from(3段1行);10.He set out his 4.as well as(3段3行);viewpoints clearly in the 5.specialize in(3段4行);book.p313: F, T, T, T, F, F, F, T, F, F.p315: Ⅰ.b, d, c, e, a Ⅱ.1.b, 2.a, 3.d, 4.a, 5.a

Unit 12 Text A: How Dictionary Are Made

Most of us look a dictionary as the supreme authority.Then do you how dictionaries are made? Then please read our text very carefully, you can find the answers.A.New words:

1.mainly: adv;main: adj

2.grammarian: n 语法学家；grammar: n语法；grammatical: adj语法的

3.authority: n官方、权力；author: n 作者；authoritative: adj权威性的，官方的

a.Don’t be so authoritative when you ask me to do something.b.Her father is the author of the book Focus on the Learner.c.The government is the highest authority in the country.4.usage: n 使用，用法；use: n 利用, v 使用、利用；used: adj用过的；useful: adj有用的；useless: adj无用的(*)

a.He bought a dictionary of modern English usage yesterday.b.We may make good use of the ads to compare the prices of goods.c.Used cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.d.Just use your imagination to picture what could become of her.5.dispute: n/v争吵

6.editor: n 编辑；edit: v;edition: n版本；(*)

a.The first edition of the book was 20000 copies.b.They are going to edit a book for children.c.She is a reporter as well as an editor.7.occurtence: n 发生、出现；occur: v

8.occupy: v占用、使忙碌；occupation: n;occupied: adj已占用的

9.alphabetize: v 按字母顺序排列；alphabet: n 字母表

10.quotation: n 引文、引语；quote: v

11.historical: adj历史的；history: n 历史；historian:历史学家；(*)a.The book is based on both personal and historical events.b.He was interested in history when he was a child and later became a historian.c.China has a recorded history of 5000 years.12.reveal: v揭露、泄露；反义词：conceal，hide;revelation: n 13.influence: n/v与affect不同，该词强调潜移默化的影响。Influential: adj有影响的

14.invention：n 发明；invent: v发明；inventor: n 发明家

15.ordinarily: adv通常地

16.peculiar: adj unusual 17.discard: v throw away抛弃、扔掉

B.Intensive reading;1.It’s widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.译：大多数人认为每个单词都有一个确切的意思，而我们主要是从教师和语法家那儿学会这些意思的，而且在涉及到意思和用法上，词典和语法书是最高权威。

很多人看不懂这个句子，是因为它含有由that引导的三个主语从句。It是形式主语。

短语：in matters of sth涉及到„

2.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word

视传送节目。”

and offer to look it up in 这句话特别注意它的虚拟the dictionary.（*）

语气的用法。

译：曾经有一次，我和一

位英国女士为一个词的读音争C.Summary about the 执起来，我建议去查字典。

phrases: 短语：get into a 1.in matters of(1段3dispute with sb about/over 行);2.get into a dispute sth;offer to do;look sth with sb over/about sth(1up

段5-6行);3.offer to do(1

段7行);4.look sth up(13.In the United 段7行);5.bring up(1段8States, however, anyone 行);6.be willing to do(1who is willing to quarrels 段11行);7.quarrel with with the dictionary is sb(1段11行);8.be regarded as either regarded as(1段12行);eccentric or mad.9.either„or(1段12行);译：而在美国，任何一个10.arrive at(2段1行);对词典提出异议的都会被认为11.apply to sth(2段2行);是偏执狂或疯子。

12.begin with(2段5行);短语：be willing to do;13.a large number of(2段8quarrel with sth;be 行);14.that is to say(3regarded as;either„or

段1行);15.along with(3 段1行);16.divide up(4段4.What follows 5行);17.according to(4段applied only to those 5行);18.base on sth(4段dictionary offices where 7行);19.set up(5段1行);first-hand, original 20.to the best of one’s research goes on—not ability(5段3行);those in which editors simply copy existing Text B: Reading dictionaries.provides necessary 译：下面的叙述仅仅适用survival skills 于那些进行第一手创造性研究A.New words: 的词典编辑室，而不适用那些1.survival: n 幸存、生编辑们单纯照抄现有词典的编存；survive: v;survivor: 辑室。

n 主语是What follows，2.emphasis: n 强调；where first-hand, original emphasize: v research goes on是定语从3.comprehension: n 理句修饰those dictionary 解力

offices，4.concentration: n专短语：apply to sth适注、专心； concentrate: v 用于„.on sth.5.challenge: n/v挑战 5.If, for example, we 6.register: v 登记、记had been writing a 录，registered letter挂号dictionary in 1890, or 信

even as late as 1919, we 7.alert: adj警觉的，could have said that the be alert to sth word “broadcast” means

“to scatter”, but we B.Intensive reading: could not have stated that 1.The expression from 1921 on, the most “haste makes waste” does common meaning of the word not apply to reading.should become “to send 译：“欲速则不达”不适out programs by radio or 用阅读。

television.”

译：举个例子来说，如果2.Nothing hurts 我们从1890年以来就一直在concentration more than 编写一本字典，或甚至推迟到reading too slowly.1919年，我们可以说单词译：没有什么比读得慢更“broadcast”意思是“播影响集中力了。

种”，但从1921年起，我们

就不可以这么说了，它最普遍3.The more words you 的意思变成了“通过广播或电are familiar with, the

less you are aware of reading words and the more you are aware of content and meaning.译：你所熟悉的单词越多，你就越不会觉得你在读单词，而越觉得你在读内容和意思。

短语：The more„the less„the more;be familiar with sth;be aware of sth„

4.Good reading habits like these can help students and working adults alike to be more successful.译：像这样好的阅读习惯能够帮助学生和工作的成人取得更大的成功。

Working是现在分词，alike是副词，同样的。

Grammar knowledge: preposition

介词是一种乍看不起眼的虚词，但它起到媒介的作用，使句中的某些词与其余词发生一定的关系，因此它又是十分重要的。在历年的考试中往往会出现在：选择填空，完型填空，翻译等题型中。请大家记住课本上要求记忆的固定搭配。见课本p348

1.A modern woman usually does two jobs instead ___ one.2.We must remember that it is the intelligent application of technology that will lead us ____ success.3.There is atmosphere to protect us ____ the sun’s deadly rays.4.The food of the plant is different ____ that of animals.5.Washing food down with water as a substitute ____ chewing is not a good idea.6.He always turned on the lights ____ a random order.7.You have to put up ____ the advertising if you want the entertainment.8.She was not well prepared ___ too much new technology in the office all at once.9.They are not satisfied ____ the

conclusion they have come to.10.____ contrast, the modern husband may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual ___ him to cook.key to the exercises: of;to;from;from;for;in;with;for;with;in, for

The 17th lecture of College English one: Unit 13 Text A: Insurance Do you buy any insurance for yourself or your family? This lecture we’ll talk insurance in America.There are many kinds of insurance in the United States.Americans are unwilling to discuss insurance out of some reasons.But no matter how it’s better to plan for unpleasant situations by finding means to deal with them to just hope that they will never happen.A.New words: 1.insurance: n 保险；insure: v 给„买保险

2.agent: n 代理人；agency: n 代理

3.coverage: n 覆盖，总括；cover: v 4.protection: n保护，防护；protect: v protect sb from sth;protective: adj保护的

5.consumer: n 消费者；consume: v 花费，消费；consumption: n(*)a.We should protect the interest of consumers.b.He consumed much time and energy in writing this book.c.The consumption of the material has been reduced year by year.6.disturb: v打扰；disturbance: n May I disturb you for a moment?

lucky,名词：fortune, luck

19.occur: v发生，sth 7.policy: n 方针，保险occur to sb某事被人想起;单

occurrence: n 8.sum: n 总数；v总a.The traffic accident 结，概括，sum up

occurred at midnight.9.miracle: n 奇迹；b.A good idea occurred miraculous: adj 奇迹般的

to me immediately.10.adequate: adj 20.professional: adjsufficient,反义词：职业的；profession: n专inadequate;

业、职业

21.ignorance: n 无知、11.major: n专业；v主愚昧；ignorant: adj愚昧的

修

22.intelligently: adva.My major is English 明智地；intelligent: adj;and American literature at intelligence: n智慧（*）

college.a.Human beings are

much more intelligent than 12.remind: v提醒，animals.remind sb of sth, remind b.The children were sb to do sth（*), remind given an intelligence test.that...c.The smart boy a.I must remind you answered every question of your promise.intelligently.b.please remind me

to answer that letter.23.somehow: adv不知怎

么地，以某种方式；somewhat: 13.unsafe: adj不安全adv稍微 的，同义词:dangerous, 反义24.opposite: adj/adv/n 词：safe;safety: n安全a.I sat opposite to（*）

him during the meal.(prep)a.The police work for b.The girl sitting the safety of all the opposite is a famous people who live in this dancer.(adv)city.c.In England you must b.It is not safe to drive on the opposite side skate on that thin ice.of the road to the rest of c.Tell them not to Europe.(adj)cross that bridge because

it is unsafe.25.effective: adj有效 的；effect: n;affect: v 14.possibility: n 可能26.proven: adj被证实性，possible: adj可能的，的；prove: v证实、证明，impossible.不用被动语态。

15.injury: n 伤害、损a.The method proved to 害；injure: v;injured: be very effective.adj受伤的

b.He proved himself to 16.loss: n 损失；lost: be an excellent designer.adj丢失的、迷失的；lose:

v(*)

B.Intensive reading: a.You should make good 1.The American use of your time.There is consumer often feels not a moment to lose.constantly disturbed by b.The explorers got insurance agents.(*)lost in hate thick forest.译：美国的消费者常常觉c.The loss caused by 得受到保险代理人的不断骚the fire was adequately 扰。

covered by insurance.考点：feels constantly

disturbed 17.financial: adj 财政 的、金融的；finance: n财2.Three reasons why 政、金融；financier: n 金we are unwilling to 融家，CFo

discuss insurance can be 18.unfortunate: adj suggested.unlucky, 反义词：fortunate, 译：有三条理由可以说明

为什么我们不愿讨论保险。

Why引导定语从句。短语：be unwilling to do;

3.We feel inadequate and try to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.译：我们感到对保险知识的缺乏，于是逃避讨论保险，企图掩饰我们的无知。

考点：feel inadequate;try to do;by avoiding;

4.These three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.译：这三个不讨论保险的原因恰恰是我们为什么要知之更多的好理由。

分析：not discussing是动名词的否定式。主语：These three reasons for not discussing insurance；谓语：provide;宾语：three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it，包含一个why引导的定语从句。

5.Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.译：买保险的时候也不能完全依赖保险代理人。

因为以否定词“neither”开头，因此需要部分倒装。

短语：depend on

6.It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to just hope that they will somehow go away.译：我们对这些情况做出安排，找到应付它们的方法，这就比仅仅希望这些厄运能远离我们要好得多。

正常语序：That we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them is better than to just hope that they will somehow go away.考点：better„than;deal with;plan for sth, by finding means

7.Insurance fundamentals can be understood by those

willing to study them.译：那些愿意学习它们的人能理解保险的基本原理。

考点：can be 10.reduce, decrease: 减少

11.GNp = Gross National product国民生产 Exercise:

1.The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.(tie)

ive act→active;progress→progressive understood;willing to study them 作定语修饰those.C.Summary about phrases: 1.be eager to(1段8行);2.on guard（2段3行）;3.at best（2段4行）;4.agree to do（3段3行）;5.a sum of money（3段3行）;6.in effect（3段5行）;7.pay for（3段7行）;8.remind sb that„;（4段1行）9.in our heart（4段4行）;10.depend on（6段6行）;11.look sth in the face（7段1行）;12.deal with（7段4行）;

Text B: What Is Money and What Are Its Functions? The four major functions of money are as a medium of exchange, a standard of value, a standard of deferred payment, and a store of value.货币的四个主要功用是：交换的媒介，价值的标准，延期付款的标准和价值的储存手段。

A.New words: 1.disagreement: agreement, disagree, agree 2.economist: n 经济学家，economy: n 经济、节约；economic: adj经济的；economical: adj节约的；economize: v 节约

3.exchange: n/v交换、交流

4.payment: n付款；pay: v;payer: n付款人，tax payer 5.inconvenient: adj不方便的，inconvenience;convenient, convenience 6.sacrifice;v/n牺牲 7.coincidence: n巧合、同时发生；coincide: v同时发生；coincident: adj巧合的

What a coincidence!8.respond: v respond to sth;response: n 9.conscious: adj有意识的，be conscious of sth;unconscious 总值；

2.The first GDp = Gross textbook ____ for teaching Domestic product国内生产English as a foreign 总值

language came out in the

16th century.(write)B.Summary about the 3.I played under a phrases:

big tree, with my father 1.be familiar with(1____ in the fields.(work)段1行);2.a great deal 4.All our savings of(1段5行);3.a number ____, we must look for a of(1段7行);4.rule out(3new job.(go)段2行);5.search for(3段 5.The question 5行);6.respond to sth(4_____, we continued to do 段5行);7.rather than(4the work.(settle)段6行);8.in terms of(4 key: 1.tied;段6行);9.whether or 2.written;3.working;not(4段7行);10.be 4.gone;5.having been conscious of(4段7行);settled 11.serve as(5段6行);12.only if/If only(5段9 行);13.convert into(6段6 行);14.associate with(6

段7行);15.be involved in(6段9行)

The 18th lecture of 分词的独立主格：

College English one: 当我们介绍分词短语作状形容词后缀： 语时讲过它的逻辑主语应是主 able, ible 句的主语，但有时根据句子的 accept→acceptable;需要分词短语要有一个独立的response→responsible 主语，我们称之为独立主格。

a.It being Sunday, al you needn’t go to school.form→formal;nation = Because it is →national Sunday, you needn’t go to

school.an b.All people having America→American;arrived, the meeting began.Russia→Russian = After all people

had arrived, the meeting ant, ent began.differ→different;c.Weather permitting, resist→resistant we’ll go to the Summer

palace.ary, ory = If weather explain→explanatory;permits, we’ll go to the second→secondary Summer palace.d.All the work done, ern you can go home.east→eastern;west = After all the →western work is done, you can go

home.ful 当动词和主语之间存在 care→careful;help主动关系时，用现在分词；

→helpful;use→useful 当动词和主语之间存在

被动关系时，用过去分词；

less 另外，分词作独立主格 care→careless;help时前面可加with.→helpless;use→useless The park is

beautiful with all the ic trees putting on a tender base→basic;economygreen.→economic

ous

danger→dangerous;fame→famous

y

wind→windy;cloud→cloudy;dirt→dirty

ish

England→English;fool→foolish;red→reddish

动词后缀： en

black→blacken;sharp→sharpen;wide→widen

fy;ify

pure→purify;beauty→beautify

ize, ise computer→computerize;real→realize

副词后缀： ly: careful→carefully;easy→easily;true→truly

Key to some exercises:

p365:Ⅰ.a.c.c.d.b.p366:Ⅱ.1.agent;2.policy;3.adequate;4.occur;5.remind;6.ignorance;7.complex;8.entirely;9.fundamentals;10.concepts

Ⅲ.1.evil;2.sell;3.inadequate;4.expensive;5.unfortunate;

6.impossible;7.finally;8.unsafe;9.illness;10.hide, conceal

p367:Ⅳ.looking for, address, familiar with, guide, places of interest, sum, period, if, look forward to, sincerely

p369:Ⅱ.1.effective;2.evil;3.inadequate;4.sum;5.complex;6.agent;7.miracle;8.protection;

9.opposite;10.possibility Ⅲ.2.In effect, it took us as much time to look for the book as it did to read it.3.Her letter reminded me of the good days that we spent together.4.Except for a few insurance professionals, most of us don’t understand exactly what insurance is.5.The method has been proven and is still effective.8.His major is engine technology in this institute.Unit 14 Text A: The Importance of Being Kind and polite There is a saying: when salute, you’ll be saluted.people usually follow some rules of behavior in social activities.These rules represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and unacceptable.However, there are rude people whose behavior shows little respect for such rules.As we know, being polite and showing respect can lead us to success in life.So it’s a good idea to be kind and polite people.A.New words: 1.frankly: adv, frank: adj, to be frank;frankness: n 2.boring: adj令人讨厌的；bore: v;bored: adj;boredom: n厌烦、厌倦

3.honestly: adv正直地；honest: adj, to be honest;honesty: n诚实、正直(*)a.Honesty is the best policy.b.I didn’t tell anyone, honestly, I didn’t.c.To be honest with you, he often speaks evil of you behind your back.4.impress: v;impression: n;impressive: adj(*)

c.She is wearing a a.I was greatly different dress every time impressed by his speech.I see her.b.The book didn’t

impress me at all.15.discipline: n纪

律，v训练

5.collection: n 收集、16.employer: n雇主；收藏品；collect: v

employee: n雇员；employ: 6.misunderstand: v误v;employment: n(*)解、误会；understand: v;a.The factory is going understanding;

to employ 20 more workers.misunderstanding(*)

b.He left his hometown a.I can’t understand to look for employment in why he shows no respect a big city.for the rules the majority c.She has been working follows.for the same employer for b.We should do 20 years.everything possible to d.The total number of clear up the many office employees almost misunderstandings between doubled.us.c.He is not happy 17.individual: n/adj;because his wife always individualize: v个性化；misunderstands him.individuality: n个性

18.kindness: n;kind: 7.interact: v互相作adj 用；interaction: n

8.behavior: n;behave: B.Intensive reading: v

1.Failing to be 9.unacceptable: adj;impressed by a friend’s acceptable: adj;accept: v;collection of stamps, acceptance: n(*)

yawning when a golfer a.She received a gift tells you that great shot from him, but she didn’t he made on the 14th hole, accept.or falling asleep when b.He is angry with her friends show pictures from because her words are their last trip to Sault totally unacceptable.Ste are all things that c.If you think the educated people try not to plan is acceptable, you do.should do it according to 译：一个朋友向你展示他the plan right now.的邮票集，你却毫无感觉；一

个高尔夫球手告诉你他在打第10.rude: adj;rudely: 十四洞时打了多么漂亮的一adv

杆，你却打哈欠；或者当朋友11.bother: v;们向你展示上次去圣苏马力旅bothersome: adj

行的照片时，你却睡着了，这12.adolescent: n青少些都是有教养的人尽力避免去年；adolescence: n 青春期

作的事情。

13.swear: v宣誓、咒骂 分析：Failing to be a.She swears on her impressed by a friend’s honor.collection of stamps, b.What is she swearing yawning when a golfer about?

tells you that great shot

he made on the 14th hole, 14.indifferent: adj冷or falling asleep when 漠的 be indifferent to friends show pictures from sb/sth；different: adj不their last trip to Sault 同的；difference: n(*)

Ste是句子的主语，动名词作a.I’m indifferent to 主语。

whether you go or stay.To 短语：fail to do;be be honest with you, I impressed by;fall asleep don’t care.b.There are big 2.This is what differences between the manners are about: acting two languages.in a civilized way to

avoid misunderstanding, friction, and conflict.译：这就是礼节所包含的内容：以文明的方式行事，防止产生误解、摩擦和冲突。

注意: in a „way;avoid doing sth

3.A new class of rude people has been born: the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.译：一个新的举止粗鲁的阶层正在兴起：那就是“看我多神气”的打电话者，无聊的电话聊天对我们的头脑健康造成的危害不亚于吸烟对于肺部造成的危害。

注意：as + adj + to sb + as比较对象

Reading is as important to us as it is to you.4.There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.译：很多孩子和青少年的行为总的来说是不可接受的。

考点：whose behavior

5.Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.译：不懂得礼貌的孩子迟早会为此付出代价的。

短语：have no idea;pay the price;sooner or later

分析：Kids主语，will pay谓语；the price宾语；who have no idea what being polite means定语，包含一个宾语从句，being polite是宾语从句的主语。

6.When they join the work force, their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.译；当他们工作后，老板和同事不久就会认识到这些粗鲁的年轻人的行为更像动物而不象文明人。

注意几个词：alike;be closer to that of animals

其中that代表behavior;than

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.think of(1段3行);2.fail to do(1段4行);3.tell sb about sth(1段5行);4.fall asleep(1段6行);5.in a civilized way(1段8行);6.avoid doing(1段8行);7.interact with sb(2段1行);8.respect for(2段5行);9.light up(3段3行);10.be dangerous to(3段6行);11.refuse to do(4段4行);12.have no idea(4段5行);13.pay the price(4段5行);14.sooner or later(4段6行);15.be close to(4段8行);16.because of(4段11行);17.get ahead(4段12行);18.give sb an edge(5段3行);19.start with(5段4行);20.be based on(5段5行)

Text B: Why We Walk in Circles A.New words: 1.foggy: adj 有雾的；fog: n 雾

2.motion: n运动；v 打手势，motion to 3.intend: v intend to do;4.even: adj平坦的、平滑的；uneven: 不平坦的

5.mystery: n神秘，mysterious: adj神秘的

B.Important phrases: 1.rather than: you’re watching rather than pinning.(1段2行)2.keep „ from: all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.（2段3行）

3.be worth doing: this problem was worth investigating.（4段2行）

4.succeed in doing: one group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.（5段3行）

5.wind up: have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor?（7段1行）6.no more„than: the c.Ten years muscles of a man’s arms later, when she saw her are no more identical than friend again, her heart the muscles of his legs.began to beat violently.（11段1行）

2.exposure: n暴露、揭露；expose: v expose to The 19th lecture of sth;College English one:

3.allocate: v分配、Key to exercises: 分派 allocate sth to sb； p396:Ⅰ.d, c, c, a, allocation: n d.Ⅲ.1.impression;4.significantly: adv2.kindness;3.ignorance;有意义地；significant: adj;4.behavior;5.majority;significance: n意义；6.awareness;7.attraction;insignificant(*)8.danger;9.possibility;a.The return of 10.protection

Hong Kong is of great p399: Ⅲ.2.They historical significance.aren’t even aware that b.The old man this is not a good habit.said to us significantly, 3.We should learn “life is not easy for any to respect fro others and of us.”

avoid friction or conflict.c.Few things 4.They swear are more significant of a they’ll finish the job no man’s interests than the matter what happens.books on his shelves.6.I’m not thirsty.Don’t bother to make tea 5.given: prep考虑for me.到„

7.His attitude Given good health, I towards his work impressed hope to finish the work me deeply.this year.Unit 15

Text A: 6.adopt: v采取、采How TV Violence Affects 纳、收养；adoption: n Kids

a.We adopted Do you liking their suggestion.watching TV? What are your b.They decided favorite programs on TV? to adopt the homeless TV has been part of many child.people’s daily life since

it was invented a century 7.distinguish: v区ago.and most evidence 别、辨别；

show that the violence The ability to talk programs on TV affects distinguishes human beings most children.Why and how from animals.we should do to avoid such

bad effects on children? 8.reality: n;real: Now let’s read the text adj;really: adv(*)together.This is an a.Things that important article.You happen in real life are need learn it very sometimes stranger than attentively.things that occur in

fiction.A.New words:

b.He really 1.violence: n 暴力；didn’t know the answer.violent: adj暴力的； c.Her dream of violently: adv，nonviolent: coming to China has become adj(*)

a reality.a.Many people

complain too much violence 9.subtlety: n微妙之is shown on television.处；subtle: adj 微妙的

b.people are 10.moral: adj道德sometimes violent when 的，反义词：immoral they become very angry.11.recovery: n恢

复；recover: v, recover from sth

12.unrealistic: adj不切实际的，反义词：realistic

13.imitative: adj模仿的；imitate: v模仿；imitation: n

14.imaginative: adj富于想象的；imagine: v;imagination: n想象力（*）

a.You can never imagine how inconvenient our life would be without electricity.b.His paintings show that he is a very imaginative child.c.The job requires not only intelligence, but also imagination.15.expressive: adj表现的；express: v表达；expression: n

a.She can express herself well both in Chinese and English.b.There is a strange expression in her eyes that I can’t understand.c.I can never forget her expressive smile.16.interpret: v解释、说明；interpretation: n;interpreter: n翻译（口译）

17.monitor: n监听器，v监听、监视

18.crazy: adj发疯的；be crazy about sth;crazy English

19.critique: n评论文章；critic: n评论家；

20.imply: v暗示；implication: n

21.fascination: n 魅力；fascinate: v吸引；fascinating: adj吸引人的

22.guilty: adj内疚的；guilt: n；guiltless: adj无罪的

23.commercially: adv商业地；commerce: n;commercial: adj

24.altenative: n取舍；adj供选择的

B.Intensive reading: 1.For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.译：在25年多的时间里，越来越多的证据表明，孩子们接触到电视里的暴力场面对他们的行为有着持久的影响。

that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior是同位语从句，修饰evidence;短语：have effect on sth 2.„points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed.(2段3行)译：„指出学龄前儿童特别容易受到传媒的影响，因为他们还不能把幻想与现实完全区别开来，对做出行为的潜在动机和道德冲突的微妙性的理解力还没有得到很好的发展。

分析：that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media是宾语从句；because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed是原因状语从句。

短语：point out;be able to do;distinguish sth from sth;

3.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.译：很自然地，孩子们常常想要在这些电视节目里展示的或做广告的玩具。

考点：shown和advertised是过去分词作定toys found in the home.语修饰the toys

译：一起商量如何监控

孩子们的游戏时间，以及控制 4.With these toys, 家里的暴力玩具的数量。

their play tends to be 考点：the amount of more imitative than time of violence programs;imaginative.the number of violent toys;译：有了这些玩具，他found过去分词作定语修饰们游戏时就更倾向于模仿而不toys.是想象。

短语：tend to有„倾 C.Brief summary 向；more„than与其„而不about phrases: 如

1.exposure to sth(1

段2行);2.have effect 5.Some research even on(1段2行);3.the amount suggests that children of/ the number of(1段3，5apply the behaviors 行);4.point out(2段3行);observed on TV programs to 5.distinguish from(2段5their real-life situations.行);6.tend to(3段2行);译：某一项研究表明孩7.make sense of sth(3段7子们甚至把从电视里观察到的行);8.apply sth to sth(3行为应用在真实生活的场景段9行);9.appear to(4段2中。

行);10.be crazy about(4 Suggest这里不用虚段3行);11.act on(1段5拟，apply sth to sth应行)用„;observed过去分词作

定语。

Text B: Why Don’t

Girls Think Like Boys? 6.It is a good idea 1.exception: n例for parents to monitor the 外；except: prep/v amount as well as the kind 2.male, female of television their 3.aggression: n侵preschool child watches.犯，aggressive: adj侵略（*）的；aggressiveness: n进取 译；父母们监控学龄前精神

儿童看电视的时间和节目类 4.sample: n样本 别，这是一个好主意。

5.advantage: n优 考点：the amount of 点、优势；disadvantage sth, as well as，6.treatment: n治 主语：for parents to 疗；treat: v monitor the amount as well 7.consequently: adv as the kind of television therefore their preschool child 8.satisfactorily: watches；it是形式主语。

adv满意地

9.responsibility: n 7.Many preschool 责任；be responsible for teachers don’t like to sth对„负责任的

have commercially made toy

weapons brought into the Homework: classroom and welcome 选词填空：

hearing your concerns as well as, crazy about this matter.about, distinguish from, 译：许多学龄前儿童的apply to, tend to, put 老师不喜欢商业性的玩具武器together, point out, the 被带进教室，他们愿意听听你amount of, the number of, 们对这件事的关心。

make sense 句型：have sth 1.He is ____ done(*);welcome doing sth;computer.concern about sth

2.The test is please have your important for you ____ for blood pressure taken.me.3.Did he mean to 8.Work together to ____ the principles ___ control the amount of software development? violence programs watched 4.____ lift and the number of violent increases with the speed

of the aircraft.5.Your whole account of these incidents doesn’t _____.6.I can hardly ____ one ____ the other;they are so much alike.7.people ____ get fat as they grow older.8.It is about time someone ____ his errors to him.9.It is easier to take a machine to pieces than to ___ them ____ again.10.____ competitors for selling computers is increasing.1.crazy about;2.as well as;3.apply„to;4.the amount of;5.make sense;6.distinguish from;7.tend to;8.pointed out;9.put together;10.the number of

写出下列单词的名词形式：

1.imaginative;

2.evident;3.fascinating;4.imitative;5.real;6.violent;7.significant;8.relate;9.observe;10.natural

key:

1.imagination;

2.evidence;3.fascination;4.imitation;5.reality;6.violence;7.significance;8.relation;9.observation;10.nature

The 20th lecture of College English one

英语(一)测试

本试题分两部分，第一部分为选择题，50分；第二部分为非选择题，50分。

part one

一、选择题。（20分）

1.Sickness often results ______ eating too much.A.from B.in C.as D.by

2.They have decided to carry ________ their

own views.B.to share

C.people all day long, 2 for buy or sell things A.through share D.shares the smallest, most sometimes.Even students, B.on C.out 13.There are many ordinary things.If a who are usually not very D.over children ________ behavior waitress brings you a cup rich, have to learn 3.Though it looked is generally unacceptable.of coffee, you say “thank something about making like rain this morning, it A.their you”.When you pay 3 your purchases intelligently.has turned _______ to be a B.who

C.food and get your 4, you As a student you may find, fine day.whose

D.of say “thank you” to the for example, that you need A.down whom cashier.If someone 5 you to buy a typewriter or B.to C.14.She has neither directions in the street, winter clothing.You may on D.out read the book nor _____ you say “thank you”.want to buy a television 4.problems ______ the film.However, those are all or a used car.of course, in a variety of ways.A.see inappropriate expression you want to get good value A.rise B.seen

C.of gratitude to make for your money.If you are B.arise C.arouse D.raise 5.I’m ____ with talking to you.You never listen to me.A.feeding up B.fed up C.fed off D.fed back 6.They spend their weekends _____ from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.A.to go B.going C.at going D.gone 7.Some children get ___ a bad habit of switching on TV as soon as they come back home.A.in B.up C.on D.into 8.________ of my knowledge, I have never seen the person before.A.To the best B.With the best C.In the best D.Make the best 9.You must ________ what you are doing is quite illegal.A.aware that B.be aware of C.be aware that D.aware of 10.The doctor took X-rays to ____ the chance of broken bones.A.rule against B.rule off C.rule over

D.rule out 11.Money provides a unit of account that serves _______ a standard to measure value.A.as B.for

C.with D.in 12.Did he intend us _____ the cost of dinner? A.sharing sees D.saw westerners very 6 and give 15.Children them an impression of naturally often want the insincerity.For example, toys ______ on TV programs.if your advisor spends A.show half an hour 7 you with B.to show

C.your thesis, you 8 say showing

D.“ thank you, I really 9 shown your kindness.” That is 16.The American quite enough.Still better family of today is to say “I am sorry to different from the family have taken 10 so much of ____ fifty years ago.your time.” Try to make A.for things casual, never B.of C.in overdo.D.about 1.A.what 17.Heat has many B.that

C.all effects, most of _______ D.things will be familiar through 2.A.especially everyday experience.B.even

C.in A.them addition D.whatever B.those C.3.A.back that D.which B.off

C.for 18.There were firms D.on who specialized ______ 4.A.change supplying cars.B.money

C.pay A.in D.bill B.on

C.5.A.does with D.for B.shows

C.has 19.Remember, got D.goes for nothing hurts 6.A.concentration _______ comfortable

B.reading too slow.uncomfortable C.A.rather than dissatisfaction

D.B.as well as C.more satisfied than D.instead of 7.A.to help 20.In the garage B.helping

C.on sale, eager buyers bought helping D.help all but 50 of the unwanted 8.A.should items in one weekend, B.will have to

C.leaving the family $442 might D.are able __________ to A.rich 9.A.appreciate B.better C.B.accept

C.want richer

D.D.get good 10.A.in B.on

C.up

二、完型填空。（10D.off 分）“Thank you ”

三、阅读理解。（20means 1 you realize that 分）someone has done something passage one for you.Thus we thank Everyone has to

considering a major purchase, or any purchase，you should remember three important things.Study first, and

then decide what you want to buy.You can learn a lot by reading books and

ads.Remember that is a high quality product will probably last longer and

work better.of course, for a superior product you can expect to pay more.An

inferior product may not give you the same quality, but the price should be low.perhaps this seems

obvious, but you must know the quality.Don’t just look at the price.A poor

quality product could be expensive.And a valuable one could be on sale at a

greatly reduced price.Don’t hurry.Take your time.After you decide what product you

want, go to many different stores.If you can’t find the product you want, you

may try to order it directly from the factory or ask the store to order

it for you.Look for a good deal.If you wait, you will probably find

that your product will go on sale and you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the

original price.Finally, before you buy, make sure that the product is guaranteed.If you don’t like it, you wan to be able to get your money back.If you

carefully examine your own preferences and then shop

until you find the lowest

possible price, you will olympics, men and women generally be happy with from almost every nation your purchase and also in the world attempt to keep more money in the run faster, jump higher bank.and longer, lift heavier 1.While you go and heavier weights and shopping, you should pay throw further and further.more attention to They are all competing for _____________.that ultimate prize: an A.price olympic gold medal.Some are paid now.Since 1982 10.The

the International olympic International olympic Committee has allowed Committee ______________.money from appearance and A.makes athletes advertising to be kept for pay to enter the games B.the competitor until he or lets athletes be paid to she retires and even used enter the games for training purposes and C.prevents amateurs expenses.from entering the games

Are we pushing the D.lets athletes use B.quality

C.information

D.intelligence 2.You can get by reading books and ads_______________.A.information about products B.facts of property C.messages of a process D.knowledge of the amount of products 3.It is dangerous by its price alone _________.A.to bring a product into effect B.to argue about a product C.to judge a product D.to deal with a product 4.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage? A.If you wait for a sale, you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the original price.B.A superior product will probably work better but the price may be high.C.Two important things should be remembered when you have some shopping to do.D.You have to pay in advance when you order a product from the store.5.You may buy a television or a used car.Here the word “used” apparently means ________.A.helpful B.producing good results C.second-hand D.valuable passage Two The olympic Games are an international sports competition.In the only fail by hundreds of a athletes too hard? Can we second or fractions or a expect the athletes to millimeter but are content

live up to the ideal of with silver or bronze.the Games without the help Most are extremely happy of modern science and just to be there and in so

technology? Indeed, how doing agree with the other much further can the human motto of the games which body go? Is it too late to says that it is not

go back to the pure ideal winning that is important of the ancient Games or is but taking part.it just another part of However, as the our life that is olympics reach the end of

increasingly dominated by the 20th century and look technology? forward to the 21st, it 6.Competitors at seems as if this second

the olympics want to ideal is no longer a _____________.realistic one for our A.do more than just competitive world.Much as participate

B.we are happy to see the

perform better than anyone medals won, it is not else enough.We all want to C.come as close as witness that moment in

possible to the fast time history when something is D.entertain the achieved for the very spectators in the stadium first time.and at home Yet in this search

7.The second motto for greater achievements __________.we are seriously in danger A.is too idealistic of losing the very ideal B.has never satisfied the of the olympic Games and general public possibly of sport in

C.would most likely general.We are no longer to the best of their content to see men and ability women try their hardest D.has been having trained themselves

overtaken by the first to the peak of their motto performance;we demand new 8.Non-competitors records.Although we desire most strongly to criticize them for doing

see ___________.so, turning to drugs may A.a world record be the only way some being broken athletes see of satisfying

B.an olympic record being the public’s hunger.broken Even though we C.athletes contest pretend that the olympics to the best of their are still the last

ability preserve of the amateur D.their countrymen ideal, we know that to be and women win a first a world – class athlete

prize now is full – time 9.Taking drugs may activity.It is not only help athletes _________.the intensive training A.to eat more B.given to potential to train less C.to be champions by the super – critical

D.to powers.But many athletes perform better

the money from commercials.part two

四、单词拼写。（10分）1.收集、收藏品 n c_____________ 2.冷漠的、不关心的a i______________ 3.优点、优势

n a______________ 4.非暴力的a

n______________ 5.财政的、金融的a f_______________ 6.交换、交流

n/v e_______________ 7.挑战

n/v c_______________ 8.发明、创造 n i_________________

9占用、占有

v o______________ 10.有效果地 ad

e_________________ 11.讨价还价 n

b_________________ 12.勉强的a r___________________

13专门研究

v s_________________ 14.起初的、原来的 a

o________________ 15.环境 n e__________________

16.想象力

n i_________________ 17.预言、预报

n

p_______________ 18.不能接受的a u_______________ 19.供选择的 adj

a___________ 20.现实、实际

n r_____________

五、用动词正确的时态填空。（10分）

1.Insurance fundamentals can

_________(understand)by those willing to study them.2.Do you know why

people are unwilling ___________(discuss)insurance? 3.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always _____(little)than perfect.4.He bought her what she wanted, ____________(regard)of the expenses.5._________(Use)cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.6.The __________(far)away an object is, the smaller it looks.7.To some extent, my opinion ____________(influence)by my parents.8.He had his leg ________(injury)trying to save a boy from a passing train.9.The headmaster made a bad __________(impress)on the parents.10.We thanked them for their ___________(kind).六、汉译英。（15分）

1．解决实际问题的办法事先不能预见。

2．他昨天买到的只是一件没有什么价值的东西。

3．任何与字典争论的人被看成是疯子。

4．我们不愿意讨论保险的一个原因是保险很费钱。

5．父母控制孩子看暴力电视节目的数量是个好主意。

七、英译汉。（15分）

A hobby is an interesting way of spending your free time.It’s an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with dishes.It’s more like a special friend that you choose for yourself.You spend your free time with it because it interests you and because you enjoy it.Since different people like to do

are crazy about football.different things in their 5.I think your plan spare time, we would make is good but is there an a long list of hobbies, alternative to it? taking in everything from 6.We should learn collecting matchboxes and to distinguish right from raising rare fish, to wrong.learning about the stars 7.You can interpret and making model ships.this term in many ways.Some hobbies are very 8.He adopted a firm popular: stamp collecting, attitude towards this painting and cycling, for matter.example;while others are 9.The mother’s quite unusual, like words implied that the collecting insects or children might watch TV traveling on all the twice a week.trains in one country.10.His job is to monitor radio broadcasts Key to some from a certain country.exercises(20讲内容)

p444:Ⅰ.T, T, F, F, p432:Ⅰ.d, a, c, b, T, T, T, F, T, F a

p446: Ⅱ.1.a.2.c.Ⅱ.1.allocate;3.b;4.c;5.b 2.significantly;3.model;4.fantacy;5.motive;

6.jeopardize;7.interpret;The 21st lecture of 8.monitor;9.initate;College English one: 10.depict;11.critiques;Unit 16

Text A: 12.fascination;Heart Disease: Treat or 13.alternative

prevent? p433: The death rate from Ⅲ.1.imagination;heart disease has been 2.evidence;3.fascinationl;increasing at an alarming 4.imitation;5.reality;speed.It’s said that 6.violence;7.significance;heart diseases associated 8.relation;9.observation;with stress, smoking and a 10.nature

lack of exercise and the p434:Ⅴ.1.Violence way people live.people movies have a powerful are paying more and more effect on preschool attention to avoid children.suffering from the heart 2.parents should disease.So I hope this monitor the amount as well text will be beneficial to as the kind of TV their all of you.children watch.3.preschool A.New words: children aren’t fully 1.killer: n 凶手、杀人able to distinguish 者；kill: v fantasy from reality.2.alarming: adj 惊人 p436: Ⅱ.1.imitate;的；alarm: n警报的声音或2.interpret;3.motive;信号，alarm clock;v警告4.monitor;5.evidence;或惊吓

6.recovery;7.reality;

8.undermined;

3.surgical: adj外科9.alternative;10.violence 的；surgery: n外科、手 p437: 1.The peace 术；surgeon: n 外科医生，talks have a long-lasting physician: n内科医生（*）

effect on the relationship a.Surgery is the between the two countries.science and practice of 2.Given good health, treating injuries and I hope to finish the wotk diseases by operations.this year.b.A good surgeon must 3.I must point out have an eagle’s eyes, a that it’s unrealistic for lion’s heart and a us not to make a mistake.lady’s hand.4.Many young people c.The patient is in

need of surgical treatment.4.technological: adj工艺的、工业技术的；technology: n工艺、技术应用；technique: n 技能、技术、方法；technical: adj 技术的、技艺的；technician: n技术员、技师（*）

a.The machine has broken down, but one of our technicians will repair it.b.Jim has always been interested in engineering, but he has not yet had any technical training in the field.c.The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is called MIT for short.d.Technique must be gained by practice.e.The invention of the steam engine was a great technological advance.5.advance: v/n 前进、进展；advanced: adj 进步的

6.enable: v使能够，enable sb to do sth;en + adj/n→V: en + large→enlarge;en + rich→enrich;en + danger→endanger etc.able: adj能够的；ability: n 能力

Airplanes enable people to travel in the air.7.benefit: n 益处、好处；v 得益，benefit from sth/sb;beneficial: adj 有益的；beneficiary: n 受益人

8.critic: n批评家、评论家；critique: n评论

9.disadvantage: n 不利地位、不利条件，反义词：advantage;disadvantageous: adj不利的；advantageous: adj有利的

10.resource: n资源、谋略, HR= human resource

11.prevention: n防止、预防；prevent: v, prevent„from;preventable: adj可阻止的；preventive: adj预防的、预备的(*)

a.prevention is better than cure.b.Security measures were taken to prevent the prisoners from escaping.c.Her brother caught cold yesterday, so her mother asked her to take some preventive medicine.12.recover: v恢复，recover from„;recovery: n恢复

I hope you will soon recover from your disease.13.expertise: n专门知识；expert: n 专家，adj熟练的

14.researcher: n 研究者；research: n/v 15.emphasize: v 强调；emphasis: n 强调

16.connection: n 连接、关系；connect: v 17.sufficient: adj足够的，反义词：insufficient;adequate, inadequate;sufficiency: n 足够

18.rely: v, rely on/upon;depend on/upon 19.dietary: adj节食的；diet: n饮食；be on diet节食

20.stress: n压力，pressure;v 强调 emphasize

B.Intensive reading: 1.The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.译：由于心脏病死亡的人数在过去的三十年中一直以惊人的速度增长。

考点：介词from,表示“由于”，has been increasing是现在完成进行时，强调动作一直持续进行，未间断。at„speed以„速度。

2.Western health-care systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.译：西方国家的卫生保健体系花费大笔的金钱研究这种疾病的外科治疗方法。

注意：习惯用法：huge sum of money;spend on sth

3.This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years.考点：cause„to rise译：对治疗方法的强调显导致„的上涨，be necessary 然是与过去十年至十五年间发for sth;they raise 生的技术进步联系在一起的。

costs „;whose treatment 注意：emphasis on sth;requires the equipment.be associated wit sth;take place:发生，该短语无7.The third 被动语态。定语从句的时disadvantage is that 态。

doctors are encouraged to

perform surgery – even on 4.Although there is no patients for whom an doubt that a large number operation is not at all of people benefit from necessary – because the heart surgery, critics of equipment and surgical our health-care systems expertise is available.point out that the 译：第三个缺陷，因为他emphasis on the surgical 们既有设备又有专业知识，医treatment of the disease 生们被鼓励施行此种手术，即has three clear 使有些病人根本不需要。

disadvantages.考点：be encouraged to 译：虽然毫无疑问心脏手do sth;on patients for 术可以让很多人获益非浅，但whom an operation is not 有些卫生保健体系的批评人士at all necessary的语序指出，强调以手术治疗这种疾是：an operation on the 病有三个明显的缺陷。

patients is not necessary 短语多：there is no for them„注意介词的使用。

doubt that毫无疑问;a

large number of很多;8.In the recent past, benefit from获益;point medical researchers have out指出.begun to emphasize the

fact that heart disease is 5.First, it attracts associated with stress, interest and financial smoking and a lack of resources away from the exercise, and we can often question of prevention.reduce the risk of heart 译：首先，它使人们的兴disease by paying more 趣和资金都不放在疾病的预防attention to these factors.上。

译：最近几年，医疗研究That is, people don’t 人员开始强调心脏病是由压spend too much interest 力，吸烟以及缺乏锻炼引起and financial resources on 的。如能对这些因素多加注意the prevention of the 的话，患心脏病的机率就会降disease.低。

注意：the fact that„6.Second, it causes 是一个同位语从句；be the costs of general associated with;lack of hospital care to rise.sth;by „;pay more After hospitals buy the attention to„

expensive equipment that

is necessary for modern 9.Many people are heart surgery, they must paying more attention to try to recover the money reducing stress in their they have spent.To do lives.this, they raise costs for 译：许多人注意减少他们all their patients, not 生活的紧张程度。

just those patients whose 考点：reducing stress treatment requires the in their lives是动名词作equipment.宾语。

译：其次，它导致普通医 疗费用的上涨。医院在购买进10.The number of 行现代心脏手术所需的昂贵设smokers in the USA is now 备后，必定要设法收回投入的far below the level of 资金。因此，他们提高对所有twenty years ago as many 病人的收费，这其中包括不仅people succeed in breaking 仅是那些需用这些设备进行治the habit and as fewer 疗的病人。people take it up.39

译：今天美国的吸烟人数远低于二十年前，许多人成功戒烟，更少的人开始吸烟。

考点：the number of„谓语要用单数形式；far below远远低于；as„既克理解为原因状语从句，也可理解为时间状语从句；succeed in doing sth;break the habit戒掉这个习惯；take up从事

C.Summary about the important phrases:

1.at„speed(1段2行);2.die of(1段4行);3.spend on sth(1段5行);4.huge sum of money(1段5行);5.be associated with(2段1行);6.take place(2段2行);7.enable sb to do sth(2段3行);8.there is no doubt that(3段1行);9.a large number of(3段3行);10.benefit from(3段1行);11.point out(3段2行);12.be encouraged to do(3段10行);13.pay more attention to sth(4段4行);14.as a result of(5段2行);15.tend to(5段4行);16.rely on(5段5行);17.take more responsibility for sth(5段8行);18.far below(5段12行);19.succeed in doing(5段12行);20.take up(5段13行);21.be aware of sth(5段14行);22.instead of(5段15行);

Text B: Dieting Your Way of Health

A.New words:

1.misguide: v 误导，同类形的词还有：mislead, misunderstand, mistake etc.2.resistance: n 抵抗、反抗；resist: v

3.essential: adj必要的，be essential to sb/sth

4.recommend: v 推荐； recommendation: n

5.appetite: n 食欲、胃口；appetizer: n 开胃品；appetizing: adj开胃的

6.harmful: adj,反义词：harmless

7.nutrient: adj营养的，n营养品；nutritious:营养价值高的；nutrition: n 营养；nutritionist: n 营养学家

8.mineral: n矿石；mine:矿山

B.Some sentences in the text: 1.Almost everyone considers going on a diet sometime in his or her life.All, regardless of sex or age, have something in common – losing weight and losing it fast.译：几乎每个人在其一生中的某个时间都会考虑节食一段时间。无论性别或年龄，所有人共同的一点就是—减肥，而且要快速减肥。

考点：consider doing sth;go on a diet;sometime某一段时间，一般用于一般将来时或一般过去时。Regardless of sth不管、无论；have something in common有某些共同之处。

2.They soon lose interest in everything going on about them, and their resistance to illness becomes so low that they are easily attacked by one illness after another.译：很快他们对周围的一切事物都失去了兴趣，对疾病的抵抗力降低，很容易接连不断地生病。

短语：lose interest in everything;going on about them发生在他们周围，现在分词作定语修饰everything;resistance to sth对„的抵抗力；so„that;one after another.3.They begin to have difficulty sleeping properly and start to suffer from radical mood changes.译：他们开始睡眠不在香甜，心情变化无常。

短语：begin to / start to do;have difficulty doing sth;suffer from

4.It’s strange enough that most strict diets recommend artificial sweeteners to take the place of sugar and other natural sweeteners.译：奇怪的是，许多严格规定的食物中推荐用人造甜食剂代替糖和其他甜食剂。

考点：这是it引导的一个主语从句；recommend sb to do sth;take the place of sth代替，和take placeencouraged;b.discourage;进行区分。

c.courage

p464:Ⅲ.2.Technology C.Summary about the advances enable people to phrases:

live more happily and 1.consider doing sth(1comfortably.段1行);2.go on a diet(14.Children are often 段1行);3.regardless of encouraged to imagine sth(1段2行);4.have instead of imitating.something in common(1段2p471:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, 行);5.convert into(2段8F, T, F, F, T 行);6.supply to sth(2段8p473:Ⅱ.1.balance;行);7.at a „rate(2段92.appetite;3.harmful;行);8.lose interest in 4.vitamin;5.metaboism;sth(2段10行);9.go on(26.components;7.resulted 段10行);10.one after in;8.essential to;another(2段11行);11.be 9.excess;10.balanced essential for sth(3段3

行);12.as a result(3段4Unit 17

Text A 行);13.avoid doing(3段5panic and Its Effects 行);14.have difficulty Now more and more doing sth(3段61行);Americans are having panic 15.suffer from(3段7行);attacks.The victims 16.take the place of(4段2suffer from shortness of 行);17.lead to(4段4行);breath, experience chest 18.result in(5段1行);pains, a quick heartbeat.19.be harmful to(5段3行);Sudden fits of trembling, 20.lead a„ life(5段4-5and most of all, a fear of 行);21.in other words(6dying or going crazy.段3行);22.provide sb psychological stress could with sth/ provide sth for be a logical cause to it.sb(6段4行);23.large The victims should consult amount of(6段7行);a doctor and seek a 24.such as(7段1行);medical and psychological 25.on the other hand(8段4help.行);26.substitute for(9

段2行);27.in the same A.New words: way(9段5行);28.be used 1.panic: v/n/adj 恐for(9段5行);29.instead 慌、慌乱的

of(9段6行)

a.I got into a panic when I found myself left alone.b.The gunshot panicked the horse.c.I feel panic when I found myself left alone.The 22nd lecture of 2.severe: adj severe College English one:

test严峻的考验;severe Key to exercises: competition激烈的竞争;p459:Ⅰ.b, d, b, d, a severe storm猛烈的风暴

Ⅱ.1.alarming;

2.killer;3.emphasis;3.accompany: v;4.perform;5.surgery;accompaniment, accompanist 6.recover;7.reduce;4.shortness: n缺乏、8.connection;9.sufficient;不足(状态)；short: adj短10.merely 的；shortage: n 缺乏（物p461:Ⅳ.1.emphasis;品）shortage of sth;2.awareness;3.treatment;shorten: v 变短；shortly: 4.prevention;5.technology;adv立刻、马上（*）

6.surgery;7.increase;aHis answer was short 8.responsibility;

and to the point.9.illness;10.benefit

b.people are perfectly p463:Ⅰ.4.a.aware of the shortness of attractive;b.attract;c.days in winter.attraction;5.a.d.Food shortage often

occurs in time of war.5.diagnose: v诊断疾病；diagnosis: n诊断、诊断书；diagnostic: adj诊断的

6.conduct: n/v处理、指挥、举止、行为

7.approximately: adv近似地；approximate: adj大约的，v接近approximate to sth;approximation: n近似值

8.recurrent: adj复发的、反复发生的；recur: v 复发；recurrence: n

9.bear: v忍受、负担、生孩子，born 出生；borne忍受

10.uneasy: adj担心的、忧虑的,同义词 worried；easy:容易的；ease: n舒适、安逸；unease: n 忧虑、担心；easily: adv(*)

a.All things are difficult before they are easy.b.He works so hard that his mother feels uneasy about his health.c.He used to be very strong and could swim across the river easily.11.multiplicity: n 多样性；multiple: adj多样的

12.mention: n/v提及、说起

a.Did you hear your name mentioned?

b.The concert didn’t get a mention in the newspaper.13.endanger: v 危及；danger: n危险；dangerous: adj危险的（*）

a.He has been very ill, but the doctors say that he is now out of danger.b.A war can endanger millions of lives.c.It’s dangerous to walk on thin ice on a lake.14.unnecessarily: adv不必要地；unnecessary, necessary: adj;necessity: n 必需品(*)

a.You’d better cut out the unnecessary words.b.He didn’t care about it at all, so he thought her explanation

was unnecessarily detailed.c.It’s necessary to know the differences between a heart attack and a panic attack.15.disrupt: v;disruption:破裂、分裂

16.eventually: adv终于, finally 17.confirm: v证实;that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.译：恐慌症的症状与心脏病发作时的症状很相似，以至于许多患者以为他们得了心脏病。

考点：bear负担、承担；such„that如此„以至；similarity to sth介词的用法；those代指symptoms.考点：more than;as 13.rather than(6段2行);well as;be more likely to 14.all the same(7段2行);do sth;15.refuse to do(7段4行);

16.be isolated from(7段5 行);17.rule out the 7.It is reported that possibility of sth(7段7there are at least three 行);18.seek help(7段9行)signs that indicate a person is suffering from a Text B: Sleeping – panic attack rather than a Fact or Fancy? heart attack.A.New words: confirmation: n;confirmative: adj确认的

18.psychology: n心理学；psychological: adj心理学的；psychologist: n心理学家(*)a.Ten years after his graduation, he became a well-know psychologist.b.psychology is the study or science of the mind and the way it works.c.She is interested in the psychological development of the child.B.Intensive reading: 1.Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help.译：她以为自己是心脏病发作，吓得赶紧大叫救命。

分析：Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack是过去分词做原因状语，内含that引导的同位语从句，修饰thought.2.More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne.译：现在越来越多的美国人患有像安尼那样的恐慌症。

注意句子的时态，like介词像；experienced过去分词作定语修饰the one.3.These attacks may last for only a few minutes;some, however, continue for several hours.译：恐慌症发作可能只持续几分钟，而有些要持续几个小时。

考点：last for持续

4.The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks 译：据报道，至少有三种标志5.panic attack 可以表明一个人是由惊吓引起victims show the following 了恐慌症而非心脏病发作。symptoms: they often 注意：基本句型it it become easily frightened reported that„,全句的正常of feel uneasy in 语序：That there are at situations where people least three signs that normally would not be indicate a person is afraid;they suffer suffering form a panic shortness of breath, attack rather than a heart experience chest pains, a attack is reported.quick heartbeat, sudden 短语：at least;suffer fits of trembling, a from;rather than„ feeling that persons and things around them are not 8.It is generally real;and most of all, a agreed that a panic attack fear of dying or going does not directly endanger crazy.A person seized by a person’s life。（背！）a panic attack may show 译：人们通常认为恐慌症all or as few as four of 并不会直接危及人们的生命。these symptoms.译：恐慌症患者表现出如9.All the same, it can 下症状：他们很容易受惊吓，unnecessarily disrupt a 在通常人们不会感到害怕的地person’s life by making 方惊恐不安；呼吸急促，胸口him or her so afraid of 疼痛，心跳加速，一阵阵的战having a panic attack in a 栗，感觉周围的人、事虚无缥public place that he or 缈；最严重的是，有死亡或变she may refuse to leave 疯的恐惧感。被恐慌症侵袭的home and may eventually 人可能会表现出全部症状，至become isolated from the 少也会有其中的四种。

rest of society.注意：①in situations 译：尽管如此，它却毫无where引导定语从句；②a 必要地扰乱了人们的生活，人feeling that persons and 们担心自己会在公共场所发生things around them are not 恐慌，因此拒绝离开家，最终real中有一个同位语从句修导致与社会隔离。饰a feeling;③seized by 考点：短语：all the a panic attack过去分词作same;so„that;be afraid 定语修饰a person;④ as of sth;refuse to do;be few as像„一样少；

isolated from sth 短语：fits of;most of all;go crazy

C.Summary about the

phrases: 6.However, studies 1.rush to(1段5行);show that more women than 2.as many as(2段4行);men experience panic 3.at least(2段5行);attacks and people who 4.suffer from(2段8行);drink a lot as well as 5.last for(3段1行);those who use drugs are 6.such„that(3段3-4行);more likely to suffer 7.similarity to(3段4行);attacks.8.go crazy(4段6行);9.as 译：然而，研究表明，患to(5段1行);10.as well 有恐慌症的女性多于男性，饮as(5段5行);11.be likely 酒过多和吸毒的人更有可能遭to do(5段6行);12.it is 受恐慌症的侵袭。reported that„(6段1行);

1.sleepwalk: n/v梦游，sleepwalker: n 梦游者 2.compose: v 组成、构

成、作词、作曲，compose of sth，compose music 3.commit: v犯，commit crime 4.nevertheless: adv仍然、然而，however, anyway 5.border: n边界、边缘；v 接壤border on/upon

sth 6.disturb: v扰乱；

disturbance: n 7.anxiety: n焦虑；anxious: adj焦虑的，uneasy 8.extraordinary: adj

非同寻常的，unusual 9.inhibition: n抑制，inhibit sb from doing sth 10.publicize: v宣扬；publicity: n 11.dramatic: adj引人注目的；drama: n戏剧 12.exaggerate: v夸张；exaggerated: adj;exaggeration: n 13.temporary: adj临时的，temporarily: adv

B.Some important sentences: 1.If I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt

that I’d get many takers.译：如果我刊登广告寻求有梦游症的人来帮我做实验，我怀疑肯定会有不少人。

特点：虚拟条件句，对即将发生动作的一种假设。

2.Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality.It is one of those strange phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.译：然而梦游，是一种科学可以解释的客观事实。它是那些近于难以置信的现象之一。注意：现象的复数形式phenomena;border on sth

接近于„

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.search for sth(2段1行);2.wake up(2段2行);3.have the habit of sth(3段1行);4.border on(5段2行);5.be certain about(5段3行);6.in other words(6段5行);7.in general(7段4行);8.agree with sb(7段5行);9.against one’s own moral standard(7段6行);10.as for(7段7行);11.point out(7段7行);12.take all sorts of measures(8段3行);13.moer or less(9段2行);

Grammar point: Attributive Clause定语从句

该从句我们在前面已分几讲介绍给大家了，因此今天不再重复。自己将笔记仔细复习一下。这个语法很重要，因此每一点都要搞清楚，不要摸棱两可。今天讲解练习。

p481:Ⅱ.1.b;2.c;3.a;4.b;5.c;6.a;7.c;8.d;9.b;10.d Ⅲ.1.That was the first movie(that)I had ever seen.2.She lives in village, where it’s neither very cold in winter nor very hot in summer.3.Let us study more closely the ways in which a plant grows.4.We shall never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to China.5.There were only four areas in the world where many diamonds have been found.6.Those who have no bikes can go to the summer palace by bus.7.Is there any student in our class whose father works in an insurance company? 8.I know the reason why she’s very angry.9.She wears the same clothes as her mother does.10.Commercial advertising is one of the things we have to put up with when we watch TV.Homework: The 23rd lecture of 翻译；

College English one: 1.心脏病发作有可能直接 Key to some 危及患者的生命安全。

exercises of unit 17: 2.这些天他常遭受头疼的 p491:Ⅰ.d, a, b, c, 困扰。

b.3.到目前为止，还不能排 Ⅱ.1.panic;除地震的可能性。

2.diagnose;3.approximate;4.地板太薄承受不了机器4.currently;5.symptoms;的重量。

6.remarkable;7.shortness;5.现在已经有许多关于这8.evidence;9.multiplicity;种病的起因的解释。

10.confirm 1.Heart attacks may p493:Ⅴ.1.panic directly endanger a attacks may last for few victim’s life.minutes or even several 2.He suffers from hours.headaches these days.3.Age, sex and the 3.As yet, multiplicity of symptoms possibilities of an are the three signs to earthquake can’t be ruled distinguish a panic attack out.from heart attack.4.The floor is too p495:Ⅱ.1.kitchen;thin to bear the weight of 2.mention;3.claims;the machine.4.confirm;5.symptom;5.Now there are 6.disgnosed;7.morever;already a lot of 8.endangered;9.drugs;explanations as to the 10.victims causes of the kind of Ⅲ.4.Some bad disease.habits can endanger a

person’s health.选择：

5.It’s very 1.The artist ____ an necessary for some interesting picture by patients to seek putting the variously-psychological help.colored shapes together.8.The news that the consulted committed agreement was signed consisted composed

hasn’t been confirmed.9.Endless disputes 2.Some drunken men eventually disrupted plan.made a great ___ in the 10.The author’s street last night.name was mentioned several disturbance

times in this article.coincidence resistance

influence

Unit 18

Text A:

Why Are Maps Drawn with 3.His behavior is ___.North at the Top? No one knows what has We know that north happened to him.is at the top of each map.Authoritative But do you know how is it extraordinary formed? The oldest known characteristic map was drawn about 3800BC.professional

The Greek mathematician

and philosopher ptolemy 4.We must ____ the was the first to draw a people to the dangers map with North at the top.facing our country.In the early Middle Age, Awaken avoid adapt the church began to adopt

interfere seriously and

east was moved to the top 5.Even the doctors of the maps.were surprised at the ___ And later with the improvement in his spread of trade and condition.advances in navigation, Rational diverse more accurate maps derivative dramatic

appeared in the 14th

century and North assumed

at the top of maps.A.New words:

1.feature: n/v 特色、以„为特征，featureless: adj无特色的, feature in sth起重要作用。

a.He can recall her features very clearly.b.This is a magazine that features children’s stories.c.They all feature in the decision-making.2.rough: adj rough hands粗糙的手, rough sport剧烈的运动, rough sketch草图, rough calculation粗略计算

3.localize: v使局部化，local: adj, location: n位置（*）

a.There is little hope of localizing the disease.b.The local government plans to set up another power plan.c.This is a good location for wildlife preservation.4.philosopher: n哲学家；philosophy: n哲学；philosophical: adj哲学的（*）

a.plato was a great Greek philosopher.b.He read a lot of philosophical works when he was a college student.c.My philosophy of life is “serving the vast majority of the people.”

5.popularly: adv通俗地，普遍地，popular: adj;popularize: v使„普及；popularity: n(*)

a.He enjoyed great popularity with young audience.b.His name is Robert, but he is popularly known as bob.c.Books of this kind are popular among advanced readers.6.attempt: n/v试图，企图

a.He failed in his first attempt.b.I attempted to speak but was told to keep quiet.7.reference: n参致，符合；accord: v, accord with sth与„一致，短语：in accordance with sth = according to sth

15.reliance: n信Greeks place the science of map-making on a sound footing.4.Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong.1.side by side;at the same speed;(1段1行)

Two trains are traveling side by side and at the same speed along parallel tracks.译：两列火车肩并肩以考，提及；refer: v 8.navigational: adj航行的；navigate: v航行；navigation: n;navigator: n 9.calculate: v计算;calculation: n；calculator:计算器；calculating: adj狡猾的

a.The population of the city was calculated about one million.b.The new club is calculated to hold 2000 people.10.unaware: adj未察觉的，反义词：aware + of sth;awareness;unawareness(*)a.I was too sleepy to be aware of how dangerous the situation was.b.They didn’t make any preparation, because they were unaware that a war was near.c.It seems he has no awareness of the sharp division of opinion.11.immovable: adj不可移动的；movable: adj;move: v移动；(*)a.The artificial satellite moves round the earth.b.The toy soldier with movable arms and legs can be made to walk.c.You can’t have a party in the classroom, because the desks and chairs are immovable.12.voyager: n航海者；voyage: n/v航海

13.arrangement: n安排；arrange: v 13.interfere: v 干涉、介入，interfere in/with sth;interference: n

14.accordance: n一赖、信任；rely: v;译：鉴于那个时代的知reliable: adj可信任的，识水平的局限，在绘制地图时unreliable

他犯了一些错误。

16.rightful: adj合 Given是介词，鉴于，法的；right: n权利

考虑到

B.Important

5.More accurate sentences in the text:

maps began to appear in 1.It’s hard to the 14th century, with the visualize a map that does spread of trade and not feature north at the increasing reliance on the top, but this was not compass.always so.译：随着贸易的传播和 译：很难想象一幅地图指南针的帮助，14世纪开始没有把北方设在上端，但是这出现较为精确的地图。

种绘制地图的方式并非一直这 With随着„;样。

reliance on sth 基本句型：it’s hard

to do sth;动词feature;C.Summary about the was 表示曾经。

phrases:

1.flow through(2段2 2.The oldest known 行);2.not until(2段5行);map in the accepted sense 3.be known to(3段3行);of the word was drawn 4.be based on(3段4行);about 3800BC, and 5.rather than(3段5行);represents the river 6.attempt to do(3段6行);Euphrates flowing through 7.in the form of(3段7行);northern Mesopotamia, Iraq.8.far from being(4段3行);译：被世人所接受的地9.place trust in sth(5段4图中，最古老的一幅绘制于公行);10.interfere with(6元前3800，它绘出了幼发拉段2行);11.in accordance 底河流经伊拉克的美所不达米with(6段3行);12.point 亚平原。

of view(7段4行);注意几个动词形式：13.reliance on sth(8段2known, accepted, was drawn, 行);14.once again(8段2represents, flowing.In 行)the accepted sense of the word:被世人所公认，承认。

Text B: You Have a 3.It was not until Choice many centuries later that

the ancient Greeks placed Einstein’s the science of map-making Relativity: all motion is on a sound footing.(*)

just relative, not 译：直到几个世纪后，absolute.古希腊人才在坚实可信的基础 A.New words: 上建立起地图绘制学。

1.converse: adj相反 本句基本句型强调句：的

it’s „that;not until 2.motionless: adj静many centuries later是时止的，immovable, movable 间状语；主句：The ancient 3.frustrate: v使受Greeks placed the science 挫折；frustration: n;of map-making on a sound frustrated, frustrating: footing.adj 如果不是强调句，当把 4.devise: v设计；not until放在句首，句子需device: n 要倒装。

Not until many B.Some important centuries later did the the phrases:

相同的速度行驶在两条平行轨道上。

3.be seated;(1段2行)

We are seated in one of the trains„

译：我们坐在其中一列火车上。

4.pull ahead of sth;Suddenly the other train seems to start pulling ahead of us.译：突然另一列火车似乎开始赶到我们这列车的前面去了。

5.be certain of;Can we be absolutely certain of this increase?

译：我们能绝对断定它加速了吗？

6.bring about;

This change could have been brought about in one of two ways„

译：下面任一种方法都可能引起这种变化。

7.account for;

There are thus two possible explanations to account for the change in speed„

译：因此有两种可能的解释来说明相对速度的变化„

8.regardless of sth Furthermore, regardless of which explanation we choose, the end result will be the same.译：况且，不管我们选择哪种解释，最终结果都是一样的。

9.apply to;

This principle – that if two objects are in uniform motion relative to each other, it is impossible to decide which one is moving and which one is at rest—applies to all objects moving uniformly in a straight

line through the universe.译：如果两个物体已相对均衡的速度前进，就不太可能分清楚哪个在运动，哪个是静止的。这个原则适用于宇宙中所有以均衡速度做直线运动的物体。

Grammar knowledge: Noun Clause名词从句 p447 在复合句中若一个从句担任主语、宾语、表语和同位语，则形成了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

1.That the moon moves round the earth is true.2.He wants to tell us what he thinks.3.My idea is that we should go there early.4.I have an idea that we should go there early.注意：

1.在主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中连词that不担任任何成分，但不能省略。

2.时态呼应：宾语从句的主句若是一般过去时，那么从句要用过去的某种时态。

3.对于宾语从句，若出现两个从句，第一个的连词that可省略，第二个that必须要加上。

He said he had worked for him for ten years and that he wanted to continue to work.4.同位语从句用抽象名词，如：belief, doubt, evidence, idea, fact, hope, thought etc.key to the exercises: p450.Ⅰ.口头作。

Ⅱ.1.a;2.c;3.a;4.d;5.b;6.b;7.b;8.b;9.a;10.a Ⅲ.1.We should know learning a language is different from learning other subjects.2.It’s well known that the Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific ocean.3.His conclusion is that meaningless information is hard to remember.4.It hasn’t been decided who will host the meeting tomorrow yet.5.She explained to me why she wanted to send her child to the nursery.测和想象。

6.He wants to ask 3他的统计根本不准the manager whether he 确。

should buy a cat.4根据安排，我们今天 7.More and more 将参观颐和园。

people have realized the 5你可以充分信赖他的fact that heart disease 许诺。

has much to do with the 1.It was not until way people live.midnight that the children 8.It’s said that were found not in the nerves in the left side of bedrooms.the brain develop faster 2.our conclusion is in girls than in boys.based on all available 9.This photo shows knowledge rather than how the roots of a plant guesses or imagination.go into the earth.3.His statistics 10.They are not are far from being very clear about why every accurate.kind of bird has its own 4.In accordance way of making nests.with the arrangement, Homework we’re going to visit the 选词填空： summer palace.feature, rough, 5.You can place sketch, ancient, classical, full reliance on his version, unaware, promise.arrangement, reliance, compass

1.He was ___ of the conflict of interests between the two sides.2.I have a __ idea The 24th lecture of of how to keep one’s College English one: weight down without going Key to some on a diet.exercises: 3.Fish ___ very p525:Ⅰ.b, b, c, c, largely in the food of b.these islanders.Ⅱ.1.visualize;4.Do you prefer ___ 2.sketch;3.footing;or popular music?

4.forefront;5.disc;5.The Great Wall is 6.estimate;7.orientate;evidence of China’s ___ 8.immovable;9.faith;history.10.reliance 6.He made several p527:Ⅴ.1.It was ___ before starting the until I read your report painting.that I learned the truth.7.I place complete 2.Goods will be ___ on his judgment.delivered to you in 8.All necessary ___ accordance with your have been made for the requirement.operation to be started.3.In the Middle 9.Working without a Ages, the European church plan is sailing without a interfered seriously with ____.the advance of science.10.The play was in 5.He drove German, but I had read the hurriedly in the direction English __ of it.of the pole star.1.unaware, 2.rough, p530: 3.features, 4.classical, 3.She told us about 5.ancient, 6.sketches, her past in the form of a 7.reliance;8.arrangements, story.9.compass, 10.version

7.His point of view 翻译：

is for your reference only.1直到半夜才发现孩子 8.They attempted 们并不在他们的卧室里。

many experiments in the 2我们的结论基于全部past two years.可获得的知识，而不是基于猜

Unit 19 Text A: Animals at Risk: Who Cares?

our world consists of human beings, animals and many plants.So without the animals, our human would be lonely and we’ll in some trouble.But because of our greed, the changeable natural environment, many species are becoming extinct.So I hope we can harmonize with all the animals and plants.This is an important article.A.New words:

1.species: n 种、类，单复数同形。其他类似词还有：clothes, means etc.2.extinct: adj灭绝的，绝种的；extinction: n灭绝

3.pace: n/v 速度，踱步，短语：keep pace with sb/sth与„并驾齐驱，齐头并进

4.compete: v竞争、比赛；competition: n;competitor: n;competitive: adj

a.They can’t compete with/against such an experienced team.b.Do you want to compete in the 100 meters race?

c.They are competing for an important position.5.likelihood: n可能性，同义词：possibility;likely: adj可能的，be likely to do;

6.clearance: n 清除、清理；clear: v清除 clear away sth；adj清楚的

7.vegetation: n植物的总称；vegetable: n蔬菜;vegetarian: n素食主义者

8.ignore: v不顾、不理；ignorance: n不知、无知;ignorant: adj无知的

She saw him coming but she ignored him.9.threat: n威胁、恐吓；threaten: v威胁；threatening: adj

10.tourist: n旅游者；tourism: n旅游业；tour: n/v旅游（*）

a.Tourism is an

important part of our economy.b.paris is full of tourists all the rear round.c.He wishes to make a round the world tour.11.variation: n变化、变化量；vary: v变化；variety: n种类；various: adj各种各样的（*）

a.Differences among living things of the same kind are known as variations.b.All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.c.Your reasons for not wanting to meet Smith may be many and various, but you must still meet him.12.magnificent: adj 壮丽的；magnificence: n 13.survive: v幸存;survival: n;survivor: n(*)a.The principle of survival of the fittest is one of the major findings of charges Darwin.b.The government sent help to the survivors of the earthquakes.c.Few people survived the flood.14.conservation: n保存、保护；conserve: v;conservative: adj保守的

15.reserve: v/n保留、预定； reservation: n 16.provided: conj假如（*）

a.I will accept the invitation provided that you go with me.b.We’ll have a visit to the seaside providing the weather remains good.17.determination: n 决心、决定；determine: v determine to do sth;determined: adj下定决心的

18.specialize: v特殊化、专攻，specialize in sth;special: adj特殊的；specially: adv特殊地（出现在课文中 *）

a.Is there anything special to disclose to me? b.He had been produce enough offspring, interested in history or by completely changing since he was a child, so their environment at he specialized in history surprising speed.when he was in college.译：这句话含有一定的 c.I came here 讽刺意味，告诉我们正是由于specially to reserve 在过去的几个世纪里，科技的tickets for tonight’s 巨大发展，人类才快速捕杀生show.物，以致他们无法繁衍足够的

后代来延续物种，或是人类以 19.publicity: n宣传;惊人的速度完全改变他们生存publicize: v宣传；public: 的自然环境，导致物种的灭adj公共的(出现在课文中 绝。

*）

注意：介词by“通 a.There is a lot of 过„”；such„that如此，publicity about the harm 以致；at„speed以„的速度

of excess dieting.]

b.They worked hard 4.A number of to publicize their new examples can be given of products so as to develop the way in which natural business.environments are being c.people like going rapidly changed„(*)

to parks on public 译：自然环境正在被迅holidays.速改变的例子多不胜数。

注意：a number of许 B.Intensive reading: 多；in which = in the way 1.An animal species 以某中方式；时态are being becomes extinct when it changed fails to produce enough

young in each generation 5.But even when the to keep pace with the danger is widely death-rate.publicized, the financial 译：当一种动物不能在rewards for the hunters 每一代都生育出足够的后代以may be so great that they 便与死亡率相平衡时，它就会choose to ignore the 濒临灭绝。

threat to the species.注意：谓语动词 译：即使人们广泛宣传becomes;fail to do;keep 这种危险的存在，偷猎者也会pace with sth与„保持平衡

因为经济利益而漠视物种的灭

绝。

2.It is a natural 考点：reward for sth;process and extinction is so„that;choose to do;the fate of any animal threat to sth

that has specialized too

far to change when its 6.Many people are environment changes, or concerned about animals has to compete with a and wildlife conservation.better-adapted and more 译：许多人都非常关心powerful animal.动物和野生生物的保护。

译：这是一个自然的过 重要短语：be 程。如果一种动物过于特殊concerned about sth关心„

化，不能随着环境的变化而变 化，当它与适应能力较强，更 7.one way to 强壮的动物竞争时，注定会死preserve species under 亡。

threat of extinction--考点：too„to;whatever the cause--is compete with sth

to remove them to zoos and

parks and breed them there.3.Because of 译：不管是由何种原因remarkable technical 造成他们的灭绝，有一种方法developments during the 可以挽救濒临灭绝的物种，那past few centuries, man 就是把物种迁移至动物园和公has destroyed or nearly 园喂养。

destroyed some species by 考点：to preserve killing them at such a species under threat of rate that they couldn’t extinction是不定式作定

语，修饰one way;

to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there是不定式作表语；under threat of extinction避免濒临灭绝；remove sth to„

8.There is always the chance that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment – provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again!

译：在那里总是有可能让他们生育出足够的后代，有朝一日再把他们重新放回自然生存环境—假如他们的自然生存环境依然存在的话，假如偷猎者不在捕杀他们的话！

分析：the chance句子主语,that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment是同位语从句修饰the chance;provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again是条件状语从句，但不用虚拟语气。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.fail to do(1段1行);2.keep pace with(1段2行);3.compete with(1段7行);4.at a rate(1段10行);5.such„that(1段9-10行);6.a number of(2段1行);7.lead to(2段10行);8.be concerned about(3段1行);9.be armed with(3段倒数2行);10.add to(4段2行);11.in a form(4段3行)

Text B: The Killer Smogs

I often tell my students that everything is just like a double-edged sword.on the one hand, advanced technology can bring us many benefits;but on the other hand, it harms our living environment in some way.A.New words:

1.smog: n smoke and fog烟雾

2.disaster: n灾难；disastrous: adj灾难性的

3.conclude: v推断

出；conclusion: n结论

4.pollute: v污染；pollution: n;polluted: adj污染的

5.invisible: adj看不见的；visible: 看得见的

6.exhaust: v用尽、耗尽；exhaustion: n;exhausted: adj tired 筋疲力尽的

7.fortunately: adv幸运地，luckily.B.Important phrase and sentences: 1.be filled with = be full of The hospitals were filled with patients.(1段6行)

2.be known for = be famous for London, England, has always been known for its “black fogs.”(3段1行)

3.combine sth with sth The chemical fumes combined with the water droplets in the fog to form harmful substances caused the illness of those who breathed the polluted air.译：含有化学物质的烟尘与雾气中的水珠结合形成有害物质，它们让呼吸了污染过的空气的人得病。

4.be covered by sth This is covered by an upper layer of warm air that acts like a lid.5.prevent sth from doing It prevents the polluted cooler air from rising.Homework: 选择填空：

1.The earthquake was the greatest ___ the country had ever experienced.disaster disturbance disruption disadvantage 2.Air ____ can cause human diseases.pollution pattern phenomenon pressure 3.This room is much too hot;it’s like a ____.9.development;fantasy fossil 10.clearness/clearance fashion furnace

Ⅴ.1.The natural 4.Many people were environment in which killed in the ___ between animals grow has been the bus and the car.worsening all the time.conflict contrast 2.The hunters often collision contact

go hunting for their own 5.The large oil __ purpose without is responsible for the air considering the living pollution in this area.environment of others.refinery recycle 3.If there were no resource reference

natural reserves, more

species of animals would 翻译：

be extinct.1他发现要赶上物理学 p559:Ⅱ.1.Fossils;的进步很难。

2.species;3.tourism;2现在，中国可以与世4.extinct;5.by-product;界上大多数国家竞争。

6.offspring;7.competed;3只要我们努力，就完8.fate;9.treat;10.pace 全有可能做得更好。

Ⅲ.5.The warship is 4越来越多的人开始关armed with nuclear weapons.心我们的自然环境。

7.We’re very happy 5如果你不泄露给任何that he has survived the 人，我就告诉你实情。

heart attack.1.He finds it hard 8.The danger of to keep pace with the tiger extinction in our development in physics.country should not be 2.Now China can ignored.compete with most of the

countries in the world.Unit 20

Text A: 3.There’s every You Can’t Do It Because likelihood that we can do It Hurts Nobody it better if we work hard.In our China, 4.More and more there’s an old saying: people are beginning to be Don’t fail to do good concerned about our even if it’s small;Don’natural environment.t engage in evil even if 5.I’ll tell you it’s small.From it, you the truth provided that should realize what’s you don’t disclose it to about the text.please pay anyone else.attention to the translation of the title.这是一个带原因状语的否定前 移，译成：不能因为没有伤害 任何人，就可以干坏事。

A.New words: The 25th lecture of 1.tough: adj tough College English one:

glass不易碎的玻璃, tough Key to some criminal粗暴的罪犯, tough exercises:

steak咬不动的牛排, tough p556:Ⅰ.d, c, a, d, problem难题

b.p557:Ⅱ.1.extinct;2.crime: n罪，2.species;3.offspring;criminal: n罪犯，adj有罪4.likelihood;5.fur;的（*）

6.trophy;7.survive;a.He committed 8.arrangement;

a crime last year and was 9.development;10.reserve

sent to prison.Ⅲ.1.existence;b.Do you know 2.extinction;

that the man has a 3.lilkelihood;4.variety;criminal record? 5.creation;6.death;c.The criminal 7.determination;was sentenced to five 8.arrangement;years’ hard labor.46

3.drunk: adj喝醉的，drink: v

4.admit: v承认，后接动名词；admittance: n

He admitted having stolen that person’s wallet.5.citizen: n 公民、居民；city: n城市；citizenship: n公民权（*）

a.She comes from the United States and has applied for Chinese citizenship.b.Many Chinese in the United States have become American citizens.c.Beijing is known to be one of the largest cities in the world.6.fatal: adj致命的，同义词：deadly

7.threaten: v威胁，threat: n;threatening: adj

8.tolerate: v容忍，tolerable: 可容忍的； tolerant: adj 容忍的； tolerance: n

a.Nowadays, parents often treat their children with too much tolerance.b.I can’t tolerate your carelessness.c.He is tolerant of opinions different from his own.9.celebrate: v庆祝；celebration: n

10.championship: n冠军身份；champion: n冠军

11.rob: v抢劫；robbery: n;robber: n抢劫者

a.The robber is still at large.b.In the morning they found that the bank had been robbed.c.There have been several robberies near here lately.12.honesty: n 诚实； honest: adj

B.Intensive reading: 1.Among the people you know, how many have

never broken the laws?(*)译：在你认识的朋友中，有多少从未犯过法呢？

2.In the same way that diseases range from the common cold to fatal forms of cancer, crimes vary in degree.（*）

译：如同疾病可以分为从普通的感冒到致命的癌症不等一样，犯罪的程度也有所不同。

考点：in the same „ that引导定语从句；range from„to;vary in sth

3.In addition to breaking the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of crime.译：除了自己违法外，人们容忍不同程度的犯罪。

考点：in addition to sth;break the law;

4.It may be that, by seeing others do something, we accept it more easily./ „ if they see someone breaking store window, they might start breaking windows„

注意：这两句话包含有一个句型：see sb do sth;see sb doing sth前一句强调看见事情发生的全过程；而后者强调看见某一个动作正在发生。

a.I saw a man steal that person’s purse.b.I saw a man stealing that person’s purse.5.We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.译：我们一定也想知道，每天从电视报纸上接触到的暴力行为会不会使我们更能接受违法行为。

分析：whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day作宾语从句的主语，谓语动词用单数形式makes;make sb do sth;more than we should超过我们应该的程度。

6.We become used to 3.symbolically: advseeing blood on the news 象征性地；symbol: n象征；on TV, or in full color in symbolize: v象征

newspaper and magazines.4.religious: adj虔 译：我们习惯了从电视诚的；religion: n宗教

上看到血腥场面，或者在报纸 5.preparation: n准上看到色彩逼真的流血事件。

备；prepare: v;prepared: 重要短语： be used adj, be prepared for sth;to doing sth = be 6.potential: n/adjaccustomed to doing sth

潜在的、潜力

7.prefer: v更喜欢，7.perhaps this is prefer to sth;preference: why someone who robs a few n, preference for sth/to dollars by force from a sth corner store will often

end up with a longer jail B.Some phrases: term than a fraud artist 1.be different from who swindles thousands of sth(1段2行);2.compare dollars: threatening the sth with sth(1段3行);life of an individual is 3.be comfortable with(2段not acceptable in our 2行);4.for the purpose society.of sth(2段3行);5.be 译：也许这就是为什么willing to do sth(4段6-7从街角的商店里抢劫几美元会行);6.be involved in(4段被判刑长于那些冒牌艺术家行11行);7.be dressed in(6骗几千美金：因为威胁某个人段2行);8.be surrounded 的生命在我们的社会里是不被by(6段4行);9.respond to 接受的。

sth(6段9行);10.in the Why引导表语从句；manner(6段9行);11.along rob sth from sth从„抢with(7段7行);12.in 劫；end up with以„告终；contrast(标题)longer„than;分号后的部分

是解释这样做的原因，动名词 Grammar point: 作主语。

Emphatic Sentence

前面我们已介绍过，这 C.Summary about the 里在强调一下，为了强调句子phrases: 的某一成分，可以用该句型。1.commit crimes(1段但并不是所有句子成分都能强2行);2.tell the truth(1调，通常只能强调：主语、宾段5行);3.go through the 语、状语。当你在考题中看到customs(1段6行);4.in “是”，“就是”，“正是”case(2段1行);5.break 时一定要求用强调句型进行翻the law(2段2行);6.go to 译。

jail(2段3行);7.divide„ 强调句的构成形式：it into(2段4行);8.range + is/was + 被强调部分 + from„to(2段6行);9.in that/who + 句子其他部分。

addition to(3段1行);注意：若被强调部分是10.be tolerant of sth(3段人称代词，可以用主格也可用2行);11.be used to 宾格。若想强调谓语可以用doing(4段3行);12.care do, does, or did.about sth(5段3行);a.I do miss you!13.prevent„from(5段4行);b.He does finish 14.come to sth(5段5行);his work.15.rob „ from(5段11行);c.We did arrive 16.end up with(5段12行);there on time.17.keep an eye on sth(6段 Exercises on page 7行);

599:

Ⅱ.1.It was her Text B: Marriage in husband that / who took Iran and America: A Study her to the nearby hospital in Contrasts

that afternoon.A.New words:

2.It was their 1.culture: n文化；third man-made satellite cultural: adj 文化的

that launched last week.2.bride: n新娘； 3.It’s on this bridegroom: n 新郎； matter that she doesn’t

have anything to say.4.It’s your uncle that/who wants to sell the old car.5.It’s a more detailed report that I hope you’ll give me.6.It was the key to he door that they were looking for yesterday.7.It was by changing the natural environment in which the animals lived that humans destroyed some animal species.8.It’s your manager who / that I want to see.9.It was in Hong Kong that I first met her.10.It was not until yesterday that I got your letter.The 26th lecture of College English one:

英语

（一）测试（L16-L20）

本试题分两部分，第一部分为选择题，50分；第二部分为非选择题，50分。

part one

一、选择题。（20分）

1.That young lady spent a lot of money ____ clothes.A.on B.in C.for D.to

2.We naturally associate the name of Darwin ____ the theory of evolution.A.to

B.with

C.and D.towards

3.Their views have nothing ____ with ours.A.of common B.in common C.common sense D.common ground

4.The body needs fat to keep it from cold and to provide a ___ layer for the organs, but only is small quantities.A.preventing

B.practical C.private countries in science and __6__, the conversation with a D.protective technology.inaccurate or indefinite stranger.And speaking of 5.A thick forest A.keep pace

B.words may make _7__ restaurants – that is the ____ the school ground ___ take pace

C.put pace difficult or the listener other problem with London.the south side.D.set pace to understand the The food here is no good A.borders„in B.15.She got ten _8__which is being at all!I haven’t had one borders„on C.borders„at pounds for ___ fifteen transmitted to him.The good meal in the three D.borders„by rooms.speaker who does not have days we’ve been here.6.He has not ___ A.looking on B.specific words in his Since you asked me made up his mind what looking for C.looking working vocabulary may be to write to you about attitude to adopt towards after D.looking about _9__ to explain or everything I learned on her.16.He was clever describe in a _10__ that this trip, here is what A.as far as

B.enough to compete ___ the can be understood by his I’ve learned about London.as yet C.and yet mathematics scholarship.listeners.London’s D.by far 7.He gave us a lot of trouble, but I like him _____.A.the same

B.just the same C.at the same time

D.all the same 8.What is certain about sleepwalking____ it is a symptom of emotional disturbance.A.is B.are

C.is that D.are that 9.They were certain ___ she would get over her illness.A.of B.of that

C.that D.in that 10.Scientists say that many factors brought ____ changes in the weather.A.forth

B.about

C.around D.forward 11.____ being slow, they worked actually very fast.A.Far from

B.Far to C.Far away D.So far 12.They presented the world in the form of a flattened disc ____ a sphere, which was the form adopted by ptolemy.A.more than

B.rather than

C.better than D.other than 13.Many species of animals are under the threat of ___ because of the rapid change of natural environment.A.guns

B.extinction C.hunters D.existence 14.We must try to ___ with the western A.for B.1.A.of B.with

C.against at C.for D.on D.in 2.A.inaccessible 17.She took a B.timely

C.likely spoonful and tasted it ___ D.invalid it was hot.3.A.encourages A.in case

B.B.prevents C.destroys in case of C.in the case D.offers of D.in that case 4.A.encourage 18.You will soon B.take away C.back up become ____ to the weather D.stir up here.5.A.who

B.A.using

B.as C.which D.used

C.use what D.useful 6.A.moreover B.19.Did any young however

C.people ___ anything old preliminarily D.what people said to them.7.A.that

B.A.care of

B.is C.so D.care about C.take care this D.take care of 8.A.speech

B.20.Will you ___ on sense C.message D.our things while we are meaning away.9.A.obscure B.A.keep an eye B.difficult

C.impossible make an eye C.open an eye D.unable D.set an eye 10.A.case

B.means

C.method

二、完型填空。（10D.way 分）

The first and

三、阅读理解。（20smallest unit that can be 分）discussed in relation to passage one language is the word.In London is great.speaking, the choice of It’s great.Rome and words is _1__ the utmost paris were fine places, importance.proper but I knew as soon as we selection will eliminate landed in London, this was one source of _2__ the finest of the three.breakdown in the There are only two communication cycle.Too small things which I often careless use of don’t like about London.words __3_ a meeting of First of all, everyone the minds of the speaker speaks English here.I had and listener.The words so much fun in Rome and used by the speaker may paris.There I could speak __4_ unfavorable reaction in foreign languages.In in the listener ___5_ words, I made a lot of interfere with his friends that way.But here comprehension;hence, the everybody can understand transmission – reception me.I don’t have any system breaks down.reason to start up a

population of eleven

million makes it the second largest city in the world.It is bigger than

New York but not as big as Tokyo.London is twice the size of New York.It has an area of 620 square

miles!The Thames River runs right through the center of the city.Someone once called the Thames “liquid history”.It is a very good name.Dozens of armies have crossed it over the past few thousand years.one of

the first was the army of Julius Caesar two thousand years ago.And most

recently – Mr.and Mrs.Gill.So far I have only had time to visit one

neighbourhood.It is called Bloomsbury.In fact there is a group of

writers known as the Bloomsbury Group.It got its name because so many

of them lived there.Virginia Woolf was one of them.I know how much you

like her novels.Baker Street is also part of Bloomsbury.Do you remember who once lived on Baker Street?

When I asked bob this question, he answered, “” a man who baked bread，right? Sherlock Holmes, of course, I won’t have time to find his address.Maybe you will when you come.1.We learn from the

first two paragraphs that _____.A.it is more

difficult to start up a conversation in English in

London than in any languages.B.the writer had made a trip in Italy and France before she came to England.C.of all the meals the writer has had in London, only one she thinks is good enough.D.the writer hates to talk to strangers who can speak English.2.It seems that the writer ____.A.can speak English as a foreign language B.does not like her mother language C.does not speak French at all D.can speak French as a foreign language 3.Who do you think Mr.and Mrs.Gill? A.A famous general and his wife.B.As famous American writer and his wife.C.Two friends of the writer’s.D.The writer and his husband.4.Who once lived on Baker Street? A.A man who baked bread.B.Sherlock Holmes.C.The former US Secretary of State.D.A friend of the writer’s.5.Where is the passage most probably taken from? A.A letter.B.A diary.C.A guidebook.D.A business report.passage two

A person who is able to operate a machine, prepare a financial statement, program a computer, or pass a football has a technical skill.That is, he or she is able to perform the mechanics of a particular job.Managers such as production supervisors must often understand a technical skill well enough to train workers in

difficult for managers t their jobs.In certain learn technical skills companies, executive 4.General without technical skills management skills _____.in programming, A.are used by engineering, or accounting.general managers in But even here, most different ways managers have to have some B.can be technical skills – such applied to different as scheduling techniques enterprises and the ability to read C.can be can be computer printouts.learned but not be taught Technical skills at a technical school are sometimes not readily D.are not transferable from one readily transferable from industry to another, one industry to another whereas general management 5.Te best title for skills can often be this passage would be applied to a wide range of _______.industries.If you’re A.Importance of trained to operate textile the technical skills.– cutting machines, you B.Managers and probably would be unable their business skills to use your skills in the C.Technical restaurant business.If skills and management you’re an executive who skills runs a garment business, D.How one skill however, you might be able is transferred to another to use your general pART TWo management skills in

different enterprises.四、单词拼写。（10 1.Which of the 分）

following does not seem to 1.有益的、有利的 a be a technical skill?

b________;A.Managing non-2.足够的、充分的 a production workers.s_________;B.programming a 3.恢复、痊愈 v computer.r_________;C.preparing a 4.外科的、手术的 a financial statement.s_________;D.operating a 5.诊断、判断 v textile – cutting machine.d_________;2.The first 6.显露、揭露 v paragraph is mainly about d_________;_____.7.征候、征兆 n A.a person who has s_________;a technical skill

8.显著的、值得注意的 B.the definition of a r___________;a technical skill

9.提及、说起

v C.managers such as m__________;production supervisors

10.特征、特色 n D.how to operate a f__________;machine.11.哲学家

n 3.In the writer’s p__________;opinion, _____.12.大众化地

ad A.technical p__________;skills are more important 13.干涉、介入

v than management skills

I__________;B.technical 14.威胁、恐吓

n skills are more complex t___________;than management skills

15.灭绝、熄灭

n C.it is e___________;necessary for managers to 16.壮丽的、宏伟的 a learn some technical m_____________;skills

17.幸运地

ad D.it is f__________;

18.冠军身份

n c___________;

19.诚实、正直

n h__________;

20.潜在的、可能的 a p___________;

五、用动词正确的时态填空。（10分）

1.Her main task is organizing _____(culture)and social activities.2.In fact, I have known several friends who got ___(marry)without even telling their parents or other family members.3.Honesty will have to come from social ________(press).4.She finally _____(conclusion)that she would try to get a job on a store.5.The new law will reduce ____(pollute)of the air.6.Stinging eyes and dry coughs show that ____(harm)chemicals fill the air.7.The oldest ____(know)map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3800BC.8.They went along the main road ____(lead)to a distant town.9.It’s generally agreed that a panic attack does not ____(danger)a person’s life directly.10.Their replies were ____(remarkable)similar.六、汉译英。（15分）

1西方世界最大杀手之一是心脏病。

2研究表明女人比男人更易患恐慌症。

3许多人都关心野生动物的保护。

4在你的朋友中有多少人从未犯过法呢？

5为什么你容忍他们所犯的这些罪行呢？

七、英译汉。（15分）

A guide dog is a dog especially trained to guide a blind person.Dogs chosen for such training must show good disposition，intelligence, physical fitness and responsibility.threatened by lasting dry weather.give precision to hte report if you want to to widen the road.At the age of about fourteen months, a guide dog begins an intensive course that lasts from three to five months.It becomes accustomed to the leather harness and stiff leather handle it will wear when guiding its blind owner.The dog learns to watch traffic and to cross street safely.It also learns to obey such commands as “forward”, “left”, “right” and “sit” and disobey any command that might lead its owner into danger.The most important part of the training course is a four-week program in which the guide dog and its future owner learn to work together.However, many blind people are unsuited by personality to work with dogs.only a tenth of the bind find a guide dog useful.Key to some exercises: p583:Ⅰ.b, d, a, c, d.p585:Ⅱ.1.commit;2.customs;3.fatal;4.jail;5.tolerate;6.anonymous;7.rob;8.tax;9.keep an eye on;10.misconception p586:Ⅳ.1.by going with her;2.and not to stop;3.and call off;4.and stress;5.experimented and;6.pulling down all buildings and other facilities;7.at the end of the semester;8.which did not belong to him;9.and prohibited;10.and not working p588: Ⅲ.1.The prices of these goods range from few dollars to a few hundred dollars.3.His foreign friends have become used to living in china.6.please take an umbrella with you in case it rains.8.The crops are 9.The company impress the audience.threatened the inhabitants c.The soldiers should with cutting off the water be very precise in supply.following instructions

7.necessarily: adv必 然、必定；necessary: adj 必然的；unnecessary: adj;necessarily: adv

8.criticize: v;The 27th lecture of criticism: n;critic: n;College English one:

critical: adj Unit 21 Text A: The 9.quantitative: adj定Language of Uncertainty

量的；quantifiable: adj 可 In our opinion, we 量化的；quantity: n数量always hope to get（*）

something certain from a.A quantitative others or give others the research is absolutely same thing.But it’s not necessary for the solution always so.Uncertainty is of the problem.full of our everyday life.b.The quantity of And we also find that such equipment was enough, but uncertainty is not always the quality was far from harmful, so we needn’t being satisfactory.criticize it.c.Words such as

frequently, rarely, A.New words:

occasionally, though 1.dominate: v 统治、支quantifiable, denote a 配；domination: n;quantity imprecisely known.dominant: adj

The high building 10.subjective: adj 主dominates over the river.观的；objective: adj客观 的

2.judgement: n 判断；11.potentially: adv 可judge: n/v法官、判断

能地，潜在地；potential: 3.editorial: n 社论，adj/n adj编辑的；edit: v;12.prediction: n 预edition: n;editor: n

言、预告；predict: n预

言；predictor: n预言家；4.probability: n 可能predictable: adj可预测的

性;probable: adj可能的；

improbable: adj;probably: 13.signify: v 意味；adv(*)

significance: n意义；a.It is highly significant: adj有意义的

probable that it will rain 14.assign: v分配、指today.派；assignment: n b.The storm is one of

the probabilities for 15.proportionately: tomorrow.adv 成适当比例地；c.He will probably proportion: n比例

refuse the offer.16.marked: adj 明显 的；同义词：obvious, clear 5.verbal: adj语言的；

non-verval: 非语言的

17.widen: v加宽；wide: 6.imprecision: n 不精adj宽的；widely: adv宽地确；precision: n;precise:（*）

adj 精确的；imprecise: adj a.There is a wide 不精确的；precisely: adv;river between the small imprecisely: adv

villages.b.The two students a.The imprecision of gave two widely different information led to their accounts of a quarrel.failure in the battle.c.The officers are b.Its necessary to holding a meeting on when

18.consistent: adj与„一致的，consistent with sth;consistence: n符合；inconsistent: adj与„不符的

19.intelligence: n智力；intelligent: adj聪明的

20.numerical: adj数字的；number: n数字；numerous: adj极多的

21.ratio: n比率，ratios

22.systematically: adv有系统地；system: n系统；systematical: adj系统的（*）

a.How to develop a good system of memory training is an important problem.b.A systematical attempt is a guarantee for success.c.The profits of the company are increasing systematically.B.Intensive reading: 1.Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.译：不确定的语言彻底贯穿我们的生活，以致于它在我们的语言中占主导地位。

短语：spread through贯穿

2.our everyday speech is made up in large part of words like probably, many, soon, great, little.译：我们的日常语言由大量这样的词组成„

注意：everyday形容词，作定语;be made up of = consist of由„组成

3.Indeed, it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.译：事实上，这种语言具有它的价值，正因为在无法精确定量表达时，它能让我们来进行判断。

indeed = in fact;allow sb to do;out of the question = impossible;out

第三篇：英语笔记

高中英语笔记

1.undertake to do 同意，答应做样；要求，请求

2.fulfil oneself 充分发挥才能 What if we fail/failed/should

3.have a good analysis offail?(虚拟语气)

对„作好的分析 What if you read this letter for

in the last analysis 归根结底 me?你能给我读一下这封信吗？

4.within oneself = within one’s 17.make a(some/any/big/little/no)

power 在某人能力范围之内 difference 有影响；有作用

5.be curious about sth.18.quote one’s words引用某人的话

对某事好奇 19.It takes sth.to do

be curious to do做某事需要„

渴望做，有好奇心做„ It takes sb.some time/money to

6.be supposed to do 应该做„ do sth.7.debate sth.with sb.20.Nothing in life is to be

与某人争论某事 feared.It is only to be

debate about/on(doing)sth.understood.——Marie Curie

讨论（做）某事 be to do 结构

1表示“应该，必须”之意，上句be under debate 正在讨论中 ○

8.go by 从旁边经过 取此用法。

9.seek for/after 寻找 Eg.No one is to leave the

seek one’s fortuneclassroom during classes.2表示按计划安排做某事 外出闯荡，碰运气 ○

seek out 挑选出来His daughter is to be married

10.be/get engaged to sb.soon.3用于if从句表示主语想做某事 与某人订婚（状态）○

engage oneself to doEg.In such dry weather, the

自愿做某事 flowers will have to be watered

be engaged in(doing)sth= if they are to survive.4有时表示“可能性”或“注定” engage oneself in(doing)sth.○

忙于„从事于„If you continue to do like that,11.do research on/in/into sth.you are to fail.做某方面的研究 21.be on fire for(doing)sth.12.dream of/about sth.对„有热情，激情

梦想做某事 21.There is no point in doing sth.13.build/come up with a theory 做某事没有作用或意义

创立一个理论 22.“一感二听三让四看五注意半帮

14.turn out 结果是，证明是 助”

turn out(to be)+n./adj.feel,listen/sound,make/let/have,turn out that„ look/see/watch/observe,notice

15.use up vt.都可以加不带to的不定式，即直接加

run out(of)vi.用完，用尽 do,“半帮助” 即help(to)do, to 可

16.what if +陈述语气的句子 以省略。

如果„将会怎样；即使„又能怎 23.imagine doing 想象做„

师父教你学英语 语不惊人死不休 1

1许诺，承诺 24.promise ○

make/break a promise2成功的希望，良好的前兆○

抽象不可数名词，前面不加冠词 Eg.He is a student of promise.25.I didn’t expect to survive that long.that= so= this adv.这么 26.warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事

remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事

Warn sb.that + clausewarn sb.against sth.警告某人提防„

warn sb.not to do= warn sb.against doing警告某人不要做„Warning(s)n.警告；（引申）前车之鉴

Eg.He is a warning to people who drink much.receive warning事先得到警告性的消息 without warning

事先不知道，来得突然，事先无任何预兆

27.be to blame/let 某人应该受责备

/出租（特殊用法）28.only to „表示出乎意料So as to 不放句首 29.be at a loss不知所措

30.only +介词短语/时间副词/状语从

句时位于句首，主句要半倒装。Only修饰主语时句子不倒装。Eg.Only you can understand me.Only at that time/then did I

realize that I was wrong.31.do/carry out/perform an

experiment 做实验

32.talk/reason sb.into doing

sth.= persuade sb.to do sth.说服某人做某事

Talk/reason sb.out of doing

sth.=

Persuade sb.not to do sth.说服某人不做某事

33.focus on sth = focus one’s

attention/thoughts on sth集中注意力在某事上Bring„into focus

把„集中在焦点上 34.be diagnosed with„被诊断出患了„病

35.some=about =around 大约Eg.Some student is looking for you.某个学生在找你。（说话人不认识）

36.hit sb in the face 打某人脸Save one’s face给某人个面子Lose one’s face 丢面子Face to face 面对面Face up to 大胆面对

Face the music担起责任，接受批评Face sth=be faced with sth 面对 37.the reason for = the cause of„„的原因

38.inform sb of sth 告知某人某事Inform + 宾语从句

Sb is reformed of sth/that从句 39.realate to 谈及，涉及到

realate to sb/sth 理解同情„Realate sth to/with sth把„„联系起来

Be realated to„ 和„有关系Be realated by blood 有血缘关系 40.present sth to sb=present sb

with sth 送某人某物

Be present at sp.出席，在场Eg.I bought the book for a

present(as a gift).41.make an effort to do sth/on sth为做某事而努力

Spare/make no effort to do sth尽力/不遗余力做某事

42.be concerned with/about sth对某事负责；与之有牵连；担心„

Show great concern for/about sb表示极大关心

43.look up to 尊敬；钦佩Look down upon 看不起

44.分词完成式在句中只作状语。Eg.Having been hit,he was sent to hospital.The wallet(B)the other day was mine.A.having been stolen B.stolen 45.make one’s way to 走向„Let alone 更不用说 46.steal sth from sb/sp不能说steal sb/spRob sb/sp of sth不能说rob sth

47.介词短语/adj./adv.放句首，句子全倒装。

48.关于“采访”（比较）interview sb；cover sth give an interview to sb= have an interview with sb 会见，接见某人

49.adapt(oneself)to„适应，习惯Be adapted to 适应，习惯

50.It/That is/was the first/secondtime that+主语+have/has/had done 51.be/become/get addicated to„沉溺于„

52.一个及物动词后面跟两个that引导的并列的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，第二个不能省。53.prefer(preferred;preferred)Prefer sth/to do/doingPrefer A to B

Prefer sb(not)to do

Prefer to do rather than doPrefer+that宾语从句，从句谓动用shhould do ,should不能省。54.a piece of furniture [u]一套家具

55.design sth for sbBe designed for„Have designs on/against sth对„别有用心；有不良企图By design= on purpose故意 56.It is convenient for sb to do sthSth is convenient for/to„不能用人做主语

57.take an example from 从中举例Set an example for sb

为某人树立榜样

Take examples from„以„为借鉴 58.impress sth on/upon sb使某人铭记某事

Impress sth on/upon one’s mind(不加s)/memory把某事深深记在心里

Be impressed by/at/with sth被某事深深打动

seem + adj./to do/介词短语/p.p/that从句/as if从句

60.be of(+adj.)+抽象名词

=be+(adv.)+adj.Eg.be of(great)importance=be

(very)important

用于表示主语的特征或性质，其

中be of„结构可作表语或后置定语。

61.in the case of 就„来说

1Given„位于句首，62.○意为“鉴于”,此处given为adj.2Allow for 顾及，考虑到○

3Suppose/supposing(that)„○

假如„(此处做连词)

Eg.Allowing for finding a room to

live in ,we set out early.63.have to do with sth和„有关 64.at first glance 乍一看

65.sb be in charge of sth=sth be in the charge of sb负 责，管理 Sb be in charge of sb=look after sb照顾某人

66.make the most/best of 充分利用；充分展示；重视

67.narrowly missed doing

差一点，几乎做了„

Eg.He narrowly missed hitting the child standing nearby.68.when it comes to 提及，言及„ 69.under the lead of 在„的领导下Under the wings of在„的庇护下With the help of 在„的帮助下 70.catch/get a glimpse of/at„瞥见，看了一眼

Give a glimpse of sth

对某事有预感，提前预知某事

71.treat sb for sth=cure sb of sth治愈„

72.require sb to do sth要求某人做某事 Require sth of sb 对某人有„要求

Require doing=require to be done类似用法的词有want,need

73.not in the least=not at all一点也不，绝不Last but not least最后的但同样重要的74.die of 死于内因（饥老病寒悲）Die from 死于外因Die for 为„而死Die young 英年早逝Die happy 含笑而死

Die away(声音，光)消失，风停下Die down（火）熄灭，（草木）枯萎Die out 灭绝

75.lack(vt.)sth 缺乏Be lacking(adj.)inLack(n.)of

76.have an empty feeling in my stomach头脑一片空白 77.for the moment 暂时，目前At the moment 现在For a moment=after a while过一会儿

In a moment=at once立刻 78.in case of +n./pron./doing假如，万一

In case 可和句子连用，用于句首或句末Eg.In case something important happens,please call me.79.in this/that case在这/那种情况下

In any case 无论如何

In no case 绝不，位于句首时半倒装As is often the case„这是常有的事

80.in/out of harmony with„ 与„(不)协调

81.on the point of doing when„正做„时突然„

1upon/on+n./doing位于句首作82.○

状语相当于as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，意为“一„就„”；Eg.Upon arriving in Beijing,he sent me an E-mail.2the minute/the moment/the○

second/the instant充当连词加句子，“一„就„”；

3immediately,directly,○

instantly 连词，“一„就”； 4Hardly/Scarcely+过去完成时○

+when+一般过去时

No sooner„than„

83.any/much/even/still/far/

rather+adj.比较级

a lot/a bit/a little/a great deal+adj.比较级

84.have a good knowledge of掌握„；对„熟悉

Have no knowledge of对„一无所知

To one’s knowledge 据„所知Without one’s knowledge在某人不知情的情况下

85.in the mass大体上，总体上说The mass of„ 大部分，大多数 86.insist表“坚持说/认为”时，从

句用陈述语气；

表“坚决要求/主张”时，从句

用(should)do.Insist on/upon doing

87.ever since=since 自从„以后

1+过去时间（表过去时间的名词）○，主句用完成时；

2加短暂性动词直译，延续性动词○

译为相反意思。

Eg.It is about 3 years since he

smoked.戒烟

It is 3 years since he(got)

married.结婚

It is 3 years since he was

married.离婚 88.go about(doing)sth=get down to

(doing)sth 开始/着手做某事 89.be worth +n./doing

Be worthy of sth/being doneBe worthy to do/to be doneIt is worthwhile(for sb)to do sth 90.以下情况不能用if表示“是否”： 1whether与or not 连用；○

2介词后的宾语从句中；○

Eg.I’m not interested in whether he will come.3后接不定式○

Eg.We haven’t decided whether to go out this afternoon.91.Would you be so kind as to give me a hand?

Be so kind/good as to 劳驾 92.except 一般等于except for,但若强调前后有对比，性质有变化，则用except fpr.93.take account of=take„into consideration 把„考虑在内On one’s account为了某人的缘故On account of 由于，因为

On no account=by no means绝不 94.burst into +n.Burst out doing突然„起来

95.break into 破门而入

Break away from 脱离（政党或组织），打破陈规陋习

Break up 结束，分手，拆散Break down 抛锚，垮掉，分解

Break in 插话，破门而入

Break out（战争，火灾）突然爆发Break off 打断，折断

96.more A than B 与其说B不如说AMore than +n.不仅仅，不只是+num.=over多于，超过+adj./v.=very非常No more than+n./num.仅仅反义词 no less than 多达No more„than 和„一样不Not moer than 至多，不超过反义词 not less than 至少Not more„than 不比„更„

97.wish+that从句表示虚拟语气时：

1与现在情况不同，从句用一般过○

去时；

2与过去情况不同，从句用过去完○

成时；

3与将来情况不同，从句用○

could/would/might do,一般不用should.98.would rather do„than do„Would do„rather than do„ 99.It is(high/about)time that + should do 或+过去式 100.表示“将来”：

be going to 个人主观计划，打算；有迹象表明要发生某事 will 无计划，纯粹的将来；说话时的临时决定

be to 客观安排，计划；条件句中表示“想要”

be about to 马上就要发生，与明确的表将来的时间状语连用

101.It is no use/good doing sthIt is useless doing sth

102.give up on sb 对某人不再抱希

望，不再相信某人

103.appeal to sb to do 呼吁某人做Appeal for sth 呼吁某事 104.不定代词加but:

nothing but 仅仅，只不过Anything but 决不，根本不Something of a+n.算得上，堪称

105.不定代词加like:

Anything+like 完全像，全然，几

乎（用于否定句疑问句条件句）Something+like 类似，大约（肯

定句）

Nothing+like(本身即表达否定意味)

1丝毫不像=not at all like○

2绝对不=absolutely not○

3没有比„更好的=nothing○

better than

106.as it happens/happened令人惊奇的是；恰恰 107.not a bit 一点也不

Not a little 很，非常 108.or so 大约

Or else 否则

Or rather 确切地说 Other than 除了

Safe and sound 安然无恙

109.set off for sp.=set out to sp出发去某地

110.more than one„many a „

every„and(every)„each „and each„no„and no„

都加可数名词单数，谓语动词用

单数

小心得：

英语并不神秘，要想轻松应对考试，六个字足矣：单词语法句子。单词是基础，单词就是要记的嘛，别嫌烦，别怕忘，忘了多记几遍不就行了，呵呵。尤其重要的动词形容词之类，要牢记其用法，记住这些固定搭配，就不必怕单选完型之类的小题目了，心里底气也自然十足。语法是关键，有了单词的积累，就有了写作的原材料，可要想写出好句子好作文，还要结合正确的语法，所以，不要小看语法哦，学好了语法写什么句子都是手到擒来，可若学不好的话，就举步维艰了。学语法，同样是记呗。有了正确的语法和句子，还愁没有好作文吗？

所以嘛，学英语不能懒（虽然我已经懒了很久了„）,六个字单词语法句子，记单词记语法记句子，突然发现，其实一个字就可以搞定英语了，没错，还是它：记啊。Come on!声明：以上内容纯属虚构，仅供参考。

加油，看好你！

第四篇：生活英语笔记总结

在美国留学的忙碌生活中, 每天最大的乐趣，就是一回家后，匆匆掏出纸笔，把一天当中听到的对话给记在笔记上。我知道如果这些收获不马上记下来，很快就会被忘的一干二净，这样下去，我的英语程度永远都是原地踏步。所以我就下定决心要养成作英语笔记的好习惯。刚开始时，笔记本是给自己看的，一段时间之后，我尝试着用电子邮件寄给同学，反应也不错。因此我想，如果把英语笔记分享给一些没有机会接触到真正美国口语的朋友，不是比我一个人独享要好吗？于是才开始了把英语笔记本编辑上网的工作。做这件吃力的工作只不过是拋砖引玉，希望能有更多的人，提供些真正有用的东西，平衡一下目前被一些垃圾信息及商业气息日益充斥的网络资源。只要大家觉得还不错，三不五时写个邮件给我鼓励，就能给我继续为大家服务的动力。

谁说学习语言不是一种乐趣呢? 但国内的英语教育在这方面却是并不是很成功。有很多的教材并不是完全针对美国这个大环境来编辑，所以我在台湾学到的英语却永远只能在台湾说说。在坊间买到的英文字典也鲜有对这些词汇做通俗用法的解释，比如说吧，如果你有一天没有听到 'Awesome' 这个字，那可能就是那天你待在家里没出门，对于这个明明是指“很棒” 的字，翻遍了字典(包括我的电子字典在内)却只有“可怕的” 这个解释(这的确是蛮可怕的)。我在台湾坊间也买过很多开口说英语，或是观光英语之类的书籍，但是到了美国之后，总觉得不是很实用，原因是很多这些书本里面的例句，人家老美根本就不常用。真正实用的口语教材，就应该是从日常生活里一点一滴收集而来，而非照自己的意思去凭空想象。

我的英语笔记本的题材的就是来自我每天的日常生活当中。听到有什么不会的，或是有趣的对话，我就会把它记下来，日后再找向老美请教是什么意思。我也经常公开我的笔记在网络上和大家讨论，经过反复不断地订正才把它们整理成我的笔记本，相信在我笔记本上的句子应该都是老美很常用到的口语，在考证和说明上也力求谨慎，但编辑时疏忽错误之处在所难免，还请各位前辈多多指教，只希望对这本笔记本对大家在美语会话上能有一点帮助和贡献，也希望大家能跟我分享学习另一种语言的喜悦.笔记本一 好 棒

1.It's cool!很好, 很棒!Cool 这个字在英文里算是应用最广的字之一了, 几乎随时随地都可以听到人家在说这个字.通常有二种场合人家会说 cool!首先第一个场合是, 当有人说了一件不错的事情, 例如, “I am going to college this year.” 你就可以说 “Cool!” 或是人家说, “I just bought a brand new car.” 你还是说 “Cool!” 总之只要是好事, 你都可以说 cool!另外一个场合会说 cool 多半是别人问你作了某件事了没, 你说作了, 别人就会说 cool.例如别人问你 “Did you make one copy for me?” 你说, “Yes.” 他就会很自然地说 “Cool.” 又例如人家问你, “Did you go to watch the football game yesterday?” 你说, “Yes.” 人家也会说 “Cool!” 总之, cool 这个字是无所不在的, 听到什么好事, 就说 cool 准没错.2.It is neat!太酷了

我们可以这样说, neat 是 cool 的比较级, 比 cool 还再 cool 一点的就是 neat, 例如别人说他学钢琴学了十年, 像这种事你光用 cool 形容是不够的, 不如就说 neat!会来的更贴切一点.或是人家说, “I've been to Europe several times.” 听到这种几乎不可能发生在一般人身上的事, 你也可以说 neat!Neat 这个字不论在用法上和程度上和 cool 这个字可以说是差不多的, 同样都是表现出对别人的一种肯定和认同.例如今天我说 “I've taken piano lessens for ten years.”(我已经学了十年的钢琴.)这时候你就可以接, “Neat!” 或 “Cool!”(真是不简单!)来表示你的敬佩之意.另外, neat 和 cool 也有「新奇」的意思.当「新奇」解时这两个字常和 stuff 这个字连用, 表示一些很新奇又很棒的事物.例如你为了吸引别人的注意就可以说, “Check out those neat stuff!”(看看这些很棒的东西.)这里用 neat 来形容这件东西(stuff)不但很新奇而且值得一看.同样的你也可以说, cool stuff, 例如, “I've just bought some cool stuff.”(我刚买了一些很棒的东西.)3.It is righteous!酷毙了!这是 cool 的最高级了, 如果一件事让你无法用 neat 形容, 那就只好用这个字了, 有人说他刚环游世界一周回来, 你就可以跟他说, “It's righteous!” 但是这句蛮少用的, 我觉得.4.It's good.很好.再来介绍另一组也是常用的形容词.Good 跟 cool 很像, 都是听到什么好事时就可以脱口而出, “It's good!” 例如, 人家说, “I just got an A from that course.” 你就可以轻描淡写地说 “It's good.” 一般别人跟你问好时, “How are you doing?” 通常我们会回答, “I am good” 或是 “I am doing good.” 这是几乎每天都会用到的对话之一.另外 good for you 或是 good to hear 这二种句型也很常见, 例如别人跟你说他明年想要上大学, 或是说他决定从现在起每天要运动一小时, 你就可以说, “Good for you.” 或是 “Good to hear.”

5.That's great.太好了.Great 在这里就是说很棒的意思.大家也可以想象成这个是 good 的比较级, 如果刚才那个得到一个 A 的人换作是女生的话, 我可能就会说 “That's great!” 这样别人听来可能就会更舒服一点.同样的, 遇到别人跟你问好, 要是你今天觉得很不错的话, 你就可以说 “I am great!” 不过要注意, 当老美说 “That's great!” 时有时候是在说反话喔!例如正在室外打网球打得正高兴时, 突然倾盆大雨, 这时你也可以说, “That's great!”.或是本来和同学讲好明天要逃课出去玩, 结果教授突然宣布说明天要考试, 受不了这么大打击的你也可以说, “That's great!”(真是棒啊!)我想中文里我们也有很类似的用法, 所以大家应该不会太讶异老美也常爱说反话吧? 6.That's wonderful.太棒了

Wonderful 听来就要比 great 还要再更好一些.如果说这个拿 “A” 的人不但是个美眉, 而且又正好有几分脸蛋的话, 就试试这句吧!“That's wonderful!” 听来是不是很舒服呢? 当然要是遇到别人跟你问好, 你回 答 “I am wonderful.” 那就表示你今天真的是很不错了!曾经在广播上听到一段对话, 主持人问, “How are you today?” 听众答, “I am just good.” 主持人不太满意, “Just good?” 于是那人就改口答, “I am great.” 没想到主持人还是不满意, “Just great?” 那人才说, “I am wonderful.” 这时主持人才真正满意, 没有继续追问下去.由这个例子我想大家可以很清楚地看到 good, great 和 wonderful 之间程度上的关系.7.That's incredible.真是另人难以置信.Incredible 算是 good 这一系列形容词的最高级了吧.如果用到 incredible 这个字, 就表示这个东西真的是好到让你印象深刻.例如刚才拿 “A” 的美眉不只拿了一个 A, 而且是整个学期每门课都拿 A,(straight A's)那你可能就要说 “That's incredible.” 又比方说你刚从一家很棒的餐厅用完餐出来, 你可能也会叹道, “The food was incredible!” 不过注意一下, 别人跟你问好是不能答说 “I am incredible.” 的喔!还有另一个单字 fabulous 不论在意思上和用法上跟 terrific 都十分地接近, 都是用来形容「非常棒的」.例如你看到你的好友今天气色极佳, 不妨跟他说声, “You look terrific today!” 或是 “You look fabulous today!”(你今天看来很棒!)8.She is pretty.她好漂亮.Pretty 当作漂亮解时, 和 beautiful 程度上差不多, 但如果真的要比的话, beautiful 还是比 pretty 还要 beautiful 一点.另外还有一种用法就是当球赛有精采的表现时, 你就可以说, Oh!That's pretty.但是不能说, That's beautiful, 跟中文是不是有点类似呢? 9.The house is gorgeous!这房子好漂亮.Gorgeous 也是用来形容「美丽、漂亮」的事物.例如上次我去参观纽约的大都会博物馆, 当我逛到一个全部都是油画的展示厅时, 身边的老美就情不自禁地喊了一声, “Gorgeous.” 所以你就知道这个地方有多漂亮了, 后来小笨霖我也情不自禁地说了一声 “Gorgeous.” 只不过这次我不是看到什么美丽的油画, 而是看到了一位气质出众的金发美女.虽然 pretty/beautiful 也作「美丽、漂亮」解释, 但在程度上 gorgeous 比 beautiful 跟 pretty 还要再漂亮一点.所以在应用上我们可以视情况而决定要用 pretty/beautiful 或是 gorgeous.例如小美女的话我们就可以说, “She's pretty.” 但是大美女的话就可以说 “She's gorgeous.” 但是 gorgeous 可不限于美女专用喔!老美也常会用 gorgeous 来形容美男的.例如, “Her brother is gorgeous.We all like him.”(她的哥哥长得很好看, 我们都很喜欢他.)如果是小美女用 pretty, 大美女用 gorgeous.那「超级大美女」要怎么说? 英文里有一个字眼叫 drop-dead gorgeous.意思是说这种美女会让你看到之后, 会让你因为惊艳而「昏倒」.(drop-dead 原意是倒下去, 双脚一伸, 死了, 但这里翻「昏倒」会比较好一点.)所以如果各位有认识什么 drop-dead gorgeous 的美女, 可别忘记在昏倒前通知小笨霖我一声喔.10.It is a terrific game.那是一场很棒的比赛.Terrific 在字典里查到有恐怖, 可怕的意思, 可是在美国几乎没有人用这个字来当作可怕的意思, 基本上, 它就是指很棒的东西.这个字的等级大概跟 wonderful 差不多.例如别人问你, “Have you been seen the movie?” 你可以答说, “Yes, that's a terrific one.” 11.That's awesome.那真是太棒了.Awesome 和 terrific 一样, 在字典里都有可怕的意思, 可是当你听到别人说这个字时, 百分之百就只有很棒的意思.通常老美只讲 awesome 一个字, 例如别人问你, 你觉得我的家布置的如何, 你就可以答说.“Awesome!” 或是人家问你, “How do you think of that game?” 你也可以说 awesome!表示那场比赛真的是很精采.记得每次我去看球赛时, 每当球员有精采表现时, 运动场的字幕就会打出 AWESOME 这几个大字.所以下次如果你看到别人也有不错的表现时, 你也可以说 “Awesome.” 注意一下, terrific, awesome 跟另一个单字 excellent 基本上都是可以互换使用的.在日常生活的运用上, wonderful, terrific, fabulous, awesome 跟另一个单字 excellent 基本上都是可以互换使用的.例如你刚从欧洲旅游回来, 别人问你, “How's your trip?”(旅程如何啊?)这时你的选择就有很多种了.你不但可以回答, “Wonderful!”、“Terrific!” “Fabulous!” 还可以回答, “Awesome!”、“Excellent!” 这几个字不论在意义上和程度上都不多.笔记本二: 抱 怨

1.Our team sucks.我们这一队很烂.Suck 这个字在美国用的很多, 它就是指很烂, 很差的意思.Suck 是一个动词, 所以在使用上跟烂这个形容词是不太一样的, 例如你可以说, That traffic here really sucks!就是说这里的交通糟透了的意思。有时也听得到人家用 suck 的形容词 sucky.例如有一次我室友的女朋友先是车子抛锚, 然后又下起大雨, 更糟的是她还找不到电话可以求救.所以她那天一来我们这, 就说了一句, Today is very sucky, everything sucks.说得很好吧!Suck 这个字的原意是指用嘴巴吸的意思, 所以有人就设计了这么一个吸果冻的比赛.规则很简单, 就是不能用手, 只能用嘴巴把果冻吸光.所以比赛一开始, 只听到观众大喊, Hey, you suck!表面上听来是说, 你快点吸的意思, 事实上则是暗地里骂人烂的意思.2.I am sick and tired of doing homework.我对做作业感到厌烦.Sick and tired of something 可以视之为一个片语, 所以并没有 sick(生病)的意思在里面!例如贩卖机老是吃钱, 你也可以说 I am sick and tired of this vending machine.还有一句话也很有趣, I am so sick and tired of being sick and tired.就是说你对于老是感到厌烦已经感到十分厌烦了, 我想这是很多都市人共同的心声吧.3.I am terrible.I am horrible 我很糟糕.这句并不是说我很可怕或恐怖的意思.terrible 翻成中文的意思是糟糕.像是有次我问班上同学上次为什么没来上课? 他的回答是, I am so terrible.I keep skipping my classes.他的意思是说他很糟糕, 常常在跷课.有时他们也会用 terrible 来形容一个教授, He is so terrible, 就是说这个老师教的很烂, 而不是说他很会当人.要是用 terrible 来形容一样东西, 则表示该样东西很糟糕, 例如形容食物, 如 The food is terrible, 说的当然就是食物很难吃了!Horrible 跟 terrible 的意思可说是一模一样, 两者可以互换使用, 例如, The coffee is horrible.或是 Our professor is horrible.4.That movie was a turn-off.那部电影真是让我倒尽胃口.Turn-off 就是让你倒胃口的东西, 而 turn-on 则是你非常喜欢的东西.例如你说 She is a turn-off.就表示说你对她是一点兴趣都没有.要是 She is a turn-on, 那就表示你对她蛮有兴趣的.此外, turn-on 跟 turn-off 也可以当成一种个人喜好上的标准, 比如说征友吧, 你说, 我不想要低于 160 cm 的, 则低于 160 就是你的 turn-off, 也等于 What's not.如果说我喜欢住在美国的, 那 “住在美国” 就是你的 turn-on.另也有人说把 turn-on 说成 What's hot.把 turn off 说成 What's not.大家可以看情况自行运用.Turn on 当成动词的时候也非常普遍, 例如你可以说, The movie totally turns me off.或是 she turns me off.5.You scared me!You frightened me!你吓到我了.被惊吓到时就是这么说的, 或是也可以说, I am scared.记得我刚到美国第二天就在 Washington D.C 迷路了.想问路又怕自己英文不好, 所以犹豫了好久, 好不容易偷偷走到一个中年妇人的背后, 鼓起我全部的勇气, 大声地说了一句: Excuse me..结果你猜如何? 她居然哇的一声, 说 You scared me!害我觉得十分地不好意思.此外, 自己被吓到你也可以说, I am scared 或是 I am frightened.Scare 跟 frightene 的意思完全相同, 可以随便选一个来用.6.That's so stupid.真是愚蠢.Stupid 这个字很好用, 它含有轻视, 不以为然的味道在里面, 比如说考试题目出的很烂, 你就可以说, that's a stupid test.或是有人在冬天的时候提议去游泳, 你的反应大概就会是, That's a stupid idea.个人觉得 stupid 不单只是笨的意思, 还有愚蠢的味道在里面.中文里说: “笨笨的”还有点可爱的味道, 但英文中的 stupid 则比较像是我们说的愚蠢的意思, 听来一点也不可爱.7.I'm so pissed-off with his attitude.我对他的态度感到非常反感.Piss 原意是上小号的意思, 但是现在几乎没有人会用 piss 来代表上小号的意思了, 反而是常用在 pissed-off 这个片语上, 指的是反感, 厌恶的意思.例如老美会说 He pissed me off.就是说他把我给惹毛了.补充一点就是上小号可以有很多讲法, 例如 pee, take a piss, take a slash, relieve myself, take a number one, urinate 等等.8.You are mean.你很坏.Mean 这个字当形容词可以有二种解释, 一种是指别人很坏, 这种坏并不是说是坏人的坏, 而是像有时候男生喜欢耍贫嘴, 亏女孩子, 这种行为你就可以说他, You are so mean.另外一种 mean 则是解释成 “贱”.我想就是指它的行为很让人瞧不起, 比如说吧!有一只猫, 你拿东西给它吃, 它就过来跟你亲热, 你没东西给它吃它就躲的远远的, 这样的行为你就可以用 mean 来形容.你可以说 The cat is so mean.有时候 mean 在口语中也可以当成 cool 的意思喔!例如别人看到一辆很拉风的跑车, 他说, “Wow, look at that car, that is mean!” 在这里不可能说一部车很贱, 所以这个 mean 就是当成 cool 来解释.9.He is shaky.他不太可靠.Shaky 是指动摇不稳定, 不太确定, 通常就是指一个人不太可靠.另外 Shaky 也可以用来形容数据, 像是有一次教授就在课常上说, The data is shaky, 就是说这些 data 怪怪的, 不太可靠.Shaky 另外有一个惯用法, He has a shaky start.就是说有人要上台报告准备却不够充份, 以致一上去就开始紧张, 冒冷汗, 不知所云, 这种情况老美就会说, He has a shaky start.或是另一个很意思很接近的说法, “He has a bumpy ride.” 10.Don't act black.不要跟黑人一样.虽然现在都已经快要迈入二十一世纪了, 不过时至今日还是有些白人会歧视黑人的, 尤其是老一辈的白人, 有时候他们的孩子作错了什么事, 他们还会骂说 Don't act black.但是这是句非常有种族歧视的话, 不要乱用, 当然也希望各位国人来到国外时要为华人争一点面子, 不要让老美说 Don't act Chinese.那样就很不好了.笔记本三: 常 用 问 句

1.How are you doing?你好吗? 美国人见面时候最常用的打招呼方式就是, “Hey!How are you doing?” 或是 “How are you?” 不然 “How's going?” 也很常见.我觉得这种每天跟别人打招呼的习惯, 就是跟美国友人建立良好关系的开始.很多人都觉得美国人很冷漠, 不跟自己打招呼, 但自己又何尝不是对美国友人很冷漠呢? 关于更多打招呼之间的应对, 请参照笔记本专题篇.2.What's up? 什么事? “What's up?” 也是很常用的一种打招呼方式.比方说 Bob 在路上看到我跟我说 “Hey!Kun-Lin!” 那我通常就会答说 “Hi!Bob.What's up?” 这就是问对方近来怎样, 有什么事吗? 通常如果没什么事人家就会说 “Not much.” 不过还有一种情况也很常见, 你先跟人家说 “Hey!What's up?” 那别人也不说 “Not much”, 反而反问一句, “What's up?” 所以 “What's up?” 已经变成有点 Hello!的味道在里面了.“What's up?” 也常被用来问人家有什么事? 例如有人登门拜访, 你就会说 “What's up?” 到底有何贵干啊? 总之 “What's up?” 在美国应用的很广, 各位一定要熟记才是.我有一个从南非来的朋友 David, 他对于我的笔记本提供了很多的帮忙和建议.他说在南非的打招呼方式是 “How zit?” 这是从 “How's it?” 衍生变化而来.所以同样是讲英文的国家, 打招呼的方式也有很大的不同.3.Could you do me a favor? 能不能帮我一个忙? 人是不能独自一个人活的, 需要别人帮忙的地方总是很多, 所以我就会常讲, “Could you do me a favor?” 或是 “Could you give me a hand?” 这算是比较正式而礼貌的讲法.有时候要请别人帮忙还不太好意思说, 我就会说 Could you do me a little favor? 能不能帮我一个小忙? 其实也许是帮大忙但也要先讲成小忙, 先让对方点头才是.(注意一下这里用 could you 会比 can you 来的客气一点.)另外, “Can you help me?” 也很常见, 通常比如说我们去买东西, 可是店员自己在聊天, 我就会说, “Can you help me?”(其实正常来说, 应该是他们主动会问 “Can I help you?” 或是 “May I help you?” 才对, 但有时实在等不急了, 就直接先问了 “Can you help me?” 4.What are you studying? 你主修什么的? 通常老美一听我是学生, 都会很自然地问, “What are you studying?” 其实这样的问法就是问你 “What's your major?” 但他们比较喜欢说 “What are you studying?” 如果说你遇见一个人, 你也不确定他是不是学生, 我们通常会问, “What do you do for living?” 你是作什么工作的? 或是简单地问, “What do you do?” 一般不会说成 “What's your job? 5.Where are you going? 你要去哪啊? 通常走在路上遇到好朋友, 除了打招呼之外, 我都还会问 ”Where are you going?“ 虽然刚来美国时我只听得懂自己的问题, 却听不懂对方的回答, 但是我还是喜欢问.原因无它, 听久了自然就会了.另外老美也很喜欢用 heading 这个字来代替 going.所以你也可以问 ”Where are you heading?“ 同样都是你上哪去的意思.6.What's your favorite ice cream? 你最喜欢的冰淇淋是什么? 这句话通常是当我遇到陌生人时, 又想不到其它话题的时候会最先想到的一句话.试想二个人如果有共同的兴趣和嗜好是不是就很容易成为好朋友呢? 所以我就常问人家, ”What's your favorite movie? Who's your favorite movie star?“ 总之 favorite 之后可以接任何你有兴趣的话题.Favorite 这个字很好用, 如果这句话你不用 favorite 的话, 就会变成 ”What kind of ice cream do you like the most?“ 听来是不是很冗长? 还有一点值得一提, 比如我要回答, 我最喜欢香草冰淇淋, 再来是巧克力要怎么说? 那就是 ”Vanilla is my favorite flavor and chocolate is my second favorite.7.What color is your car? What's the color of your car? 你的车子是什么颜色.个人觉得 What 后面接一个名词这样的问句好用的很, 可是不知道为什么刚来美国的人似乎对这样的问法都不太熟悉.同样的句子我就曾说过, “What kind of color does your car have?” 听来是没错, 但我跟你保证老美绝不会这样问的啦!他们就是 “What color is your car?” 有时候就干脆只说 “What color?” 就完事了.让我们再来练习几句, “What year is your car?” 问你的车是几年份的? “What area do you live?” 问你是住哪一区的.同样的 How 后接一个形容词也很常用, 例如 “How big is your dog?” 你的狗有多大? 8.What's going on? 发生了什么事? 比如说你要用计算机, 可是不知为什么无法开机, 你就可以说.“Hey, What's going on?” 虽然这句就完全等于 “What happened?” 或是 “What's up with that?” 但是老美还是比较比喜欢说 “What's going on?” , 又比如人家问你说, “Why is our oven broken?” 你就可以推的一干二净地说.“I don't know what's going on.”(我不知发生了什么事)9.How come? 为什么?(怎么会这样?)How come 的用法大部份就等于 why 但是它的用法没有像 why 那么广, 它通常是用在你觉得奇怪, 而问为什么的时候, 比如说有人早上一大早要去 supermarket 你就会问他.“How come?” 另外, 当别人问你一个问题, 而你不想回答时可以说 “How come?” 相当于, “Why do you ask that?” 也就是说 “It's none of your business!”虽然 how come 跟 why 的用法上差不多, 但二者的问法不同, 例如上句, “Why is our oven broken?” 换成 how come 的话, 要说成, “How come our oven is broken?” 注意一下, 这二句的 be 动词位置是不一样的.10.You want to go to see a movie? 你要去看电影吗? 这样的句子看似不合文法, 但却是老美天天在用的句子.他们有时候要说一个问句, 就直接把肯定句的尾音提高就成了疑问句.其实正确的说法应该是, “Do you want to go to see a movie?” 但可能是太冗长了点, 所以老美才会直接说 “You want to go to see a movie?”另外, 更口语的说法应该是 “You wanna go to see a movie?” 因为在口语中他们常会把 want to 省略成 wanna.或是把 going to 省略成 gonna.所以这句话也可以讲成 “Are you gonna see a movie?” 11.Anybody needs a fork?有没有人要叉子的啊? 以前老师都教说英文中的问句只有 W-H 问句.其实不然, 我发觉还有很多种问句, 例如这个我自己称它是 anybody 问句.例如有一次我们出去玩, 一下车, 有一个老美就问说有没有人要去上卫生间, 我记得很清楚她是怎么说的, “Anybody has to pee?” 是不是简单易懂?也有很多的问句是用 Any 开头的, 例如 “Any volunteer?” 有没有志愿的啊? 或是 “Any luck today?” 今天运气好不好啊? 生活小故事

大家知不知道现在在美国很流行刺青刺汉字, 或是在衣服上写几个汉字.今天就发生了这么一件事, 一个老美在餐厅跑来问我, What does these words mean on my cloth? 只见她的衣服上写了, 和平, 幸福, 好运,平安, 勇敢, 坚强..好几十个中文, 我一一跟她解释之后, 她还很高兴地跟我说, Oh, thank you, it's so neat!真是让我觉的蛮有成就感的.不过我也看过有人写 “生命是痛苦” 还有 “死亡是解脱” 真不知道老美自己知不知道这些中国字代表什么意思?

笔记本四: 校 园 生 活

1.He is a fraternity brother.他是兄弟会的一员.在学校内有很多写着希腊字母的宿舍, 这些可不是数学系的系馆喔.那是兄弟会的家.兄弟会其实算是宿舍的一种, 住在这里不见得会比较便宜, 但是可以认识很多人还有参加不完的活动和 party, 还有喝不完的酒.兄弟会全是男生, 可是每个兄弟会可以选一个女生当作 sweetheart.这可是一种荣誉.有空去看看他们的网页, 你就可以看到万丛绿中一点红.2.She is a sorority sister.她是姐妹会的成员

男生是兄弟会, 女生就是姐妹会了.在我们男生多的学校里, sorority 大概就跟台大的女生宿舍一样地吸引众人的目光吧..尤其是每年秋天, 他们都会招收新会员(Fall rush), 所有的人都会站在门口迎接新生, 场面好不壮观!3.I am returning this book.我想要还这本书.借书叫 borrow a book, 还书是 return a book, 不过有趣的是, 他们不会说 “I return the book.”, 而会说 “I am returning this book.” 因为事实上现在进行式有未来的意思在里面, 所以这句话就等于 “I will return this book.” 4.I want to renew this book 我想续借我的书

Renew 就是'续借' 的意思.比如说你去图书馆借了一本书, 书到期了但是你还想继续借这本书, 你就可以说 “I want to renew this book.” 任何固定时间一到要去换约我们都叫 renew, 例如你的汽车牌照过期了, 或是你的保单到期了要去更新或是中文里讲的续约, 也是用 renew.比如说, “I want to renew my car insurance for this coming year.” 5.I just bought a brand new car.我买了一辆新车.Brand new 感觉上比 new 还要来的更新一点.凡是全新, 刚出厂的东西叫 brand new, 可能是说连商标(brand)都还在上面的意思吧!6.I want to be a pornstar.我要化装成 AV 女优.Pornstar 中文翻成 AV 女优, 不知恰不恰当, 还是有人不知道AV 女优倒底是什么意思?.这是万圣节时, 班上有一个老美说他要化装成 pornstar 去参加化装舞会, 真是有趣.7.He is really a tough guy;he takes no prisoner.他很严格, 手下绝不留情.这是我听老美形容他们教授的, 就是说他们教授很严格,而且绝不留活口(就像台湾说的大刀, 当人无数)所谓takes no prisoner指的是战争时不收战俘, 抓到全部杀死的意思, 也就是说够狠.老美常用 tough 来形容一件事情的困难或是一个人的强硬态度, 例如, “Today is a tough day for me.” 就是说今天过得很不容易啦.要是说 “The professor is tough.” 则是说这个教授教课很严格, 很不好混的意思.要是别人遇到这种 tough 的教授, 你就可以鼓励他, “Tough it out!” 就是说把它撑过去.同样地, 这句话你也可以说成 “The professor goes for kill.” 就是说这个教授支持杀戮.下手绝不留情.8.It's a cake course.这是一门大补丸的课.我们说一门课很好修, 就用 cake course 这个字, 或是只说 It's a cake, 别人也是会了解的.还有我听一个从柏克莱大学来的学生说, 他们把很补的课程叫 Micky Mouse, 很有趣吧? 大家参考参考.9.Which department is she in?她是哪一个系的? 我们都知道主修是用 major 这个字, 简单地问法就是, “What's your major?” 但是你也可以用 which field 或是 which department 来代替.比如说有人来演讲, 你想知道他是什么系的教授, 你就可以问 “Which department is she in?” 或是 “Which field is she in?”还有一种最口语问主修的问法, 就是问人家 “What are you studying?” 就可以了。

10.Is there any way we can move it? 我们有没有办法改地方.Way 就是办法, 你可以说, “Is there some other way...?” 就是有没有其它的办法.move it 可以指很多事, 如换教室, 换地点, 都可以用 move.不要再说 change place 了.这是有一次老师宣布在某间教室考试, 可是因为那间教室平时就很吵, 所以我的同学就举手说, “Is there any way we can move it?”

笔记本五: How Come 想要用英文展现一下你的幽默感, 但却苦无机会吗?精彩语句！1 A man will pay $2 for a $1 item he wants.A woman will pay $1 for a $2 item that she doesn't want.2 A woman worries about the future until she gets a husband.A man never worries about the future until 3he gets a wife.4 A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend.A successful woman is one who can find such a man.5 To be happy with a woman you must love her a lot.And not try to understand her at all.6 Married men live longer than single men.But married men are a lot more willing to die.7 Any married man should forget his mistakes.There's no use in two people remembering the same thing.8 Men wake up as good-looking as they went to bed.Women somehow deteriorate during the night.9 A woman marries a man expecting he will change, but he doesn't.A man marries a woman expecting that she won't change and she does.10 A woman has the last word in any argument.Anything a man says after that is the beginning of a new argument.11 There are two times when a man doesn't understand a woman, before marriage and after marriage.12 If a man talks dirty to a woman it's sexual harassment If a woman talks dirty to a man it's nine dollars a minute

笔记本七: 购 物

1.Charge or debit?(Credit or debit?)使用信用卡或是电子钱包?

Charge(Credit)指的就是一般我们说的信用卡, 信用卡使用上很方便, 但若是没有收入又没有社会安全卡, 是很难申请到信用卡的.而我们的提款卡(ATM 卡)就是debit, 它会从你的支票户头直接扣钱.一般而言, 只要去有刷卡的地方都会被问这一句, 刚来美国的人常常对这句话感到莫名奇妙, 不知道这句话到底在问什么, 其实只要了解什么是 charge 什么是 debit, 这句话就不难了解, 视你是使用信用卡还是 ATM 卡而回答.使用信用卡就说 charge, 使用 ATM 卡就答 debit.2.Cash back? 是否要找回现金? 在美国跨行提款的手续费是$1.5,够吓人的吧? 可是偏偏美国那么大, 你要找到跟发卡银行同一家银行的提款机谈何容易? 那这是不是意谓着每次去提领现金都要负担高额的手续费?其实只要你善用cash back 这个功能,那情况就完全不一样了, cash back 就是说假设你买10块的东西, 但刷卡时你可以刷30元, 剩下的20元他会拿现金20 块找你, 如此出门就不必带着大笔的现金, 又不必负担高额的提款手续费.唯一缺点是有金额限制, 有些店最多可 cash back $50, 有些店只能 cash back $20.一般的情形是只有 ATM 卡才能 cash back 的, 一般的信用卡是不行的, 但是有些特别的信用卡, 如 Discover, 也有提供 cash back 的功能.他的优点在于不受发卡银行提款机的限制, 我在亚特兰大拿的 ATM 卡到波士顿一样可以 cash back, 而且完全不收手续费, 请大家多加利用.3.How are you going to pay? 你要怎么付款? 不住在美国的人, 或是刚来美国的人听到这句话一定觉得丈二金刚摸不着头脑.其实这句话跟 Charge or debit这句话很像, 问的就是你要用什么方式付款如信用卡(credit card)提款卡(debit card)或是现金(cash)来付帐.这句话在“电子情书”这部电影中曾出现过,在男主角去女主角的书店买东西时, 店员就问男主角这句, 汤姆汉克就答: cash.就是付现的意思了.4.Double coupon.双重折价卷.我想只要在美国待过一阵子的人, 都知道利用coupon 来省钱的道理吧!所谓的 coupon, 就是由制造商所发行的一种折价卷, 如 Save 50c 的 coupon(折价卷)可以让你在结帐时少付50c, 然后再由这些商店拿着这些 coupon 去跟制造商换钱.那什么是 double coupon 呢? 就是在美国有一家很有名叫 Kroger的grocery store.为了促销, 所推行的一种政策.他们宣称拿着50c的 coupon 去他们的店里买东西, 就可以折价 1 元, 折价的金额足足多了一倍.多馀的这 50c 是 Kroger 给顾客的优惠.但是也有一些限制, 例如,每张 coupon 的面额不得超过 75c, 而且对同样一个商品, double coupon 只能使用一次.5.Bring your receipt to the customer service, and they will refund you.把你的收据拿给顾客服务部, 他们就会退钱给你.美国是个很重视消费者权益的国家, 所以几乎每个商家, 都一定会有一个专门的customer service 柜台.有任何的问题去找他们, 他们多半会给你满意的答复.我是觉得去超市买东西, 他们算错钱的比例蛮高的, 只要发现收据上有任何问题, 就可以拿着收据去 customer service 要求退钱(refund).我觉得老美也蛮有人情味的, 有一次我结帐时忘了拿会员卡出来, 以致于多付了六七块钱, 虽然这是我自己的错, 但是当我拿着会员卡和收据去跟 customer service 说明后, 他们还是把钱退给我.让我觉得十分感动.6.I want to take the raincheck for the eggs.我要拿一张鸡蛋的 raincheck.有时候某样商品大特价, 该样商品很快地就被抢购一空了.这样的情形如果是在台湾, 商家一定会说, 卖完了就卖完了, 我也没办法.可是美国的制度很有意思, 这样特价品卖完了没关系, 你可以去跟他们领一张 raincheck.等到过一段时间后(也许等到该样商品特价结束了)你还是可以用特价时的价钱去购买该样商品.这样的制度真的让人觉得很贴心.所谓的raincheck 指的是球赛若因雨而延赛, 则球迷可以把入场卷换成 raincheck, 先保留这张票的权利, 以便日后可以补看球赛.7.I am sorry you are on the Cash Only Lane 我很抱歉你现在是在只收现金的结帐道上.Cash Only 故名思义就是只收现金, 其它的什么信用卡, 支票都一律不收.通常是商家为了增快结帐的速度所以才会设 Cash Only Lane.可是刚来美国时, 标示都没注意在看, 要是走到这一个 lane, 身上的现金又偏偏不够时, 那麻烦就大了, 你就必须花 $1.5 的提款手续费去领 $20 来给他, 真是气人.此外还有很多不同的 lane, 例如 Express Lane, 可能是只受理少于十样商品的顾客, 总之, 要结帐前先看清标示就不会吃大亏.8.The price will go down.这价钱将会降低.个人经验 go down 跟 go up 很好用, 当你不知道用什么动词, 如 increase 或 surge, 就用 goes up, 像是有一次我去买汽车保险, 我一直想问他如果我一年当中都没有理赔, 那明年的保费会不会降低? 这个降低我就一直想不起来要用decrease 好还是 lower 好, 结果后来我才听他说, “The price will go down.” 是不是听来很顺.再说一个例子, 比如作实验时浓度上升, 这个上升你可以说 increase, 但也可以说, “The concentration goes up.” 听来是不是也不错?另外类似的口语讲法, 你可以用 rise 跟 drop 来代表 go up 和 go down.例如 “The price will drop.” 9.We have a clearance sale today.我们今天清仓大拍卖.Clearance sale 算是固定的用法, 就是所谓的清仓大拍卖, 可惜我在美国还没听过 “跳楼大拍卖” 的讲法, 不然一定也很有趣.另外, 我们去店里如果要找这些拍卖的商品, 我们可以问店员说, “Where can I find the clearance items?” 所谓的 clearance item 就是清仓货, 零码货的意思, 或是 odd sizes 也代表零码货的意思.10.Can you give me the invoice? 能不能给我一张发票? 常听到有人在问发票这个字的英文怎么讲? 就是 invoice 这个字啦!只可惜在美国买东西一般都只给收据 receipt.害我们少了很多对发票中大奖的乐趣(人真的是为了希望而活！)只有在买大件的东西, 如汽车保险时, 他们才会给你所谓的发票(invoice)

笔记本八: 谈 女 孩

1.Hey, look at the chick over there.看看在那边的女孩.Chick 这个字代表的就是女孩子, 各位不要跟 chic(时尚)这个字给搞混了.Chick 这个字念起来就像是 chicken前面的几个音, 所以蛮好认的.一般而言 chick 和 girl 是可以交互使用的, 例如, 她是个十三岁的女孩, 就是 She is a thirteen-year-old chick.2.She is gorgeous!她真是漂亮.要懂得适时地称赞女孩实在是每个男士必修的功课.一句简单的 You are pretty!或是 You are so beautiful 就可以让人家高兴上好半天.Gorgeous和pretty, beautiful 都是美丽的意思, 但是程度上可能要比pretty和 beautiful还要再来的高一些.所以下次再看到美女, 别忘了说一声You are gorgeous!说不定她就变成你的老婆了.3.She is a babe.她是个美女.这句话是用来形容美女的喔.像是我今天去打球看到一个很美很美的女孩, 那我就会跟我的同学说, She is really a babe.要特别注意 babe 跟 baby 只有一字之差但却相差十万八千里.你千万不要说成 Oh!I like the baby, 那么你很有可能被人家当成恋童癖.4.She turns me on.她让我眼睛为之一亮.各位男生不知有没有这样的经验, 一位长发美女从你眼前走过, 你的目光便不自觉地投射在她身上, 全身的血液也开始跟着沸腾起来.这要怎么用英文形容呢? 这就叫 She turns me on.这好象是说, 她把你身上的电 源都给打开了.另外, turn-on 也可以当作名词用, 它用来表示任何令你觉得很不错的人, 事, 物.另外你可以说 She is such a turn-on.就是说她给我的感觉还蛮不错的.5.I think she is a hottie.她是个辣妹.所谓的 hottie 就是指那种很辣的辣妹, 穿著打扮各方面可能都非常地时髦.或是你也可以说, hot babe 或是 hot chick.但有一点请注意, 也许你在国内对一个女孩子说, 你真是个辣妹啊!她可能还会蛮高兴的, 但是在美国你不可以去跟女孩子说 You are a hottie.那么你可能换回一巴掌.另外有一个字眼跟 hottie 很像, 叫 hot tamale, 但是这个字一般而言比较少人在用.Hot tamale 原是一种墨西哥食物, 被引申成为辣妹的意思, 不过这个用法比 hottie 更强烈, hottie 单指好看或漂亮的人, 但 hot tamale 则又加上了一些不能自己控制自己, 有点疯狂的意思, 所以也不要乱用喔.6.Do you know Jean? She is a cutie.你认识 Jean 吗? 她好可爱喔!看来中外皆然, 女孩子总是分为二种, 漂亮美艳型和活泼可爱型.至于那种遵守交通规则型(obeying the traffic rules 则不在本文讨论范围之内)漂亮的女生叫 hottie, 相对的, 可爱的女生就叫 cutie.或是你单讲, She is so cute!也是不错的用法.7.She is well-developed.她很丰满.刚才说的是以脸蛋来分的, 现在说的是以身材来分的.看到身材很好的女生, 女生之间彼此会说 She is well-developed 或是 well-endowed, 但这算是很文明的讲法, 要是男生看到这种女人, 他们通常不会那么拐弯抹角, 他们会直接说, She has big boobs, She has big breast 或是 She has big jugs.至于身材不好的呢? 很抱歉, 在英文里好象找不到身材不好这个词耶!因为她们根本就用不到哇!如果真要说的话, 可以说 She is flat-chested.Well-endowed 或是 well-hung 如果是用来形容男生的话, 例如 He is well-endowed, 则指的也是某个部份很大.至于是哪个部份呢? 自己想想看吧!8.Do you like blondes or brunettes.你喜欢金发妞还是棕发妞? 西方的女子大致上可依其发色分为二种, 一种叫 blondes, 金发妞, 另一种叫 brunettes, 棕发妞.一般美国人或是欧洲人对于blond girl 的刻板印象就是胸部很大, 但是没有大脑, 又很喜欢作爱, 所以很容易就能骗上床.所以在美国有很多所谓的 blond jokes, 讲的就是对金发妞的一些笑话.你在美国跟人家说 blond joke, 人家都会知道你在说什么.而棕发妞则正好相反, 她们通常都很有智能, 事业心也很强.所以我听老美说过一句话蛮有意思的, If you dream of a blond, your life sucks.But you dream of a brunette, your life is wonderful!很多美国的小孩子都是金发, 但是随着年纪渐长, 头发的颜色会渐渐转为褐色夹杂金色, 通常我们可以根据其纯度而将其区分为 bleach blond, sandy blond 和 dirty blond.(事实上没有人是天生的 bleach blond, 一般 bleach blond 的头发, 都是染出来的结果.)我们可以称染出来的金发叫作 dyed blond hair, 而天生的金发叫作 platimum blond.9.I don't like my wife bitching around.我不喜欢我老婆泼妇骂街.一般男生总觉得女生唠叨, 这个唠叨在英文中就是 bitch.这个 bitch 在英文中有很多意思, 它可以指母 狗, 也可以用来骂女生, 而当动词用时, 则是唠叨的意思.例如, My girlfriend bitches me all the time.我女朋友总是唠叨我.或是你可以用 bitch around 这个片语.有点像是中文泼妇骂街的味道.10.She is a slut.她真是一个荡妇.教完好的, 也要教些不好的了.Slut是个非常不好的字, 它和 bitch 这个字差不多, 都有点像是骂人“妓女”的味道.但二者的意思严格说来不尽相同.Bitch最好的翻译是“坏女人”, slut最好的翻译是“野女人，贱女人”.说得更清楚一点, slut 多半强调的是那种喜欢一夜情的女人, 到处追求新鲜刺激, 喜欢跟不同的男人发生关系, 而 bitch 纯粹就是那种看到她就想对她吐口水的女人.不过除非你是真的很讨厌某人, 不然不要用到 slut 或 bitch 这两个字.特别注意 slut 这个字是给女生专用的, 如果要讲男生, 要用 slut boy.男生女生都可以用的, 则是一夜情人one nighter, 一夜情则是 one night stand.笔记本九: 考 试

1.What's going to be covered on the test? 考试的范围是什么? 这是最正确问考试范围的说法了!那个 to be covered 用的真是好呀！另外, 若是我们二人正讨论考试, 例如一人说, “Are you ready for the biological test tomorrow?” 你就可以说, “Not yet, but do you know what's going to be on?” 也是问考试的范围, 而且听来会更高竿,下次实际用用看, 让老美都对你刮目相看.2.The final will be a comprehensive test.期末考是没有范围的.有几个关于考试范围的英语值得学一学, 像comprehensive 就是指没有范围的考试, 通常是考一整本书或是好几本书.像是一般的博士班资格考就是一种 comprehensive test.另外 cumulative test 也常用到, 它指的是上次考过的范围这次也要考.例如明明第二次的考试, 但是却包括了新教的东西再加上第一次考试的范围, 这就是 cumulative test.比如说你可以问老师, Will you give a cumulative midterm.另外期中考期末考的讲法, 我想没有问题, 期中考就是 midterm, 期末考就是 final.算是二个最常用的用法.3.Do you know where to get the old exam? 你知不知道去哪里拿考古题? 考古题叫old exam, 或者也可以说 previous exam, past exam 都可以通啦.个人觉得在美国念书和在台湾念书都差不多, 考古题实在是很重要.尤其是研究所的课程, 通常老师也很少愿意花心思去想新的题目.所以切记, old exam 绝对是很有帮助的.Exam 还有很多其它的讲法, 像我们一般也常说, midterm(期中考)和 final(期末考), test, quiz(测验)或是 pop quiz(随堂测验)4.I think we can bring a cheat sheet with us.我想我们是可以带一张小抄的.有些考试时可以带一张小抄, 通常老师会规定它的大小, 或是单面双面等等, 至于字要多小那是你家的事情.这张小抄就叫 cheat sheet.(故名思议, 作弊用纸)但是它是合法的.一般人讲 cheat sheet 会说成 chi-chi 而不会念成 cheat sheet.5.Please turn in the tests.请把考卷交上来

Turn in 是缴交的意思, 或是用 hand in 也可以.一般缴作业或是交考卷都可以用 turn in.很多人来美国都有当助教的机会, 所以去兼考也是常有的事,平时不说英语也就罢了, 到了兼考时不说英语都不行, 我有 一个朋友, 去兼考时到了要交考卷时居然跟学生说, “Please give me your test sheet.” 果然是很 Chinese English.还有值得注意的是, 老美说考试卷就叫 tests, 请勿划蛇添足, 说 test sheet 或 exam sheet.缴考卷叫 turn in the tests, 那老师发考卷呢? 就叫 return the tests.例如, “The professor will return the tests today.” 6.The TA is going to explain the test today.助教(Teaching Assistant)今天会来讲解考题.Explain 就是讲解的意思, 所以 explain the test 就是讲解考试题.Explain the homework 就是讲解作业.另外, go over 也有讲解的意思, 例如, “The professor will go over the test today.” 再次强调, 不管是考试或是考试卷, 都用 test 这个字来表示就好了.7.I bombed the test.我考砸了.Bomb 一般的意思是轰炸, 所以像是最近美国在轰炸 Kosovo, 新闻上就常可以听到 Bomb 这个字, 但是它在美国的口语指的是我把什么东西给搞砸了.所以考试考差了, 就可以说, “I bombed the test.” 或是你去约会, 结果表现的很差, 你就可以说, “I bombed the date.” Bomb 在口语中还有一个用法, 例如 “She is a bomb.” 指的是她是一个很轰动的人.但是不知道为什么, 这个字好象不是很好的字, 所以通常你不能跑去跟人家说, “You are a bomb.” 不然小心换来一颗真正的 bomb!通常是我们在讲到第三人时才说, “She is a bomb.” 8.I am gonna ace it next time!我下次要把它考好.把考试“考好”在英文里有固定的用法, 叫 ace the test.如果你把它说成了 I am gonna score high in the test next time 也可以, 但是就不够口语化.另外还有一个讲法叫, “I nailed my test.” 这也是考得很好的意思喔!9.I don't want to study any more, I just want some easy grades!我再也不想学习了, 我只想要一些营养一点的分数.世上就是那么不公平, 同样是三学分的课, 有些课就要考三次试, 十次作业外加一份期未报告.有些课不但不用考试连 homework 也没几次.像这种很好拿的分数英文里就叫 easy grade.例如, Just give me some easy grade!可能是许多学生的共同心愿吧.10.Have you passed the bar exam? 你通过律师资格考试了吗? 美国的制度跟台湾很像, 律师考试叫做 BAR exam, 医生的资格考叫 medical boards, 至于工程师又 分二种, 初级的叫 E.I.T exam, 高级的叫 P.E exam.在美国要成为一个合格的执业律师, 除了必须读三年的法学研究所拿到 Jurisdiction doctor 的学位, 并且要通过 Bar exam 拿到合法的律师执照.通常我们可以称律师为 esquire, 或是 attorney in law.生活小故事

这是一个关于考试的小故事, 有一次期中考试有一位同学问教授考试的要怎么考, 是 close book, open book 还是 open note, 结果那位教授回答的也很妙, 他说, “Close book, close note, but open-minded.” 另 外一位教授也挺逗的, 他说, “Close book, close note, but you can open your eyes!”

笔记本十: 常 用 动 词

1.Don't prop your feet up.不要把脚跷在椅子上.Prop up 是支撑的意思, 如果用手托着你的头, 这动作就叫 prop your head up.蛮实用的.还有有的时候我们用东西把门撑住, 让它不会自动关起来, 这个就叫 prop the door.所以我住的地方楼下都会贴出告示, Don't prop the door open.刚来美国时, 我发觉美国的女孩子作风都蛮开放的, 她们在学校时喜欢把脚跷在旁边的椅子上, 或是看电影时就把脚跷在前面的座位上, 所以在他们的观念中, prop up 其实并不算是一种坏习惯.2.Scoot up.向前一点.Scoot 这个字如果你去查字典, 它告诉你的解释是: “轻快地奔跑”, 但是一般在日常生活中如果用到 scoot 这个字的话, 则是表示稍微移动一下的意思.比如说有一次我去图书馆念书, 我坐在我的位置上, 把走道都堵死了, 结果有一个老美要过过不去, 他要我把椅子稍微向前移动一下, 他会说 Scoot up.你也可以说 scoot up a little bit, 表示往前靠一点点.3.Scoot over.往旁边靠一点.Scoot up 是往前, scoot over 则是往旁边的意思.最常见的情况就是比如照像时有人站太旁边了, 要请他靠中间一点, 就跟他说 Can you scoot over? 他就会了解.又比如说别人坐在一张长椅子上, 你要人家向旁边挪出一个位子给你, 你也可以说 Scoot over please.如果你的发音他还能了解的话, 他就会往旁边靠一些, 让出一个位子给你.4.I am going to hit the bed in ten minutes.我在十分钟内就要上床睡觉了.这句对于用腻了 go to the bed 的人可说是一大福音, 这句话要来的更为传神, 就是指整个人倒在床上的动作, 另外还有一种说法, 但是比较少人用, 你可以说 hit the hay.Hay 是稻草, 大概前人都睡稻草上, 所以才会这么说吧!5.It won't be long before we hit the road.离我们上路的时间不久了.Hit the road 就是上路, 所以 hit 这个字用途蛮广的, 它既可以代表上床, 也可以代表上路.这个对话是有一次我去美国的一个接待家庭住的时候, 我们正在吃早餐, 男主人就跟我说, It's not long before we hit the road.其实他就是嫌我吃太慢了, 要我吃快一点, 因为我们快要出门了.6.All things ought to be rolling at 4:30 所有的事情要在 4:30 开始.To be rolling 就等于 begin, 但是这是相当口语化的一个句子.个人非常喜欢这句.我忽然想到中文里也有类似的用法喔!例如我们说, 让世界开始转动.这个转动就相当于 rolling.有时你也可以说成 Let's get the ball rolling.让我们开始作事吧.Roll 还有一个用法跟中文的 '我们可以滚了' 很像, 像有一次我跟老美去一家餐厅用完餐, 就有人说了, OK, Let's roll, let's roll out of here.是不是就是我们可以滚了的意思呢? 7.She is bitching at me.她一直在对我唠叨.Bitch 一共有三种意思, 1.female dog,2.complain, 3.prostitute.所以, 没事不要乱用用错了!不过一般说来, 当 bitch 当动词用时就是唠叨的意思.我的一个结了婚的同学有一次不知道是不是有感而发, 跑来跟我说, My wife bitches all the time!8.You have to jump at the chance.你必须把握机会.我们说把握机会, 这个“把握”老美都是用 jump 或用 leap 这两个动词,(虽然它们都是“跳”的意思), 不知道为什么..另外 opportunity 这个字也作机会讲, 所以动词也要用 jump 或是 leap.例如有学校提供给你 scholarship, 问你要不要去念, 你就可以说, I'll jump at the opportunity.9.I can hold the cup for you.我以帮你拿着这个杯子.Hold 和 take 在中文都是解释成“拿”, 但在英文就不一样了, hold 是拿着某样东西, 而 take 是说去拿某样东西.这句话可能很多人会讲成 I can take the cup for you.这样讲就不太对了.10.Can you hold the door for me? 能帮我扶着门吗? 第一次老美跟我这样说, 我答 Yes, 可是我却呆呆地站在那不知道他到底要我做什么.这种情况多半是他手上拿了很多东西, 无法自己开门, 要你帮他扶着门, 不要让门关上了!

笔记本十一: 南 方

这个圣诞假期我到一个位于阿肯色州的美国接待家庭住了十六天, 不但住在他们家里, 也参加他们一般的家庭聚会, 陪他们一起上教堂, 上餐厅.当然也跟他们一起过了一个美好的圣诞节.我常在想, 要把英文学好, 真的是要让自己处在一个英文的环境中, 每天讲每天用, 英文就会进步很快.像我这次就真的是受益良多.打铁趁热, 赶快来看看我学到了什么有用的东西, 这些都是在美国南方才比较会用到的一些句子.1.What are you fixing right now? 你现在在煮什么? Fix 这个字以我个人的理解就是代表“修理”, 或是“固定”的意思, 但是在美国 fix 这个字真的是千变万化, 例如在美国南方, 大家习惯用 fix 来代替 cook 或是 make, 例如 A: What are you fixing now? B: No big deal, I'm just fixing my own dinner.但是 fix 这种用法一般说来在南方比较流行, 从北方来的人可能会听不懂这样的用法.另外 fix 也可以被动的形态出现, 例: How do you like your coffee fixed? 就相当于 How do you like your coffee cooked? 2.I am fixing to go out.我正准备要出门.Fix 这个字在美国南方真的很常见, 记得我第一次听到老美这么跟我说, 我的直觉反应就是他正在修理什么东西, 但实际上 Fix 在这里的用法是正准备要出门的意思, 也就相当于 I am about to leave.3.I'll fix the plate for you.我等下帮你准备食物.第一次听到我室友说 I can fix the plate for you, 我立刻反应是, Is there any plate broken? 其实不是这样的.Fix the plate 指的是准备食物.例如我们在炒菜前可能会先把所有要炒的菜都洗好, 分好, 放在盘子上准备好象, 这就叫 Fix the plate.所以下次如果再听到老美说 I'll fix the plate 可别以为他把盘 子给打破了喔!I fix a plate for you.也可以释成我帮你拿一点食物.大家应该都有吃过西式的 buffet 吧!一个人一个盘子, 自己去拿菜, 如果你要帮别人拿食物的话, 你就说, I'll fix a plate for you.4.She spent 30 minutes fixing her hair.她花了三十分钟整理她的头发.像 fix 这么好用的单字在国内居然没有人教真是可惜.Fix 在这里是指整理头发的意思.我自己造了一个好玩的句子, She is fixing to fix her hair and fix the plate before fixing her dinner.大家看得出来在这里四个 fix 各有不同的意思吗? 翻译一下这句话就是她准备好要在煮晚饭之前整理她的头发和准备食物了.(没什么意思, 只是好玩而已.)5.Can you fix mine? 你能不能帮我捡一下? 这句是我最近才新学到的, 所以 fix 的用法又多了一个, 就是有二个人在丢罐子, 他们想把罐子丢到垃圾筒里, 结果第一个人没丢准, 丢到垃圾筒外面去了, 换第二个人丢, 他还是没丢准, 也丢掉外面去了.所以当第二个人要去把罐子捡起来时, 第一个人就跟他说了, Can you fix mine? 能不能帮我捡起来丢到垃圾筒里.我觉得这个 fix 用的特别好.6.He is a redneck.他是一个老粗.所谓 redneck, 就是一些种田的粗人,(特别是在南方)因为他们特殊的生活习惯和癖好, 通常会闹出很多笑话, 说起话来有很重的南方口音, 他们会被叫 redneck 我想是因为常在田里工作, 脖子晒的红红的之故, 另外还有一个字 hick, 也是粗人 redneck 的意思.什么样的人是典型的 redneck 呢? 他们喜欢穿迷彩服, 缺了好几颗门牙, 他们开着烂烂的 pickup truck , 他们车上一定会放一把枪, 以便可以随时打猎.他们住的院子通常会堆满各式各样的杂物, 以致于看起来好象垃圾场一样.7.He has a bad accent.他有很重的口音.在美国不同的区有不同的口音, 特别是在南方, 他们叫作southern drwal, 原因是他们通常喜欢把尾音拉长, 所以叫 southern drawl.而在整个南方当中, 我觉得又以 Kentucky 及 Tennessee 的口音最重了.如果你连这二个地方的口音都能了解的话, 那你的英文大概也没什么问题了.一般而言, 在美国如果有口音是会被当作土包子的!所以老美之间也常拿彼此的口音开玩笑.由其你如果是在北方例如纽约工作, 你的南方口音很可能会使得同事们都看不起你.8.You are not spposta to stay home during the weekend.你周末不应该待在家里的.讲到口音, 我就来教各位一些很典型的南方口音吧!南方人喜欢把 suppose to 念成 spposta 我第一次听到别人这样说我还以为他在说 I am a poster(我是一张海报), 害我觉得很奇怪说,其实这就是他们的口音.还有一个我常听的就是 You rurnt my life.(You ruin my life)他们会把 ruin 念成 rurut.9.Heidi,Hire Yew? 嗨, 你好吗? 这句话也是很典型的南方打招呼用语, 我想这原来是 Howdy, How are you? 但是他们会念成 Heidi, Hire Yew.我想虽然南方口音普遍被认为不是那么好, 可是有时你刻意去模仿一两句反而会有那种爆笑的效果, 就如同我们也喜欢说 “粉” 可爱, 不也是台湾国语但听来却是格外地亲切吗? 10.Oh hell no.当然不是啦.这也是南方的一个惯用语, 特别是黑人很喜欢这么说.Oh hell no 其实就是等于 Of course not.那个 Oh hell 是用来加强语气的.比如你问我, Are you married? 我就可以回答.Oh hell no.I am still single.笔记本十二: up & down 这两个字除了代表上下之外, 也有北上和南下的意思, 当然也有大声小声的用法, 还有尊敬跟瞧不起的意思.真是妙用无穷.1.Did you get down to Florida last summer?你上个暑假有去佛罗里达吗? 英文中有一点很好玩而且跟中文很像的地方就是, 在中文里通常我们会说, 我南下高雄, 或是北上台北, 而不单纯说我去高雄或我去台北.英文中也是这么用的喔!像是你南下 Florida , 就会说成 get down Florida 或是 go down Florida.Get down 还有很多其它的意思, 不要搞混了.例如记下某一句话你就可以说 I'll get down what you said today.2.Have you heard of Buffalo, New York? My parents live up there.你知道水牛城吗? 我的父母住在那边.南边的地方通常会加 down, 那北边就是加 up 了.你说 live up there 那一定是指在北方.像水牛城地理在美国的北方, 我在亚特兰大就可以跟别人说 My parents live up there.但要是你人在加拿大, 那这句话就要说成 Live down there.因为水牛城是在加拿大的南方.所以用 up 或 down 全视南方或北方而定.3.I went to Europe last month because my friends live over there.我上个月去欧洲, 因为我的朋友住那里.我想大家一定会很好奇, 那东边又怎么说? 西边又怎么说? 通常他们不分东边或是西边,一律用 over there 或是 out there.比如说你在美国, 你的朋友住欧洲.而美国和欧洲并没有很明显的东西之分.这时你就可以说 live out there 或是 live over there.4.How have you been up there? 你在那里过得如何? How have you been 是一句日常的问候语, 就相当于你最近过得怎么样了.加上 up there, 则表示那个人可能是从北方来的.或是可能刚从北方回来.我刚来美国时有一次到波士顿去玩, 回来之后有一个老美就问我 What did you do up there? 那时就是因为不知道 up there 代表什么意思害我楞在那里半天.5.I drove all the way up to Boston.我一路开车到波士顿.All the way 翻成中文就是“一路到底” 的意思.这个片语常跟 up 或 down 合用, 例如你说 I drove all the way up there.或是比方说去溜滑梯, 你就可以说 You can slide all the way down to the the bottom.6.Hey, look at the girl up there.嘿.看看在上面的那个女孩.要注意一下 up 和 down 不完全当北边和南边解释.要看上下文而定.像在这个句子里, up there 代表的是在上面的意思.因为在日常的对话中我们不太可能说, “看看北边的那个女孩” 我们只会说, 看看上面的那个女孩.所以英文中的道理也是一样的.同理, Look the girl down there 就是看看在下面的那个女孩.7.Never look down on people less superior than you.不要轻视不如你的人.Look down on someone 就是说你看不起人家, 有点像是中文里狗眼看人低的意思.所以才会说 Look down.要是很看得起某人, 则是说 Look up on someone.8.Can you keep it down? 你能不能保持安静.Up 和 Down 也常常用来表示声音的大小喔.Keep it down 就是保持音量不要太大.像是有一次我们在考试, 结果走道上还有一些人在喧哗.我是很想叫他们小声一点但是苦于不知要如何开口.还好我同学这时挺身而出, 跑去跟他们说 Can you keep it down? 9.Could you turn it up? 能不能把它开大一点.凡是电器类的产品, 开大一点就叫 turn up, 关小一点就是 turn down.例如你希望冷气开强一点, 就是 Could you turn it up? 关小一点 Could you turn it down? 其它像是电视的音量开大也叫 turn up, 关小叫 turn down.附带一提如果是打开则是 turn on, 关掉叫 turn off.笔记本十三: Taco Bell 大家有空可以试试, 以下是在 Taco Bell 可以看到的一些食物和对话.1.Taco 招牌菜啦, 它是由脆的玉米饼(crisp corn tortilla shell), 里面包绞牛肉, 生菜及 cheddar cheese 所作成的, 另外还有很多不同口味的 Taco, 大家可以自己试试, 如 Soft Taco, Double Decker Taco, 另外有一种套餐就是给你四个 Taco, 不失为 Taco 爱好者的一个最佳选择.2.Burrito 外层是软的玉米皮(Soft flour tortilla)里面视 Burrito 的不同会包绞牛肉, 生菜, 西红柿等, 看起来有点像春卷, 可是吃起来不太一样, 吃一个就很饱, 不要点太多.3.Nachos 一片一片的玉米片, 个人觉的不是很好吃, 吃的时候他会给你一碗 cheese 当作佐料, 记得要趁热吃, 不然会很恶心.4.Mexican Pizza 就如同前言所说, 其实在墨西哥是没有这种 pizza 的, 但无论如何, 它是我小笨霖的最爱, 它是用二层硬的玉米饼, 中间夹了绞牛肉和四季豆, 上面则有传统的 pizza 佐料, cheese 等, 尤其现在 Taco Bell Mexican Pizza 在 99 cent 跳楼大拍卖, 没吃过的人要把握机会喔.5.Taco Salad 另外一样 Taco Bell 的特色, 传统的生菜加上四季豆, 玉米脆饼, 西红柿等, 放在一个用玉米脆饼作的大碗里, 看了就觉得很好吃!以上是主要的 Taco 菜单, 可能不是很完整, 其它的就交由各位去尝试之后再告诉我了.以下是会话: 6.For here or to go? 这里吃还是外带? 去快餐店店员问你的第一句话通常是这一句, 不要急着点餐, 先回答这一句再点.7.Does it go with drinks?有没有附赠饮料? 有些套餐有附饮料, 如果不确定, 可以问一下, 如果没有的话, 可以当场点.8.Is that all? 就这些了吗? 有时他们会用 anything else? 总之, 这二句都是一样的, 如果是, 就回答 That's it!9.Here you go!你的餐来了!这句话在美国用的相当普遍, 你拿什么东西给别人, 就可以说这一句, 另外跟这句很类似的是 There you go!通常用在会话的结尾, 表示我同意你的看法, 和 Here you go 是不太相同的!

笔记本十四: 了 解

我刚来美国时和美国朋友会话常常会是个很大的问题, 因为一来自己英文不好就不敢开口, 再加上找不到什么话题, 所以差点就要变成自闭儿童了.还好,慢慢地我发现老美在数学方面的底子通常不如我们.所以只要你勇于跟他们讨论功课, 则多半是他们需要你的时候多,你需要他们的时候少,但是你自己也可以因此而增进英文能力, 也算是各取所需吧!本集来谈谈当你谈到某个观念或问题时,通常对方会说,OK,我了解,或是我不了解,或是我赞同你,我不赞同你.这算是很平凡却也很实用的对话,首先我们来看看有哪些表达自己了解或认同对方的说法.1.I see.我了解.这是最常见的一种说法了, 通常别人跟我们说一件事, 而这件事是我们早就知道的, 我们也会很习惯地说, I see.跟 I see 一样常见的有.I understand.或是他们会只说, Understand.都是表示出了解的意思.另外有一种口语的说法, 叫 I down.这个 I down 也是 I see 的意思.但因为一般像我们国际学生很少接触过这样的讲法, 其实 I down 也是我了解的意思.2.I got you.我了解.这句跟 I see, I understand, 都是一样的, 适合在跟美国同学讨论功课时使用.例如有一次我跟我的美国同学说这题该怎么怎么作,他就很高兴地说, Ok, now I got you.你如果不说 I got you, 说 I got it 也是可以的, 这二个都很常听人家说.另外 I got you 有一个更常用的解释, 就是我骗到你了, 通常会读成 Gotcha..比如说你骗人家说, I got married.别人回答: Oh, Really? 这时你就可以吹着口哨说..Hahaha..Gotcha.3.You got that right.你说的没错.这句跟 you are right 是一样的, 但是 you got that right.是比较口语的说法, 例如: A: I've told you we are on the wrong way!B: You got that right dude.4.I can tell you from the top of my head.我想都不用想就能告诉你.通常会说这句话的人其实并无法立刻告诉你, 所以才会说这句话缓冲一下.就好比说我们会跟别人说, “等一下, 这个我知道!” 其实他要是真的知道, 直接告诉你不就成了? 所以这句话就是说有些事你很确定知道, 但一下子想不起来时, 就说这一句.另外有一句话意思一模一样, 它可以和 I can tell you from the top of my hat 互换使用, 叫 I can tell you right off the bat.例如人家问你, Do you know how to integrate this equation? 你就可以说, Sure, I can tell you right off the bat.5.I can tell you by heart.我可以凭印象告诉你

I can tell you by heart, 说的是可以光凭记忆告诉你, 不用再去翻书或查数据.但也许不是马上, 可能 还需要想一下.这是它跟 I can tell you from the top of my head 的不同之处.另外, 你也可以说成 I can tell you by memory.6.It's a piece of cake.太容易了.形容很容易就是用 cake 这个字眼, 你也可以单讲 it's cake!来表示你对这件事情觉的很容易.我想这句话大概不知道的人也不多吧!日常生活中或是电影中都常用到, 像是电影 Pay Back 里面男主角在干掉一堆坏人之后, 轻松愉快地讲了一句 A piece of cake!让人觉得他特别潇洒.7.That's a no-brainer.不用大脑, 用来形容很简单很简单的事, 如这次的考试太简单了,你就可以说 That's a no-brainer.就是不需大脑都可以想出来.还有的人会说成, Your brain doesn't have to think hard.8.I can pretty much understand what you are talking about.我非常能了解你在说些什么.pretty 在这里完全等于 very 的意思, 但是你在这里就不能用 very 来代替 pretty.或是你可以把 pretty 改成 pretty much , 就成了 I can pretty much understand what you are talking about.这种用法在日常生活中十分常见, 例如他们会说, We are pretty much the same, 就是我们非常相像的意思.9.I'll figure it out later.我等下会把它想通.老美说想通一个问题或是解决一个问题很喜欢用 figure out 这个片语.例如你要问人家一个问题, 你就可以说, How do you figure this out?(你是怎么想出来的呀?)或是 work it out 也很常用, 也是解决问题的意思.例如你跟你的同学一起作功课, 你就可以说, OK, Let's work it out together.10.There you go!你说的对.美国人讲话时很喜欢用 There you go!或是 Here we go 来表示你说的没错, 我赞同你的讲法.例如二个人在对话, A: It's so beautiful, I definitely will come back again.B: There you go!所以这个 There you go 就表示我赞成你说的话, 你说的没错的意思.笔记本十五: 不 了 解

1.My brain doesn't work.我搞不清楚.这句话是小笨霖大力推荐的口语之一.它非常地实用, 而且也非常地好用.像我常常讲话讲到一半舌头打结, 或是讲到不知所云, 我都喜欢说 My brain doesn't work.或是有时候你在跟人家讨论一个问题, 这个答案你也许知道, 但偏偏就是想不起来, 这时你可以说 I don't recall(我想不起来)或是讲这一句: My brain doesn't work.通常我偏爱后者, 因为我觉得它形容的很传神.当然你也可以用现在进行式, My brain is not working.记得有一次老美问我 How are you doing? 结果我一边想 I am good, 一边想 not much, 结果说成了not good, 老美都快笑死了, 结果我就只好很尴尬地说了一声.My brain doesn't work, 所以这句话的用法还真不少吧!2.What are you talking about? 你在说什么东西? 这句话从字面上来看好象是说, 你在讲什么我听不懂.但事实上比较确切的意思应该是, 你在讲什么东西, 根本就是胡说八道.所以这句话的尾音是下沉而不是上扬, 表示出对你所说的话不表认同.例如有人问你, Are you dating Jenny now? 你就可以反驳说, What are you talking about? She is not my type.3.He has problem understanding what you mean.他无法解理你在说什么.在英文口语中有二个蛮好用的句型表示出 “无法, 有困难” 一个是 Has problem doing something, 另一个是 Has a hard time doing something.比如说有人提议要去看 Star War 这部电影的首映, 你就可以劝阻他, I think we will have a hard time getting tickets.这就是说我觉得我们很难买到票.What do you mean? 也是一个很常用的问句表示不理解对方的意思.或是你可以说 What do you mean by that? 你说那句话是什么意思? 4.I have no idea what that is.我不知道那是什么.基本上, 在美国 I have no idea 跟 I don't know 用的一样多, 意思也差不多, 可以交互使用.我也听过有老美把 what that is 说成 what is that, 这样是犯了文法上的错误, 可是也许念起来比较顺, 所以老美才会这么说吧, 但是再看一句: I have no idea what time it is, 这时就用 it is.而不是 what time is it.I have no idea也可以说成I have no clue.Clue 就是线索的意思,所以一点线索都没有,也就是什么都不知道的意思了.5.This is over my head.这超出我所能理解的范围.当别人拿一些你看不懂的文章或书给你看时, 就这么说吧!This is over my head.这超过我所能理解的范围.像是有一次我去学 swing的时候, 学一个叫做fox hole的舞步, 我的舞伴学了半天还是不知道要怎么作, 她就说了一句, Sorry!This is totally over my head.所以还可以用 totally来加强语气.6.Beats me.考倒我了.这个 beats me 听来有点像是打败我了的意思, 但事实上它就是说, 你考倒我了, 或是说你问倒我了.例如人家问你, Do you know how to get there? 你就可以回答, Beats me.7.Does that ring a bell?有没有帮你想起一些什么啊? 这句话通常是用在别人听不懂你的问题, 你给人家一点提示或解释之后, 你就会问人家, Does that ring a bell? 比如我问一个人, Do you know Jenny? 别人回答, “No, I don't” 那我就可以继续说, She is living with Mary, long hair and about 20 years old.Does that ring a bell? 要是别人还是不知道的话, 那可能就真的没办法了.这句话老师上课时也很喜欢用, 例如有学生问问题, 老师在解释之后有时就会再加上一句, Does that ring a bell? 就是问说你们到底想起来什么了没有.8.I am lost我迷糊了.I am lost 一般而言是说我迷路了, 但是在讨论问题或是老师上课时老美也很喜欢用 I am lost 来表示他搞不清楚.例如有一次上课时老师在讲解一个题目,讲的不清不楚, 我的同学就举手说了, OK, now I am totally lost.除了 lost,有一个国中的单字confused 也很常用.而且有些用法一定要用 confuse 才行, 因为它也是一个动词.例如我说这个老师今天教的大家都听不懂, 我就可以说, The professor confused a lot of people today.9.What's the point?重点是什么.在日常生活的对话里就可以常听到 The point is...这样的用法, 这个 point 指的就是“重点”, The point is, 就是说 “重点是...”.我个人很怕一种人, 就是他要跟你讲一件今天发生的事情, 它要从前天开始交代起, 把整个事情的来龙去脉交代个一清二楚.但很不幸的这种人似乎还不少, 所以这种情况下难听一点就说 cut the crap(少说废话)好听一点就是 What's the point? 10.I just don't get it.我就是不了解.这也是很口语的说法, 比如说老美跟我在讨论功课, 他们要是不懂的话, 就会说 I don't get it!这跟 I got you(我了解)正好可以互相比较.有一次在读者文摘看到一个笑话蛮好笑的, 这是一个英文的双关语, 大家听看看:In a grocery store, Cashier: “It's seventy-five dollars” Customer: “ Hey!It's a perfect round figure ” Cashier: “ You are not a beanpole yourself!” 这个笑话怎么好笑法呢? 原因在于 round figure 这个字是个双关语, 顾客说的 perfect round figure 是刚好是一个整数的意思, 而店员以为他是指她的身材(figure)是个完美(perfect)的圆形(round), 所以才反唇相激, 你自己也没多瘦啊(beanpole 指瘦长之人!)

笔记本十六: 聚 会

有人常会觉得小孩子学语言学得比大人快, 为什么呢? 因为小孩子学语言不像我们死记文法, 苦背单字.他们就是用所谓的 “pick up”, 看在什么场合, 别人用什么字, 就一个一个把它记下来.这样子的方法, 可以让你很容易地把所学到的句子和当时的场合联想在一起, 学习的效果也就特别快.我来到美国, 我也把自己当作是一个小孩子, 到处 pick up 我所能听到的字, 然后忠实地加以记录.我想这样子的话会让你的英文很道地, 而不会常犯一些 Chinese English 的错误.这集让我们来看看和朋友聚会时可以学到哪些说法.1.Are you alone? 你是一个人来吗? 各位有没有这样的经验, 把一句话直接从中文翻成英文结果怎么听也不顺, 后来听老美一说, 才恍然大悟, 原来这么简单啊? 我自己就常有这样的感觉.像这句话, 我自己的直觉反应会说成: Are you only one person? 或是 Do you come here by yourself? 其实老美简简单单用 alone 一个字就可以代表你好几个字.所以如果你去参加一个舞会, 看到你想邀舞的对象, 最好先问一声 Are you alone? 免得到时候怎么被人扁了都不知道.另外你去买票, 售票员问你是不是只买一张票, 有时他也会问 Are you alone? 2.No, I lost my buddies!我找不到我的朋友了!这是另一个很容易说成 Chinese English 的句子, 如果你说 I can't find my friend, 我想老外也是听的懂, 只不过听来就没那么顺就是了!buddy 指的就是好朋友.所以你可以说 I lost my friends.lost 这个动词可能大家不太会用, 除了丢掉以外, 还有不少用法, 例如我迷糊了, 可以说 I am lost, 或是像有时我们把汤匙滑到碗里, 这个动词也可以用 lost, 例如 I lost my spoon in the bowl.3.Are you guys OK?你们都还好吧? 通常你去别人家里玩,主人有时看你太无聊就会走过来问你, Are you guys OK? 或是你去餐厅用餐时侍者也常会走过来过你, Are you guys OK? 当然这就只是一种礼貌性地询问,看看你有没有需要些什么东西.在美国他 们常把 you guys 连用.即使是对方是有男有女或是全部都是女的, 也可以这样说, 加上 guys 似乎只是让句子更顺畅, 并没有其它的含意.再造一句, Do you guys want to go with us? 有没有加 guys 都是一样的, 另外值得一提的是, 这种说法一般认为是北方的说法, 在南方有另一种说法, you'll = you all.例如他们会说, How are you'll doing.(这个 you'll 不是未来式, 而是 you all)但是其实我觉得 you guys 还是比较普遍.4.I heard the nature's call.我听到自然的呼唤.举凡各种生理上的反应我们都可以称它是 nature's call, 如想上卫生间, 肚子饿, 或是看到美女, 你都可以自嘲,I heard the nature's call.所以端视不同的情况而有不同的意思.但是一般情况下比较常用的还是指上卫生间比较多.一般人不会讲很长一串 I heard the narture's call, 他们大多就只说, nature's calling!那你多半就知道他想去上卫生间了.5.Can you be more specific? 能不能再明确一些? 如果有人说 I heard the nature's call, 可是你并不是很清楚对方指的是哪一点, 你就可以这么说, Can you be more specific? 就是希望对方讲得再明确一点.又或者是人家跟你约今晚吃饭, 可是没说时间地点, 你也可以这样问, Can you be a little bit more specific? 就是请对方详细说明一下时间, 地点, 或是晚饭之后要作什么活动之类的.另外一些类似的讲法, 例如听不太懂时对方所指为何是你可以直接问 What do you mean? 若是去吃饭的那个例子, 你也可以说 Can you tell me more details? 6.Everybody picks up whatever you want.每个人拿任何你们想要的东西.在老美家吃饭, 一般都是buffet的型式, 一人一个盘子, 要吃什么自己拿.所以开动了,主人就会说, Everybody picks up whatever you want.个人感觉, whatever 一般我们都不太会用, 其实 whatever 就相当于 “随便什么都可以” 的意思.还有这里他们用 pick up 这个动词我觉得也值得学一学.7.I bought a cake about this big!我买了一个蛋糕大约有这么大.讲这句话的时候记得要跟手势一起用, 所以如果不会形容一个东西有多大, 就把这句拿来变化一下就可以了!因为在中文里要形容一个蛋糕有多大, 你可以说我买了一个几寸的蛋糕别人立刻就懂了, 但是美国的蛋糕都是长方形的, 再加上他们都是用英寸, 所以你要一边想英文还要一边作单位换算!这简直就是 mission impossible 说.所以有时老美自己也用比的比较快!像那天他们买了一个蛋糕一个黑人就说, I bought a cake about this big!或是可以说 I bought a cake like this big.除了 big 之外你也可以换成其它形容词, 例如, I have a brother about this tall.这样不也就蒙混过关了吗? 不过这句话有一个缺点, 就是讲电话时不能用, 因为讲电话时不能比动作, 比了对方也看不到.8.He dances like an animal 他跳舞跳很疯狂.老美喜欢把爱跳舞的人说是dance like animals 喜欢开party 的人称作 party animals.大概是因为这些人精力充沛, 像是动物一样.记得有一次老美就对我说, Come out with us, you party animal!听来很有意思吧!我觉得老美是很喜欢跳舞的, 每到周末, Bar里面就挤满了跳舞的人潮.明明里面空气很污浊, 空间又很挤, 大家还是拼命要往里头挤.不过跳舞的人虽多, 要被人家说成跳舞像动物, 非要精力充沛, 跳起舞来一点儿也不 累才行.记得上次 Swing Dancing Party 就有人跟我说 You dances like an animal!可见我跳起舞来也是蛮疯狂的.9.Do you have a good time today? 今天玩的高兴吗? 几乎每次我和老美出去, 他们回家前几乎都一定会问这句, Do you have a good time today? 就怕你今天玩的不高兴.当然礼貌上不论好不好玩, 我都会说, Yes, I really have a great time today.这样就可算是宾主尽欢了.10.I'll walk you out.我带你出去.上次跟他们一起玩, 我说我要回家了, 我朋友就跟我说, I'll walk you out.也就是我送你出去的意思.不过有趣的一点是, 美国溜狗也用walk 这个动词, 例如我去溜我的狗英文叫, I want to walk my dog.所以 I walk you out 听来不是有点我溜你出去的意思呢?

笔记本十七: 常 用 片 语

1.I am going to have a test.Knock on wood.我等一下有考试, 老天保佑.在美国的习惯里, 敲木头代表祈求好运的意思, 有些人在讲这句话的时候, 还会用手敲敲头, 真的是很有意思.总之在你讲一些你自认是很幸运的事情时, 你就可以说 knock on wood.例如你说, 我差一点就被一台车给撞到, 真是好险, 就是, I almost got hit by a car.Knock on wood.所以这个 knock on wood 就有点像是中文里“好险” 的那个味道.2.I didn't get a ticket this year.Cross my fingers.今年都没有收到罚单, 算我好运.Cross my fingers就是代表十字架的意思.跟上一句差不多,都是说好运的意思.讲这句话也有人会做动作, 就是用同一手的食指跟中指互相交叉就是了.他们会用十字架来代表好运的意思,我想这绝对跟宗教脱离不了关系吧.3.I will call on you next Sunday.我下个星期天会去拜访你

Call on 是拜访某人的意思,也就等于 visit.但是 call on 感觉上是很正式的拜访,一般人大概都只会说I will visit you next Sunday.大家的盲点都在于中文说去“找”朋友, 所以一不小心就容易说成 I am going to find my friend in NYC之类的.我自己都犯过好多次这种错误.4.We stopped by NYC this winter break.我们这个寒假在纽约稍做停留.短暂的拜访或停留叫stop by, 不管是有形的场所例如餐厅, 旅馆, 或是无形的场所, 例如网页, 你都可以用 stop by 这个片语.比如你跟老美闲聊到你昨天去的那家餐厅不错,他可能会问你, Which one did you stop by yesterday? 或是我说欢迎大家到我的网页来参观, 我就会说, You are welcome to stop by my website!总之短留都可以用 stop by.跟 stop by 很像的一个片语叫 drop by.例如有一次我邀请我朋友去看我上台表演, 他就说 OK, I'll drop by and see you performing.Stop by 和 drop by 都是很常用到的片语.5.I want to run some errands.我要去办点杂事.Errands 指的是短的行程, 如要去寄信, 又要去买东西, 又要去领钱, 就是 run some errands, 或是 do some rrands.有一个字跟 run some errands 很像,就是 chore 这个字, 指的就是家务, 杂务.例如, After I finished chores.I sat down and had a cup of coffee.曾经在广播上听到一句很感性的句子, 那是在母亲节的时候吧, 主持人说, I have to thank my mom.She spends her whole life taking care of her children and running errands.就是说我的母亲终其一生都在为了照顾她的小孩和为了一些杂务在奔波.6.There is a bunch of books 有一堆书.在台湾大家都习惯说 a lot of.可是这里老美除了a lot of , 他们还很喜欢说 a bunch of.这个片语通常是指一堆东西,(这个一堆是我自己推敲出来的, 不知道正不正确)例如一堆书叫 a bunch of book, 你说我刚吃了一堆饼干, 就是 I just ate a bunch of cookies.另外, 强调“一大堆”的用法也很重要.一大堆叫 whole bunch.例如, There is a whole bunch of books like this over there.就是说那里有一大堆跟这本一样的书.7.You don't have to pull out your stationery.你不用把文具拿出来.Pull out 是个很好用的动词, 老美用的很多.通常拿什么东西出来就叫 pull out.比如说教授要大家把课本拿出来, 他就会说, Everybody pulls out your textbook.除了把什么东西给拿出来, 恶作剧老美也用 pull out 这个字, 叫 pull out a gag.8.He pulled an all-nighter last night.他昨晚熬夜了.熬夜的用法除了 stay up 之外, pull an all-nighter 也很常用, 但是像我们高中学过的一个片语 burn the midnight oil 大概除了看 TIME 杂志偶尔可以看到之外, 一般人是不会这样用的.造个句子 I pulled an all-nighter last night preparing my final project.9.They hang out a lot.他们常在一起.Hang out 指的就是好朋友约一约一起打发时间, 如出外踏青, 或是在家看录像带都可以叫 hang out, 像是有一次有个老美就问我, Do you hang out with Americans? 就是问我你有没有跟一些老美在一起? Hang out 的用法不限定于男女朋友之间.男女朋友之间的约会叫 date, 而比较正式的约会则是 appointment.所以要分清楚, 不然会闹笑话.比如说老板跟你约下午三点 meeting, 你要说 I have an appointment with my boss, 而不能说 I have a date with my boss.意思差很多喔.10.She is driving me bananas.她使我发疯.Bananas 在这里有个特别的解释, 就是指发疯的意思, 它就等于 nuts 或 crazy.你可以自嘲说, I will go bananas if she doesn't show up in ten minutes.如果她十分钟内再不来的话, 我就要“起肖”了。

笔记本十八: Mardi Gras 个人来美国之后觉得, 想要跟老美聊的来,不但是英文底子要好, 跟老美讲话, Pardon次数不能太多, 不然自己也会觉的不好意思.另外一点也很重要的,就是要懂美国的文化,这集我就用十个句子来介绍一下美国的 Mardi Gras这个盛大的嘉年华会, 这可是许多美国大学生心目中的朝圣地喔!在美国的朋友们,不妨跟老美谈谈 Mardi Gras, 其结果就像老外突然跟你谈起盐水蜂炮一样,那种亲切感, 是我笔墨难以形容的.1.What is Mardi Gras? Mardi Gras 是什么呢? Mardi Gras的由来是在于天主教徒在复活节之前会有斋戒的仪式,在这个斋戒之前呢?当然要好好的大吃大喝一番了,所以 Mardi Gras 就这样生成了.通常在 Mardi Gras Day(今年是 Feb.16)会有连续二星期的庆祝活动.2.Mardi Gras is the biggest carnival in America.Mardi Gras 是美国最大的嘉年华会.说它是最大一点都不为过, 今年预计有二百万人参加这项盛会, 而且大多是年轻人, 很多美国大学生就把参加 Mardi Gras 当成是朝盛一般, 是他们的一个梦.3.It is celebrated in New Orleans every year.每年都是在纽奥良庆祝.New Orleans 是美国南方大港, 光是承平时期就是游人如织.这个地方原来是法国殖民地, 因此建筑都古色古乡, 带有法国风味, 同时它也是爵士乐的发源地, 爱好爵士乐的朋友绝不能错过.4.There will be four parades in a row on Sunday.在星期日的时候, 会有连续四场游行.Parade 是 Mardi Gras 的一个重头戏, 但它不像一般我们国庆游行只有一场, 它从二个星期前每天都有 parade, 而且离 Mardi Gras 越近, 次数越多, 内容也越精采.每个 parade 都有主题, 可以在网路上查的到.5.The parade will pass by Garden District then go to Canal Street.游行将会经过 Garden District 和 Canal Street.Garden District 跟 Canal Street.是二个看 parade 最重要的街道,也是人潮最集中, 内容最精采的所在.想要看到 parade 的人, 一定要去这二个地方看看.6.They give out a lot of beads from the float.他们从花车上发送很多珠珠.这个 bead 长的其实像项链,但是大家都说 beads.这是 Mardi Gras 的另一项特色,他们会从花车(float)上丢很多很多珠珠下来,大家就拼命地抢,拼命的捡,为什么要抢? 因为这个beads 就是在 Mardi Gras时用的钱.7.You can go to French Quarter if you got some neat beads.如果你有了一些很棒的珠子, 你就可以到 French Quater 去了.French Quarter 是纽奥良最著名的观光据点, 那里有许多充满法国风味的建筑物, 还有风味别具的阳台(balcony), 当然也少不了许多高级的餐厅.8.The most famous street in French Quarter is Bourbon St.在法国区内, 最有名气的非 Bourbon St.莫数了.Bourbon St.内有各式各样的脱衣酒吧(strip bar)还有各式各样的爵士乐餐厅.当然这也是整个 Mardi Gras 震央之所在, 整条街上挤满了疯狂的群众, 大家手拿啤酒, 互相推挤, 把 Mardi Gras 的气氛炒到最高潮.9.You can ask the woman in the street to “Show your tits” 你可以找街上的女孩, 鼓起勇气对她们说 “Show your tits”(tits 就是指那二点啦!)这是另一个 Mardi Gras 有趣的传统, 走在 Bourbon St.耳边听到的尽是一些被酒精麻醉的年轻小伙子在 大喊这句口号.当然也有人说 “Show your xxx” 10.If they did flash, you have to pay them some beautiful beads.如果她们真的亮出来给你看的话, 你就要付他们一些珠子.“Flash” 指的就是掀衣服的动作, 而这时 Mardi Gras 的钱--珠珠就派的上用场了, 你就要付人家一些珠珠作为她的报酬.笔记本十九: 心 情 不 好

老美很喜欢用 hard 这个字在许多不同的场合.例如你说他对我很凶, 这个凶就可以用 hard.或是安慰人家不要太难过,则可以用 no hard feelings.等等很多很多用法.像 hard 这种简单的单字老美都是整天挂在嘴边的.所以有时候学英文不一定要背很多艰深的单字, 但一定要把这种很简单但却很实用的字用的很熟!1.He was so hard on me last night.他昨晚对我很凶.Hard 这个字在美国用的很多, hard的意思就是说态度很差, 对某人很凶,对某人很刻薄, 或是对人很严格都可以用这个字.所以 He was so hard on me last night 简单地说就是他昨晚对我不好, 可能是对你发脾气, 或是对你态度很差.Hard 也可以指让你觉得很难去调适的状况.例如考试没考好你可以说 I didn't do it well in the test.It's so hard for me.要安慰别人的话, 可以说 No hard feelings.就是说不要有这样的感觉,不要把 hard feeling 放在心上.例如我同学考试没考好, 我就可以安慰他.No hard feelings, I believe you are gonna ace it next time.2.I have a hard time with my girlfriend.我跟我女友关系非常不好.Have a hard time with sb.就是说和某个人的关系处的特别不好.特别是形容情侣或是夫妻之间.如果你听美国的广播节目, 就常有人 call in 进来说 I have a hard time with my girlfriend.通常如果那天特别适合吵架的话, 一天之内就可以听到好几次.Hard time 还有一个很常用的用法, 就是说做什么事会有困难.比如说最近Star War 要上演了,你想去看首映, 那么别人可能就会警告你说, You will have a hard time getting a ticket.(你要买到票是很困难的)又比方说你朋友作错事, 但他却一直不承认他自己有错.那这时你就可以说, Why do you have such a hard time admitting it? 你要承认错误有那么困难吗? 3.You're getting on my nerves.你惹毛我了.照字面上来看这句话就是你碰到我的神经了, 引申为让别人生气的意思.比如说别人一直取笑你, 你不高兴就可以说 You get on my nerve.这句话的意思跟 jump on my back 差不多.Jump on my back 就是说某人去惹到你了, 试想如果有一个人在你背上跳啊跳的,那会是什么样的感觉? 所以凡是有人去惹到你,你就可以警告他说,You are jumping on my back!4.Get off my back, I didn't sleep last night.不要再烦我了, 我昨晚没睡耶!这句话跟上一句刚好是一对.比如说你一早去上班, 老板就说你这个不是,那个不是, 工作为什么又没做完, 这句话就可以派上用场了!你可以大声地跟老板说, Get off my back.I didn't sleep last night.然后再来你就可以准备收拾东西走路了.因为你老板可能会跟你说, Then get out of my face, I don't want to see you again.5.Cut me some slack!Give me some slack!放我一马吧.Slack 就是松懈的意思, 虽然我写的中文解释不太一样, 但其实这句话跟 Get off my back 是一模一样的.这二句在电视肥皂剧常可以听到,有一次 Full house 里的老爸被家里的聪明的小鬼整的受不了,他就说 Cut me some slack.放我一马吧.6.Don't let your father down.不要让你的父亲失望.Down 在英文的口语里面解释成心情不好, 心情低落, 或是觉得很失望.例如有一首很有名的英文歌曲里就有这么一句, Please don't let me down.请不要让我失望.Down 也有沮丧的意思在内.跟 blue(忧郁)这个字差不多, 所以下次当你看到别人心情不好,不妨过去问一下, Why are you feeling down? 或是 Why are you feeling blue? 请注意 Let down 和 turn down 虽然听来很类似,但它们的意思却截然不同.Let down 是让人家失望的意思, 而turn down 则是拒绝别人的邀请.7.I don't give a shit I don't give a damn.不屑一顾

Shit 跟 damn 都是最不值钱的东西, 连shit 跟 damn 都不给, 就是说根本不屑一顾.比如说你知道有人在背后说你坏话, 你就可以这么说, I don't give a shit.8.People have dirty looks on their faces.人们的脸都很臭.有一次老美跟我说他来上学的时候路上塞车,车上的人脸都很臭,他就是说 People have dirty looks on their face.我当时觉得很有趣,因为dirty在这里并不是指脏的意思,或是说长的难看,而是说脸很臭的意思,各位觉得呢? 9.Tough luck, but shit happens.真倒霉, 但还是发生了.车子开到一半爆胎了,你可以说的就是这一句.Shit是不雅的字,但这个字可以用在很多让你很不爽的事上.例如本句shit happens就是那种令人不爽的事发生了.或是像我同学有一次就跟我说,I did shit in the test.就是说他考的很烂很烂.Tough luck 就是说运气实在糟透了, 我还听过另外一个讲法, 叫 rotten luck.烂透了的运气.二个意思上差不多.10.I got the short end of the stick.这实在是我所能遇到最糟的情况了.比如说你跟人作生意被人倒了,老婆跟人跑了,儿子又生病,自己的钱包又被扒了.那么你就可以说 I got the short end of the stick.像是有一次我们去吃 pizza,它是已经分好一块块的,大家一哄而上,结果剩下最后一块最小的上面又刚好没topping 的pizza,那个还没拿的人就开玩笑地说了这一句:I got the short end of the stick.笔记本二十: 综 合 收 集

1.Did you believe in the tooth fairy when you were a kid? 你小时候相不相信牙仙子? 老美有一个信仰,小孩子换牙时,父母会告诉他把牙齿用信封装好,放在枕头下,早上起来时牙仙子会用钱跟他换牙齿,这钱当然是父母给的,用来鼓励小孩子拔牙, 相不相信, tooth fairy 在美国真的是人尽皆知喔!我在 读者文摘上读过一个笑话,大意是这样的,有一个小孩去拔牙,牙医师好奇地问他How much did you get from the tooth fairy this time? 结果那个小孩子答说,One dollar and a token!(token 就是我们所说的代币, 像是地铁或是游乐场都会发行 token)这当是父母忙中有错,误把token 当成钱了.2.So that's what it boils down to.原来是这样啊!Boil down to 可以当成一句片语来看,指的就是煮汤时一直煮煮到水干了, 就可以看到底下的东西是什么.有点中文中水落石出的味道.例如你们二人在讨论功课,讨论讨论,好不容易终于把这个问题给弄懂了, 这时你就可以松一口气道, So that's what it boils down to.或者有时候二个人在讨论问题, 讲了半天最后你要下结论了, 你就可以说, So that's what it boils down to...(后面接你的结论)有点像是, My point is...(我的重点是)这样的用法.3.Just a spur of the moment.一时兴起.例如别人问你, 为什么买这件衣服啊, 你说 Just a spur of the moment, 意思就是说, 我是一时兴起, 可能本来没有要买的,可是刚好看到蛮不错的, 就买了!还有一句 It's just on a whim 跟 Just a spur of the moment 差不多, 都是说你突然想到什么事就去做了.好比说有一次我同学突然说他想开车出去兜风, 我问他你为什么要去兜风 他就回答 It's just on a whim.就是心血来潮, 也没什么别的理由.4.I am in seventh heaven.我快乐的不得了.这是一句所谓的 cliche, 就是老美都知道,平常也常用到的一些成语,不妨把它记下来,下次很高兴时就可以拿出来用.第一次听老美用是有一次去乡下人家作客, 他们家的狗看到我很高兴在那里跳啊跳的, 那个主人就说, Oh, She is in seventh heaven!又例如你得了一个大奖, 人家问你得奖的感言, 你就可以说, I am so happy.I am in seventh heaven now.5.He's so anal.他是个吹毛求疵过度的人.Anal 这个字原指直肠, 所以这算是一句骂人的话.英文形容吹毛求疵是用 picky 这个字, 但 picky 只限于自己, 不会去影响到别人,而 anal 就不是了, 它是 picky 过度, 到了会影响他人的程度.如洁癖就是 anal 的一种, 因为他自己太爱干脆, 却造成别人生活的不便, 这种人就可以用 anal 来形容.不过这句话好象不是什么好话, 没事不要乱用.通常老美都是拿这句话来骂教授的.6.I will take a rain check.这次不去,下次再去.相不相信, 你这样跟老美讲, 老美一定会觉得你的英文很好!这个典故出自 Sears在大拍卖时, 若是该项商品已经售完, 他们就会给你一张rain check, 让你下次再来时可以以同样价钱购买该样商品.同样的情况也常见于球赛, 若因雨无法比赛, 则他们会给你一张 rain check,把你的票保留到下一场.所以 rain check 是真有其物, 但也有其它引申出来的意思.一般在日常对话中若有人提到I will take a rain check, 他实际上指的是, “这次不想去, 下次再去”.记得有一次我问老美, “How do you celebrate your Valentine's Day with your wife?”, 他就回答: “I will take a rain check!” 意思就是他这次没什么活动, 以后再说吧!7.Go check if other people have done that already so you don't have to reinvent the wheel.31 去查查看别人做过没有, 这样你就不会作白功了.相信每个做研究生的这句话都很熟吧, 你的指导教授说不定也跟你说过这句话呢? 注意后面的 reinvent the wheel 是固定用法, 不能用其它的词来代替.8.That's a rip-off.I want my money back.真是坑人, 我要把我的钱要回来.Rip-off就是说你去买东西买贵了,有点被骗的感觉.另外,这句也可以说成I am ripped-off.就是说,我被坑了

9.Over my dead body.你让我死了算了.这句话用在别人叫你去做一件事, 而你认为绝无可能.例如, 别人叫你去追某只恐龙, 你说可以说 Over my dead body.我宁死也不去追她.同样的, Over my dead body 也就等于never.10.Just in case someone steals it!以防万一有人偷走它.Just in case 意思为以防万一.像有人怕自己的脚踏车被偷, 走的时候就把轮子顺便给拆走, 你问他 Why bother? 他就可能回答说 Just in case someone steals it!又例如说晴天带把伞出门,你就可以说 just in case.预防万一下雨了.笔记本二十一: 钱

出门在外就是一定要花钱的, 所谓有钱好办事, 胆小的人有钱也能靠钱来壮壮胆.但是有钱也不能老装阔, 凡事还是先问问人家, “这个东西要不要钱?”(先想想这句话英文要怎么讲)有一次我跟一个待在美国已经一年的朋友出游, 我发现他因为不会问 “你们收不收钱?” 这种简单的句子, 结果就是害我们每人白白被敲诈了一块美金.一块美金虽然是小钱,但心里上却另人觉得不怎么愉快.这到底是怎么一回事呢? 让我们来看看这篇关于钱的故事.1.Do you take money?你们要收钱吗? 很多东西真的一定要先问清楚才行,天底下真的没有白吃的午餐这种事情.尤其美国的一些大城市路上有很多街头艺人, 穿著奇装异服,有些观光客好奇拿着照相机喀喳一声, 他就跑过来跟你要钱了.有一次更扯，我同学说我们大家跟他合照一张, 结果他每人跟我们收一块美金.哪有这么好赚的事? 但是照片都照了又不能说不给.所以出国观光, 这种简单的句子一定要熟记.Do you take money? 要是他说 Yes, 再问他 How much? 这样才不会吃亏.这句话你也可以简单地问, Is it free? 但是记得, There's no such thing as a free lunch.看到有人站在那里, 就该心里有数了.2.You owe me three dollars.你还要找我三块钱.说真的, 我也是来美国好一阵子之后, 才知道 “找”钱要怎么说.老美的说法就是,你还欠 “owe” 我几块钱.他们没有 “找钱” 这个动词.比如说你去买东西他应该找你三块,可是他可能忘了,这时你就可以提醒他, You owe me three dollars.3.Let's call it a wash.剩下的不用给了!

假设我欠你 9.8 块, 你欠我 10 块钱, 这时说 Let's call it a wash, 就是“ 差不多, 不用算了,不用计较” 的意思罗!不过说真的这句话我问过老美, 有些老美也不知道, 所以并不是很常用就是了.4.Pass the hat.大家出钱吧.有一次要跟老美要去系上的聚会,我好奇地问他们,Is it free? 结果有个老美跟我说 pass the hat.害我当场楞在那里不知如何是好,又问了一次,他还是说 pass the hat.事后才知道,原来 pass the hat就是说拿个帽子跟大家收钱,看你要交多少随意.因为在国外的乞丐都是拿帽子讨钱的, 跟台湾拿碗的不太一样.所以说法也就不同.如果你去参加了一个所谓 pass the hat 的聚会, 就一定会用到 put in(plug in)这个动词.这个动词就是每个人“出多少钱”的意思.例如, Everybody puts in 5 dollars.就是每个人出五块钱.5.Let's chip in 20 dollars to buy him a present.让我们大家凑二十块钱帮他买份礼物吧.Chip in 就是大家出钱的意思,这跟以前介绍过的 pass the hat 有点类似.但 pass the hat 指的多半是大家自己出自己的, 而 chip in 则是说每个人出一点钱,把这个钱拿去作一件事.可能是买礼物啦, 或是分担一些共同的费用.例如有一次我去别人家玩, 结果很不幸的门不知道为什么被锁住了, 大家都进不住, 这时就有人说, OK.Let's chip in some money to call the locksmith.6.Have you ever seen a silver dollar? 有没有看过一元的硬币? 老美的硬币每个都有一个名字, 一分钱叫 penny, 五分是 nickel, 一角是 dime, 二角五是 quarter,大家都知道, 另外有一元的硬币较少见, 叫 silver dollar, 想看的人可以去投邮票自动贩卖机, 它就会找你很多一元的硬币, 另外值得一提的是, 各位如果有机会去赌城大西洋城玩, 一定要找一个叫 nickel paradise 的地方, 里面的吃角子老虎都是投nickel 的, 保证可以让你玩到手酸.另外, 老美习惯上把 dollars 也讲成 bucks, 例如十元你可以说 ten dollars 或是ten bucks 二个都十分常用.至于千元, 你可以说 one thousand 或是 one grand 都是千元的意思.(注意一下, 二千的话是 two grand 而不是 two grands 这个 grand 是不加复数的.)最新消息, 美国自 1999 年起, 规定各州可以发行自己的 quarter.所以现在美国境内所流通的 quarter 可说是五花八门, 所以下次再拿到quarter 时不妨多看两眼, 有兴趣的话大家一起来收集!7.How much is the cover? 入场费是多少钱? 美国的一些夜生活场所例如舞厅, 电动游乐场等, 都有所谓的入场费(cover).这个 cover 通常是不包括饮料以及吃东西的消费.另外老美有一个比较口语的问法, How much to get in? 问的也是 cover 是多少钱.所以下次如果再跟老外去 night club, 不妨问一声, How much is the cover? 或是, How much to get in? 8.I am broke.我很穷.以前在国内说自己很穷总喜欢用 I am poor 这样的句子.但我发现在美国 I am poor 用得并不多.一般会用到 poor 这个字都是讲穷人 poor people 而言, 当然说我很穷用 I am poor 也没错.是相较之下说 I am broke 的更多.比方说别人邀请你去吃饭, 你可以说 No, I am broke.Maybe next time.9.She just got a sugar dad.她找到一个有钱的老男人.有些年轻貌美的女性会去认一些有钱, 但是生活无趣的人当干爸, 甚至是跟人家拍拖, 为的就是看看能不

能得到什么好处.这种有钱的老男人就被戏称为 sugar dad.同样的, 有钱的老女人呢? 就叫 sugar mom.10.Ching-Ching.钱钱.大家知不知道开收银机时会有什么声音? 就是清脆的ching-ching 二声, 那开收银机要做什么, 当然就是有钱赚了, 所以 ching-ching 就代表钱钱的意思,像是 force of nature 中, 男主角跑去同性恋酒吧客串跳脱衣舞, 结果赚了很多钱, 一路就听他在ching-ching ching-ching.笔记二十二: 喜 欢 某 人

有一次我在跟一个ABK(American born Korean)用 ICQ 聊天时我问她什么时候才要交男朋友时, 她说了一句话很有意思,I'd take anything that walks at this point.这句话我一时没反应过来, 就含糊带过去了, 后来仔细一想, 这句话照字面上解释是: “任何一个从我面前走过的我都要.” 可不就是我们中文里所说的, “我很饥渴” 的意思吗?

1.I have a crush on her.我看上她了.Crush on her 就是对一位异性十分地着迷, 通常指的是不太熟的异性, 比如说你今天出去玩看到一个美眉长的很美丽, 你就可以用 I have a crush on her.你可以解释成去“哈”到某人了.这跟 fall in love with 不太一样, fall in love with somebody 多半指的是和某位异位陷入热恋, 通常你们之间已经有一定相识.要强调非常“哈”, 则可以说, I have a big crush on her.2.I like to talk to her.I guess we are in the same wavelength.我喜欢跟她说话, 我觉的我们二个频率相同.在物理学上如果频率相同的话会怎么样? 就是会生成共呜啦.因此这句话指二个人心灵上的契合, 或是二人很有默契.所以下次你要引起某位异性的注意, 你就可以这么说了, I'd like to talk to you.Because I guess we are in the same wavelength.相信她就会很清楚你对她有意思了.如果你不喜欢物理上的频率, 你可以试试化学的讲法, 叫作 We have chemistry.所以物理化学在这里都派上用场了!3.Is she your buddy friend or sweetheart friend?他是你的普通朋友还是男女朋友.我蛮喜欢听美国的点歌节目的, 一方面可以听听热恋男女的心事,一方面也可以了解现在美国流行哪些歌曲.这句话是主持人常常会问打电话进来点歌的听众的.比如说有人打电话进来要点歌给 David, 那主持人有时就会问问, Is he your buddy friend or sweetheart friend? 所以如果你和某位异性关系正值暧昧期时, 不妨试试这样的表白方法: Are we buddy friend or sweetheart friend? What kind of relationship you want it to be? 4.She is cute as hell 她乱可爱一把的.As hell 大家可以看的出来是一种加强语气的说法, 我把它跟中文的俚语--“她乱怎么怎么的” 相提并论, 不知大家同不同意? 因为中文里乱可爱的, 就表示非常可爱的意思.所以了, 下次再看到很可爱的美眉不妨学我这样说, She is so cute.She is cute as hell.5.She is a knock-out她是个美女.34 这样的说法并不常见, 但有时还是可以听到.像有一部蛮好笑的电影 The Force of Nature.刚开时在飞机上有这么一句对话, 有个老人在看了男主角未婚妻的照片后就赞叹地说, She is a knock-out, isn't she? 只可惜后来的风风雨雨差点让他和他的未婚妻结不了婚, 这也是整部片子的趣味之所在.Knock out 当动词还有很多用法, 例如拳击赛时把对方击倒, 所谓的 KO, 指的就是 knock out, 或是当 “消去” 解释, 例如老师在上课时会说, We can knock out x and y 就是说我们可以消去 x 跟 y 的意思.6.Do you believe in love at the first sight? 你相不相信一见钟情啊? 一见钟情的英文就是 fall in love at the first sight.像是这样的问法真的是非常地有技巧, 表面上虽不直说我对你有意思, 只是随口问问你相不相信一见钟情这种事情, 如果对方真的对你有兴趣的话, 她一定会给你更多的机会发展下去, 要是对方表现出兴趣缺缺, 则你顺势转移话题就可以了.如果要更单刀直入, 就直接问, Do you want to be my girlfriend? 或是 Do you want to go steady?(想不想定下来啊?)就可以, 但是所冒的风险也就相对地提高.7.I miss her terribly.我非常地想念他.你非常地想念某人, 除了很平常的,I miss her so much.之外, 你也可以说得更夸大一点, I miss her terribly.当然讲这句话的时候要特别强调那个terribly.这样听来会更有那种味道.若你想要交一个老外当男(女)朋友, 建议你先把这句学会吧!我想 I miss you terribly!这句话不论谁听来都一定会觉得很舒服的不是吗? 8.I want her to be here so badly.我非常希望她能够在这里.So badly 在口语的用法中有非常的意思, 就等于very much.像是在电影电子情书(You've got mail)的最后一句对话不知看过的人有无印象? 梅格莱恩说了一句, I want it to be you so badly.就是说, 我多么希望那个匿名的“电子情人” 就是你.这句话和上一句连用女孩子很难不动心, Every time I miss you terribly.I want you to be here so badly.9.I can't live without her.She makes me feel so special.我没有她就活不下去, 她让我觉得很特别.这个话是越说越恶心, 到了自己都快听不下去的地步了.I can't live without you 似乎是蛮常听到的, 记得有一首英文歌里就有 I can't live without you 这句歌词.You makes me feel so special 也是甜言蜜语的一种, 反正也是打高空,不知道到底特别在哪里, 反正就是让我觉得很特别就对了.还有一种用法我也常听到, 叫 You make me a whole.就是说有了你,我的生命才完整.没有了你,我的生命就像缺少什么似的.这句话也是男孩子攻心的利器之一.10.I hope she will become my girlfriend and my better half in the long run.我希望她能成为我的女友, 最终成为我的老婆.如果一个女孩听你讲了这么一篇长篇大论后还无法变成你的girlfriend, 那建议你还是另谋高就吧.boyfriend和girlfriend 一般人在聊天时常会简写为bf和gf.前任男友或女友则称ex-boyfriend 和

ex-girlfriend.这些都值得学一学.至于 better half 指的就是你的“另一半”, 这种用法跟中文刚好一模一样, 都是指和你结婚的对象.大概是因为一般的人认为要结婚后一男一女才算是一个完整的个体, 所以才会把自己的伴侣称作是 better half.笔记本二十三: 美 式 幽 默

1.Is she big-boned? 她是不是很魁梧啊? Big-bone 看字面解释就知道是指骨架很粗大.这对美女(美国的女人)来说是见怪不怪的.在电影 Something about Mary 中就有这一句, Is she big-boned? 那娇小的女子怎么说? 娇小就是 petite.很多从亚洲来女生来美国都抱怨买不到合适的衣服, 其实很多店都有一区 petite.去那里找找, 保证你会有意想不到的收获.若是真的找不到, 就试试 teenager 那儿也有许多合适的衣服.2.We have a female shortage here.我们这里闹女人荒.由于我的学校是理工学院, 所以男女比例自然是不均匀, 有一次连老美也不禁感叹道, We have a female shortage here.这样的说法是不是听来很特别? 其实我看根本就不只是 female shortage 而是 female drought.或是更夸张一点的讲法, We have a female extinction here.3.You are a freaking Yankee.你是怪怪的北方佬.老美彼此之间很喜欢拿对方的出生地作文章.因为南北的差异, 所以或多或少北方人看不起南方人, 南方人也看不起北方人.Yankee 是南北战争时北军的士兵叫 Yankee, 现在一般指北方佬.而 freaking 是说这人很怪, 或者解释成怪胎也可以.刚来美国时 Yankee这个字发音老发得不对, 别人都听不懂我在讲什么.主要是因为受到国内把 Yankee 翻译成 “洋基” 的关系吧!其实这个字应该是读成 “盐鸡” 还比较接近一点.4.I am laying low.我ㄠ起来了.有一次我问一个老美, How are you doing? 结果他回我I am laying low.结果在场的老美都在笑, 但是只有我听不懂.其实 laying low 就是说躲的低低的, 怕被别人看到, 就是想办法混就对了.事后老美跟我解释说这句话其实没那么好笑, 主要是因为我听不懂, 大家才又觉得更好笑.5.I cut the cheese.我放屁了.一般人说放屁这个字都会用 fart 这个字, 但是 cut the cheese 也有放屁的意思在里面.为什么呢? 因为大家想想切 cheese 时会发出什么声音? 是不是和放屁很像呢? 但是这样的用法似乎并不常用, 我只在某部很烂的片子: Mysterious Man 里听过一次.6.Do you go out with your gun loaded? 你要带着你上膛的枪出门吗? 此枪非彼枪.大家应该知道我指的是什么样的 “枪”, 这句也是我去看 Something about Mary 这部电影时学到的.使用时机就是有些男人出去跟女人约会, 满脑子想的就是如何跟她上床, 你要糗糗他, 就可以这么说 Do you go out with your gun loaded? She probably will get hurt.7.She is a big gossip.她是八卦夫人.Gossip 指的就是八卦新闻, 但它也可以拿来形容一个人很八卦.所以 She is a big gossip 就是说她是个

八卦夫人.或是你也可以说, She is gossipy.中文里讲的广播电台在美国倒是不常见,反而是有另一种说说 She is an information bureau(她是情报局)也蛮有趣的.8.If the boys stare at you,they have guts to suck your teeth!如果男生盯着你看,他们就有胆亲你.这是我看电视 Full House 学来的, 是二个姐妹的对话,这句话有三个地方我觉的很棒, 第一个是 stare at you, 就是指盯着人家看的意思, have guts就是说有胆子的意思,(这是一个巧合, 中文英文说有胆子都是说有勇气的意思!)而最后一个 suck your teeth 则是指亲嘴的意思,很有趣, 但是像这种句子是小孩子说的, 难登大雅之堂.亲嘴还有另外一个口语的用法: smooch 例如 I didn't smooch that girl last night.我昨晚没亲那个女孩.9.She is vertically challenged.她向她的身高挑战.这样的说法就是说人家很的意思, 但是是比较婉转(political correctness)的说法.什么什么 challenged 就是说有某方面的障碍, 如 mentally challenged 就是说心智障碍, 也就是低能儿的意思.关于这个 political correctness 老美也常用,不过中文并没有适当相对应的翻法.所谓的 political correctness 就是说为了不得罪某一族群的人, 而在用辞上加以修饰,让它听来不会歧视某一族群.例如 chairman 这个字, 可能会得罪某些女性主义者, 所以就发明了chairperson 这个字.这样子的转变,就可以算是 political correctness.10.Where can I dump these white elephants? 这些无用的垃圾我要丢到哪里? 比如说家中的286 计算机用之无味,弃之可惜, 放在那里一摆就是好几年,这种垃圾就叫 white elephant.只是这样的说法真的很少见, 连老美都不一定知道 white elephant 是什么意思.不过有些人还是会这么用, 我曾听一个老美他说, The fountain is a white elephant.意思是,这个喷水池真是废物.有些老美会在自家的庭院前办所谓的garage sale, 就是把一些家里很少用到的东西拿出来卖.有些人的告示上会写 White elephant sale.如果你不知道 whte elephant 指的是无用之物的话, 你可能会觉得蛮奇怪的,为什么有人在卖白大象呢?

记本二十四: 吃 东 西

1.Cream or sugar? 要奶精还是糖? 如果你去买杯咖啡, 或是在飞机上用餐时点咖啡, 别人就可能会问你 Cream or sugar? 以我们的习惯通常是二个都要, 这时就回答 both 就好了.还有我也听过老美回答 please.这二种说法都可以, 但 Please 的用法更广, 比如说人家问你 Do you like a glass of water? 你回答 please 就等于 yes.而且感觉上更礼貌些.再补充一点, 如果你要的咖啡是不要奶精的, 那么你可以说 I want it black.Black coffee 就是不加奶精的咖啡.如果你是去快餐店点咖啡, 有时候你答 both 之后, 店员还会问你, How many? 因为他们的糖和奶精都是一包一包或一盒一盒的, 一般我都是各要二包.Two sugars and two cream.2.Let's grab something to eat!我们随便找点东西里腹吧!

Grab something to eat 就是指这一餐随便解决, 可能就是到快餐店买个 whopper, coke 吃吃.如果到餐厅去吃饭就不能说 grab something to eat.Grab 是说去拿个东西, 不一定是拿食物, 例如你可以说, Let's get back to grab my camera!但是一般而言, 应用最广的还是 grab something to eat.老美还教过我一个用法, Let's go get some grub.这个意思和 grab something to eat 是一样的, 只不过 grub 是比较俚语的用法.3.Yuck!好难吃!吃到很难吃的东西, 第一个反应就是 yuck!或是 It's yucky.记得说这个 yuck 要拖的长长的, 让它读起来像是 yuuuuuuuck 听起来才会像.另外跟 yucky 很像的一个字叫 icky 这个字也是难吃的意思.所以下次再吃到什么恶心的东西时, 不妨大声地说, yuuuuuuuuuck!或是 iiiiiiiiicky!4.Yum.真好吃.跟 yuck 正好相反的就是 yum 这个字了.好吃的东西一入口, 你就可以说, Yum!记得在国内时看过某一个广告里面就有 yummy yummy 这样的台词, 当时一直不明所以然, 后来到了美国才知道原来 yummy yummy 就是好吃的意思.所以那个广告说的就是他们的东西很好吃啦!5.One pitcher, cheap stuff.给我一壶最便宜的.有一次我跟老美去喝啤酒, 我跟服务生说I want a can of beer, 结果人家是一头雾水, 因为美国的啤酒种类繁多, 如 Bud light, Guinness, Budweiser 等, 点啤酒时一定要说清楚, 不然别人不知道你到底要什么.一般我看老美在点啤酒就直接说品牌的名称, 例如 Bud Light.如果你要点便宜的就好, 并不在意什么样的啤酒, 就可以学他们这么说 cheap stuff, 相当于中文里的, 给我最便宜的那种吧.另外, one pitcher 是指一壶,这个字也蛮常用的, 尤其是人多点饮料时常会用到.6.Have you finished or still working on it? 用完了吗? 还是要继续用? 在餐厅吃饭, 侍者要收盘子时通常会问这一句, Have you finished or still working on it 或是简单的, Can I take your plate? 千万不要像我一样, 第一次去一家美国蛮有名的餐厅 Cheesecake Factory 吃饭, 侍者走到我桌旁, 跟说 Have you finished or still working on it? 因为我不懂他的意思, 所以我猜他是要我买单了, 我就当场就把钱掏出来, 人家还以为我要给他小费说!真的是蛮糗的.不过这件事发生在我刚到美国还不到一星期的时间, 所以也不能怪我啦.7.I need a tad of salt please.需要一点点的盐.一般高级一点的餐厅桌上都会有所谓的 table salt.如果觉得食物不够咸的话可以自己加.但在美国尤其是中国餐馆食物都非常咸, 不知道为什么.A tad of 这样的用法跟 a little bit of 的用法是很像的, 唯一不同的是, a tad of 这个片语是专门用在调味料上, 不能用在其它的场合.8.How much do you put in? 你出多少钱.比如说大家一起去吃饭, 总共是十六元, 大家各付各的,我出十元,他出六元,这个“出”就可以用 put in.我可以说 I put in ten dollars.就是我出十元.也有人把 put in 说成 plug in.但是似乎以 put in 较为常见.9.I am up to my ears 吃的太饱, 满到耳朵了

一般情况下如果只要说吃饱了,可以说 I am stuffed,或是I am full.但是有时候为了强调真的太饱了,就可以跟别人说,I am up to my ears.就是说吃下去的食物都已经满到耳朵了.通常老美说这句话的时候,还会加上动作, 就是用手在耳朵旁划一条线,表示已经满到这里了.同样的,这句也可以说成I am up to my throat.一样的意思.10.I am eating my midnight snack.我正在吃宵夜

在美国 p.m7-12 点都可以称为 midnight, 所以在晚餐之后吃的点心, 就叫midnight snack.不过美国似乎不太流行吃宵夜, 只有少数几家 24 小时营业的餐厅(如 Waffle House, IHOP)有在卖宵夜, 不然就是要到中国餐厅了!最近有一部电是在讲蝙蝠的, 他的宣传短片里就有这样一句: You will become their midnight snack.这句话真是让我印象深刻.注意到了没? 它也是用 midnight snack 喔!

记本二十五: 吵 架

1.I'm so fed up with your BS.Cut the crap.我受够了你的废话, 少说废话吧.美女(美国的女人)是不喜欢说 shit 这个不雅的字的, 所以她们就说 shoot, 或是BS(=Bull shit)来表示她们还是很有气质的.“Cut your crap.” 是当你听到对方废话连篇, 讲个不停时, 你就可以说, “Cut the crap.” 相当于中文里的废话少话.2.Hey!wise up!放聪明点好吗? 当别人作了什么愚蠢的事时, 你可以说, “Don't be stupid” 或是 “Don't be silly.” 但是这是非常不礼貌的说法.比较客气一点的说法就是, wise up!它就相当于中文里的放聪明点.你也可以用坚酸刻薄的语气说.Wise up, please.然后故意把 please 的尾音拉得长长的.有人会说, Hey!grow up.意思就是你长大一点好不好? 例如有人二十岁了却还不会自己补衣服, 你就可以说 Hey!grow up.这根 wise up 是不是也差不多呢? 3.Put up or shut up.要吗你就去做, 不然就给我闭嘴.有些人就是出那张嘴, 只会出意见, 此时就可以说, Put up or shut up.要注意的是, Put up 字典上是查不到“自己去做” 的意思, 但是见怪不怪, 很多笔记本上的用法都是字典上查不到的.比方说今天你在写程序, 有人明明不懂却喜欢在一旁指挥你, 这时候你就可以说, Put up or shut up.时为了要加强 shut up 的语气, 老美会把它说成, shut the fuck up.这句话常在二人火气很大时的对话中可以听到, 例如电影 The house on the haunted hill 女主角身陷鬼屋之中, 其它人又七嘴八舌时, 她就很生气地说了一句, shut the fuck up.这句话也让我想到一句成语, walk the walk, talk the talk, 也就是说到就要作到, 有点像是中文里知行要合一的意思, 或是只说, walk the talk 也可以.4.You eat with that mouth? 你是用这张嘴吃饭的吗? 别人对你说脏话, 你就回敬他这一句,言下之意, 就是你的嘴那么脏, 你还用这张嘴吃饭.还有一种说法, “You kiss your Momma with that mouth?” 就是说你也是用这脏嘴亲你妈妈的吗? 所以下次记得如果有老美对你说脏话, 记得不要再 Fxxx 回去, 保持风度, 说一句, “You eat with that mouth?” 就扯平了

5.You are dead meat.你死定了.39 我们说你完蛋了,可以说 “You are dead.”或是像这样说“You are dead meat.”意思都是一样的,比如说你跟别人说过不淮碰我的东西,但有人他就是老爱用你的东西,下次要是再被你抓到, 你就可以说, “You are dead meat.” 6.Don't you dare!How dare you!你好大的胆子啊!这句话跟中文里 “你好大的胆子” 是一样, 可以在二种场合说, 第一种是很严肃的场合, 比如说小孩子很调皮, 讲又讲不听, 父母就会说, “Don't you dare!” 那意思就是这个小孩要当心点, 不然等会就要挨打了.另一种场合是开玩笑, 比如有人跟你说我跟某网友约会去了, 你说 “Don't you dare?” 就有点开玩笑的语气.(你不怕被恐龙给吃了吗?)Dare 在英文里还有许多有趣的用法, 例如, “You dare me.” 或是 “I double dare you.” 还有一种游戏叫 Truth or Dare, 限于篇幅, 容后再作介绍.7.Don't push me around.不要摆布我.这个词很有意思, 把你推来推去, 作摆布解释, 如果有人指挥你一下作这个一下作那个, 你就可以用这一句 Hey!Don't push me around.通常当我讲 “Don't push me around.” 时, 我还会想到一个字 bossy.Bossy 就是说像是老板一样, 喜欢指挥别人.例如, “You are so bossy.I don't like that.” 句话也可以单讲, “Don't push me.” 或是 “Don't push me any further.” 还有一句根 push 有关的成语, 叫 push the button, 意思就是,指使, 操纵.例如,“I know why you are doing this, someone is pushing your button!” 8.Are you raised in the barn? 你是不是乡下长大的啊? 这句话是形容一个人没教养, 但是是比较开玩笑的语气.比如说有人坐没坐像,你就可以对他说这一句.Barn 原指仓.我翻成乡下比较能跟中文的意思结合.老美常用 barn 或是 backyard 来形容一个人没有教养或是没有文化, 像是那天在电视上听到一句, “No backyard language in my house.” 就是说, 在我的家里不准讲粗话.9.You want to step outside? You want to take this outside? 你想要外面解决吗? 老美跟我们一样, 要是二个人一言不合吵起来了, 可能就有人要说这一句了.指的就是要不要出去打架啦.还有一些我听过类似的用法, 例如, “Do you want to pick a fight?” 你要挑起争端吗? 或是 “This means war.” 这就意谓着跟我宣战.10.You and what army? You and who else? 你和哪一路的人马啊? 要是有人跟你说 “Do you want to step outside?”, 就回他这一句吧.意思是说, 是喔...那你找了多少人马要来打架啊? 有时候电视里出现这句对白的时候, 还会打出一排军队的计算机动画, 非常地有意思.还有一句话也很好玩, 叫 “Who's side are you on?” 这就是在快要打架时, 你问人家说, 你到底是站在哪一边的?

笔记本二十六 运动

美国人崇尚运动的风气是很盛的.在我们的校园内随处可见跑步的人,有趣的是这些人当中女生远多过男生,(大约十个人当中有八个是女孩子),还有一个很奇怪的现象让我一直很不解.他们跑步的时候很喜欢听随身听, 甚至有人发明一种随身听可以直接绑在手臂上.这种现象在健身房也不例外, 很多人就是一边使用跑步机一

边听音乐的.奇怪, 要听音乐什么时候不好听, 非得要在跑步的时候听? 这就是美国人的怪癖.或许是快节奏的音乐能让她们觉得更加有劲, 而且运动起来也比较不会那么无聊吧!1.Do you like to do some work out? No,I want to play badminton你想不想去作运动啊? 不, 我想打羽毛球.大家想到运动, 可能第一个想到的就是 exercise, 但是你会发现在美国更常听到的是 work out 这个字.所谓的 work out, 主要是指一些健身房的运动.例如你去举重(lift weight)跑步机(treadmill), 或是像是有氧运动(aerobics)都算是 work out.当然美国现在很流行的 kickboxing(它真正的名字叫 “TaeBo”, 源自于 Tae-kwon-do 跆拳道 以及拳击 Boxing)也算是一种 work out.但是如果是去打网球, 就不要说 work out, 一般就直接说 I am going to play tennis.这个 kickboxing 是最近美国新兴的一种有氧舞蹈.记得以前在电视上看到的有氧舞蹈都是那种 one more, two more.但是那种跳起来不够激烈的 aerobics 是无法得到美国女人的青睐的.所以现在的 kickboxing 都是 kick, kick, punch, punch.它的动作很多都是从拳击中演变而来, 所以一场 kickboxing 跳下来绝对会让你满身大汗.2.Is a court available now? We want to book it now.现在还有场地吗?我们想要预约一个场地.我自已常把 Is a court available? 讲成 Is there a court available? 后来也是老美纠正我, 只要讲 Is a court available? 就可以了.一般的运动场地可分为二种, 一种是 first come, first serve.(先到先赢)另一种就是需要 reserve 的.如果是需要 reserve 的场地, 可以打电话去说, I want to book a court from 3 to 4pm 就可以了, 或是说 I want to make a reservation from 3 to 4pm 也行.3.You are set.你完成了.就是做完一件事就叫 set.像是每次我去器材组还球拍, 他们拿到球拍之后会检查看看, 如果都没问题, 他们就会跟我说, Everything is all right, you are set.意思是说, 没问题, 你可以走了.一般 set 是单指一件事, 如果不单只有一件事, 则用 all set.例如说, 男女朋友要出去玩, 女孩子吗!总要打扮一番嘛!要是你(男生)等到不耐烦啦!就可以以反问的语气说, all set? 又例如说,大家一起分工完成一些事情, 当leader问你完成了没, 而你也已经完成你负责部分的时候，就可以讲 all set, sir!就是说全部完成了.4.Wow!It's packed.哇!好多人啊.感觉上刚从台湾来美国的人都只会说, It's crowded.其实还有很多类似的用法.例如有一次我去领足球赛的票, 现场也是挤得水泄不通, 就听到老美说了一句 It's swarmed.还有另外一次是去高尔夫球练习场, 到了那边也是完全没有空位了, 我们的领队就说, Damn!It's packed.5.That's fine.Let's warm up first.没关系, 让我们先暖身.没关系你可以简单地说, that's all right, that's OK 或是 that's fine.而 warm up 就是指作各种运动之前的暖身操.例如有次我去学跳舞, 到了那老师就跟我说, Go grab a partner and warm up.这句话现在听来是很简单, 可是当时还真是听不懂说.41 6.Good game.Man.You took me easily.这是一场很棒的比赛, 你轻轻松松地击败我了.Good game 这句话常见于打完球时, 通常我跟我的对手都会互相客套一下, It's a good game.要是我输了, 我就会这么说, Good game, Man, You took me easily.表示出自己输得是心甘情愿.要是真的输得很惨的话, 你还可以说, You really kicked my ass.7.You are better though.I am just lucky.其实你比较好啦.我只是幸运一点.其实老美也是蛮虚伪的.有一次跟一个老美打网球, 结果被痛宰.没想到比赛完后, 他还很客气地对我说, You are better though.I am just lucky.后来这句话我也学起来.有一次我去看我同学赛球, 我同学输了, 我就安慰他说, You are better though, he is just lucky.这样讲别人听来是不是觉得很舒服呢? 8.Do you want a rematch? 要不要再赛一盘? Rematch 字典上查到的意思是复赛, 可是老美这么对你说的时候是表示要不要再玩一盘.每次我跟我室友打球要是他输了他就会一直说这一句.Do you want a rematch? 我当然是不会理他啦!保持战果最重要了.这句话也可以简单地说, Do you want to play again? 但是这二者都蛮常用的.9.No,I smell.I need to go home and take a shower.不要了,我身上有味道了,必须回家洗个澡.中文里的臭算是形容词, 但是英文里的臭却是动词,这也是很多人一直搞不清楚的地方.英文里的臭可以说成 smell 或 stink, 通常来说 stink 是比 smell 还要臭一点, smell 只是说有异味, 而 stink 则是指发臭.记得有一次看电视影集full house,老爸问他儿子今天去动物园玩的如何? 没想到他儿子只回了他一句, Camel stink.(骆驼很臭)真是好可爱的小孩啊.10.Let's call it a day.今天就到此为止吧.这句话我常听老美说, 通常是一天辛苦的工作之后, 老美就会说 Let's call it a day!意思是今天就只到这里为止了, 这意谓着我们可以休息了!又或者是你去打球时也一样, 当你打得很累不想打了, 你就可以跟你的队友说, “That's enough for me.Let's call it a day!”

笔记本二十七: 狗 腿

大家知不知道怎么样用英语来表达你很喜欢一个女孩子呢? 如何讲一些让女孩子感动的话呢? 不过我收集的这些会话, 并不是十分浪漫, 却是有点耍嘴皮子的痞子味道,就看各位要如何应用了.1.Do you have a quarter? Because I promised I would call my mom as soon as I fell in love.你有零钱吗? 因为我答应我老妈当我恋爱时要立刻打电话给她.2.Milk does a body good, but DAMN how much milk you've been drinking? 牛奶对身体有益, 但我的老天, 你到底喝了多少啊? 3.Do you believe in love at first sight? 你相信有一见锺情这种事吗? 4.I seem to have lost my phone number.Can I have yours? 我把我的电话簿弄丢了..我能用你的吗 ?(双关语, 其实是跟对方要电话)

5.It's awful hot in here, or it is you? 这里真的好热.或是那是因为你的关系? 6.If I could rearrange the alphabet, I'd put U and I together.如果我能重新排列字母, 我要把 U(You)跟 I 排在一起.7.Do you have a map? Because I just keep losting in your eyes!你有地图吗? 因为我刚在你的眼神中迷失了.8.If you are a tear in my eye, I wouldn't cry for fear of losing you.如果你是我眼里的一滴眼泪, 我不会哭因为我害怕会失去你.9.You remind me of my ex-girlfriend.你使我想起我的前任女友.10.My love for you is like diarrhea, I just can't hold it.我对你的爱就像是泻肚子一样, 让我把持不住.11.A.How are you? B: Fine.A: I didn't ask you how you looked, I asked you how are you.A: 你好吗? B: 好 A: 我没有问你长的如何, 我只是问你好不好.12.I am a thief, I am here to steal your heart.我是小偷, 我是来这偷你的心.笔记本二十八: 外 食

这集我们来谈谈一些在餐厅内会用到的句子, 以及一些跟吃饭有关的单字片语.配合美国的食物介绍一二集来看, 相信从此以后到美国餐厅用餐不再是件难事.1.Do you like to go out eating? 想不想出去吃呢? 有次我问老美出去吃东西怎么说,他回答说一般出去吃饭,他们只说go to eat, go out eating 或是eat out 而不会说go to dinner, go for lunch, 也就是不需特地说中餐或是晚餐.所以后来老美问我刚去哪了,我应该要说 I just went out eating, 而不会说 I just went to dinner.小明细多注意, 你的英文会更棒.如果要强调是去吃午餐或晚餐的话,一般就直接说lunch 或是dinner.例如人家问你,“Where did you go?”你就可以答说 “lunch.” 2.There is a Deli over there, do you like it?那里有一家 Deli(餐厅), 你喜不喜欢呢? 美国的餐厅可分很多种, Restaurant 是一般的通称, 另外常用到的有 Deli : 供应三明治, 沙拉这种现成的, 不需再经过烹调的餐厅, 例如 SUBWAY 就可以算是 Deli.另外还有 Grill 也随处可见, 翻译成烤肉餐厅, 多半是提供牛排, 汉堡热食类的食物.Deli 这个字是 delicatessen 的简写, 可是现今在美国一般只会听到 deli 而很少听到 delicatessen 了!3.What do you like to drink? 想要喝什么? 美国餐厅的习惯, 吃饭时都会点一大杯饮料, 所以侍者一定会先问你 What do you like to drink.也有人

会这么说, Can I get you something to drink? 一般餐厅都会提供的有 Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Iced Tea, 以及 Lemonade 等.如果什么都不要, 就说 Just water.值得注意的是, 在一般的快餐店提到 drink 都是指 soft drink 而言.但是一般人说到 have a drink 时, 他们多半指的是 alcoholic, 也就是含酒精的饮料.所以如果有人问你, “Come on, have a drink with us.” 他绝不是要你跟他们一起喝可乐的意思,而是要你跟他们一起喝酒啦!4.Are you ready to order or just a minute? 你们准备好了吗? 还是要再等一会? 通常饮料上桌之后, 大伙都还要花点时间研究一下菜单, 如果侍者看你们大概都差不多了, 他就会过来问你们, Are you ready to order or just a minute? 如果是已经准备好要点餐了,就直接跟她说你想吃什么, 如果大家还要再研究研究, 则可以跟侍者说 Just a minute.或是 Wait a few more minutes.请他等一下, 他会说 OK.I'll be back.(好, 那我等下再来.)5.Do you want to separate check? 你们要不要分开付帐? 比如说二对夫妻出去吃饭, 大家想各自付自己的, 则你们可以主动跟侍者说 We want to separate check.有时他们也会主动问你Do you want to separate check? 或是 Do you want separate checks? 这样的话帐单就会有二张.但有些餐厅 separate check 会多收服务费, 最好先问清楚.如果是要一起付, 则简单地说, together 或是 one check 就可以了.6.How do you like your steak cooked? 你的牛排要几分熟? 通常点牛排, 或是在高级一点的餐厅点牛肉汉堡, 服务生都会这样问你, How do you like it cooked? 回答的方式, 全熟是 well done, 七分熟: medium well, 五分熟: medium, 四分熟: medium rare, 三分熟: rare.老美有时在开玩笑时也用 bloody 来代替 rare 这个字, 听来是不是更传神? 所以如果各位嗜食生牛肉的话, 下次不妨试试 bloody as hell 的点法.但请注意一下 bloody 这个字在英国英语中有点类似 fxxx 的意思, 所以除非有把握不然不要拿出来乱用.记得有一次我去一家蛮高级的法国餐厅用餐, 结果我跟他要 well-done 的牛排, 结果煮出来的东西跟橡皮一样难吃.后来老美跟我解释, 你摸摸自己头上的各部位就知道你的牛排等一下煮出来是什么样子, well-done 就是头顶, 硬梆梆的, medium well 就是额头, 稍微有点弹性.medium 是鼻头, 软软的.rare 是下巴最柔软的部份.我觉得这个分法蛮实用的, 跟各位分享一下.7.How do you like you egg cooked?你的蛋要几分熟? 蛋的说法跟肉类又不一样,不要像我刚来时听人家这么问就自作聪明回答 Well done.把人家给笑掉大牙.蛋的回答方法是1.Scramble 炒蛋 2.Sunny side up 只煎一面的荷包蛋,(这句话很有意思, 因为荷包蛋像太阳, 所以老美用 sunny side 来形容)3, Sunny side down 二面都煎或是 ease over.白煮蛋的话也分二种,一种叫 soft boil 一种叫 hard boil.所谓的 soft boil 是指让蛋黄的部份还有点液体状,而 hard boil 则是指整个的蛋黄都煮成固体状的.有些店例如 Waffle House 连 hash brown 也会问 How do you like it cooked? 这个也有很多选择, 不过一般我只会回答二种, patty(饼状)跟 scattered(分散状)8.Did you burn it? 你把它烤焦了吗?

记得刚来美国时烤焦了不知怎么说, 我就说 Why do you have black part on your steak, 结果人家当然也是有听没有懂, 其实烤焦了很简单, 就是 burn.美国许多建筑物都有浓烟侦测警报, 所以每次要是有人忘了什么东西在炉子里警报大作, 真是乱吓人的.这时如果你看到你的室友一脸无辜地站在你面前, 你就可以问他, Did you burn something? 9.Can I have some more bread? 能再多给我点面包吗? 美国餐厅中的面包吃完了可以一直拿不用钱, 所以吃不饱时就尽量吃面包吧!另外提醒一点, 国内说的土司面包在美国就叫 bread, 所谓的土司面包(toast)指的是在面包上涂上一层蒜泥或是奶油下去烤的面包才叫 toast, 就像是去 “我家牛排” 他们给的那种面包才叫 toast.当初一直以为我们说的土司面包就叫 toast, 造成不少误会.故事就是有一次我去美国接待家庭住, 早餐时妈妈问我要吃什么, 因为我不想太麻烦人家, 我又刚好看到桌上有土司面包, 所以我就说 toast, 结果害人家还大费周章跑去帮我烤面包.其实我应该说 bread.就不会造成别人的误会了.10.Can you give me a doggie bag? 能不能给我一个狗食袋? 东西点太多吃不完怎么办? 这么说就对了.说 doggie bag 是因为不希望别人觉的你太小气, 吃不完还要带回家吃, 所以说是给狗吃的.或是用 doggie box 代替 doggie bag 也可以, 因为大部份的餐厅给的都是盒子而不是袋子.最后提醒一点, 请不要在高级的餐厅说 doggie bag , 那是不太礼貌的, 你可以只说 Can you give me a box? 就好了.另外一种常用的讲法叫 “Wrap it up.” 这就相当于中文里的, 帮我打包起来的意思.在美国的中餐馆打包也很有意思, 有时候你说要打包他们还会问你要不要饭? 当然要啦!这样子下一餐的饭跟菜就通通有着落了.11.Check, please.结帐.吃完饭别忘了给钱喔!check 就是结帐的意思, 另外也可以说 buy the bill, 就跟中文里说的买单是一样的.当然吃完了饭请别忘了给小费喔!

笔记本二十九: 儿语

我们班上有一个老美 James 对我蛮友善的,他常邀请我去他们家作客.James 有一个三岁大的女儿

Caitlin, 长得金发碧眼,活泼可爱,每次我看到她都让我想到童话故事里的金发小妖精.小笨霖蛮喜欢听她说一些童言童语的, 她说的话都是十分道地的美语,而且我想她都会的一些用法我们是不是更应该要会呢?不然岂不是真的是像我们所说的, 连三岁的娃儿都不如.但是不要小看人家年纪小,人家懂的英语可是不会比你少喔!这集收录的就是一些她说的话及一些她父母对她说的话.1.Mom, hold me.妈妈, 抱我.全世界妈妈的叫法好象都差不多,在美国小孩叫妈妈也是用mom.小孩都是喜欢人家抱的,举世皆然, Hold me 就是抱抱的意思.2.I want to pee-pee.我想尿尿

Pee-pee 也是小孩才会用的,一般大人上卫生间最常用的是go to the restroom, use the bathroom 或是

wash my hands.当然你说 I want to pee 也是可以.有没有发现,不论中外,小孩子讲话都很喜欢把同一个字重复说二次, 例如pee-pee 他们就不会说成 pee,连字的说法听来是不是很可爱? 这跟国内的小孩子说 亲-亲, 抱-抱, 是不是有异曲同工之妙呢?另外, 跟 pee-pee 相对的就是 “poo-poo” 也就是儿语中上大号的意思.3.Do you want to go to the potty? 你要上卫生间吗? 常见于父母和小孩的对话.起初我一直以为他们是问他们小孩要不要去party, 后来才知道他们是说 potty.Potty 就是那种给小孩专用的便壶, 所以小孩子从很小就知道什么 potty.他们要去上卫生间有时自己也会说 I want to go to the potty.另外 potty trained 是每个小孩子成长的必经之路.potty trained 就是指小孩子必须被训练会控制自己的排泄.曾经有一个学心理的学生跟我说这个时期叫肛门期,如果 potty trained 训练的方法不对还会对小孩子日后的成长造成影响.4.Let go.放开我.有些小孩子也是很有脾气的.你要抱她,她不给你抱,她就会说, Let go!这个 let go 就是放开手的意思.例如你看到别人抓着一根绳子,你要他松手,也是说 Let go.不过注意一下这个 let go 和 let's go 是有很大的不同就是了.另外, Caitlin 也很喜欢讲, leave me alone.或是 get out of here,同样都是别管我, 别烦我的意思.5.Tell my dad and mom to give me a kiss when they are home.告诉我爹地和妈咪当他们回来时要亲我一下.这是我同学去当老美的 babysitter 时 Caitlin 跟他说的.因为 Caitlin 每天睡觉之前她爸妈一定都会亲她一下她才肯睡, 但是那天她父母刚好有事所以才请我同学去当 babysitter.小孩子可爱之处就在这里, 就算她明知父母今天要很晚才回来, 她还是希望等他们回来之后要亲她一下.6.She is my sweetheart.她是我的宝贝.这种说法常见于父母称自己小孩, 或是男女朋友,夫妻之间, 或是可爱一点的讲法,他们也会用 sweetie 来代替 sweetheart.Caitlin 的父母很喜欢叫她 sweetie, 或是叫她的小名 kitty.7.You'll receive a whipping if you keep doing that.如果你还一直那样的话我就要打你屁屁了.父母打小孩屁股, 或是其它轻微的处罚用 whipping 这个字,或是俚语的讲法, whippin,千万不可用 beat.记得我就是跟老美说, “Parents in Taiwan beat their children.” 结果老美眼睛瞪的大大的.为什么呢? 原因是 beat 在美语是有点毒打, 凌虐的意思,听来好象台湾的父母都在凌虐小孩似的,所以记得不要再用错了.8.Behave.规矩点.这句话日常生活中常听到.只要有人作出什么不礼貌或是不雅的激活的话,你都可以跟他说 behave!比如说有人吃完饭就拿袖子擦嘴, 你就可以这么跟他说, Hey!behave.那天我同学的小女儿居然把屁股跷的半天高, 对着大伙作出要放一个响屁的动作, 她妈妈就对她说, Behave.Honey.大家不知道有没有去看 Austin Power II, 剧中男主角 Dr.Evil 的口头禅就是 “Oh,...behave,...babe”, 每次他的缩小版 mini-me 作出什么很夸张的

事情时, 他就说, “Oh,...behave, babe.” 9.If you can't do better than that, go back to your room.如果你不能表现的好一点的话, 你就回房去.凡是二三岁的小孩都皮的很.Caitlin 每次要是不乖, 她妈妈每次都是这样教训她, “If you can't do bettr than that, you go back to your room.” 像这样的句子可以用在许多场合,例如她吃饭时食物掉的满地都是,或是她跟其它小朋友玩的时候吵起来的, 她妈妈都是这么跟她说的.10.He wet his cloth.他把他的衣服尿湿了.小孩子在很小的时候还不会控制自己的排泄,这时最麻烦了,还得随时记得帮他们换尿布(diaper)不然的话, 他就直接给你尿在衣服上, 这个尿在衣服上就是 wet his cloth.记得在国中时候老师都会一再强调 cloth 指的是布, clothing 才是衣服.但事实上在美国衣服都是说 cloth, 我还很少听到有人说 clothing 的.另外, 常有人会问尿床要怎么说, 尿床就是 wet one's bed.这个说法在电影 Big Daddy 中也有用到, 大家可以仔细听听看.生活小故事

有时请老美来我家吃中国菜, 会有意想不到的“笑”果出现.像是上星期天请了 James 他老婆和另外二个老美来我们这包水饺, 结果 James 居然把水饺放在盘子上, 用刀子切成三块, 再用叉子一块一块叉起来吃., 实在是另人喷饭说.老美看我们老中拿筷子吃水饺一口一个, 不知心中有何感想?

笔记本三十: 二人相约

在这一集笔记里,我把一些二个人约时间,约地方可能会用到的句子收集在我假想的一个情况里,就是假设有一个人要去拜访他的朋友,但是因为他是那种习惯性会迟到的人,所以他朋友就打电话看他出门了没有,结果....天啊....他居然还没出门.我们来看看他会怎么说

1.I was about to leave.我正好要离开.大家都有这样的经验吧!正好要出门时, 电话就响了.一接电话,对方劈头就骂,“怎么还没出门啊”? 这时你就可以说.“I was about to leave.” 我正好要出门,你就打电话来了(好象每次都是那么刚好).这句话也可以说成, “I am leaving.”About 可以解释成时间上的正好,正是时候.例如你说, “It about time.” 就是说, 时候到了.2.I am gonna be there at 3:00.我三点时会到那.跟人家约时间约好了, 最后可以加上这一句.Gonna 是很口语的用法,日常生活中常用,它就等于 going to.所以这句话也可以说成, “I am going to be there at 3:00.” 或是 “I will be there at 3:00.” 也是蛮常用的.此外, 老美也喜欢说, “I will catch you there.” 例如二个人约好要在体育馆见面, 你就可以说, “I'll catch you in the gym.” 3.You had better hurry.你最好快点.You had 就是说你最好怎样怎样.这句话念快时 You had 会念成 You'd 或是干脆就把 had 省略,例如有时

会听到他们这么说 “You better behave.” 就是说你最好行为检点一些, 这时就不发 had 的音.或许你会问,为什么这里是用过去式 had 而不是 have 呢? 关于这点我也曾觉得奇怪, 但是我请教过老美, 他们说这里的确是用 had 没错, 至于原因, 他们自己也不知道, 只知道从小父母就教他们说 you had better, 而不是 you have better.4.Who is there? 是谁啊? 学了十几年的英语, 在美国第一次有人敲门居然不知该如何问对方是谁? 虽然我知道 “谁” 是 Who, 困难的是 is there? 在这里用 “Who are you?” 听来并不是很恰当.比如说你待在房里, 客厅有人敲门,你就要问说 “Who is there?” 或是 “Who is it?” 也可以.还有一句常用话 “Who is this.” 这就是在广播的 call in 节目时, 有人打电话来, 主持人就会问他, “Who is this?”(你是谁啊?)注意一下这里他们也不会说成, “Who are you?” 的.5.We are going to freak out if you don't show up!如果你再不来, 我们都快发疯了.这句话是有一次我跟几个老美相约要一起讨论作业,(虽然我都已经会写了, 但我还是很乐意去跟他们讨论, 因为这样子就可以练习我的英文了)可是因为我太晚到了, 他们一看到我就跟我说, “We are going to freak out if you don't show up.” Freak 这个字在美国用的蛮多的, 指的就是疯子, 而 freaky 则是形容疯疯癫癫的样子.例如, “There are so many freaks there.They are freaky.” Freak out 则是指发疯, 算是最常用到的一个了吧, 发疯其它的说法还有, drive me crazy 或是 drive me banana.6.You stood us up again.又要放我们鸽子了.放鸽子最普遍的用法是 stood someone up.例如你看到有人说好了要去约会, 却垂头丧气地回答, 你就可以问他, “He stood me up?”.放鸽子的另一个说法就是 no-show, 例如他放你鸽子,你就可以说, “He is a no-show.” 7.I need a place to stay.我需要一个地方过夜.这样的句子看似简单, 但我觉得大家都听得懂但不会这样用, 因为中文说过夜, 我们会习惯说成 “I need a place to sleep.”, 但老美不这么说的, 他们会用stay 这个动词.所以你要跟老美说, 你可以来我家过夜, 就是, “You can stay my place.” 这句话在 “Fight Club” 这部电影里当男主角走头无头时, 他的幻影 Tyler 就对他说了, “You can stay my place.” 8.Let me think a second.让我想一下.A second 常会接在句尾表示一下下, 一下子就好, 像是有次我问老美某人叫什么名字, 他就回答, “Ok, let me think a second.” 另外, 接电话时也有人会说 Hold on a second, 就是说等一下子, 马上就好.如果是比较长一点的时间, 就可以说 Hold on a minute 或是 Hold on a moment.9.It's up to you.You can stay my place though.由你决定吧.你问别人, 我们什么时候出发呢? 要是别人说, “It's up to you.”, 就是说你决定就可以啦!要是更客气一点, 就是 “It's totally up to you.”.另外一个常常用到的回答方式就是, “It depends.” 翻成中文就是视

情况而定.例如别人跟你说, “I need a place to stay.” 你就可以答, “It depends how long are you gonna stay.” 这需要视你待多久而定吧!10.Or if you like, a hotel is in walking distance.如果你喜欢的话, 有一间旅馆用走的就可以走的到.这句话如果单看中文, “用走的就可以走的到” 我想大家应该翻不出英文吧!可能会说成 “You can walk to the hotel.” 听来不怎么高明.我也是偶然间听老美说 in walking distance, 我觉的真的蛮棒.例如有一次我就跟老美说,在台湾很方便,几乎所有的商店用走的就可以走到, 我就是这么说的, “Everything is in walking distance.” 听来是不是很简洁有力? “Just step away, you can't miss it.” 跟 in walking distance 蛮接近的, 说的是, 只有一步之遥, 你不会错过它的.这句话通常是在广告的时候会用到.笔记本三十一: 综合收集

1.Go break a leg.跌断腿吧!(祝你好运)老美真是莫名其妙, 祝人跌断腿就是祝你好运的意思.这种说法是通常是对要上台表演的人说的, 比如像我上次要做 presentation, 就有一个老美跟我说, “Go break a leg.” 这是一种蛮有趣的说法.下次各位不妨找会说中文的老外, 用中文跟他说, “祝你跌断腿吧!” 看他们知不知道你是祝他好运.题外话, 有次跟一个德国佬聊天, 他说他们德语中也有类似的用法, 不过更狠, 德语中是说, “Go break your leg and neck.” 呵.连脖子都跌断了,还能活吗? 2.I put my foot in my mouth.我说错话了.这就是当你说了不该说的话时, 突然发觉你说错话了, 就会这么说.有一次我跟老美在聊天,他跟我说某某人是 Jerk , 想不到他一回头, 那人就在我们旁边.他就很快说了一句, “I put my foot in my mouth.” 话说我刚学会这句, “I put my foot in my mouth.” 后, 我就一直想自己来用看看, 结果呢? 我居然说成了, “I put my foot in your mouth.” 结果那个老美笑得合不拢嘴, 他说, “What did you say? You want to put your foot in my mouth?” 真是画虎不成反类犬啊.3.I know what you meant when you were talking about school.我能够了解你所说学校的事情.这是一个很好用的句型, 值的你学起来, 当别人跟你说话时, 就算听不懂也要赶快说这一句, 这样人家就会很高兴.这句话就像是我们常说的, 嗯, 我想我能够了解你的感受, 或是我能够体会你的心情之类的, 例如你可说, I know what you meant when you were talking about your feelings.4.The thunder storm took its tolls on human lives.暴风雨造成了人命的损失.Toll 就是指收费的意思, 像是高速公路上的收费站就是叫Toll station.Take its toll 是一个片语, 在电视新闻上常听到.字面上是说对某样东西收费, 其实指的就是造成某些东西的损失, on 后面接的名词就是指损失的东西.最近美国是龙卷风跟暴风雨的季节, 所以新闻上常可以听到播报员这么说, “The thunder strom took its tolls on human lives.”

5.May I cut in? 我可以插一脚吗? 要是你看到别人在做一件事而想插一脚的话, 就可以问别人, “May I cut in?” 还有像是插队也是用 cut 这个动词.例如有人在排队时插队, 你就可以说, “I am sorry.You cut the line.” 所以为了避免这种尴尬的场面, 不确定人家是不是在排队时, 最好是先问一声, “Are you in the line?” 6.Do you go through your shoes? 你的鞋子消耗的很快吗? Go through 的用法很多,像教授常常会说, “Let's go through the chapter real quick.” 就是说让我们很快把这章浏览一遍.go through your shoes 在这里意思是换鞋子换的很快, 比如说运动员可能二个月就要换一双鞋, 那我们就可以说 go through your shoes.所以东西消耗的很快, 就可以用到 go through.或是把某件事很快地完成也用 go through.例如有一次听老美说, “You can go through your master degree in one year and on your way home.” 这句话就是说, 你可以在短短的一年内完成你的硕士学位, 然后拜拜走人.另外 go through 也可以当作翻找东西的意思, 例如不要乱翻我的东西, 在英文就是 “Don't go through my stuffs.” 7.English is my Achilles heel.英文是我的罩门.Achilles heel 的典故来自希腊神话, Achilles 是一名勇士, 他妈妈Thetis 在 Achilles 还是婴儿的时候, 就天天把他全身浸泡在the river of Promise(守誓河), 求得圣河的祝福, 以换来刀枪不入.但由于他妈妈抓着他的足踝, 把他(倒吊状)浸下去,所以足踝(heel)这部份没浸到, 所以 heel 就成了他的罩门.然后在特洛依战争时，因为他有圣河的祝福, 武器伤不了他, 所以他对所有攻击都不在乎, 但没想到被 Paris 一箭射到他的足踝，就当场KO.所以后人拿 Achilles heel来比喻罩门, 致命伤.罩门另外还有一种讲法, 叫 waterloo, 例如 “English is my waterloo.” 但我请教过老美, waterloo 这样的用法远不及 Achilles heel 来的普遍.8.Take a wild guess.随便猜吧.Wild 在这里就是指没有范围, 所以 wild guess 就是随便乱猜的意思.中文里的 “随便” 蛮难翻成英文的, 在不同的句子里会有不同的翻法, 但是在“随便猜” 这样的句子里“随便”就是翻成 wild.像这种句子最好能整句把它背下来.Wild 这个字蛮有趣的, 很多老中都不太会用, 除了 take a wild guess 之外, 有时老美会说, “That's the call of the wild.” 什么意思呢? 这就是指一个人在那里大呼小叫, 哭爹喊娘的叫声.9.It was worth a shot.那值得一试.Shot 的意思有很多, 比方说打针也可以是 shot, 或是照像也可以说是 shot.还有就是投篮也叫 shot.像我有一次看老美打篮球,有人投了一个漂亮的三分空心,其它人就说, Nice shot!所以 shot 原指投篮的意思, 引申为着投投看,去尝试看看的意思.所以如果你要鼓励别人去试一试, 你就可以说, “Come on, give it a shot!” 或是要别人尽全力去试, 就是 give your best shot.记得在 South Park 这部电影中, 有一个老师就对那群满口脏话的小孩说, “Come on, give your best shot!” 10.I am gung-ho about my dating.我对我的约会感到兴奋.Gung-ho 这个字读音听来有点像是中文的“刚好”的味道, 它的意思是你对某件事物感到很兴奋, 到了有点无法控制自己的地步.像是有一次有个老美要上台报告,他就跟另一个老美说, I am gung-ho about my

第五篇：大学英语四级免费资料：快速阅读笔记

快速阅读笔记

一、文章不用阅读，直接看题目到文中找寻相关信息；

二、快速阅读分为主旨题和细节题两种：

1、主旨题

（1）问法：

a.This passage gives a general description/idea of…

b.This passage is mainly about…

c.This passage mainly talks about/ discusses…

d.The main idea of this passage is…

（2）解题方式：

区分两种文章形式：

a． 带有：大标题＋小标题/黑体字，直接看大小标题或黑体字找主旨

b． 只有大标题，没有小标题：注重首尾两段。

2、细节题

采用定位法，寻找重点信息，具体来讲：

（1）利用数字定位：阿拉伯数字

（2）利用隐含数字定位：隐含数字包括：number, amount, figure, digit, quantity,percentage, rate, ratio, price, fare, fee, discount, count, add up to, amount to, total, more than/less than, about, around, some, …or so, dozen, decade, fortnight等。

（3）利用专有名词定位：首字母大写

（4）利用具体实词定位：用这种词定位必须满足以下几个条件：a.该词应该是

一句话的意义重心；b.必须是实词（名词/形容词/副词/动词），名词短语优

先定位；c.从各段首尾两句着手定位；d.题目顺序基本与文章顺序一致。

（5）利用形容词最高级定位，可能对应于原文中出现以下词的地方：above all,first of all, most importantly, key, top, priority, core, emphasize, stress, highlight

以及强调句、反问句、感叹句、重复等处。

（6）小标题：可帮助确定大致的定位范围

3、辅助法则

(1)道德原则。符合道德标准的陈述一般是Y。

(2)排除法：如与常识不符可排除；绝对化：说法绝对化可排除，即

含all, every, no, never, must, only等词的项可排除。

三、N/NG如何区分

NG 大致会出现在判断题后半部分，一般是5-7，而且出现的频率大致为一次。N在原文中一定有信息；NG有时在原文找不到对应信息。还有，N一定是原文信息和题目信息矛盾，而NG即便在原文有信息，和题目也不会是矛盾关系。