英语教学法教程手稿重点笔记

第一篇：英语教学法教程手稿重点笔记

第三章、外语教学法的主要流派（八种）1.语法--翻译法

A.从19世纪开始用于教学现代语言

B.把目标语（外语）看成是一个规则系统，能在文本域句子中了解到，并与母语规则和意义有联系。

C.主要课堂教学活动：对整篇课文大意的译述，吧课文逐句从外语译成母语的活动，对课文中语法规则作演绎式的讲解，以及直接阅读课文以加深对课文的理解等活动。E.重视词汇与语法的学习，强调阅读与写作能力的培养。重视语言准确性的培养。F.选材：外语的文学原著或简写本或改写本

G.教师是课堂教学的权威，重视的传授者和课堂教学的组织者。H.母语是教学语言，外语的意思是靠译成母语来理解。

2.直接法

A.在19世纪末创立

B.只使用目标语进行教学；意义通过语言、动作、物体等手段结合情景来表达；先教说，再教读与写；用归纳法讲授语法。

C.主要课堂教学活动：全外语教学--模仿、朗读和问答式主要的教学活动形式--作答均以完整的句子说出问句或答句。

E.培养学生使用外语进行交际的能力。初级阶段重点在口语能力的培养 F.选材：日常用语，以情景或某一话题为基础

G.教师与学生是搭档关系，学生间可以进行对话并讨论问题 H.全外语式教学，不在外语课堂上使用母语

3.情景法（口语情景法）

A.在20世纪30年代至60年代，英国应用语言学家创立（帕尔默&霍恩比）B.语言观是英国的结构主义，口语是语言的基础，结构式讲话能力的核心，应用情景中通过口头练习来学习语言结构。（帕尔默&霍恩比）

接受语言输入--重复操练记住--在实际练习中使之变成个人技能。（帕尔默）C.主要课堂教学活动：《新概念英语》提出情景--学习语言--听说领会--反复操练--书面练习--巩固结构

E.培养学生听说读写的能力，口语是第一性的，是笔头语的基础，重视语音语法的准确性。F.教师是语言楷模，课堂活动的设计者与指挥官，学生是模仿者 G.英语是教学语言

4.听说法

A.在第二次世界大战期间由美国语言学家建立

B.在语言学理论方面是以结构主义作为其理论的基础，以行为主义的学习理论作为依据 语言技能的获得通过刺激--反应--强化的过程。

C.主要课堂教学活动：口语教学，教授对话--听说领先--跟读模仿---句句复述--强化操练--掌握句型--巩固口头--读写跟上

E.培养学生使用外语进行交际的能力，认为口语是第一性的，文字是第二性，重视语音语调的准确性。

F.教师是语言楷模，课堂活动指挥官，学生是模仿者 G.外语是教学语言

5.认知法

A.乔姆斯基提出转换生成语法和心理语言学可视为认知法的语言和语言学习理论

B.在语言学理论方面是以结构主义作为其理论的基础，以行为主义的学习理论作为依据 语言技能的获得通过刺激--反应--强化的过程。

C.主要课堂教学活动：语言理解--语言能力--语言运用

E.培养学生实际、全面地运用外语的能力，过分强调规则的指导作用和成人学习外语的特殊性

F.以学生为中心，教师是导师

G.第一阶段：母语，第二阶段：外语

6.交际法（功能法）

A.产生于20世纪70年代初期的西欧共同体国家，标志着在外语教学中人们开始从只注意语言形式和结构的教学转向注意语言功能的教学。B.三大原则：交际性原则，任务性原则，意义原则 C.主要课堂教学活动：利特尔伍德《交际法》（1981年）交际前活动：语言结构性的活动 &准交际性的活动；交际活动：功能性交际活动&社会交际性活动；

E.培养学生使用外语进行交际的能力（美国社会语言学家海姆斯“交际能力”），语言的功能比结构更受重视，学生需要懂得语言的形式、意义和功能 F.教师是组织者、顾问、交际者，也是学生学习的提供方便者 G外语是交际活动中唯一的语言

7.全身反应法

A.美国心理学家詹姆斯阿谢尔在20世纪60年代末期创立 B.创始人阿尔谢认为：目标语的大部分语言结构以及数以百计的词汇项目都可以通过教师有技巧地使用祈使句来教授（全身反应法）

C.主要课堂教学活动：发命令&对命令作出反应

E.侧重培养学生的听说能力，在语言方面则强调对语法结构和词汇的掌握 F.教师是命令的发出者，学生是对命令作出反应的人。

G.用母语来介绍全身反应法，但在教学中教师会全部使用外语。

8.任务型语言教学模式

A.是指在语言教学中使用“任务”作为教学核心单位的语言教学途径。它视为交际法在教学方面的发展

B.以多种语言模式作为其语言理论，目的在于培养学生在语言使用活动中正确和有效地句型交际能力。

C.主要课堂教学活动：威利斯--强任务派的模式（任务前阶段--任务中阶段--聚焦语言阶段）。努南--弱任务派的模式（图式的建立--控制性练习--真实性听力练习--聚焦语言成分--更灵活的练习--引入教学任务）

E.强调通过使用目标语互动达到培养交际能力的目的。

F教师是任务的选择者和决定者，学生是小组活动的参与者，活动的监控者、探险者和发明者。

G外语应是教学中唯一的语言，母语在教学中没有特别作用 第四章、外语教学的理论基础 1.语言本质理论 美国结构主义

A.美国结构主义语言学家研究的工作室从研究没有文字的美洲印第安人的口头语言开始的。B.运用他们在实践中建立起来的“描写”方法去研究英语和塔器印欧系谣言。

C.语言可看做一个吧意义编成语码的系统，这个系统由几个相关的成分组成：音位、词素、单词、结构和句型。一个谣言系统包括它的音位系统、词素系统和句法系统。D.语言是口语，不是书面语 Language is speech,not writing.E.为了预测学习某一外语会碰到的困难和问题，可使用对比分析去比较母语与外语在结构层面上的异同。美国语言学家拉多所写的《跨文化语言学》就是探讨对比分析的代表作。

乔姆斯基转换生成语法（20世纪50年代）

A.1957年出版的《句法结构》作为他理论诞生的标志。

B.语言是一种行为，他想人类的其他行为一样，收益规则的支配。规则性和创造性是语言的两个重要的特征。

C.他把句子结构分成表层结构（指句子的形式）和深层结构（指句子陈述的意义）。在他看来，语言生成的过程就是从深层结构到表层结构的转换过程，转换是按照转换规则（包括移位、删略、添加）来完成。

D.他提出了语言习得理论，语言具有天赋的基础。他称这种人类机体的天生属性为“普遍语法”。由原则和参数的抽象系统组成的，体现了语言的一致性，二普遍语法参数的赋值则决定了语言系统结构的差异性。

E.提出普遍语法家数额的目的主要是探讨儿童如何写的母语的，但对二语习得也有启示作用。

韩礼德对语言功能的论述

A.英国功能学派的代表人物，从20 世纪50年代开始进行语言的社会功能发明的研究。他认为“语言学是关于言语行为或话语的描述，只有通过对语言使用的研究，语言的全部功能和构成意义的所有组成部分才能集中在一起。”

B.《语言功能的探索》论述语言功能的双重地位：微观和宏观功能。

C.微观功能是儿童在学习母语的初级阶段呈现的，共有六种：工具功能、规章功能、相互关系功能、个人功能、启发功能和想象功能。到了后期，还有一种：学习功能。D.宏观功能包括三大类：思维功能（指语言可以用来组织语言使用者对真实世界或幻想世界的经验）、人际功能（指语言可以用来表明、建立和维持社会中人的关系）和篇章功能（指语言可用来创造连贯的话语或文章，这些话语和文章对语境来说是切题和恰当的）。

海姆斯的交际能力理论

A.他认为具有交际能力意味着人们不仅可以获得语言规则的知识，而且还可以获得语言社交中数以的规则。

B.四方面：能识辨、组织合乎语法的句子，即懂得形式上的可能性/ 能判断语言形式的可行性/ 能在交际中得体地使用语言/ 知道某些话语是否可以实际上说出来。

卡南尔和斯温纳对交际能力的分析

A.四个方面：语法能力（语音、语法和词汇方面的知识）、社会语言能力（指在不同的社会环境中，使用不同语体和不同的言语来达到不同目的的能力）、篇章能力（指能在一定的上下文或篇章里，理解句子之间的关系和句子的意义的能力）和策略能力（指在交际中懂得怎么样开始谈话，进行谈话，承接、转换话题和结束谈话的能力）。

B.由于交际能力是由上述的四种能力组成的，语言教学应当着重培养这四种基本能力。

2.语言学习理论 行为主义

A.产生于20世纪20年代，华生是早期的代表人物。

B.华生研究动物和人的心理，他主张用客观的方法研究可以直接观察到的行为，他认为人和动物的行为有一个共同的因素，即刺激和反应。他提出行为主义心理学的公式：刺激--反应（S-R）

C.结构主义大师布龙菲尔德的代表作《语言论》就是以行为的“刺激--反应”模式为其理论依据的。

D.另一位美国学者斯金纳在1957年出版的《言语行为》提出了行为主义关于言语行为系统的看法。认为人们的言语、言语的每一部分都是由于某种刺激的存在而产生的，这里说的“某种刺激”可能是言语的刺激，也可能是外部的刺激或是内部的刺激。

E.斯金纳认为人言语行为像大多数其他行为一样，是一种操作性行为，它通过各种强化手段而获得。因此，按照行为主义的观点，所有学习不论是言语或非言语的学习都要经历一个习惯形成的过程。

F.行为主义的学习模式：刺激--有机体--行为反应--强化/不强化。

克拉申的监察模式

A.克拉申博士是美国南加州大学语言学系的教授。他提出了旨在解释第二语言是如何习得的学习理论，被称为监察模式。

B.五个假设：习得和学得假设、自然顺序假设、监察假设、输入假设和情感过滤假设。C.习得&学得的区别：习得--一种自然的方式，他是一种觉察不到的过程，想小孩习得母语一样，学习者在有一样的交际中，通过对语言的了解和语言的使用，自然获得使用语言的能力。学得--指有意识地学习语言规则的过程，最后能弄懂语言知识，并能吧语言规则予以表述。

D.习得：不知不觉的过程、内化隐含的语言规则、正式学习无助于习得

E.学得：意识到的过程、获得明示的语言知识、正式学习有助于语言知识获得 F.自然顺序假设：说明习得语言规则是有一定的次序的。H.语言输入假设：说明语言是这样习得的。

I.监察假设：说明学得的作用。学得的监察作用要具备三种条件：充裕的时间、注意力放在语言形式的正确性方面、懂得规则。

J.情感过滤假设：说明心理或情感因素对外语学习的影响。影响外语学习的心理或情感因素包括一个人的动机、信心和忧虑程度。

斯温纳的语言输出假设

A.认为输出在第二语言习得中有着显著的作用。

B.提出假设的依据是她进行的“浸泡式”教学实验。浸泡式教学主要原则是将第二语言作为其他学科的工具，而语言获得则是理解这些学科信息及内容的“伴随产品”。

C.认为语言输出有三个功能：促进学习者对语言形式注意的功能、学习者进行检验自己提出假设的功能、提供学习者有意识反思的功能。

D.语言输出活动是学习者为进行交际使用新语言形式和结构的尝试，是他们使用中续语来交际的过程，他们通过语言输出察看他们提出的结构和形式是否行的通。E.语言输出有促进学习者有意识地反思的功能。

错误分析和中介语的基本原理

A.错误分析：从20世纪50年代后期开始，一些学者对学习者的错误进行了较为系统的分析。B.语言学家科德、理查兹等是对学习者学习第二语言的错误进行研究和分析影响较大的学者。

C.科德吧错误总结为三类：形成系统前的语言错误（是随性的错误，犯错后，学习者还不能说明他为何要选取某一形式）、系统的语言错误（出现在处于内化过程中的学习者）、形成系统后的语言错误

D.理查兹认为学习者所犯的错误出自三个原因：第一、母语的干扰；第二、学习过程中，对有些晚规则的过度概括、忽略规则的限制和应用规则不完全；第三、教学不当或教材使用不当。

E.中介语：在学习过程中，他们会使用一种过渡性语言进行交际，这种过渡性语言虽有母语的一些特征和目的语的特征，但它既不是母语的翻译，又不是要掌握的目的语。它介于母语与目的语之间。

3.一些二语（外语）学习模式

相互作用模式--较为理想的阅读模式

A.在阅读过程中，人们运用两种方式进行信息处理，一种是自上而下的方式，另一种是自下而上的方式。两种方式同时进行，自下而上的信息处理保证读者呢个发现新的信息、发现自己架设不同的信息；自上而下的信息处理帮助读者消除歧义并在可能的意义中作出选择。因此，阅读的过程是读者大脑已有的知识和文章的信息相互作用的过程。B.相互作用模式的建立对外语阅读的教学都有着积极的意义。

图式

A.文章本身布包含固定的意义，文章只向读者提供怎样利用他们大脑已有的知识来重构文章的意义的方向，这种知识的不同可能造成对文章理解失误不同，人们大脑中已村子啊的知识称为背景知识，这种知识的结构有称为图式。

B.按照图式理论模式，读者的阅读能力有三种图式来决定，它们是语言图式、内容图式和形式图式。

C.语言图式：读者对阅读材料的掌握程度；

D.内容图式：读者对文章涉及的主题熟悉的程度； E.形式图式：读者对文章体裁的了解程度。F.语言图式是内容图式和形式图式的基础。形式图式的掌握有利于我们按不同文章的体裁和结构，去理解文章和记忆文章的内容。

4.教育相关学科理论 五个目标

语言技能--听说读写

语言知识--话题、功能、语法、词汇、语意

文化意识--文化知识、文化理解、跨文化交际、意识和能力

情感态度--动机兴趣、自信意志、合作精神、祖国意识、国际视野 学习策略--资源策略、交际策略、调控策略、认知策略

第二篇：英语教学法教程试题库 小学英语教学法试题库

英语教学法教程试题库 小学英语教学法试题库

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小学英语教学法期末复习题库

一、填空

1、小学生具有无意注意占主导，有意注意有一定发展、注意不够稳定，常常带有情结色彩、注意的品质较差等特点和优越条件。

2、小学英语课堂教学的特点是重视培养和激发学生学习英语的深厚兴趣，在教学活动中要有和谐的语言教学氛围，要重视学生基本技能和学习习惯的培养。

3、基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。

4、《英语新课程标准》提出学生的发展是英语课程的出发点和归宿。

5、语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础，文化意识是得体运用语言的保证。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素，学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的保证。

6、教学是教师的教和学生的学的统一活动。就英语教学而言，教学的实质就是一种特殊的认识过程。英语教学过程就是生生之间和师生之间的共同参与、合作、交流的活动过程。

7、学生认识的客体是英语，教师认识的客体是教学规律。教学双方都为对方提供信息，英语就是为了促进交流。

8、教学的最终任务是培养学习者的交际能力。

9、交际性原则提出的主要依据有三点：第一，语言是表达意义的体系；第二，语言的主要功能是交际功能；第三，语言的主要单位不仅是语法、结构特征，还包括功能范畴。

10、情景教学的原则提出的主要依据有三点：第一小学生的心理和年龄特点；第二，语言的习得规律；第三，小学生的学习规律。

11、语言教学的内容包括语言知识和语言技能两个方面

12、体态语是指说话时的表情、手势、动作等。

13、在教学中写有两方面的含义：一是书写，二是写作。

14、良好的课堂气氛是搞好课堂教学，保证教学质量的关键。

15、备课的主要任务是熟悉教材、写出具体教案、确定课时教学目标、教学方法、板书计划、课内练习题等。

16、教学效果不取决于教师,也不取决于学生,而是双方共同活动的结果.17、小学英语教学的原则包括：交际性原则、听说领先的原则、情境教学原则和趣味性原则。

18、英语课堂教学的实质是交际。

19、遵循视听说与读写结合的原则，教学要采用听说领先、读写跟上的方法。

20.小学阶段的英语小学目标（教学目标）是：通过听、说、玩、看等教学活动，激发和培养学生的学习兴趣，使其养成良好的学习习惯；通过学习使学生获取对英语的一些感性认识，掌握一定的语言基本技能，培养初步运用英语进行听、说的交际能力；开发智力，发展包括观察、记忆、思维和想象等内容的思维能力，培养学生建立科学的世界观、人生观、价值观、对通过英语传递的思想、文化、情感等有初步的跨文化认知的意识；培养学生的爱国主义精神以及世界公民的意识。

21、小学英语教学法是研究小学英语教学的理论和实践，是研究小学英语教学的全部过程及其规律的一个科学体系。

22、教师在教学活动之前主要应编写好三种计划：学期教学进度计划，单元教学计划，课时计划。

23、备好课，必须做好如下三方面的工作：了解学生，钻研教材，制定教学计划。

24、新课程设置是按九年一贯制设置义务教育阶段课程的方式，小学阶段以综合课程为主，初中阶段以综合和分科并行，高中阶段以分科为主。

25、教师在教学过程中应与学生积极交往、共同发展，要处理好传播知识与培养能力的关系，注重培养学生的独立性和自主性，引导学生质疑、调查、探究，在实践中学习，促进学生在教师指导下主动地、富有个性的学习。

26、根据归因理论，学生把学习结果良好归因为自己努力的结果，属于内在——可控性归因。

27、新课程的核心理念是——一切为了每一个孩子的发展。

28、素质教育以培养学生的创新能力和实践能力为重点。

29、课程改革的核心目标是实现课程功能的转变。30、课改成功的重要标志是教师教学行为和学生学习方式的改变。

31、教学工作的基本环节：备课、上课、课外作业的布置和批改、课外辅导、学业成绩的评定。

32、评价的根本目的是促进学生的发展。

33、职业教育是以生产劳动的知识和技能为主要教学内容，以就业为主要目标的学校教育。

34、教育目的的层次包括国家的教育目的、各级各类学校的培养目标和教师的教学目标。

35、从课程任务角度，课程可分为基础型课程、拓展性课程和研究性课程三种类型。

36、学校工作必须坚持“以教学为主，全面安排”的原则。

37、班级授课制是把一定数量的学生按年龄和知识程度编成固定的班级，集体上课。我国最早采用班级授课制的是清政府于1862年设立于北京的京师同文馆。

38、教学策略的基本特征有综合性、可操作性和灵活性。

39、游戏教学的结构有：游戏任务、游戏行为、游戏信号物和游戏规则。

40、课堂教学的基本环节：组织教学、导入、促进对新材料的感知和理解、巩固所学的知识、作业的布置和批改。

41、游戏教学应遵循一定的规则：时间限制规则、角色表演规则、内容呈现规则和竞赛规则。

42、认识法的理论基础为结构主义语言学和行为主义心理学。

43、简笔画教学最为显著的特点为生动具体、形象直观。

44、板书设计的原则有明确的目的性与针对性、条理性和系统性、灵活性和艺术性。

45、教师和学生的共同成长是新课改的核心价值追求。

46、英语学习的策略包括认知策略、调控策略、交际策略和资源策略。

47、在任务型语言教学中任务的设计应遵循情境性原则、真实性原则、整合性原则、可行性原则、综合能力培养原则和结果可评价原则。

48、在人类语言的交际活动中，听说占了人类语言交际活动的%，所以在小学阶段，在英语基本技能培养方面，我们应该坚持听说领先、读写跟上的原则。

49、在英语口语教学中，我们可以采用复述法。复述法可以分两步来实施：第一步是机械性复述，第二步是活性复述。50、英语新课程倡导的学习方式有自主学习方式、合作学习方式和探究学习方式。

51、在任务型语言教学中，课外作业应以项目为主导。

52、主要的外语教学法有语法翻译法、直接法、听说法、全身反应法和交际语言教学。

53、语言的学习过程是一个学生不断犯错误的过程，老师只有注意建立和谐、宽松、民主的教学氛围，学生才能增加语言实践的机会，都有提高语言的可能。

54、对学生文化意识的培养包括两个方面的内容：一是文化知识的传授；二是跨文化意识的培养。

二、名词解释：

1、功能法是第二语言教学法的主要流派之一。它是以语言功能项目为纲，有针对性地培养学生的交际能力，实行交际化教学过程的一种教学法。功能法强调并十分重视语言的交际功 能，主张学习语言从功能到形式。功能法的理论基础是社会语言学和功能语言学。培养学生的交际能力是功能法所要达到的教学目的。从功能法的理论基础出发，功能法体现了自身的教学原则和特点。同时，功能法也表现出不足和缺点，在教学实践中，存在取与舍的问题。

2、习得指借助学习增大反应强度，增添新的反应方式。即知识的掌握。

3、互动教学模式互动是建立在个体活动基础之上的集体活动。互动式教学主要表现为交流、合作、展示、补充、完善、深化自我学习成果，解决自我学习中不能解决的困难的过程。互动教学一般由导学、自学、小组研讨、组际交流和总结评价几个阶段组成。课堂活动以学生与学生、学生与教师间的互动为主。

4、任务型教学是指在教学活动中设定一定的任务，让学生在完成任务的过程中习得语言知识，进而培养学生的交际能力。它是以具体任务为学习动机、以完成任务的过程为学习过程、以展示任务成果的方式体现教学成就的教学活动。

5、全身反应法教师把教学内容设计成一系列指令式语言项目，然后再让学生对这些项目用身体做出反应的课堂教学方法。

6、演绎式语法教学在演绎式语法教学中，教师首先展示语法规则并举例说明，然后由学生将所展示的语法规则运用于新的语言环境。演绎式语法教学方式注重的是形式而不是运用。

7、反思性教学反思性教学是外语教师自身发展的有效途径，是教师独立地、自觉地调节和管理自己的教学实践活动的过程。反思性教学中，教师的研究以改进自己的教学行为、提高自己的职业能力为出发点，通过观察、思考、反思、分析自己的教学行为，在实践中不断检验、修正、调整自己的教学行为，内化相关理论和思想，从而促进自身的发展。

第三篇：文学理论教程考研重点总结笔记

文学理论教程

第一章 文学理论的性质和形态

1文艺学：是一门以文学为对象，研究其发展过程、相关知识、基本规律的学科，以揭示文学基本规律、介绍相关知识为目的。三个分支：文学理论、文学批评、文学史

2文学理论：以哲学方法为总的指导，从理论的高度和宏观视野上阐明文学的性质、特点、和规律，建立起文学的基本原理、概念、范畴以及相关的方法的一门学科。

其任务：文学活动论、文学活动本质论、文学创作论、文学作品构成论、文学接受论。

其基本形式：文学哲学、文学社会学、文学心理学、文学符号学、文学价值学、文学信息学、文学文化学。3文学活动：是人类一种高级特殊的精神活动。是人所从事的文学创作、接受、研究等活动的总称。

第二章 马克思主义文学理论与中国当代文学理论建设

1马克思主义文学理论的基石：文学活动论、文学反映论、艺术产生论、文学审美意识形态论、艺术交往论。2马克思文学理论：

从人类学观点看，文学是人的活动；从哲学的观念看，文学是人的一种反映活动；从现代的经济学观念看，文学是一种艺术产生活动；从美学的社会学得观点看，文学是审美意识形态；从媒介和符号的观念看，文学是一种交往对话。3建设中国当代的文学理论应注意：

A以马克思主义为理论指导B坚持中国特色C具有当代性，体现时代精神。

第三章 文学作为活动

1生活活动的美学意义：生活活动导致人与对象之间的诗意情感关系；生活活动导致人的自觉能动的文学创造；生活活动使文学成为人的本质的确证；

2文学活动的要素：世界（客观世界、主观世界）、作者、作品、读者。

3文学活动的起源：巫术发生说（巫术意义的产生过程对文学创作有某种启发意义）；

宗教发生说（艺术当成一种宗教）；

游戏发生说（人的艺术活动是一种以审美外观为对象的游戏冲动）

劳动发生说:A劳动提供文学活动的前提条件B劳动产生了文学活动的需要C劳动构成了文学描述的主要内容D劳动制约了早期文学的形式。

4文学发展的原因：根本动力是生产劳动。经济的、物质生产活动的发展水平最终制约文学发展水平。上层建筑的政治、道德、哲学、宗教等观念以及一些涉及文学发展的制度、政策、设施也会对文学发展产生影响。

第四章 文学活动的审美意识形态属性

1文学的含义：文学的文化含义；一切口头或书面言语行为和作品，包括文学、政治、哲学、历史、宗教等文化形态。文学的审美含义：具有审美属性的语言行为及其作品，包括诗歌散文小说剧本等。文学的通行含义：文学是一门艺术，是主要表现人类审美属性的语言艺术，包括诗歌、小说、散文、剧本等文类。

3社会结构：社会的经济基础、社会上层建筑（A政治、法律制度B社会意识形态：哲学、宗教、艺术）

4审美意识形态：指与现实社会生活密切缠绕的审美表现领域，其集中形态是文学、音乐、戏剧、绘画、雕塑等艺术活动。5文学的审美意识形态：

指文学的审美表现过程与意识形态相互浸染、彼此渗透的状况，表明审美中浸透了意识形态，意识形态巧借审美传达出来。其表现：A无功力与功力B形象与理性C情感与认识 6话语蕴藉：

指文学活动的蕴涵深厚而又余味深长的语言与意义状况，表明文学作为社会话语实践蕴涵着丰富的意义生成可能性： A整个文学活动带有话语蕴藉属性

B在更具体的层次上，被创造出来以供阅读的特定文本带有话语蕴藉属性。话语蕴藉的文本修辞形态：含蓄和含混

第五章 社会主义时期的文学活动

1社会主义时期文学活动的基本属性：

A社会主义的意识形态性a马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想是我国社会主义时期文学活动的指导思想b工人阶级及其先锋队共产党的领导地位c维护和巩固社会主义经济基础 B社会主义时期文学活动的主导性、层次性、多样性。2社会主义时期文学活动的主要价值取向：

满足最广泛的人民群众日益增长的审美需要，提高人民的鉴赏能力和审美水平，丰富人民的精神生活。3社会主义时期的文学活动的发展： A继承与革新：弘扬本民族的优秀文化传统 B借鉴与创新：民族文学与世界文学的沟通 C百花齐放、推陈出新，发展社会主义新文学。4认识社会主义时期的文学活动中的雅与俗问题：

从满足人民群众日益增长的审美需要出发，在大力发展高雅的、严肃的艺术的同时，又要重视引导通俗文艺的健康发展，在普及——提高——普及、俗——雅——俗以至于无限循环的发展过程中，将我国社会主义文艺推向一个更高的水平。5弘扬优秀民族文化传统对于建设有中国特色的社会主义新文学的意义：

使我们更深刻的认识中华民族的光辉灿烂的文学史，激发各族人民的爱国主义感情，提高民族的自信心和民族自豪感，而且还对于发展和繁荣民族的社会主义新文学，也是必不可少的重要条件。6民族文学与世界文学的相互关系：

借鉴与创新。由民族文学走向世界文学，这是人类文学活动发展的历史趋势。每个民族艺术家创造的优秀的艺术作品，都是人类共同的精神财富。要使民族文学的珍品成为人类的共同的精神财富，就必须加强各民族文学艺术的相互对话、相互交流，相互学习，取长补短，促进各民族文学艺术的繁荣。

第六章 文学创造作为特殊的精神生产

1精神生产的独立性：

A精神生产的繁荣发展并非与物质生产绝对同步 B精神生产反作用与物质生产。精神生产的特殊性：

A精神生产观念的创造对象世界 B精神生产以符号活动来创造观念世界 C精神生产是富于个性的自由创造活动。

2文学创造作为一种特殊的精神生产与科学、宗教的本质区别：

A科学活动的特点是揭示客体的真实本质，文学创造是人对世界的审美掌握，文学包含科学认识的因素，这种因素在文学创造中被情感化、诗意化、即审美化，这是文学区别于科学的特质。

B宗教是人的本质的异化形态，他虽然借助于审美形式去征服人，但实质上要导向超验的彼岸世界。而文学创造作为一种具有话语蕴藉的审美意识形态生产，则是要导向能充分的体现人的本质力量的现实世界。3文学话语作为一种“言语”，与日常言语、科学言语的区别：

科学言语作为科学领域使用的言语，强调严谨的逻辑和语法结构，要求说理清楚，概念明确，不注重个人色彩和风格，显得素朴单纯，千篇一律。

日常言语由于发生在具体交往中，较富于情感色彩个人风格，但总的来说还是服从说明的需要。

文学言语则往往语法结构和逻辑要求，强调个人感情色彩和风格。作为描写、表现、象征的符号来反映外部世界，表达主体情思。因此，文学作品中言语的指涉往往不能一眼看穿。其比日常言语更富于艺术性、技巧性、个体风格，同时更含蓄、多义、模糊。有限的语言中往往包含无限的意蕴。4社会生活作为文学创造的客体的特点：

文学创造的客体是整体性的社会生活；文学创造的客体是具有审美价值的或经过审美提炼而具有审美价值的社会生活。5只有经过作家体验的社会生活才是文学创造的现实客体：

当某种生活不与作家发生关系，作家没去体验它，及感受、体味、思索它、与之发生情感交流时，他就不会成为作家描写和表现得对象。由于作家的体验，作为文学创造客体的社会生活被知觉化、情绪化、心灵化，外在的现实生活也就转化为被宰的心

里现实。这是，作为文学创造的现实客体，也就是文学题材，已经成为主客观统一的具体生活材料。6能否说“凡是写作的作家就是文学创造的主体”：

不能。只有当人处于与特定客体的特定关系中并对客体的主动、主导地位具有主体性时，人才是真正的主体。在文学创作中，如果作家完全是被动的，或成为自然地奴隶，或他的活动完全从属于别人，那就不是真正的文学创造主体，只有处于文学生产活动中并具有主体性的即自由自觉的创造者，才是真正的文学创造者。7如何理解“作家是美的体验者、评论家和创造者”：

在文学活动中，主体对客体的活动也是一种观念活动。他主要通过对具有审美价值的客观事物即审美客体的直观感受、情感体验，对对象做出审美判断和评价，并在这个基础上运用文学话语创造出具有审美价值的艺术世界，因此，文学创造的主体既是美的体验者、判断和评价者，又是美的创造者。8如何理解文学创造中的主客体关系的特点：

A创作主体对客体审美价值的评价以情感体验为心理特征 B创作主体对客体审美价值的把握以感性直观为思维特征。9如何理解文学创造中主客体的双向运动：

A首先是主体能动的审美地反映客体，即主动地选择客体和加工处理客体的有关信息，并通过情感体验，把自我的意识、情感对象化，即将客体“主体化”，在观念中创造出源于客体又超越客体的审美形象。

B其次，创作主体的主导性、能动性、创造性又集中体现在实际创造过程中对“具体客体”的剪裁、概括、综合、虚构、想象和情感化、观念化上，也就是对客体进行变形、情感投射和观念移注。总而言之，文学创造是一种主客体的双向运动，一方面是客体的“主体化”，一方面是主体的“客体化”。

10为什么说文学创造中作为主体的作家始终处于主导性地位: 因为人不是机械的信息接收器，而是一种有意识的生命存在。人的生活活动有意识、有意志、有目的的。人能用内在的尺度去衡量对象和进行生产，就是人能依照自己的需要、目的和意志去衡量对象和进行生产。

第七章 文学创造过程

1文学创造的发生阶段：富有主体性的材料储备、艺术发现、创作动机 2文学材料具有主体特征：

一切社会事件、现象等，在进入作家头脑之前，虽是外在的、客观的东西，但只有当它们被烙印在作家的头脑中，并转化为主体心灵深处的记忆时，才成为具有主体性的东西。也只有这样，它们才对文学创作起作用，才能称为真正意义上的材料。文学材料是指作家有生以来从社会生活中有意接受或无意获得，因而具有主观性的一切生动、丰富但却相对粗糙的刺激或信息。3艺术发现的心理特征：

A艺术发现是作家心灵的蓦然领悟

B艺术发现是作家独特眼光和非凡观察力的凝合 C艺术发现是外在事物与作家内心体验的机缘契合。4直觉和灵感的区别：

A灵感是长久思索、艰苦劳动之后的成果，直觉却是从整体上对事物做出的突兀的判断 B灵感发生在久思不得其解之后，直觉却往往发生在第一次碰头之时 C灵感是获取成熟的答案，直觉则是得到推测性的洞察。5意识和无意识在文学创造中的意义：

A无意识在组合材料时所遵循的主导线索是意识提供的 B无意识活动的方向要靠意识指导 C无意识的活动程序来源于意识

D无意识中材料的安排和组合方向也靠意识指导。

所以，意识在艺术构思中虽起主要作用，但无意识在艺术构思中却承担着大量工作。不承认意识的主导作用，将走向艺术构思不可知论，而不承认无意识的深层加工作用，又可能将艺术构思简单化。6即兴不是凭空出现的：

即兴是指作家因受某一外在刺激或内在冲动的作用，即兴的特点是趁热打铁

A即兴需要足够的材料储备和情感积累 B即兴创作要有气氛和契机

C即兴的外在表现是突发性和一泻千里的冲动，但实际上却是作家综合心力的集中爆发，是长久酝酿的产物。7艺术构思：回忆和沉思、想象和联想、灵感和直觉、理智和感情、意识和无意识 8构思方法：综合、突出和简化、变形和陌生化（扩大和缩小、沾合、漫画、夸张、幻事）

第八章 文学创造的审美价值追求

1理解“真善美”及其统一是文学创造的审美价值追求：

文学作为认识活动，以内在尺度创造艺术现实，要义是求“真”，体现为历史理性。作为审美活动，文学创作情感的评价对象，核心是尚“善”，体现人文关怀。最终，文学创造还要按照美的规律进行形式创造，为情感评价所把握的艺术真实造型，使之成为艺术文本，境界是呈“美”，体现为文体升华。所以，真善美即文学创造的价值追求。“艺术真实”主要与真相关，“情感评价”主要与善相关，“形式创造”主要与美相关。2艺术真实的特征：

A与生活真实不用，艺术真实以假定性情景表现对社会生活内涵的认识和领悟。a内涵的真实：文学真实是作家对社会生活的认识和感悟的产物。b假定的真实：作家会从自己的认识和感悟中，对生活真实通过想象和虚构予以重组。

B与科学真实不同，艺术真实对客观世界的反映具有主观性和诗意性。a主观的真实：文学创造是站在人的生命体验与审美感受以及对社会生活给于人文关怀的立场上，因而对客观世界的认识、感悟与表现带有浓厚的主体性或主观性。b文学按照主观化方式把握客观世界以激发人们的审美情感为目的的价值取向，使他必然要讲究“诗艺”。3诠释艺术概括的价值意义并对鲁迅语作出评述：

艺术概括：作家依据自己的体验和认识，以主体的审美价值追求能动介入方式，对富有特征的事物予以独特艺术处理，从而在主体与客体相统一的基础上，创造既具有鲜明的独特个性又具有相当普遍意义、体现这一定审美价值取向的艺术形象。在文学创造中没有主体对客体的能动的接入和把握，作品就不会产生艺术概括性；个别和一般的统一是在主体和客体的统一中实现的，是在艺术提炼中实现的。

对鲁迅话的评述：作家充分调动自己的生活经验与情感经验，对其所关照和描述的事物进行开掘、提炼、补充和改造，这个过程实际上就是创作主体把审美价值取向运用到对象上去的能动性介入和把握的过程。4理解情感评价的文学意义：

情感评价是文学的本质属性和文学创造的必然要求，他作为一定的价值取向，内隐着人的政治、经济、文化、伦理、宗教和审美等社会性需要与态度，以及由此诸多因素形成的对社会生活的心理体验和判断。文学创造在向人们展现真理的同时，也向人们呈现着意义，并以审美情感诉诸人们的心灵和激发人们的情绪的方式，发挥着它的审美意识形态作用。5阐明情感评价的高尚品格及功利取向与文学尚“善”的审美价值追求的关系：

所谓品格高尚，是指情感的态度方式给社会生活作出的裁判，蕴含着对美好事物、美好情操、美好生活和美好理想的守望与追求，以及对丑恶、腐朽和阴暗事物的拒斥。实践证明，唯有这样的价值取向的情感，文学作品才能抑恶扬善，给读者积极向上的精神影响。

文学作品对表现对象的情感态度高尚与否，归根到底是以是否有利于社会进步与人生幸福为价值标准，这就是说，以善为价值取向的情感评价带有助益社会人生的功利性。对于尚善的文学作品，它们的功利价值追求是对生活本质规律的深刻揭示联系在一起的，因为求真是尚善的基础，没有真，善就流于无历史内容的爱的呓语。6诠释情感评价的诚挚情态及艺术呈示之含义

作为实现方式，情感评价在文学作品里是个立体结构：诚挚的内在情态与外在的艺术呈示。所谓真挚的情态，是指文学作品的情感评价属真情而非假意。关于善的价值取向，在文学作品里不是教义式的赤裸裸的直白，而是艺术方式的呈示，即把情感评价即寓于境的创造之中，并与理的诠释相交融。7为什么说人文关怀是善的终极价值体现：

人文关怀是一种崇尚和尊重人的生命、尊严、价值、情感、自由的精神，它与关注人的全面发展、生存状态及其命运、幸福相联系。人文关怀从来都是也应该是文学创造的永恒话题，是其尚善的终极价值追求。8文学作品中人文关怀与历史理性之间关系：

作家是在对社会生活的规律性的认识和描述中寄予人文关怀的，因而其对人的生命、尊严、价值、生存状态及未来命运的深情

关注，同历史理性血肉般的联系在一起。

9为什么说形式创造对文学审美价值的实现具有生死攸关的意义

当艺术真实的创造及其蕴含的情感评价成为真与善的统一时，这统一便构成文学创造追求的审美价值。然而这个美尚处内容状态，还需要相应的形式创造予以外化和体现。可见，形式创造是文学的真善美价值追求的最后完成。10诠释“内容形式化”和“形式内容化”的审美创造内涵

内容形式化：作家运用各种表现手法的艺术话语让艺术构思物化为艺术文本的。文学作品中的形式对于文学来说并不是外在的，而是它自己所特有的那种内容的发展，因而在文学创造中，当内容显化为形式并为作家组织起来的时候，内容就整个渗透在里面了。

形式内容化：形式创造还具有塑造内容或者帮助其生成的作用。艺术构思及文学创造之初，甚至是体验生活阶段，形式创造实际上已经开始了。

作为文学审美价值追求的最后完成，形式创造是一个内容形式化与形式内容花的互动过程。它既体现为对艺术内容内在结构的组织和构成，又体现为运用语言材料及艺术手段生成内容并使之呈现的外在形态的创造。11有意味的形式：

作品的各部分、各素质之间的独特方式的排列、组合起来的形式是有意味的，他主宰着作品，能够唤起人们的审美情感。形式所以有意味，是因为它们内涵这一定的社会历史内容和人类的审美情感。

第九章 文学作品的类型和体裁

1如何认识现实型、理想型、象征型文学与现实主义、浪漫主义文学的关系

浪漫主义文学以强烈的主观态度、热烈奔放的情感力量、无拘无束的幻想精神、奇特神秘的艺术色彩，将理想型文学发展到极致。现实型文学不断发展到完善就是现实主义文学。2象征型文学与现实型、理想型文学的区别

现实型文学是一种侧重以写实的方式再现客观现实的文学形态。理想型则侧重以直接抒情的方式来表现主观理想的文学形式。象征型文学侧重以暗示的方式寄予审美意蕴的文学形式。

3现代主义文学的类型特征是：反对模仿、再现现实，反对按客观生活的本来面目反映社会生活，追求个体主观情感不受限制的充分表现。不重视外在的客观现实，而强调非理性的现实、心理化的现实、梦幻的现实、超现实。4从诗歌具体特征看其抒情表现的艺术特长

诗是一种语词凝练、结构跳跃、富有节奏和韵律、高度集中的反映生活和表达思想感情的文学体裁。诗歌凝练的语言，用高度概括的艺术形象、及其精炼的文学语词，最集中的表达思想情感；诗歌有节奏的韵律表现出情感的缓急节奏，更促进情感的抒发。

5比较散文与报告文学的真实性

散文题材广泛多样、结构自由灵活、书写真实感受；散文的写作并非对生活机械的摹写，他也要运用剪裁、取舍、提炼和比喻、拟人、象征等方法，但这都要建立在描写真情实感基础上。

报告文学是在真人真事基础上塑造艺术形象，及时反映现实生活的文学体裁，具有及时性、纪实性、文学性特征。它必须以现实生活中的真人真事为描写对象，写真纪实是它的重要特征。6比较小说与剧本在反映生活方面的异同

小说是一种侧重刻画人物形象、叙述故事情节的文学样式，其特征是深入细致的人物刻画，完整复杂的情节叙述，具体充分的环境描写。

剧本是一种侧重以人物台词为手段、集中反映矛盾冲突的文学体裁。其特征是浓缩地反映现实生活，集中地表现矛盾冲突，以人物台词推进戏剧动作。小说

第十章 文学作品的文本层次和文学形象的理想型态

1举例说明文学言语与普通言语的不同 文学语言的特点：

A文学言语的内指性：是指向文本中的艺术世界。不必符合现实生活的逻辑。相对于普通语言的外指性。例如：月是故乡明。B文学言语具有心里蕴含性：普通语言侧重语言的指称功能，文学语言侧重于语言的表现功能。例如：文学作品中的冬天、风

等都已经被赋予了不同寻常的心里内涵。

C文学语言具有阻拒性：把普通的语言加工成陌生的，对人具有阻拒性的言语，这样可能不合语法，打破了语言常规，甚至不易被人多理解，但却能引起人们的注意和兴趣，从而获得较强的审美效果。2文学形象有哪些特征，举例说明 A文学形象是主观与客观的统一。B文学形象又是假定与真实的统一 C文学形象是个别和一般的统一

D文学形象又是确定性与不确定性的统一。

3文学典型的美学特征是什么，典型人物与典型环境的关系是怎样的

首先文学典型必须具有贯穿其全部活动的，统摄其整体生命的总特征，其次，文学特征必须通过局部的特征。

一方面典型性格是在典型化境中形成，典型环境不仅是形成人物性格的基础，还是逼迫着人物的行动，制约着人物性格的发展变化。

另一方面典型人物也并非永远在环境面前无能为力，在一定条件下，他又可以对环境发生反作用。典型环境与典型人物的关系还是相互依存的一面，失去一方，另一方也就不复存在。4举例说明文学意境的特征

A情景交融：a景中藏情：虽不言情，描述景物中藏深情：《送孟浩然之人广陵》b情中见景：只抒发感情，不描写景物，但却历历在目《登幽州台歌》c情景并茂：情景浑然一体《念奴娇赤壁怀古》

B虚实相生：虚境是实境的升华，体现着整个意境的艺术品位和审美效果。《游园不值》 C韵味无穷：意境中所蕴含的那种咀嚼不尽的美的因素和效果。

5本书所讲的审美意象与一般的意象有何不同，审美意象的基本特征是什么

一般的意象立意明确而简单，而文学所追求的是那种最能体现作家艺术家审美理想的高级意象。基本特征：A审美意象的本质特征是哲理性 B审美意象的表现特征是象征性 C审美意象的形象特征是荒诞性

D审美意象的思维特征是抽象思维的直接参与E审美意象的借鉴特征是求解性和多义性

第十一章 叙事性作品

1如何理解叙事的特征

A叙事的内容是社会生活事件过程，即人的社会行为及其结果。B叙事是话语的虚构，叙事文学使用话语来虚构艺术世界的。2情节与事件的关系如何

事件由所叙述的人物行为及其后果构成，一个事件就是一个许是单位。事件的作用之一是推动故事情节发展。情节是按照因果逻辑组织起来的一系列事件。但并不是任何按照因果逻辑组织起来的事件都会成为叙事作品中的情节。有行动中的人物，因果线索完整的情节，具体明确的场景，由这诸种因素组合成一个个社会生活中的事件。3试分析一篇虚实作品的行动序列

一般的行为逻辑的基本形式是A可能性。一个行动将要发生，或具备了发生的条件：张生见到崔莺莺后找到寺庙要借宿B变为现实。及行动开始进行。或被取消。这是主要部分。C取得结果。或是行动失败。

复合式的行动序列：A首尾接续式。一个行动的结果成为另一个行动发生的可能性B中间包含式。一个行动的展开过程中又包含着行为手段的次一级行动序列C左右并联式。统一事件序列中的行动可能通过变换角度而形成平行对应的两个序列。4文本时间与故事时间

故事时间是指故事发生的自然时间状态。文本时间也可以称为叙事时间，是故事内容在叙事文本中具体呈现出来的时间状态。5叙述角度的变换对于阅读有何意义

第三人称的叙述是从与故事无关的旁观者立场进行的叙述，特点是无视角限制，使作者充分得到自由。第一人称叙述的作品中的叙述者同时也是故事中的一个角色。

特点是A他双重身份比其它角色更透明、易于理解

B可造成身历其境的逼真感觉。第二人称的叙述中的主人公是以你出现的。叙述的接受者同时又是故事中的一个角色，从而使读者与叙述接受者之间距离拉大，形成一种反常的阅读体验。6尝试分析一篇叙事作品中叙述者声音的特点

故事中叙述者的存在不仅表现于叙述的内容以及叙述话语本身，而且表现于叙述的动作，即用什么口气或态度叙述，这就是叙述者的声音。叙述声音的功能只是传达内容意义，声音的表情特点也只是为了更准确生动的表达内容的情感意蕴。

第十二章 抒情性作品

1文学抒情与叙事有哪些主要区别

抒情性作品与叙事性作品相对称，是一种以形式化的话语组织起来表现作家内心情感活动的文学作品类型，它在反映生活、表达思想情感、创造审美价值、实现文学的意识形态功能等方面，都具有不同于叙事作品的特征。为表现深广的社会意义和独特的内心生活，抒情作家必须创造意味深长的话语形式，抒情性话语具有不同与普通话语系统和叙事话语的特殊结构，他突出话语的可感性，使之具有很强的表现力，在创造表现性话语的过程中，作家采用了各种不同的支配与组织抒情话语的抒情行为或动作。形成了一系列抒情方式，使抒情话语成为一种极富创造性和复杂性的话语系统。

抒情偏于表现作者自己的主观世界，叙事偏于再现客观世界，抒情偏于用话语的声音组织和画面组织来象征性的表现感情，叙事偏于用话语的意义来讲故事。

2抒情话语主要通过哪些方式来突出语言的表现功能。举例

抒情话语是一种表现性话语，它具有象征性的表现情感的功能，通过类似音乐的声音组织和富有意蕴的画面组织来体现难以言传的主观感受过程。抒情话语突出话语的表现功能，主要突出了直接呈示情感运动形式的功能，具体表现为强调话语声音层和画面层的象征功能。在抒情话语中，画面不仅再现了事物的外表，而且转化为一种主观的、感受之中的色彩和形状，直接象征性的表现了感受过程。春风又绿江南岸中的绿 3为什么说一切景语皆情语。

作者内心活动即千变万化，又细微幽眇，无法用一般的词语直接表现，所以，常常借助具体景物的描写，写出独特又微妙的感受过程，达到情感的表现。情与景是不可分离的。情景相生，情景交融就是有意境。

第十三章 文学风格

1如何理解“文如其人”和“风格即人”的观点

精神气质和思想感情决定语言的格调，文学的风采才华都是作家情性的表现，作家按自己的情性创作，作品风貌如个人面孔不同一样。把风格看做是作家的创作个性在作品中的自然流露，这是从主体的角度来观察，从形成的内在根据来理解风格的，这种风格观从作家的气质禀赋、人格个性和志趣才情等方面来把握作品的风格特征，具有言语分析所不及的一面。

如果只看到内心表现的一面，忽视外在表达，还不能完全理解风格。日常个性不等同于创作个性，也不能直接转化为文学风格。文如其人主要不在外在题材，而在言语的格调、行文的笔性。2试述文学风格与创作个性的关系

创作个性是文学风格形成的内在根据。创作个性属于文学风格的主观方面，在与客观方面结合之前，它只有潜在于作家的内心，表现为独特的个性气质、人格精神、艺术情趣、审美追求和文学个。它一旦付诸实践，并与客观方面相结合，便成为文学风格的有机组成部分。

3试述创作个性与日常个性的关系

日常个性是人在日常生活中表现出来的人格结构方面的独特性，而创作个性是作家气质禀赋、思想水平、审美趣味、艺术才能等方面主观因素综合而成的习惯性行为方式，是文学风格的内在根据，支配着文学风格的形成和显现。4风格的基本内涵是什么

风格主要指作家的创造性在文体方面所达到的水平和境界。5为什么说风格是文体的最高范畴和体现

风格必须落实到具体的体制、样式、类型中，只有在具体的文学作品中，以恰当的文体，才能呈现出作家的创作个性和独到风格。恰当的体裁是风格得以生成的基础，富有个性的语体是风格的有机组成部分，而风格是文体的最高范畴和最高体现。6文学风格的特征是什么

文学风格是指作家的创作个性在文学作品的有机整体中通过言语结构所显现出来的、能引起读者持久审美享受的艺术独创性。A创作个性是风格形成的内在根据

B主体与对象、内容与形式的统一是风格存在的基本条件 C文体和语言组织是风格呈现的外部特征 7如何理解风格的审美价值

A风格美是可以超越时代、地域和阶层的限制的

B风格的审美价值虽然可以超越时代，但是在多大程度上得到实现，却往往又受时代的价值取向的影响和制约。8如何理解文学的地域风格

不同的地域有不同的文化。其中自然环境起着决定性的作用。地域文化除了与自然环境有密切关系外，当然与在此自然环境中发展起来的社会环境，即生产力、生产关系、社会制度等同样民且相关。说明地域风格及其成因，必须把自然环境和社会环境的影响综合起来考虑。

第十四章 文学消费与接受的性质

1文学消费与文学产生有什么关系

在技术社会的大众传播媒介的冲击下，文学消费与文学生产之间形成了一种辩证的互动关系。

A文学生产规定着文学消费a文学生产为文学消费提供消费的对象及文学产品b文学生产规定着文学消费的方式c文学生产规定着文学消费的需要。

B文学消费制约着文学生产a文学消费决定着文学生产的最后完成b文学消费制约着文学生产的方式和规模c文学消费体现为文学生产的目的和动力。

2文学传播方式对文学的产生与消费有何影响

在历史上，最初的文学传播工作是由作者本身担任的，后来出现职业说书人，开始是数量很少的手抄本，后来是手工作坊印刷和机械印刷。随着广播、电视、电影以及电子媒体等新的大众传播媒介的出现，当代文学传播方式呈现口头传播、书籍传播、视听传播以及电子网络传播等并存的态势。文学传播方式的现代化，使得读者大众迅猛增加，对文化的消费需求大幅度的提高，现代文学传播方式成为作家创作与读者消费之间的中介和桥梁。3文化市场对文学产生与消费有何意义

健康的文化市场对于繁荣文艺具有积极地功能，它会大大促进文学生产与文学消费之间的联系，它意味着艺术生产者要树立市场观念和读者观念，按照文化市场的需要来安排生产，它将激发艺术家的创造潜能，有助于艺术生产力的大解放，它使艺术资源得到合理配置，促使艺术的多元化，人民大众的审美需求因而得到满足。4为什么说文学消费既是一般商品消费，又是特殊的精神产品消费

文学产品具有明显的商品性质，文学消费也烙下了一般商品消费的印记，由于文学产品的创造不仅凝聚了作家的智慧和心血，而且作为物态化生产过程的产品，还凝聚了其他劳动者所付出的劳动消耗，因而具有一定的交换价值或价格。文学消费又是特殊的精神产品消费是由于：

A一般物质产品主要满足人们的物质生活需要，而文学产品作为一种特殊的精神产品，主要满足于人们的精神生活需要。B一般物质商品的交换价值是严格依据等价交换的原则进行的，而文学消费者所支付的货币只能与凝聚在文学产品的物质化生产过程中的劳动消耗相等价。

C优秀的文学产品具有超时代性，伟大的文学名著甚至具有价值增值性

D一般商品消费是名副其实的消费，而文学消费更是以文化信息的传播与接受。5怎样理解文学消费与接受得意识形态性质

文学消费与接受就是文学生产者通过文学产品被读者阅读欣赏，以传播他们所属的那个集团、阶层的意识形态观念。在这种文学阅读欣赏中，维系一定社会结构所需要的某种意识形态观念被再生产出来，并被转化为接受者的思想意识。6文学消费与文学接受有什么区别和联系

区别：A文学消费具有物质消费和精神消费二重性，而文学接受则纯属一种精神文化范围内的活动B文学消费即包括阅读行为，也包括未含阅读活动的消费行为，而文学接受则一定是一种阅读或欣赏的精神活动C文学消费与文学接受的主客观条件不同D文学消费研究具有综合的多视角的特点，而文学接受研究则偏于审美经验或艺术心里这一独特视角。

联系：文学消费是初级状态的或者说低层次的文学接受，而文学接受则是高级状态的或者说高层次的文学消费，两者共同指向的核心均为文学欣赏或审美鉴赏这个文学阅读活动的最高层次。7怎样理解文学接受是一种审美体验活动

文学作品的这种从感官感受、情绪情感和思想深度等方面吸引读者、感染读者、震撼读者并给读者带来精神愉悦、人格自由和心灵净化的价值属性，就是文学的审美属性。首先是因为文学作品并非对客观社会生活的机械临摹，而是深深的渗透作者本人对社会生活的情感态度。此外，文学作品的艺术形式本身也是文学审美价值的重要来源。8怎样理解文学接受是一种审美认识活动

文学在一定意义上起源于人类模仿和求知的本能，文学作品通过语言文字描写生动的艺术形象，反映社会生活的各个方面，揭示自我人性的丰富本质，因而具有一种为读者提供认识社会生活与人类自身真相的价值属性，即具有审美特性的审美认识活动。9怎样理解文学接受是一种价值诠释活动

文学作为一种文化蕴涵丰富、文化信息密集的文化价值产品，对于创作者或读者，文学都关乎他作为生命主体的生存价值和意义，因次读者在阅读文学作品时，可以从中探索某种文化价值和意义。文学接受具有一种多方面满足读者进行文化价值阐释、品味或品评兴趣的属性。文学接受因而表现为文化价值的阐释活动。10怎样理解文学接受是一种审美交流活动

文学产品作为一种审美的社会化话语作品，具有增进人们的彼此了解、沟通与交流的属性，因此，文学消费和接受也表现为一种特殊的审美交流活动。文学并不仅仅是供人们娱乐和享受，也负有教化与交流的使命，并且通过交流而产生潜移默化、移风易俗的作用。

第十五章 文学接受过程

1读者的阅读期待视野是怎样形成的

A由生活实践和文化教养形成的世界观与人生观，即读者在长期的社会生活中形成的审美趣味、情感倾向、人生追求、政治态度

B一定的文学素养，即读者对各种文学体裁、文学发展史、文学发展现状、文学自身的技巧、手法、创作规律、艺术特征的熟悉和了解

C特定的生理机制，即读者的性别、年龄、气质类型等生理特征。总之，正是由这些源于世界观、人生观、文学艺术素养和特定生理机制的先在欲求、先在经验，逐渐形成了读者阅读活动中的某种心理图式。2文学接受的主要动机是什么

A审美动机，即是读者通过接受文学作品而获得的愉悦阅读期待

B求知动机，读者力图通过文学作品发现历史规律、社会本质、了解各类知识的动机 C受教动机，读者力图从作品中得到人生启迪、道德教育、精神鼓舞的动机

D批评动机，把握作品的内涵，分析作品的意义，探讨艺术创作的规律，以期对文学作品进行科学的评价E借鉴动机，为了借鉴模仿他人的艺术技巧，提高自己的创作质量。3如何理解接受心境与接受效果之间的关系

接受心境对阅读效果的影响是明显的。即使面对同一作品，由于情绪状态不同，也会导致不同的阅读境界。读者的接受心境与作品之间的关系是复杂的，二者是相互发生作用的。4隐含的读者是怎样形成的

是指作家本人预想出来的他的作品问世之后，可能出现的或应该出现的读者。作家的创作动机会决定本文中隐含的读者的存在。作家赋予文本的思想内涵会决定隐含的读者的存在。作假的选材及文体特点也会决定隐含的读者的存在。5文学接受为什么需要填空、对话与兴味

A与其他艺术门类相比，读者读到的文学作品只是抽象的文字符号的系列组合，这些文字符号只有经由读者的理解、想象、体验才能还原为可以构成审美的形象

B文学作品主要使用的是描述性语言，有着明显的模糊性和不确定性，不可能像科学那样准确清晰，因此，文学作品的接受，只有伴随着读者在文字符号上展开的想象才能进行。6文学接受活动中为什么会产生异变

一部文学作品完成之后，作家的精神创造和情感体验便凝定于某一文本。读者阅读文学作品的过程，本应还原作家心目中的形象、情感体验和思想见解的过程，但是由于填空、对话、兴味的介入，阅读过程中的彻底还原是不可能的。经由读者阅读产生的第二文本，充满着读者个人的再创造，因此，第一文本与第二文本必然会产生异变。7如何看待文学接受过程中的误解

在具体的阅读现象中，误解又分为“正误”“反误”。在文学阅读中，正误现象是非常普遍的，对于文学作品价值的实现也是有重要意义，古今中外，许多文学作品之于人类社会的意义，便正是通过这样一种误解而实现的。相对于值得肯定的正误，反误显然只能导致文学艺术的损伤乃至粗暴践踏。8试述期待遇挫与艺术魅力之间的关系

在文学阅读过程中，读者的期待视野和文本之间，会呈现出顺向相应与逆向受挫两种情况。顺向相应：当一部作品中的人物性格、情节发展、意境指向等，与读者期待视野中的预先测定完全一致时。这类作品平庸陈旧，缺乏艺术魅力。

逆向受挫：真正富有创新意义与艺术魅力的作品，在阅读过程中，常常伴随着期待指向的遇挫。会使读者在一种遇挫与开释交替出现的精神活动中，体验文学作品的艺术魅力。

第十六章 文学批评

1怎么理解文学批评的意识相态性质

当文学批评是以文学作品为中心而兼及一切文学活动和各种文学现象的理性分析、评价和判断时，其实就已经表明了它作为意识形态评价的那种普遍社会属性。从批评对象说，作为主要对象的文学作品，不管诗歌、散文还是小说、剧本，都是精神创造的产物，都是一种意识形态话语。从文学批评的效能来说，文学批评也表现为一种意识形态评价。文学批评从实质上讲，是在一定的社会历史条件下与一定意识形态息息相关的意识形态评价方式，他通过批评话语对意识形态产生巨大的影响。2为什么说美学的观点和历史的观点是马克思主义批评的总原则和方法论

因为美学和历史的观点既反映了文学作为意识形态的普遍规律，有体现了文学这种特殊的意识形态，即审美意识形态的特殊规律。

A一切文学作品都应该是审美的作品，因而应当用美学的观点加以审视和批评。同时，要有历史的观点去衡量作品的历史作用和历史价值

B对一切作品的微观解析和具体评价只能在美学的和历史的宏观视野下才能达到应有的标准尺度，发挥批评应有的效能。C美学的观点和历史的观点作为批评的方法论和基本原则，制约着具体批评中的价值取向和方法原则。3选择两种批评模式进行比较，说明传统批评模式与现代批评模式的区别 传统批评模式：伦理道德批评：以一定的道德意识及伦理关系作为模范评价。

社会历史批评：将作品产生的时代背景、历史条件以及作家的生活经历与作品联系起来评论

审美批评：注重作品的美的构成及其审美价值。

现代批评模式：心理学批评：运用现代心理学的成果对作家的创作心里及作品人物心理分析，探求作品的真实意图，以获得其真实价值的批评

语言学批评：从语言或形式的层面对文学作品进行分析。

文化批评：文化学或文化社会学、文化政治学意义上的批评。4立足中国的社会历史语境，简析文化批评出现的必然性和合理性

A市场经济兴起发展的现实，带来了文化与文学的巨大变化，从而使文学批评不再局限于文学正统的狭小圈子，必须重新校正眼光

B西方的文化研究以及后现代文化思想的全球性传播，逐渐形成中国文学文化批评的热潮 C建设具有中华民族自身深广厚重的文化背景的批判性中国文学理论和批评思想。

第四篇：英语教学法期末复习重点

Revision Contents

Unit 1 Language and Learning

1.The nature of language

2.Views on language and their implications to language teaching

3.Views on language learning

4.Zone of Proximal Development

5.Qualities of a good language teacher

Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities

1.What is communicative competence? Try to list some of its components.2.Principles in communicative language teaching/ strong version and week version

3.List some of the communicative activities.4.What is a task and TBLT? Is it appropriate in China?

Unit 4.Lesson PlanningThe definition of lesson planning

2.Benefits of lesson planning

3.Different kinds of lesson planning and their components

4.Principles for good lesson planning

Unit 5 Classroom Management

1.What is classroom management?

2.What does classroom management involve?

3.Factors affecting classroom management

4.The role of the teacher during class

5.How to give classroom instructions effectively?

6.Types of interaction model or student grouping in classroom and their advantages and disadvantages

7.Classification of questions and criteria for effective questioning

8.How to deal with undisciplined acts?

Unit 6 Teaching Pronunciation 2.The goal of teaching pronunciation

3.Some methods of practicing sounds.Unit 7 Teaching Grammar

1.Grammar presentation methods

2.Two categories of grammar practice

Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary

1.Problems in learning vocabulary

2.Ways to present vocabulary.Unit 9 Teaching Listening

1.How do people process information in listening comprehension?

2.How can we teach listening more effectively?

Unit 10 Teaching Speaking

1.What problems do we have in our oral English classes?

2.Types of speaking activities

Unit 11 Teaching reading

The three stages of teaching reading

Unit 12 Teaching Writing

1.What is the main idea of communicative approach to writing?

2.What is the main idea of the process approach to writing?

Unit 15

1.Formative assessment

第五篇：大学英语教程(上册)_笔记(全)

本课程的名称为“大学英语自学教程（上册）”，它是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）专科阶段的公共实践课，检测好坏的标准是会不会灵活运用这门语言。考试大纲规定，大学英语的教学目标是“使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说、读、写及汉译英能力，为获得专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础”。

本课程包括较系统的英语语法知识、英语单词约3000个和词组约500个，阅读量为30000余词。本课程的重点是英语的基本词汇和语法，课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。

本课程的主要考试内容是从词汇、语法、阅读和翻译着手的。从2000年开始考试题型已改为如下七种：A.客观题部分：1.单项选择10%；2.完型填空10%；3.阅读理解30%；B.主观题部分：4.单词拼写10%；5.词形转换10%；6.汉译英15%；7.英译汉15% 为了帮助大家在英语学习、考试方面能达到事半功倍的效果，以及从我这几年教受英语课程的经验来看，想给大家提几点建议，：

第一，要勤读、多读。我们这里所说的“读”包括朗读和阅读，正确的发音，流利的朗读，对于熟练掌握单词、句子和课文，提高阅读速度都有根本意义；

第二，记牢单词。我知道这历来是考生们最头疼的事情，但是我认为只要大家有好的适合自己的方法，那么对于大纲要求的这3000词汇来说应该只是a piece of cake(小事一庄)。发音要正确，背单词要有计划，读写结合，注意常用词的词类和变化规则，记单词要和学习课文结合起来，不能死记硬背，最后一环是和遗忘作斗争的最有效手段---复习。英语中有一句谚语：Rome wasn’t built in one day!译成中文是：冰冻三尺非一日之寒。记忆单词尤应记住它；

第三点，学好语法。学语法的主要目的是为了用。对于英语教学我最擅长的就是讲解语法，一般我会将语法现象融入所学课文中，让大家感觉不是那么晦涩难懂。只有在错综复杂的语言现象中学和用，才能真正掌握语法。

guaranteed for one year.英语学习不是一句两句(v 保修)就说的完的，今后我会在教学4.intelligent:a 聪明中逐步让大家感受到学英语的的、明智的，n intelligence 乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事聪明、智慧

业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富5.conversely: ad 相反大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟地，converse a 相反的

是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我6.similar:a 相似的、类将四个英文字母以及一句谚语似的，短语be similar to 送给我们每一位自学者：sth / sb in sth(*)IIpp----Interest，e.g.She is similar in Intention, patience and temper(性情、脾气)to her persistence.Where there mother.is a will, there is a 7.independent:a 独立way!(有志者事竟成！)Good 的、自主的，independence n luck!

独立、自主、自立，（*）

下面我们开始上课。我想字根：depend(v):依靠、在第一课开始之前对大家提几依赖，depend on / upon 点要求：1.每人都必须有课dependence: n 信赖、信本，即高远主编的《大学英语任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依自学教程》（上）；2.每讲后靠的、需要支持的

必须要复习、做作业；3.最好a.When you begin to 能提前看看下讲的课文；4.make money you can live a 每5个单元有测验，请大家务life of independence.必认真完成;5有问题随时b.Children depend on 问，学习上不要害羞。

their parents for food.本教程共计25个单元。c.I don’t want to be 每单元分A，B两篇文章，一dependent on my parents, 般A 位重点文章，精讲；B为because I am an adult.培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。

8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to Unit one:

something Text A: How to Be a 9.adult: n 成年人；a Successful Language 成年的、成熟的

Learner?

a.She can do it

herself, for she is an Ⅰ.New Words:

adult now.1.successful: a 成功b.His behavior isn’t 的；

adult.succeed v : succeed 10.conclusion: n 结in doing something做某事论、推论；v conclude.成功;

decide v 决定，decision n success n;决定、决心

successfully ad(*)

11.communicate: v 交a.She wished him 流、通讯、传播，习语：

success_ in his new job.①communicate sth to b.Were you successful sb: 传播某事给某人；

in finding a new house?

②communicate with sb: c.I finished my 同某人交流

training successfully.名词：communication: a d.He succeeds in communication satellite 通finding a good job.讯卫星；

2.disagree: v disagree a communication with somebody(与某人有分network 通讯网，歧，意见不一致)，telecommunication:电讯、电n disagreement, a 信，disagreeable;反义词：agree, China agreement, agreeable

telecommunication中国电信

e.g.I always disagree 12.inexact: a 不正确with him.的，反义词：exact 3.guarantee:n / v 保 incomplete: a 不完证、担保、保修

整的，反义词：complete e.g.1>.The watch has a 13.purpose: n 目的、意two-year guarantee.(n保图，purposeful: a 有目的修)的，蓄意的，2>.The TV set is purposefully: ad 有

目的地、蓄意地(*)

a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的 15.technique: n 技术、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲

a.You should outline the story before you write it.b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement

②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点：

修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom,(一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析！

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has

come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地„)这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in 译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。

①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 从句

a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的

①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语

②短语：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice„

hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与„不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.(*)译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。

①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some many ways.(*)

c.He’s afraid that 译：语言学习研究显示成he’ll be late for class.功的语言学习者在许多方面都10.When communication 是相似的。

is difficult, they can ①本句主语Language accept information that is learning research；谓语：inexact or incomplete.shows；宾语：that引导一个译：当交流困难时，他们宾语从句。在宾语从句中会接受不准确或不完整的信successful language 息。

learners是主语；are是系动本句中包含一个时间状语词；similar in many ways从句When communication is 是表语

difficult，一个定语从句②重要短语be similar that is inexact or(to sb/sth)in sth在„方incomplete，修饰先行词面与某人/某事相似

information，在从句中that7.Instead of waiting 作主语。

for the teachers to 11.It’s more explain, they try to find important for them to the patterns and the rules learn to think in the for themselves.(*)

language than to know the 译：不是等这老师解释，meaning of every word.(*)而是自己努力去发现各种句型译：对他们来说，学会用和规则。

所学的语言来思考比学会每个①Instead of waiting 单词的意思更重要。

for the teachers to ①it作形式主语，真正explain,介词短语作状语，主主语是动词不定式to learn 语：they；谓语：try to to think in the language.find；宾语：the patterns 原句语序应是：For them to and the rules for learn to think in the themselves

language is more important ②介词of后的动词要用than to know the meaning 动名词waiting

of every word.③短语：instead of sth;用形式主语的目的是因为wait for sb to do sth;try 不定式作主语太长，为避免句to do sth;

子头重脚轻，用it代替真正8.They find people who 的主语。

speak the language and e.g.For many people they ask these people to to learn English well is correct them when they very difficult.make a mistake.(*)

=It’s very 译：他们寻找说这种语言difficult for many people 的人，当他们说错时就请这些to learn English well 人帮助指正。

②短语：learn to do ①这是一个由and连接的sth学会做„;more 并列句，其中有一个定语从句important than „更重要

who speak the language，修12.It’s necessary for 饰先行词people;有一个时间them to learn the language 状语从句when they make a in order to communicate mistake

with these people and to ②correct: v 指正、纠learn from them.正，短语：make a mistake = For them to learn 犯错误

the language in order to 9.They are not afraid communicate with these to repeat what they hear people and to learn from or to say strange things.them are necessary

learn from sb:向„学习

13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。

①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)

14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)

译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。

①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。

15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。

①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。

②短语：on the other

hand: 另一方面来说;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨„，最好„.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone!Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A.Useful phrases: 1.disagree with „(2段1行);2.hundreds of(2段3行);3.be different from„(3段1行);4.succeed in sth„(3段3行);5.as much as you can(4段2行);6.practice doing sth(4段2行);7.try to do„(4段4行);

8.similar in sth„(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do„(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);

14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do„(7段6行);

17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, A.Some new words: purposefully;1.instance: a single 12.regularly;

13.fact, event, example.例technique;14.outline.子、实例，常用短语for C.Key to part instance，例如。

exercises:(from page 8 to 2.waiter: a person 12)

who serves food at the

一、课文练习： tables in a restaurant(男Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;性)，Ⅱ.1.task;waitress女服务员、2.intelligent;3.tudy;女招待

4.clue;5.conclusion;3.traveler: a person 6.repeat;7.communication;who goes from place to 8.purpose;9.probably;

place, esp.to a far away 10.outline place Ⅲ.1.Instead of;travel: v 旅游

2.therefore;3.more„than;

4.primitive: adj 原4.even;5.first of all;始的：of the earliest 6.because;7.on the other times of life or of man hand;8.finally;9.looking 5.exact 反义词for;10.conversely inexact Ⅳ.1.见课文；

6.consist;v 短语： 2.Language consist of 组成

learning is active e.g.My class learning.Learners should

consists of 20 students.take advantage of every 7.simply: adv, chance to use the language.simple adj 简单的

3.Language learning should be active，independent and purposeful.B.Some language 4.见一讲作业。points: 5.The teachers 1.not only„but often pass on their also„不但„而且，并列连successful experience in 词。(连接两个并列成分)language learning to us.e.g.⑪ I hope to be

二、词汇练习： not only your teacher, but Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲also your good friend.解部分； 3.cover: v 覆 ⑫ „, we can 盖； uncover: v 揭开，为do it not only with the cover的反义词；discover: help of words, but also in v 发现，同义词：find,习题many other ways.答案为：covered;uncover;2.neither„nor:既discovered 不„也不，并列连词，连接两Ⅱ.1.inexact;个并列成分。

2.technique;3.outlined;e.g.⑪ Autumn is a 4.communicate;5.regularly;good season.It’s neither 6.clue;7.intelligent;hot nor cold.8.incomplter;9.similar;⑫ people who 10.statement can neither hear nor speak Ⅲ.1.disagree;talk to each other with 2.independent;the help of their fingers.3.incomplete;4.inexact;3.He entered a 5.uncover/discover restaurant and sat at a Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业table.(坐在桌旁)3,4,5题。2见课文 5.We

4.in this way:介词短should learn something new 语，用这种方法

independently, actively e.g.I learn English and purposefully.by myself.In this way, I have finally got the Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般diploma of English major.了解，属阅读理解课文，对于 5.The Englishman text B的文章来说，虽然较Awho was very hungry by 篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅this time and not at all 读结果的标准是能够独立地完thirsty looked very sad.成课后的习题。a.本句包含有一个定语

从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。

b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不„

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。

Key to the part exercises:

page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2

Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world.Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things.There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes;they are for the federal government, state government, and city government.Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.A.New words:

1.tax: n 税；vt 对„征税

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking，general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的

5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)a.More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.b.A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.c.I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)a.Holiday jobs are many and varied.b.people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)c.prices of fruit vary from season to season.8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售

9.charge: v 收费、控告

a.How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b.He was charged with the guilty of murder.10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)a.She always adds sugar to her tea.b.He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.c.We will need additional help to do the work.11.confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj;confusion n(*)a.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.b.This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.c.Do you think this will cause much confusion?

来了。

d.They confused me 2昨天我妈给我的钱已by asking so many 经被偷走了。

questions.Answer:

1.The man 11.complain: v 抱who/whom/that/省略

you 怨，常跟介词of, about.have been looking for has complaint: n 抱怨、投诉come.（*）

2.The money a.Students always that/which/省略 my mother complain about too much gave me yesterday was homework.stolen.b.She complained 短语；be sure of:that the exam was too hard.对„确信、确定

c.He used to e.g.We can be sure complain bitterly of his of his honesty.bad memory.(诉说有病)

d.There is no 2.Americans don’t reason for complaint.have a corner on the death

market, but many people 12.useless: adj 无用feel that the United 的，反义词 useful;carefulStates leads the world →careless;helpful→with the worst taxes.(*)helpless;hopeful→ 译：美国人并不垄断hopeless etc.“死亡”市场，但很多人感到 13.impractical: adj 美国却以最重的赋税在世界上不切实际的，反义词 名列前茅。

practical;practice v 实 短语：have a corner 践、实际

on something:垄断„;lead 14.program: n 计划、with因„领先

节目、程序；v 编程序

e.g.China leads the 15.tend: v 易于、倾world with her silk 向于，tendency n 趋势、倾products.向

a.people tend to 3.With the high cost get fat as they grow older.of taxes, people are not b.prices continue very happy on April 15, to show an upward tendency.when the federal taxes are(物价呈持续上升趋势。)

due.译：由于高额的税款，B.Intensive reading: 每年4月15日人们很不开 1.Americans often 心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税say that there are only 款的日子。

two things a person can be 分析：With the high sure of in life: death and cost of taxes,介词短语作原taxes.(*)

因状语，with = because of, 译：美国人常说，一个由于„, 人一生中只有两件事可以肯定 when the federal 会发生：死亡和纳税。

taxes are due是非限定性定 分析：主语：语从句，修饰on April 15。Americans；谓语：say；thatWhen 叫关系副词。

引导一个宾语从句，还包含有 Where, when, why是一个省略了关联代词的定语从定语从句中的三个关系副词，句，a person can be sure 分别在定语从句中作地点状in life修饰two things.语、时间状语、原因状语。

当先行词在定语从句中 a.This is the house 作宾语时，常可省略。

where I was born.(where = e.g.1>.The watch in which)that/which/省略 I found in b.I’ll never the library is his.forget the day when I（why?）

entered the college.(when 2>.The girl = on which)who/whom/that/省略 you met c.please tell me at the party is my sister.the reason why you are 请试着翻译句子： always late for my 1你一直在找的那个人class.(why = for which)

另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)

译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)

译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item.charged to表示“向„征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)

译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。

短语：in addition to 除„还有„(+)

e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that

it spends too much on of;5.similar;6.tends to;（修订版）；edit: v;useless and impractical 7.complaining about;8.i editor: n 3.Television ads are programs.addition to;9.issue;8.entertainment: n short, but they are 译：他们经常抗议政府 10.agree on 娱乐、款待 repeated over and over 对他们交纳的税金使用不当。Ⅳ.1.How much do 9.audience: n 观again so that the audience 他们认为政府在一些没用或不you charge for a haircut? 众、听众。sees and hears them many 切实际的项目上花钱太多。2.We are trying to 10.characteristic: times.(*)短语：use sth in the raise funds for the Red a 典型的； n 特性、特征

译：电视广告时间很wrong way,错误地使用„, Cross.11.commercial: adj 短，但它们被反复播放，可以 spend sth on sth 3.He earned a good 商业的； n 商业广告； 使观众看听许多遍。在„花费，或spend sth in reputation for honesty.commerce n 商业。

短语：over and over doing sth.4.We pay taxes in 12.responsible: a again一遍又一遍； so that e.g.Mother says he exchange for government 有责任的； responsibility = in order that表目的； spends too much time in services.n 责任 audience:称作集体名watching TV every day.5.An open letter 13.particular: a 特词，当单形集体名词被看作一 8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

短语：have different views on sth对„有不同观点，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb;同意做某事：agree to do sth.Ⅲ.Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行);2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);3.lead with(1段4行);4.consist of(2段1行);5.depend on(3段3行);6.that is(3段4行);7.be similar to(4段3行);8.in addition to(4段10行);9.public works(5段4行);10.municipal buildings(5段5行);11.complain about(6段3行);12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);13.spend„on(6段4-5行);14.tend on(6段6行);15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、课文练习：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.diverse;4.consisted protested government’s 定的 foreign policy.14.estimate: n / v

二、词汇练习： 估计、评价

Ⅰ见2讲讲课内容。15.management: n 管 Ⅱ.1.charge;理、经营； manage: v 管2.department;3.due;理； manager: n 经理 4.diverse;5.earns;6.vary;16.approve: v 赞7.property;8.leading;成、同意、批准； approval: 9.fund;10.tends n 17.involve: v 牵 Ⅱ.Text B: 涉、卷入，be involved in It’s about sth;involvement: n advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.B.Some difficult Some are from TV, some are sentences: from radio, some are from 1.Advertising is newspaper, and others are only part of the total from magazines and even sales effort, but it’s Internet.When you find so the part that attracts the many ads have penetrated most attention.into all the corners of 译：广告仅仅是整个销our life, then do you 售活动的一部分，但就是这部think it’s good or bad? 分最能吸引人们的注意力。Now let’s find something 注意本句的主语from our text.advertising是动名词作主 语，表示登广告。再如： A.New words: playing football is 1.advertise: v 做广my favorite sport.告、登广告；advertisement: 短语：attract one’s n 缩写ad;advertising attention吸引某人的注意company广告公司；力。advertiser: n 登广告的人

2.attract: v 吸引； 2.Voices and music attraction: n 吸引力；have been added to color attractive: adj 吸引人的 and pictures to catch the 3.design: v 设计； ear as well as the eye.designer 设计师（*）4.persuade: v 劝说，译：色彩和画面配上声常用习语：persuade sb to 音和音乐，既好看又好听。do sth 重点掌握短语：1>.add 5.leisure: n 空暇、sth to sth加„到„, 悠闲，at leisure有空，清 e.g.I don’t like 闲。add milk to/into my coffee.6.classified: a 分 2>.catch the ear, 类的；classify v 分类 catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，7.edition: n 版本，吸引眼睛 a paperback edition（平装 3>.as well as:版）, a rare edition（珍藏也 ,除了„还有„(+)版）, a deluxe edition（精 e.g.I like Chinese 装版）, a revised editionas well as English.个整体时，具有单数概念；被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a

big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is

quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases:

1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);

3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide

on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.词汇练习：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;

4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual.Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important.A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海员； sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）

a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do„, be unwilling to do„;副词：unwillingly, willingly;名词：will意愿、意志。（*）

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.please look at the 4.salty: a 咸的，salt: following sentences from n 盐；salted用盐腌的

the text: a.The sea water is a.The Atlantic ocean salty.is one of the oceans b.The salted beef is that „.delicious.b.The narrowest place

is between the bulge of „.5.average: n/a/v平均c.The Azores are the 数、平均的、平均常用短语：tops of the peak „.on the average(*)

a.The average of 2,3 1.冠词（articles）:是and 4 is 3.一种虚词，放在一个名词前，b.The average age of 帮助说明该名词的含义。它分the students in this class 为定冠词和不定冠词两种。

is eighteen.2.定冠词the的用法如c.They averaged 20 下：

miles a day during their ①重复上文提到过的人或last journey.物：

e.g.There is a 6.range: n 山脉、范refrigerator in the 围；v 变化，排列成行

kitchen.The refrigerator a.She has a wide range is white.of interests.(第一次提到用不定冠b.He ranged the books 词，第二次用定冠词，表特by size.指。)

②特指谈话双方都知道的7.peak: n 高峰，adj 人或物。

高峰的，反义词：off-peak

e.g.How do you like peak hour = rush the film? hour

③指世界上独一无二的事8.eastward, westward, 物。

northward, southward: adj e.g.The earth is adv

bigger than the moon, but 9.crew:集体名词

smaller than the sun.10.becalm: v become ④常用在乐器前：

calm;calm: a平静的、安静e.g.I want to play 的, please keep calm.the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事业名称11.current: n 水流、电前, 流；adj 流行的

e.g.I will go to the a.The current is the post office/ the museum/ strongest in the middle of the cinema.the river.⑥用在序数词和形容词最b.Turn off the current 高级之前，while making repairs.e.g.the first time, c.of all her dresses, the biggest.only one is still current.⑦用在某些专有名词前，e.g.the people’s 12.affect: v 影响、打Republic of China, the 动；effect n 影响，have an great wall, the white effect on sth;affecting house adj 动人的；effective adj ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、有影响的、有效的。（*）

海洋、湖泊，a.Violent TV programs e.g.the Changjiang have a bad effect on the River, the pacific ocean, children.the Himalayas, the Salt b.Music can affect Lake some people very strongly.⑨和某些形容词连用，表c.The law is no longer 示某一类人, effective.e.g.the rich, the 13.furnish: v 用家具poor, the dead, the young 布置，家具：furniture.⑩用在姓氏的复数形式

前，表一家人, B.Grammar knowledge: e.g.The Greens are 定冠词的用法 watching TV.另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A:

1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。

He is the best person that always helps others

2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。

He is the last person that I want to see.3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。

Which is the bike that you lost?

4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。

We should hand in all that you have found.5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短语：separate sth from sth把„与„分开

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it

kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）

译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析： 主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made； 宾语：the early sailors； 宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句）

4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as

that this big ocean seems a.My hair is twice to have grown smaller.as long as yours.译：我们现在有如此多 b.My classroom is 的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似only one third as big as 乎变小了。

theirs.短语：such + n +

that 引导结果状语从句，注 5.It’s more than 意和so„that„比较。

4000 miles wide where a.She’s such a Columbus crossed it.lovely girl that everyone 译：哥伦布穿越大西洋likes her very much.的航线有4000多英里宽。

b.She’s so lovely a 基数词 + 形容词→作girl that everyone likes 度量状语。

her very much.a.He is only five seem to 仿佛、好像 years old.b.The river is three Ⅱ.Brief summary meters deep.about the useful phrases: c.The classroom is 1.separate„from„(1five meters long.段1行);2.keep sb from

doing sth(1段2行);6.For so large an 3.make sb do sth(2段1行);ocean, it has very few 4.boiling hot(2段5行);islands.Also, it is the 5.so„that„(5段1行);world’s saltiest ocean.6.no more(5段2行);7.on 译：这么大的一个海洋the average(5段4行);却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它8.pile up(10段2行);是世界上盐分含量最高的海9.such„that„(11段1行);洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大10.seem to(11段2行);特点。）

11.be unwilling to do„(2

段1行)7.There is so much

water in the Atlantic Text B:做一般了解。ocean that it is hard to A.New words: imagine how much there is.1.observation: n 观 译：大西洋中有多得令察，observe: v 观察；人难以想象的海水。

observer: n 观察者

So„that引导结果状 2.continually: adv 语从句。(so + adj / adv)

不停地，continue v 继续, It’s so hot these continual adj 不停的

days that we can’t go out.3.merely: adv 同义

词only 8.But suppose no 4.absolutely: adv more rain fell into it and 完全地、绝对地，同义词：no more water was brought completely, entirely, to it by rivers.thoroughly.译：假设不再有雨水降 5.uncomfortably: 入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。adv 不舒适地，反义词：本句存在一个重要的语法现comfortably;uncomfortable, 象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实comfortable 的假设。该语法放到text B 6.inhabitant: n 居中进行详讲。

民（不是永久的），永久的

resident, inhabit;v 居住

9.It would take the 7.occasionally: adv ocean about 4000years to 偶尔地； occasional: adj, dry up.occasion: n 场合、机会

译：它大约需要4000

年的时间才干涸。

B.Grammar knowledge: 重要句型：it takes / Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

took sb some time to do 它是谓语动词的一种形sth花某人多少时间作某事

式，表示非真实的假设、或表 Every day it takes 示命令、建议或说话人的主观me an hour to go to work.愿望。

a.But suppose no 10.We now have such more rain fell into it and fast ways of traveling no more water was brought

to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind„

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun„

虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early.c.If I should fail, I would try again.为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：

条件从句

结果主句

对现在事实的违背

过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词 should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形

对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C.Further notes on some sentences:

1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。

except for:除了„,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2.We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun„

3.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮

4.In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。这是一个难句，隐含有5.unusual;6.highway;一个虚拟语气句：which 7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;would otherwise be dark.10.affected That is: If the 汉译英：

surface of the whole earth

1、这座山有泰山的一didn’t reflect enough of 半高。

the sun’s light on to the

2、这所学校平均每个face of the moon, the 班有45人。

parts of it would be dark.3、昨晚他过了好一会 短语：in the same 儿才入睡。

way用同样的方式； reflect

4、电视里的广告太sth on to/onto sth 反射多，无法记住到底有多少。

到„;be able to do 能做„

5、许多错误的想法导

致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。

D.useful phrases: Key: 1.except for(2段1 1.The mountain is 行);2.face towards sth(3half as high as Mount Tai.段4行);3.face away from 2.on the average, sth(3段4行);4.keep sth there are 45 students in in mind(3段6行);5.light each class in this school.up(3段6行);6.sth is 3.Last night it enough for sb to do(4段2took him quite a long time 行);7.speak of(4段3行);to fall asleep.8.know sth well(4段5行);4.There are so many 9.reflect sth onto sth(4ads on TV that it’s 段6-7行);10.in the same impossible to remember the way(4段7行);exact number.5.Many wrong ideas

made people in the days of homework:

Columbus unwilling to sail 从所给词中选择恰当的westward.填入空格内；

Homework for 2nd boil narrow lecture: unusual salty average 1.He is not spot peak crew affect only a teacher, _____ also highway

a friend.1.The ___ hours of however but as traffic means the times and when the traffic is 2.Deaf and dumb highest.people “talk” to each 2.All the ____ other with the help of members on the ship are their ____ ready for sail.fingers eyes 3.Jack’s work at faces mouths school is well above the 3.Music is ____, but he is still not different from languages.happy with himself.It can be ____ by people 4.When water ___, from different countries.it changes into steam.spoke understood 5.His ____ ideas known taken surprised everyone.4.An Italian 6.The information entered a restaurant and super ____ makes the world sat down ____ a table.smaller and smaller.on in to at 7.He road was too 5.Moving one’s ___ for trucks to pass.head up and down generally 8.He wants to know _____ “yes”.why sea water is _____.means says brings 9.He showed the makes police the very ____ where 6.He was just going he was beaten.to give up _____ another 10.He said that the chance came.climate ____ his health.when while Key: although however 1.peak;2.crew;7.We have ____ 3.average;4.boils;people to finish the job

today.seldom little enough much

8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly

9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into

汉译英：

1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。

2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。

3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。

4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。

5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。

Key:

1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one

Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn

this text, you will get 把„同„联系起来；n 同伙；something useful to help adj 副的 you improve your memory.a.NBA means National please listen carefully Basketball Association.and intensively.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.Unit 4

Text A: c.John and paul are Improving Your Memory associates.Ⅰ.New words: d.Mr.Liu is an 1.psychological: adj associate manager in this 心理学的;psychology: n 心company.理学;psychologist: n 心理 学家;7.visualize: v 想象、repeated: adj

a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的

21.preserve: v 保护、是很难记住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定语从句，修饰information.这句话还可改为：

It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短语：make some/no sense:有/没有一定意义

a.What you said makes no sense.psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础;basically: adv 基本上、根本上 4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意义的； meaningless:adj 无意义的;meaning: n 含义(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 组织者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 联合、协会； associate: v 设想；visualization: n想维持；preservation: n保象、设想

护、维持;preservative: 8.rhyme:字母h不发音。adj 保护性的，保存的

9.ability: n 能力，短Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 语：to the best of one’s

1.physical research ability,尽力而为。同义词has focused on a number of capacity;able: adj有能力

basic principles that help 的，短语：be able to do memory.sth, 反义词：unable.译：心理学研究集中在一 些有利于记忆的基本原则上。

10.random: adj/n 胡乱本句包含有一个that引的、随便，常用短语：at

导的定语从句，修饰basic random,随便地。principles.He took a book at 短语：focus on sth;a random.number of = many 许多； basic principles: 基本原则

11.categorize: v 分

a.please focus your 类；category: n 种类 attention on your work.12.needless 不需要的,b.A number of students 不必要的；needful 需要的，are studying English.必要的

c.The number of 13.refer: v 涉及、参students studying English 与；reference: n reference is increasing.book

please refer to the 2.It’s useful to dictionary if you come

know how these principles.across a new word.本句的主语为：to know

how these principles；it14.relate: v 有关联，为形式主语。通常由于动词不叙述，讲述；related: adj 定式作主语、主语从句作主有关联的；relation: n 关

语、动名词作主语太长，使句系、关联 子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于a.I can’t relate what

形式主语。

he said with what he did.a.To have a good sleep（我不能将他所说与所做联系before the exam is very 起来。）

necessary.b.This part relates to It’s necessary to the current situation.(这have a good sleep before 部分指的是目前的形式。)the exam.b.playing with fire is 15.accurately: adv 准dangerous.确地，同义词：exactly；

It’s dangerous accurate: adj;accuracy: n playing with fire.16.memorize: v 记住；c.That the earth is memory: n 记忆力；

round is true.memorandum(memo)备忘录 It’s true that the 17.improvement: n 改earth is round.进、增进；improve: v

18.image: n 形象、印3.Information that 象；imagery: n 肖像的总

does not make any sense to 称，意象;imagine: v 想象 you is difficult to 19.repetition: n 重remember.复、反复；repeat: v;译：对你毫无意义的信息

b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense?

4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

译：不用说，第二种词表要比第一种词表更容易记忆。

短语：needless to say不用说

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.译：联想意思是把我们要记住的材料与我们已经准确记住的东西联系起来。

分析：主语Association;谓语：refers to；宾语：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，动名词作宾语。包含定语从句：we want to remember，修饰the material； we remember accurately修饰something.短语：refer to sth指„;relate sth to / with sth把„同„联系起来。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.译：与通过反复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人记住了80%到90%。

分析：using imagery现在分词作定语。

短语：compare with拿„与„对比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard.b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行)译：如果一个图书馆的图书陈列得杂乱无章，那么这个图书馆会有什么用呢？

这句话需注意：虚拟语气.in„order以„顺序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分构词法：

在英语中，词的构成法有四种：派生法、合成法、转化法、缩略法。

1．合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如：black + board = blackboard 2．转化法：由一种词类转化为另一种或其他词类。

如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．缩略法：将原词缩略，在读音和写法上成为新的形式。

如：bicycle缩为bike;examination缩为exam;the United Nation缩为UN etc.4．派生法：在词根上加上前缀或后缀构成新词，这是四种方法中最为常见、较难掌握的一种。我将分几讲用表格的形式介绍给大家，请注意平常学习时的总结、记忆！

主要的名词后缀： 后 缀 例 词

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

A.New words:-ness

1.short-term, long-busy→business;illterm: 是合成形容词。

→illness;kind→kindness 2.contrast: n/v,两个etc.词性发音不同。短语：in

contrast with;-ship

contrast with sth;friend→friendship;3.release: n/v 释citizen→citizenship etc

放、解放，release sth from

sth;-th

4.reward: n/v 奖赏、deep→depth;true→报答

truth;long→length etc.5.proficiency: n

proficiency at/in sth;-tion,-sion

proficient: adj熟练的

decide→decision;

invent→invention;B.Grammar point: organize→organization etc.passive Voice(被动语态)

please look at the-ty following sentences from safe→safety;text B: difficult→difficulty;1.Information in active→activity etc.long-term memory can be

recalled at a later time-sure,-ture

when it is needed.create→creature;2.The information please→pleasure, mix→may be kept for days or mixture etc

weeks.3.The two

experiences here show how Ⅳ.Brief summary short-term memory has been about the phrases:

studied.1.focus on(1段1行)； 以上每句话中都含有被2.a number of(1段1行);动语态。接近于中文中的3.basic principle(1段1“被”字句。

行);4.make sense(2段2 1．语态是表示主语和行);5.for instance(2段4谓语的关系的。若主语是动作行);6.make a difference 的执行者，动词要用主动语in sth(3段1行);7.be 态；反之若主语是动作的承受kept in random order(3段2者，则要用被动语态。

行);8.for example(3段5 2．英语中共有16中时行);9.as follows(3段10态，其中常用的10中存有被行);10.needless to say(3动语态。为了便于大家学习，段11行);11.refer to(4段我将被动语态列为6个公式，1行);12.relate sth to 请大家套用。

sth(4段2行);13.1>.s + be + p.p(动词associate sth with sth(4的过去分词)（一般现在时、段3行);14.compared 一般过去时）

with(5段6行);

a.Her room isn’t

cleaned today.Text B:

b.Her room was There are two kinds cleaned yesterday.of memory: long-term

memory and short-term 2>.s + be + being + memory.And information in p.p（现在进行时、过去进行short-term memory is kept 时）

for only a few seconds, a.White Snow is usually by repeating it being told by the teacher.over and over again while b.White Snow was information in long-term being told by the teacher memory may be kept for yesterday afternoon.days or weeks.So I think

when you learn English, 3>.s + has/have/had the long-term memory is + been + p.p(现在完成时、welcomed by everyone.过去完成时)

a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般将来时、过去将来时)

a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(现在将来完成时、过去将来完成时)

a.Thirty-seven

stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情态动词 + be + p.p(情态动词的被动语态)

a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text:

1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)

课文练习：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high

Ⅲ.见上讲作业。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose

词汇练习：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling

up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5

Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 谬论、谬误

2.quality: n 质量、素质；quantity;n 数量

3.deer: n 单复数同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蛮的；n 13.foundation: n 根野人； v 残害

据、基础；found: v 奠定基5.bravery: n 英勇、勇础

敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

14.mixture: n 混合物；6.eager: adj 渴望的，mix: v 混合

常用短语：be eager to do 15.belief: n 信念、信sth, be eager for sth.仰；believe: v 相信

eagerly:adv(*)

16.combination: n 结aShe is eager for 合、联合；combine: v knowledge.combine sth with sth b.He is eager to know 17.protein,carbohydratif he has passed the exam.e, fat, vitamin:食物的主要

养分。

7.civilized: adj 文明 的，反义词savage;18.contain: v 包含、包civilize: v 使„文明；括

civilization: n 文明（*）

A kilometer contains a.Education can help one thousand meters.people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a 19.sustitute: n 替代highly civilized society.品，v 代替

c.In China, Marco polo a.Vegetable oil is a found a civilization far good substitute for animal ahead of that in Europe.oil.b.She substituted for 8.magical: adj 魔术the professor who was ill.的、不可思议的；magic: n

魔术； magician: n 魔术师

B.Intensive reading: 9.poisonous: adj 有毒1.Many primitive 的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒药

peoples believed that by our children are eating an animal they poisoned by violent TV could get some of the good program.qualities of that animal

for themselves.10.overseas: adj/adv译：许多原始人相信通过海外的、在海外

吃某种动物，他们就能获得它a.There are many 的某些长处。

overseas students in 分析：主语Many Britain.primitive peoples；谓语b.We are used to believed；that by eating living overseas.an animal they could get

some of the good qualities 11.widespread: 合成形of that animal for 容词

themselves是宾语从句，其12.digest: v 消化，n 中by eating an animal是方文摘；digestion: n 消化；式状语；peoples:指不同的种digestive: adj 消化族。的;digestible: adj 易消化 的；indigestible: adj 不易2.They thought, for 消化的（*）

example, that eating deer a.Some foods digest would make them run as more easily than others.fast as deer.b.The meat should have 译：例如，他们认为吃鹿been cooked a little 肉能使他们跑得跟鹿一样快。

longer.It was not very Eating deer是动名词作digestible.宾语从句得主语。

c.She suffers from 短语：make sb do sth;stomach trouble and has a as + adj/adv + as very poor digestion.d.Water makes the 3.They were called digestive juices flow more love apples and were freely and makes the food supposed to make people more digestible.who ate them fall in e.We often read love.(*)译：西红柿被称作Reader’s Digest.爱之果，谁吃了它，谁就会坠 入爱河。

注意被动语态的用法：were called被称作„，were supposed to被认为„.;fall in love 短语.4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous.本句包含有一个同位语从句the idea that they were poisonous,它属名词从句的一种.它所表达的意思就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思.通常同位语从句前的名词必须是表事实的抽象名词: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc.The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.)that在该从句中虽不作任何成分,但一定不能省略.同位语从句和定语从句经常是貌似,请加以区分.a.The news that the leader will come here is not true.b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true.分析:第一句是同位语从句,第二句是定语从句.根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断,若that在从句中不担任任何成分,则是同位语从句,反之为定语从句.5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*)难句！!

译:如果那些认为西红柿有毒的人们知道在二战期间有成百万磅的西红柿供应给在海外作战的士兵,他们将会多么吃惊!

分析:这是由how surprised引导的感叹句.整句的主语是the people;谓语would be;who thought tomatoes poisonous是定语从句修饰the people;if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是条件状语从句.本句还含有一个语法点:虚

拟语气,对现在假设的虚拟.短语:be supplied to/for sb„供应给„;supply sb with sth供应„

a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor.6.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.译:喝水将食物冲下而代替咀嚼不是一个好办法,但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的.动名词Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主语.as a substitute for chewing介词短语,作为„的替代品.短语:substitute for sth

7.A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*)译:几年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能饮用的这种看法变得十分普遍.that引导同位语从句,修饰belief.should never be drunk是情态动词得被动语态.8.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.译:不要同时吃肉和土豆,这种看法是愚蠢的,就像说不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一样.正常语序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主语太长用形式主语it.还要注意英文中讲究balance the sentence.即,主语是不定式,表语也要是不定式.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行);2.be eager to do sth(1段6行);3.be supposed to do sth(2段43.Nor is this all.行);4.fall in love(2段5我们知道,通常主语应该行);5.be supplied to sb(3在谓语之前,这是自然语序,但段4行);6.a great many(4有时出于某种需要,会对主谓段1行);7.substitute for 的有特殊的要求,出现部分谓sth(6段2行);8.have sth 语或全部谓语置于主语之前,to do with(7段2行);这样的语序称作倒装.今天介9.have no foundation(7段1绍几种常见的倒装的情况.行);10.as a matter of 1.当表示否定意义的词放fact(7段5行);11.in the 在句首时,句子需部分倒装,即same way(8段4行);将助动词,情态动词或be提至12.think of sth as sth(8主语之前.常见的这样的词段3行)

有:never, hardly, little，not only, rarely, scarcely Text B: Do Animals etc.Think?

e.g.Hardly had he A.New words:

said anything before he 1.engage: v 从事, left.engage in sth，2.only引出的状语放在His father engages in 句首时.politics.a.only after class did 2.arrange: v 安排,筹划;he go home.arrangement: n, arrange sb b.only when you finish to do sth.your homework can you 3.creature: n 生物;watch TV.create: v 产生

3.句首为so, nor, 4.imitate: v 模仿;neither等副词,表明前句说imitation : n

明的情况也适用于本句.5.instinct: n 本能,直a.He can speak fluent 觉, by instinct

English.So can I.The birds can fly by b.I can’t play instinct.computer games.Nor can he.6.variety: n 变化;4.在as引导的让步状语vary: v 变化

从句中.7.unlike: prep 不像;1>.adj + as + 主语 + dislike: v 不喜欢

be:

Young as he is, he B.Important phrases: knows a lot.1.a great deal(1段22>.n(不带冠词)+ as +行);2.be true with/of(1主语 + be: 段3行)(3段4行);3.as King as he is, he is well(1段4行);4.engage unhappy.in(2段5行);5.search for 3>.adv + as + 主语 + sth(4段2行);6.in some 动词: respects(5段2行);7.a Fast as you run, you great many(5段3行);can’t catch up with her.8.connect with(5段4行);4>.动词 + as + 主语 + 9.take care of(5段7行);助动词: 10.make improvement in Try as she does, she sth(6段1行);11.by will never pass it.instinct(7段3行);5.当句子主语过长或需要12.speak of(8段1行);强调某些词时.13.a great variety of More important is the sth(8段3行);14.no use question of how to face doing sth(8段8行);the possibilities of 15.have no knowledge of illness, injury, and even sth(9段7行)

death.6.在非真实条件句中,若C.Grammar point: 倒装从句有had, should, were时句

将它们倒装到主语之前.1.The ants, a.If I had left hardworking as they are, earlier, I would have have their times for play.caught the train.2.Very busy must be = Had I left earlier, their thoughts while I would have caught the engaged in these sports.train.b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.7.当here, there, then, thus等副词放在句首,并且谓语动词为come, go, be等不及物动词时.a.Here is a book for you.b.There goes the bell.c.Here comes the bus!8.用在may + 主语 + 动词原形„句式中,表示祝愿,希望.a.May you succeed!b.May you be happy!该语法可参阅课本p569.The 7th lecture of College English one

Key to exercises:

p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c;p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery;2.eager;3.civilized;4.overseas;5.substitute;6.foundation;7.combination;8.belief;9.protein;10.contain

p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins;2.firemen;3.data;4.deer;5.potatoes, tomatoes

Ⅳ.1.During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes.3.It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food.4.Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast.p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free;b.freedom;c.freely;4.a.scientists;b.scientific;c.science.p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture;2.poisonous;3.suppose;4.digest;5.widespread;6.overseas;7.similar;8.foundation;9.eager;10.substitute

p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion;2.mixture;3.belief;4.civilization;5.combination

Ⅳ.4.Some stories are very widespread, while others are not.6.people often think of a school as a small society.p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T， T, T, F, T

Unit 6

Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、难得的（不是数量少，而是物种稀有，区别于scarce）,rarely: adv 同义词：unusual

2.sustance: n material 物质

3.slight: small adj 轻微的

4.extreme: a 极端的；n 极端；adv extremely 5.pressure: n 压力；press v 压住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受欢迎的 be popular with/among;popularity: n;popularize: v 使„流行、普及（*）

a.our products have enjoyed general popularity.b.They are trying to popularize their new methods of farming.c.Madonna’s songs are extremely popular with young people.7.handful: n 一把；hand: n 手；v 递给（*）

a.please put your hand up if you can answer the question.b.please hand me that model plane.c.only a handful of people came into the meeting.8.formation: n 形成、构成；form: n 表格；v 形成（*）

a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army.b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits.c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.9.volcano: n 火山；volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有点 I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior.11.elevator: n 同义词：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的；impress: v 留下India by great sheets of 深刻印象；impression: n 印moving ice that covered 象（*）

parts of the earth 20000 a.What was your first years ago.impression of Beijing?

译：这些金刚石可能是在b.We listened to a 两万年前，随着覆盖于地球表very impressive speech 面的冰川，从它们的形成漂移yesterday.至印度的。

c.I was deeply 这句话注意它的从句：impressed by his noble where they were formed作deeds.介词from的宾语从句，词性

相当于后面的India，不是定13.experienced: adj 有语也不是状语；that covered 经验的；inexperienced 无经parts of the earth 20000 验的；experience: n 经验、years ago是定语从句修饰经历;v 经历(*)

great sheets of moving a.She has much ice。

experience in teaching, so

she’s an experienced 6.Diamonds, as they teacher.are found, don’t look b.I had a funny very impressive.experience in Africa last 译：金刚石刚采出时，并year.不十分吸引人。

14.miner: n 矿工；mine: 7.But some people have n 矿，gold mine

carried around an unusual 15.immediately: adv 立pebble for weeks before 刻，at once

finding out that they had

got a diamond.B.Intensive reading: 译：而有的人数周后才发1.They are the hardest 现带在身边的不寻常的鹅卵石substance found in nature.原来是一颗金刚石。

译:它是被发现的自然界finding out that they 中最坚硬的物质。

had got a diamond作介词 found作定语，短语：before的介宾。

in nature

find out与find不同，find out强调通过努力之后2.There are only four 的发现，而find含有偶然areas where very many 性。

diamonds have been found.a.I found my lost pen（*）

on the floor.译：人们发现的金刚石主b.I found out that he 要产区只有四个。

is a cheat.where引导一个定语从

句。

C.Summary about the

phrases: 3.Diamonds became very 1.in nature(1段2行);popular with the kings and 2.be made from/of(2段1queens of Europe.行);3.chang sth into became popular with sb:sth(3段2行);4.be 在„受欢迎，流行。

popular with(5段4行);

5.run out(6段3行);4.India’s supply of 6.pick up(8段2行);diamonds was finally 7.sort out(8段3行);8.so running out after that(9段8行);9.stick 2500years of mining the to(9段10行);10.find stones.out(10段4行)译：2500年的开采终于 使印度的金刚石资源枯竭。

Text B: run out 用尽、枯竭； We all know that We are running out of our plants are different form fresh water.animals.What’s their

difference? Most of us 5.These diamonds were will say that plants have probably carried from leaves and roots and where they were formed to flowers, but animals

haven’t them.But have

you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.A.New words:

1.beneath: prep 和某物接触并在下面，反义词是on;under:强调垂直在下，反义词over.2.aside: adv 在旁边，短语：put sth aside

3.magnify: v 放大、扩大；magnifying glass:放大镜

4.puzzle: v 迷惑；n 智力测验 jigsaw puzzle智力拼图；puzzled, puzzling: adjl;puzzlement: n

a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao.The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.6.inorganic: adj无机的，organic:有机的

7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences:

1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.译：你可能会看着树下的一群奶牛，或者当你捕捉牵牛花里一只正早起采蜜的蜜蜂时，若有人问你能否区分哪是动物，哪是植物，你会觉得好笑。

分析：standing under the trees作a group of cows的宾补，类似句型：see sb do/doing sth, hear sb do/doing sth, etc;you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant是虚拟语气，对将来某种情况的假设。其中tell sth from sth:区分某事物。I can’t tell her from her

twin sister.2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object;and they see many things which most people would fail to see.译：大自然的研究者不满意于猜测，而是日复一日地观察物体所发生的变化；他们看到了大多数人没能看到的东西。

分析：这是一个并列句，用；隔开。有很多短语需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:对„满意； ②day after day: 日复一日地；

③take place: 发生（偶然）； ④fail to do sth:没有作成„

3.It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.译：很长一段时间，人们认为动植物的主要差别是前者能移动而后者不能。

分析：it是形式主语；真正的主语是that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t。其中又包含有一个表语从句：that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.这两句话的连词that均不能省略。

短语：the difference between sth and sth;move about/around.4.No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.译：如果不是先出现植物把地球变为适应更高一级生物生存的地方，就没有鸟，没有鱼，也没有其他动物。

分析：本句含有两个语法点：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定词在句首需倒装；虚拟语气，对过去某种情况的假设，条件从句if the plants 句只是整个句子的一部分，不hadn’t come first and 能单独作句子。如：我们经常fitted it for the dwelling 见到的主语从句、宾语从句、place of a higher order of 表语从句、定语从句、状语从beings，结果主句No bird 句等。

nor fish nor other animal a.We should never could ever have lived on pretend to know what we this earth。

don’t know.b.The boy whose father D.Summary about the is a pilot has come.phrases:

c.What I want to say 1.neither„nor（1段5is that you shouldn’t 行）;2.seem to（1段6give up, even if you have 行）;3.look up/down（2段failed again.1行）;4.a matter of some

difficulty（2段5行）;4.并列复合句：在一个并5.tell sth from sth（3段4列句中的一个或更多的分句行）;6.turn aside from（4中，包含有一个或更多的从句段1行）;7.be satisfied 称为并列复合句。

with sth（5段1行）;a.Last year I met a 8.not„but（5段1行）;boy who is an orphan, and 9.day after day（5段2now we have become good 行）;10.take place（5段2friends.行）;11.fail to do sth（5b.They always help 段3行）;12.lie in（5段5those who are in trouble 行）;13.hold good（6段5and they are respected by 行）;14.whether„or（7段them.1行）;15.live on（7段2 详情见p135 行）;16.fit for（8段4 行）;17.take in（9段3 行）;18.suck up（10段3 行）;19.take up（10段4 行）;20.dissolved in sth

（10段4行）;21.be different from（11段1

行）

The 8th lecture of

College English one Grammar knowledge:句子 的分类

Unit 7 Text A: 英语中的句子按其结构可Families 分为四种：简单句、并列句、We know that family is 复合句、并列复合句。

the basic unit of a 1.简单句：只有一个主语society.There are many（或多个并列主语）和一个谓kinds of families nowadays: 语（或多个并列谓语）的句子nuclear families, extended 称为简单句。

families, DINK families, a.We learn English.the single parent families, b.My father and mother remarried families etc.so go to work at 8a.m.and let’s study families from come home at 6p.m.our text.A:New words: 2.并列句：由两个或两个1.definition: n 定义；以上并列而又相互独立的简单动词，下定义：define 句构成。它们中间常用等立连2.marriage: n 婚姻，词，或用分号、冒号、逗号等marriage certificate, 连接。

marry: v;反义词：divorce a.I help him and he 3.descend: v 遗传、下helps me.来；后裔：descendant,反义b.I’ve just got a 词：ancestor 祖先

piece of good news: I was 4.household: n 家庭 accepted by Xi’an Foreign adj家庭的 a household Language University.name；householder: n 家

长、户主；

3.复合句：由一个主句和

一个或一个以上的从句构成的5.relative: n 亲戚，句子。主句是句子的主体，从adj 相对的；relate: v

relate to;relation: n 关系(*)

a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives.b.There is no relation between those two events.c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 传统的；tradition: n;traditionally: adv(*)

a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition.b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children.c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理会，security guard保安

8.basically: adv, basic: adj;base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心；nuclear energy核能；nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area无核区

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family;extend: v 延伸；extension: n;extensive: adj 广泛的、广阔的（*）

a.The extension of the house became a kitchen.b.The professor has an extensive knowledge of Chinese history.c.They have extended the road from ten miles to sixty miles.11.agicultural: adj 农业的；agriculture: n 农业

12.industrial: adj 工业的；industry: n 工业、行业；industrialize: v 工业化；industrialization: n(*)

a.These cities are highly industrialized.b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution.c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.13.earner: n 赚钱者；earn;v 赚钱； earnings: n 赚得的钱

14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax.b.There is a split in the blackboard.is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.（*）

译：由于父母都愿意要更备、准备；prepare: v 准备

7.primary: adj初级的，primary school.primary colors

8.preschool: adj学龄

前的，pre前缀，反义词post, 2>.一般过去时的3种常见用法：过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态；过去接连发生的一系列动作；用于某些从句中。并且常和时间状语连用。

15.social: adj 交际的、社会的；society: n 社会；socialize: v 交往、交际；socialism社会主义

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.„, having a family simply means having children.（*）

译：有家意味着有孩子。主语是动名词，为了平衡整个句子宾语也是动名词。

2.No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is.译：无论年轻还是古老，大还是小，传统还是现代，每个家庭都有自己对其理解和感受。No matter„引导让步状语从句。

3.It’s that feeling of belongings, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.译：那是共同居住、彼此帮助、互相分享而产生的归属感，互爱感和安全感。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*)译：家庭大致有两种类型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*)译：孩子们在核心家庭中生活一直到长大结婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.（*）

译：随着农业社会向工业社会的转变，许多核心家庭为了寻找工作而从家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family 少的孩子，核心家庭日趋缩prewar, postwar.小，而无子女家庭日益增多。

9.baby-sitter: n 临时注意：the number of 看小孩的人；baby-sit: v 帮sth后用单数谓语动词。

人照看小孩

8.Traditionally, the B.Important phrases father of a nuclear family in text: earned money for the 1.be important to sb(1family while the mother 段1行);2.all over the cared for the house and world(1段1行);3.provide the children.（*）

for(2段4行);4.be 译：传统上，核心家庭由expected to do(2段5行);父亲挣钱养家，而母亲照看家5.on the other hand(3段1庭和孩子。

行);6.in addition(3段8短语：care for = take 行);7.share sth with sb(3care of

段10);8.in contrast(3段

12行);9.give up(4段4行);9.Most single parents 10.instead of(4段7行);find it very difficult to 11.be busy doing sth(5段9take care of a family 行);12.in conclusion(6段alone, so they soon marry 1行);13.help sb with again„(*)

sth(3段11行)译：大多数单亲父母发现 独自一人照料一个家庭很难，Grammar knowledge: 于是很快他们再婚。。

Tenses时态

分析：it是形式宾语，这是英语

（一）考试的短语take care of sth照重点，无论选择、完形填空、料、照看。

词类转换、翻译都会出有关时

态的题目。因此这部分语法很C.Brief summary about 重要。请大家一定要100%掌phrases:

握。见课本p159 1.and so on(1段5行);1.时态实际是指：时间2.think of sth as sth(1段和体。英语中共有16种时5行);3.far away from(1段态，我们着重讲考试的6种。

8行);4.in order to(4段4 2．它们分别是：一般行);5.care for(5段5行);现在时，一般过去时，现在完6.take care of(5段9行);成时，过去完成时，将来完成7.split up(5段10行);时，现在完成进行时。其余的8.talk of(6段2行)

书上写得很详细，大家自己

看。

Text B: The Changing 1>.一般现在时的用法有American Family

6点：经常或发生的动作行

为；主语的特征、性格、能A.New words: 力；客观事实或永久不变的真1.generation: n 理；计划或安排好的事情；用generation gap代沟

在某些从句中；用于某些惯用2.customary: adj习惯表达语中；

上的；custom: n习惯、习a.He often goes home 俗；customer: n 顾客； at four o’clock every customs: n 海关

afternoon.3.similarity: n 相似、b.Light travels in 类似；similar: adj 相似straight lines.的；similarly: adv

c.I like any kind of 4.emotional: adj 感情fruit.的；emotion: n 感情

d.The train leaves at 5.provider: n 供应者；6a.m.and arrives at 10p.m.provide: v 供应，provide e.I’ll thank you if sb with sth;provide for you give me a lift.sb.f.There goes the bell.6.preparation: n 预

a.I was born in 1971.b.They got married last year.c.This morning they got up at seven o’clock, and then went out to work.d.She told me that she would come back in 2 hours.3>.现在完成时有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。该时态指动作开始在过去，但对现在留下某种结果和影响。这是它区别于一般过去时的主要特点。

a.He has turned off the light.b.I have taught English for 6 years.4>.过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经完成的动作。即我们常说的“过去的过去”。它也同样分为“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang.b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.5>.将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。请注意该时态的时间状语。

a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper.b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.6>.现在完成进行时可以表示一个动作开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到说话时刻未结束，还可能继续进行；也可表示到说话时刻为止该动作已结束。

a.It has been raining for three hours.b.I have been waiting for you for five hours.另外，还有一个考点就是“时态呼应”，即，当主句有过去时出现的时候，从句必须要用过去的某种时态进行时态呼应。但有几点除外；

1.所说的是真理或客观事

实。

The teacher told us that the earth is round.2.说话者强调动作正在进行或将发生。

He told me the train leaves at three.作练习p169.The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B;2.D;3.D;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.C;9.D;10.A(讲解)p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c.Ⅱ.1.rare;2.substance;3.slight;4.pressure;5.crystal;6.crack;7.gem;8.elevator;9.crush;10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to;2.change„into;3.stick to;4.running out;5.pick up;6.changed into;7.ran out;8.picked up;9.sorting out;10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced;2.extreme;3.formation;4.pressuer;5.blasted;6.handful;7.crystal;8.destroyed;9.unusual;10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5见课后作业。2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected.3.These designs are very popular with / among young people.p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T.p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve;3.aside;4.magnifying;5.latter;6.observes;7.beneath;8.broad p169:这部分练习讲解。（*）

Ⅰ.1.died;2.doesn’t guarantee;3.advised;4.is looking;5.comes;6.was going;7.will have left;8.would help;9.will be sitting;10.were playing;11.will go;12.had helped;13.would be;14.will have locked;15.had been getting;16.had been helping;17.had happened;18.will tell;19.had finished;20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B;2.B;3.D;4.D;5.B;6.B;7.D;8.A;9.D;10.A Ⅲ.1.invented;2.offer;4.c;5.d 3.have been sitting;Ⅱ.1.dependent;4.brought;5.has not paid;2.primary;3.structurd;6.had seen;7.was making;4.similarities;5.role;8.has been working;9.am 6.partners;7.customary preparing;10.has happened

关于语法：被动语态，前Ⅳ.1.The students of a 面已经讲过，大家自己看看medical school are 书，今天讲解练习。

observing an operation.Ⅰ.1.are being printed;2.The wind in March 2.are guaranteed;3.will blows hard.be pulled;4.were 3.Where are you going developed;5.will be built;to hang that picture?

6.was praised;7.have been 4.She fell when she translated;8.had been was going downstairs.sent;9.would be given;5.How many years has 10.is being done.Henry been learning the Ⅱ.口头练习。cook from Miss Smith?

Ⅲ.1.is spoken;6.The history teacher 2.can’t be kept;3.was said that the first World turned off;4.were War ended in 1918.believed;5.shouldn’t be 7.Mary has been eaten;6.were let out;waiting for you this 7.were taken care of;morning.8.can be remembered;8.My sister told me 9.would be becalmed;that the programs weren’t 10.are lit up.interesting at all.Ⅳ.1.Was the United 9.You can see him at Nation founded in 1945? the office if you come at 2.It’s said that he eight tomorrow morning.was badly injured.10.---Have you seen 3.The building will be this movie?---Yes, I designed by Dr.Ford.have.I saw it in Nanjing.4.Where was the last p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c.meeting held? Ⅱ.1.divorce;2.single;5.Was America 3.extended;4.together;discovered by Columbus in 5.traditional;6.increase;1492? 7.result;8.like/love;6.The task must be 9.earn;10.usually

performed by you.p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives;7.The patient should 2.extend;3.marriage;be treated with care.4.desended;5.nucleus;8.She was warmly 6.traditional;7.social;welcomed at the railway 8.definition;9.security;station.10.basically

9.He’s called Lao Ⅲ.1,4, 8见课后作业。Wang, though he’s not old 2.She is a teacher at all.while her brother is an 10.The gate was closed engineer.when I went back.3.Traditionally，Chinese young people live Unit 8 Text A: with their parents until Telecommunication via they grow up.Satellite 5.In some families, We live in a highly both parents work and take developed society.care of their home and Everybody knows children.telecommunication, which 6.The group was split can not only transmit into two, for it’s too television broadcasts, but big.also telephone calls and 7.They plan to extend printed materials.So do their research in this you know it also has field.shortcoming? If you want p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, to know the answer, you F, T, T, F, T.must read our today’s p189.Ⅰ.1.d;2.a;3.b;text.This is a very

important text.A.New words:

1.telecommunication: n 电信,communication 通信，tele表示远距离的、电的

telephone, telegraph etc.2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,经由

3.transmit: v 播送、发射，transmit sth to sth.名词：transmission

4.photograph: n 简称photo, photos.5.establish: v 建立、创立，同义词：found;established: adj;establishment: n(*)

a.The university was established 150 years ago.b.You should not break the established rule.c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.6.signal: n/v信号，发信号。sign: n 标识；signature: n 签名(*)

a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.b.The traffic signal turned red.c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.7.orbit: v 绕轨道运行，n 轨道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun?

b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity.be capable of doing, be able to do，9.broadcast: n/v 广播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation

10.theory: n 理论，theoretic adj理论的，短语：in theory = theoretically

11.access: n 进入的机会，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短语：have access to sth可接近，可进入

12.unlimited: adj无限的，反义词：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)

a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.13.entertain: v 娱乐、招待；entertainment: n;entertainer: n 供人娱乐者

a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.14.demonstrate: v 说明、演示；demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育

a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.16.remote: adj 遥远的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔离、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n 18.instruction: n 教学、指示；instruct: v;instructor: n 指导者

19.conversation: n 谈话，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile 21.risk: n风险；v 冒„的风险，risky: adj有危险的

risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck 22.privacy: n 隐私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短语：make contact with与„接触，结识

a.I don’t have much contact with her family.b.I will contact you next month.24.harm: n/v伤害、损害；harmful, harmless

information.(*)25.expert: n 专家；adj译：从理论上讲，人们都熟练的。expert in/at sth

能获得无限量的信息。

26.application: n 申短语：in theory, have 请、应用；apply: v access to sth, amount of B.Intensive reading:

sth(un)1.By the middle of the 5.The most common use of century, both radio and telecommunication television had become satellites, however, has established means of been for transmitting transmitting sounds and/or telephones calls.pictures.译：然而，通信卫星最广译：到二十世纪中叶为泛的用途还是电话的传送。注止，广播和电视已成为公认的意该句的时态。传送声音和/或图象的工具。

6.Telecommunication can 分析：由于用了时间状make information from 语：by the middle of the around the world available century,因此要用完成时态。to use quickly and easily.若时间是过去的，用过去完成译：电信使得人们能快捷时；若时间是将来的，用将来方便地使用来自世界各地的信完成时。

息。

a.By the end of 2000, 注意：短语make sth we had learned 50 texts.available to sth使„被获b.By the end of 2003, 得 we will have learned 100 7.It’s important to texts.realize that the same means: n 单复数同形，technology that helps us 方法、手段。

may also harm us.(*)2.In 1964, the olympic 译：同一技术既可助人也Games in Tokyo became the 可害人，认识到这点很重要。

first to be transmitted to realize that the via satellite.same technology that helps 译:1964年，东京奥林匹us may also harm us是真正克运动会是第一次通过卫星传的主语，it是形式主语。送的节目。

that the same technology to be transmitted是动that helps us may also 词不定式作定语。harm us是宾语从句；

3.The combination of that helps us是定语从satellites, which transmit 句修饰the same technology.information, computers, 8.It’s the intelligent which store information, application of technology and television, which that will lead us to displays information, will success.(*)change ever home into an 译：只有明智地运用技术education and 才能获得成功。

entertainment center.这是一个强调句式。正常译：卫星传送信息，电脑的句子应是：The 储存信息，电视播放信息，把intelligent application of 三者结合起来能使每个家庭成technology will lead us to 为一个教育娱乐中心。

success.分析：虽然句子长，但成强调句的基本公式：It 分简单。the combination是is/was + 被强调部分 + 主语，will change是谓语。that(who)+ 其余成分。请注从satellites, which 意该句式不能强调谓语部分，transmit information, 只能强调主语、宾语、状语。

computers, which store Ann had a heavy cold information, and last week.我们可强调主语、television, which displays 宾语、状语。

information是介词of的宾a.It was Ann that/who 语。每个词都包含有一个非限had a heavy cold last week.定性定语从句。

b.It was a heavy cold 短语：change sth into that Ann had last week.sth

c.It was last week 4.In theory, every person that Ann had a heavy cold.will have access to an C.Brief summary about the unlimited amount of phrases:

1.at the beginning of(1段1行);2.by the middle of(1段3行);3.in order to(2段1行);4.such as(2段1行);5.pick up(2段5行);6.be capable of(2段7行);7.change„into(3段3行);8.have access to(3段4行);9.in remote areas(4段3行);10.for the first time(4段4行);11.provide sth to sb(5段1行);12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行);13.care for(5段5行);14.at the same time(6段7行);15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行);16.pay for(7段5行);17.isolate from(8段1行);18.as well as(8段4行);19.prevent from(9段2行);20.lead to(9段5行);21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one

Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

We all know that without air, we couldn’t live.It’s like fish couldn’t live without water.But do you know if there weren’t air, we would have no sound, no wind or clouds? So if you are interested all of these, please read the text very carefully.A.New words:

1.obvious: adj 明显的，obviously: adv

2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇护；shelter from sth

3.atmosphere：n 大气；atmospheric: adj大气的

4.electrical: adj 电的、电气的；electricity: n 电；electrician: n 电工

5.existence: n 存在；exist: v存在

6.lightening: n 闪电，thunder:打雷；

7.unending: adj不尽的、不停的；ending

8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆发；explode: v 爆炸；explosive: n 炸药、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood(2)

第一讲中介绍过在非真实条件句中的虚拟语气的主要用法，难点在于句子的时态比真实条件句的时态后退一步。即：现在时→过去时；过去时→过去完成时；将来时→过去将来时；在今天这讲中将继续将它在一些从句中的用法介绍给大家。

1在宾语从句中的用法： 1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建议、命令等语气的宾语从句中。（*）

句型：主语 + should(省略)+ 动词原形

a.I suggest that we(should)do it at once.b.I insist that he(should)give up smoking.2>.在wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而其时态的用法与非真实条件句一样。（时态后移）

a.I wish I were you.(与现在事实相反的愿望)b.I wish I had learned more.(与过去事实相反的愿望)c.I wish I would have another chance.(与将来事实相反的愿望)注意区分：wish + 从句：表示不可能实现的愿望，必须用虚拟语气；而hope + 从句：表示可能实现的愿望，不用虚拟语气。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him.b.He wishes we would go there with him.3>.在would rather后的从句中.句型：主语 + would rather + 从句（用一般过去时）

I would rather you stayed at home.2.在主语从句中的用法。

在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语必须用虚拟语气。见课本p542。考试的考点时should的省略。

3.在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。

当宾语从句中那些使用虚拟语气的动词的名词形式出现在表语从句和同位语从句中时，必须用虚拟语气。即，suggestion, order, insistence, demand, request etc.a.My suggestion is that we(should)try again.(表语从句)b.My suggestion that

we(should)try again is 7.虚拟语气的倒装与省accepted by them.（同位语略。

从句）

符合下列条件，可以省略 4.在定语从句中的用if,并进行倒装。

法。

①必须是非真实条件句。It is time + that + ②只有当从句中出现主语 + 动词的过去时。

were, had, should时，才可 It is time that you 省略if，并把这些词放在主left.语之前。

= It is tome for you a.If I should meet her, to leave.I would tell her.= Should I meet her, I 5.在含蓄条件句中的用would tell her.法。

b.If I were in your 有时一个假设的情况并不position, I would do it 是用条件从句表示，而用其它better.方式表示，称含蓄条件句。

= Were I in your 1>.用with, without介position, I would do it 词结构代替条件从句。

better.We might have died you 请阅读课本p539-p545，without your help.= We 并完成课后练习。

might have died if you 看看本文中出现的虚拟语hadn’t helped us.气句：

2>.用相当于if的其1.Without air, we 它连词表示虚拟结构。常见的could not exist.连词有：otherwise, in that 2.If we didn’t have case, on condition that, air, there would be no provided that, but for, sound.etc.3.Without air, there a.I was busy last week, would be no wind or clouds.otherwise I would have

come to see you.C.Important phrases = I as very busy last in the text: week.If I hadn’t been 1.be important to sb(1busy, I would have come to 段1行);2.be forced to see you.do(3段3行);3.shelter b.But for the storm, from(3段3行);4.consist we should have arrived of(5段1行);5.rest early.upon(5段4行);6.gazt at = If we hadn’t met sth(6段5行);7.in the storm, we should have wonder(6段5行);8.not„arrived early.until(6段6行);9.large 6.在错综时间条件句amounts of(7段3行);10.中的用法。

the same„as(8段3行);有时非真实条件句中，主11.learn to(9段1行);句谓语动词所表示的动作和条12.in the meantime(9段3件句中的谓语动词不是同时发行);13.pay attention to(9生，这时可按照需要来调整各段4行);14.add to(9段6自的时间。

行);15.in order to(2段4a.If you had followed 行);16.protect„from„(3the doctor’s advice then, 段4行)you would have be all

right now.D.本文在写作时有一个非主句与从句发生的时间不常明显的特点，运用了大量的同，进行调整。

同根词，即在这句话中出现的b.If you had followed 是动词，在下句中就出现它的the doctor’s advice, you 名词或形容词。我们总结一would have been all right 下：

then.1.exist→existence;主句和从句的动作同时发2.atmosphere→atmospheric;生。

3.pressure→press;4.weigh请注意：碰到这种从句要→weight;5.electric→特别注意它的时间状语，必须electrical,electricity 明确给出时间，否则按同时发

生使用。Unit 9 Text A:

Learned Words and popular Words

In fact, every language has the similarity.For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu.In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu.So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word.So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary.Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.A.New words:

1.learned: adj 有学问的，博学的；learn: v;learner: n

2.cultivated: adj 耕种的、有修养的；cultivate: v 耕种、培养；cultivation: n 耕种、培养；cultivator: n 耕种者（*）

a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land.b.Cultivated people should have good manners.c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.3.concern: v 涉及、使关心、挂念；n 关心、挂念;concerned: adj 担心的、焦虑的

常用的短语：so/as far as „ concerned:至于，对„而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:对人或事关心、挂念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness.b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.4.stock: v 储备、储存；n 库存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有库存/没有库存

5.possession: n 所有、拥有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、拥有；

6.relatively: adv 比较而言；relate: v;relation: n;relative: adj

7.educated: adj 有知识的；educate: v 受教育；education: n 教育； educational: adj教育的(*)a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life.b.She has been doing educational work for forty years.c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.d.our society needs more educated people.8.acquaintance: n 认识、熟人；acquaint: v 使„熟悉/通晓

9.formal: adj 正式的，反义词：informal;formally: adv（*）

a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary.b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party.c.He formally presented his application form.10.highly: adv 非常、高度地；high: adj 高的；height: n 高度（*）

a.She spoke highly of his discovery.b.He is 1.76 meters in height.c.The church tower is 20 meters high.11.elevated: adj 提高的、高贵的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 电梯

12.importantce: n 重要性； important: adj 重要的；unimportant, unimportance.13.grown-up: n 成年人；adj 成熟的；adult.14.apply: v 申请、应用；application: n；applicant: n 申请人(*)常用习语：apply to sb for sth:向某人申请某物；apply to sth:适用某物;apply sth to sth:将„运用到„中。

a.She applied to the university for her degree say, from the members of of Master of Arts.our own family and from b.What he said applies our friends, and ③which to us all.we should know and use c.We should apply what even if we could not read we have learned to our or write.看出这一点对于理work.解整个句子是至关重要的。下

面分别看看这三个定语从句。15.absolute: adj 绝对①with which we become 的、完全的；absolutely: familiar in ordinary adv

conversation,掌握短语：

become/be familiar with 16.popularity: n;sth对„熟悉。

popular: adj；popularize:

注意：在定语从句中若介

词置于关系代词之前，介词宾17.clssification: n 分语只能用which代物，whom类；classify: v 分类；代人，其余的关系代词都不能classified: adj 分类的

用。这是考点！

a.This is the hero of 18.convenient;adj 方whom we are proud.便的, convenience: n ；反= This is the hero 义词：inconvenient, who/that/whom/省略 we are inconvenience

proud of.b.I want to find the 19.avoid: v 后用动名pen with which I finished 词；avoidance: n；my papers.avoidable: adj 可避免的；= I want to find the unavoidable: 不可避免的。

pen that/which/省略 I I am trying to avoid finished my papers with.meeting him.②which we learn, that 20.misconception: n 误is to say, from the 解，反义词：conception.前members of our own family 缀：mis-含有“错误地”，and from our friends,掌握mistake, misunderstand, 短语：that is to say = misapply etc.that is所作成分属插入语;

Learn from sb向某人学习。21.presence: n 出席、We should learn from 存在；present: adj到场的

LeiFeng at any time.③which we should know 22.literature: n 文and use even if we could 学；literary: adj文学的

not read or write

本句包含一个让步让步B.Intensive reading: 状语从句，even if„即使„.1.First, there are

those words with which we 2.They concern the become familiar in common things of life, and ordinary conversation, are the stock in trade of which we learn, that is to all who speak the language.say, from the members of 译：这些词和生活中的普our own family and from 通事情相关，是所有使用这门our friends, and which we 语言的人的常备词汇。

should know and use even 短语：stock in trade: if we could not read or 库存、常用手段。

write.(难句！！)

译：首先是那些我们在日3.Such words may be 常交谈中逐渐熟悉的词语，即called “popular”, since 我们从家人、朋友那儿学来的they belong to the people 和那些即使不会读写也应该知at large and are not the 道和会用的词。

possession of a limited 分析：主语：those class only.words,在它之后有三个定语从译：这些词可以被称为句修饰它，①with which we “普通词”，因为它们属于广become familiar in 大的普通百姓，而不只为有限ordinary conversation, ②范围内的一个阶层所有。

which we learn, that is to since为因为，短语：

belong to: 属于„;at large: 普遍地、逍遥法外地

a.These books belong to me.b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy?

c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起)

译：我们初识这些词不是从母亲的口中或同学的话中，而是从我们所读的书中，所听的课中，或从对某一特殊话题进行严肃的讨论的受过高等教育的人们的较正式谈话中首词次了解到的。本句的难点实际上是名词的修饰语多。

分析：主语our first acquaintance with them；谓语：comes;剩余部分为宾语部分。在该部分中有一个大结构：not„but不是„而是。books, lectures, conversation三个名词后有很多的修饰关系，请大家注意。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.learned words;2.popular words;3.make up（1段2行）;4.be familiar with（1段3行）;5.that is to say（1段4行）;6.even if（1段5行）;7.stock in trade（1段7行）;8.belong to（1段8行）;9.at large（1段8行）;10.on the other hand（2段1行）;11.a large number of sth（2段1行）;12.be known to（2段3行）;13.acquaintance with（2段4行）14.not„ but„（2段5-6行）15.come up（4段6行）;16.as to（4段6行）;17.as a whole（4段11行）;18.be due to（4段14行）;19.rather than（4段15行）

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:（讲解）

Ⅰ.1.knew;2.were;3.were;4.would have been;5.would eat;6.could build;7.hadn’t come;8.earn;9.didn’t have;10.would be;11.apply;12.go;13.would be;14.were;15.had been;16.bought;17.be put off;18.would get;19.had been caused;20.had grown up Ⅱ.1.C;2.B;3.B;4.D;5.A;6.D;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.D Ⅲ.1.If only the Englishman had spoken Italian.2.If you should have a panic attack, what would you do? 3.I wish I could lose one pound in weight per day.4.It’s very important that you take responsibility for your own health.5.Without water and air, all living things would die.6.If I were you, I would join the army.7.If we had paid more attention to those factors, we would have greatly reduced he risk of heart disease.8.If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have got into trouble.9.It’s suggested that each class give a performance.10.If he hadn’t been so busy then, he would have given you more help.Exercise on p206: Ⅰ.1.c;2.a;3.b;4.d;5.d Ⅱ.1.transmit;2.access;3.remote;4.demonstrate;5.instruction;6.simultaneously;7.travel;8.available;9.privacy;10.application p210:Ⅱ.1.displayed;2.theory;3.established;4.remote;5.visual;6.signal;7.access;8.channel 9.transmitted;10.transportation

question concerned by Ⅲ.1.Satellites are anyone.You can find some capable of transmitting best ways in this text to not only TV broadcasts, give you some help, I am but also telephone calls.sure.We can get more 3.You should follow words through context and the doctor’s instructions through word parts.Maybe on how to take this kind you have more of your ways.of medicine.No matter which, I just 4.Computer systems hope you can succeed in can transmit sound as well English studying!as pictures at the same

time.A.New words: 6.This patient 1.vocabulary: n 词汇表 should be isolated from 2.context: n 上下文，the other patients.from context;through 7.The soldier context;contextual: adj displayed courage and 上下文的

skills.3.securely: adv 安全 8.His experiments 地；secure: adj;security;fully demonstrated that n principle of psychology.4.intend: v 打算，p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, intend to do sth;F, F, T, T, T, F.intention: n 意图

p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, 5.preference: n 偏爱,a

用介词for； prefer: v 用Ⅱ.1.atmosphere;介词to.2.existence;3.thorough;a.I prefer to do it 4.radar;5.elements;myself.6.protect from;7.created;b.She has a preference 8.rest on

for blue.p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b，a

6.prefix前缀，suffixⅡ.1.to concern;后缀

2.possession;3.situation;7.apparently: adv 同义4.acquaintance;5.lively;词：obviously，明显地。

6.grown-up;

8.consult: v 请教、查7.classification;

阅；consultation: n;8.principle;9.convenient;consultant: n 顾问；常用短10.presence

语：

p240.Ⅱ.1.style;consult with sb:讨论谋2.occasions;3.highly;事；consult sb about sth:4.concern;5.possessions;向某人请教谋事

6.topics;7.formal;9.personally: adv = in 8.cultivated;9.convenient;person;personal: adj;10.absolute

10.heighten: v 提高、Ⅲ.2.After he arrived 加高；high: adj;highly: in that country, he found adv;height: n 高度

there few occasions to

speak Chinese.11.maximum: n 最大量； 4.No two leaves are 反义词：minimum:最小量

exactly the same in the 12.effectiveness: n 有world.效性；effective: adj 有效 5.When I say 的；effect: n 影响；affect: they’re friends, I don’t v mean they share everything.13.sharpen: v 削尖； 6.The meeting sharp: adj尖的

concerns trade and 14.awareness: n 意识、agriculture.觉悟；aware: adj有意识 7.Serious problems 的，be aware of sth;无意may come up if the 识的：unaware situation becomes worse.15.accuracy;n 准确

性；accurate: adj准确的

Text B: How Should You 16.ease: n 舒适、安Build Up Your Vocabulary?

逸，feel at ease with sb;I think this is a v 缓和;easy: adj 容易的。

The aspirins eased my headache.B.Some important sentences in the text:

1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “look it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.译：当问大学生阅读时遇到生词时该怎么办，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，这么做，你就会打断最富有成效所需的思维进程。

短语：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday.②look sth up in„在„中查阅

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books.③make sth + adj使„如何

please make the room warm.2.It all depends.(*)= It all depends on the situation.（金牌口语句）

依情况而定。

3.That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context.译：这就是为什么我们得从上下文入手。

why引导表语从句。make such good sense:有充足的理由；begin with从„开始

4.only when you go through the mental exercise to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you’re right.译：只有在你经过一番脑力活动想出一个推测性的定义后，才应该打开字典来看看你的猜测是否正确。

注意：由于only+时间状语从句放在句首，用了部分倒装。

短语：①go through:仔

细研究或检查，I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.②come up with:想出、提出 语外，可担任其他句子成分：something/anything/nothing 主语、宾语、表语、状语、定+ 形容词 ＋ 不定式 2>.当介词but, except, 语、宾语补足语。在句中起名Do you have anything besides前面有实义动词do词、形容词和副词的作用。interesting to read? 时，可省to.1.不定式作名词时在句中 The enemy can do 充当主语、宾语和表语.3>.不定式作定语时有时nothing but/except He came up with a new suggestion.5.Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary.Use it!the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease.The result will be like money in the bank.译：好，你的新公式—上下文，构词成分，字典。运用它！随后的练习将具体地、循序渐进地帮你敏锐察觉到上下文提示，学会最有用的构词成分和越来越轻松地使用字典。其结果就像你在银行里存了一笔钱。

这是本文的最后一句总结全文的句子，它给大家最好的提示：如何最有效地记住单词。请大家参照着做。但也应因人而宜。最后一句：The result will be like money in the bank.Means that as long as you have mastered good methods in English studying, the longer you study English, the bigger vocabulary you’ll build up.在这里我也把这句话送给大家。May you succeed!

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非谓语动词)

英语中的动词根据它是否能单独做句子的谓语分为：谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。不能单独作句子谓语的称作非谓语动词。它又分三类：动词不定式，分词，动名词。今天先介绍动词不定式。

A.不定式（Infinitive）：大多数是由不定式标记to加动词原形构成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出现的。

B.在句中它除了不能作谓a.He likes to play 用主动语态表示被动含义。basketball.a.There is a letter to b.For him to learn write.English well in such a b.There is no time to short time is not easy.lose.c.His job is to clean c.Mary has three all the windows.babies to look after.注意：1>.当作主语的不3.不定式作副词的用法；定式较长时，常用it作形式在句中担任状语 主语而将真正的主语放在谓语a.He is lucky to get 后，将上面b可改为：It’s there on time.(原因状语)not easy for him to learn b.He came here to help English well in such a me with my math.(目的状语)short time.c.After that day they 2>.在这种情况下我们常were separated, never to 用for sb.或of sb.来做不定see each other.(结果状语)式的 逻辑主语，但是有区别 的。请注意以下固定句型中不for sb.常用表示客观情定式的用法： 况的形容词，如：easy, 1>.too + adj/adv + for difficult, hard, important, sb + to do sth interesting, impossible The book is too hard etc.for the boy to read.of sb常用表示主观感情 或态度的形容词，如：good, 2>.enough的用法： kind, foolish, clever, etc.a.He is old enough to a.It’s important for go to school.us to say something b.The road is wide directly.enough for three horses to b.It’s clever of him go.to leave that country.3>.不定式在句中作为独3>.不定式作主语时谓语立成分： 动词用单数。a.To tell you the 4>.不定式作宾语时，若truth, I don’t like this 宾语有自己的表语，常用itfilm.作形式宾语。b.To be frank, you are I know to finish the lying.work so soon impossible.c.To make matters I know it impossible worse, it began to get to finish the work so soon.dark.2.不定式作形容词的用4.不定式作宾语补足语。法：通常在句中担任定语。，a.I don’t want her to 并且放在它所修饰的名词后leave here so quickly.面。b.We allow you to He always has a lot of enter the room.meetings to attend.注意：1>.有时不定式所注意以下省去to的情修饰的名词或代词是不定式动况： 作的地点，工具，不定式后应1>.在某些感官动词和使该加上必要的介词。役动词后作宾补时省略to，please pass me some 但在被动语态中不可省略to.paper to write on.a.I hear someone sing this morning.2>.当一句话中既有形容b.The workers were 词又有不定式修饰something, made to work day and night.anything, nothing这三个词c.please let the dog 时，请注意词序：go out!

surrender.3>.在下列固定词组中： ①had better do sth;②would rather do sth than

do sth;③can’t but do;a.You had better not

go now.b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework.c.I can’t but think so.C.不定式的否定形式：

not + 不定式 My father told me not to skate on the lake.D.连接代词或副词＋不定式，相当于一个名词短语，一般充当宾语。a.Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult

problem.b.please decide as soon as possible when to

start.E.不定式的常用时态有：

一般式，进行式，完成式三个.a.He has decided to

give her some money.b.He pretended to be studying when his father

came in.c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.F.不定式的被动语态：to

be done;to have been done a.It’s an honor for

me to be invited to attend the meeting.b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.见课本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one: Review some important

phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段

2行);2.look sth up in„(1段3行);3.at top speed(2段4行);4.after all(2段6行);5.make good sense(2段8行);6.begin with(2段

9行);7.provide sb with sth(3段2行);8.preference for sth(3段3行);9.come up with(5段5行);10.find out(6段3行);11.lead to(6段4行);12.in black and white(6段6行);13.build up

Unit 10 *Text A: Scientific Attitudes From very early time science began in the earth.Because we are curious about anything around us, we often ask many questions, such as: why the sun only come out at daytime;why the sky is blue;why we have four different seasons etc.then in this text we won’t study those questions but what attitudes we should have when we study the science.So I think its very necessary for us to learn them.A: new words: 1.scientific: adj 科学的； scientifically: adv 科学地； science: n 科学； scientist: n 科学家

2.attitude: n 姿势、态度，常用介词：to, towards 3.environment: n 环境；environmental: adj环境的，environmental protection环保(*)4.curiosity: n 好奇心；curious: adj好奇的,常用短语：be curious about sth / to do sth(*)

5.imagination: n 想象力；imagine: v想象；imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓励；stimulation: n刺激、鼓励；stimulant: n 刺激物、兴奋剂

7.phenomenon: n 现象，phenomena(复数)8.unknown: adj未知的，反义词：known被人所知的，know: v;短语：be known to / be unknown to被人所知/所不知;be known as被认为是„(*)a.He was known as a successful writer b.That actor was almost unknown before he acceptability: n 可接受性

played that part.a.Is this program c.You never know what acceptable to you? the result is till you b.The acceptability of finish the test.the proposal is under

discussion.9.open-minded: adj无c.He asked her to 偏见的，open-mindedness: n

marry him and she accepted minded是形容词，表示him.具有某种心智、头脑的，如：

strong-minded;feeble-18.frequently: adv minded;narrow-minded;usually;frequent: adj;absent-minded etc.frequency: n 频繁(*)

a.He has written to me 10.regardless: adj/adv frequently since I went 不留心的、不关心的，不顾、abroad.不惜；regard: v 注视、认b.Rains are very 为，n 问候；regarding: frequent here in summer.prep关于；常用短语：c.The frequency of her regard sth as sth;visit surprised him.regardless of sth(*)

a.please give my kind 19.determine: v 决定，regard to your determine to do sth;grandparents.determined: adj;b.His experiment is determination: n always regarded as a dig 20.growth: n;grow: v success.c.He tried again and B:Intensive reading: again regardless of the 1.Science had its failure.beginning when man started

asking questions about his 11.previously: adv 在environment.前地、早先地；previous: 译：科学源于人们/人类adj

开始对周围事物提出疑问的时12.disagreeable: adj候。

让人讨厌的，反义词：Starting asking„动名agreeable另人愉快的、宜人词作start的宾语。ask 的

question about sh 13.failure: n 失败；

fail: v 失败，fail to do 2.Not all his answers sth;fail in sth

were correct, but at least Failure is the mother he did want to know.of success.译：并非所有的答案都正

确，但至少那时的人们确实想14.solution: n 解决办了解他周围的世界。

法，solution to/for/of sth

当not放在all, both表15.adapt: v 适应、改编 示半否定，若要表示全否定两adapt to sth 适应„；adapt 者间用neither,三者用none.for sth:适用于„;a.They both are my adaptation: n;adaptable: friends.adj适应的，(*)

b.Not both of them are a.She found it my friends.difficult to adapt herself c.Neither of them is to the life in a foreign my friend.country.d.They are all good b.He is not adapted students.for this job.e.They are not all

good students.16.perfect: adj完美f.None of them is good 的，反义词:imperfect

students.No one is perfect.人 无完人。

3.Curiosity and

imagination are important 17.acceptable: adj可qualities which help 以接受的，accept: v 接受；stimulate the discovery of acceptance: n 接受;new facts and advance

science.译：好奇心和想象力是帮助发现新的事实并推动科学发展的重要素质。

help do sth, help to do sth，4.Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.译：具有科学头脑的人们相信因果关系。短语：believe in sth相信

5.Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*)

译：像这些容易被人观察到的变化称之为现象。

这句话包含有两个被动语态，一个出现在定语从句中，另一个出现在主句中。

6.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.译：对于一些人们不知其解的现象，科学的观点是必有其因，只是尚未被发现罢了。

分析：主语the scientific point of view；系动词：is；后跟表语从句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是状语。In cases:在„情况下，后跟定语从句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻译：尚欠缺的唯一条件。

7.This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.译：这指的是面对现存的事实而不管自己原来想法的能力。

分析：to face the facts是动词不定式作定语修饰the ability;as they are表示按照它们的实际情况；regardless of常用短语，不管、不顾。what one has previously thought作介词of的介词宾语。

8.Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in

producing the first electric lamp.(*)译：托马斯。爱迪生失败了成千次才成功制造了第一盏电灯。

注意本句的几个考点：thousands of times;succeed in producing;连词before

9.The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*)译：实际问题的解决方法是不能事先预见的。

注意考点：the solutions to sth;can’t be seen;in advance短语：事先。

10.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.译：科学家们必须能改变思路，调整自己的理论，使之于新发现的事实相适应。

分析：change their thinking改变思路；adapt their theories to new facts使„适应„；

as they are discovered状语从句。

11.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.（*）

译：这是人的理解总是不尽完美的另一种说法。

考点：动名词saying；短语less than

12.A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.译：科学的真理提供了一种解释，这种解释为人们所接受，使相对于某一特定时间内人们的知识而言的。

分析：that is acceptable定语从句修饰an explanation;what is known at a particular time作介词of的宾语。注意：in the light of sth按照、根据 = according to;be known;at a particular time.13.区分下面两句话中的被动语态用法：

⑪.Views which are entirely new or foreign knowledge„

may also be hard to accept.f.problems arise in a ⑫.New ideas are variety of ways.frequently very slow to be

accepted.2.obtain: v 得到，get, 当碰到hard, difficult, gain.easy时后面的不定式用主动3.biological: adj 生物表被动，除此外其他的形容词学的；biology: n 生物学；要用过去分词表被动。

biologist: n 生物学家

4.account: n 叙述、帐14.It may take time 户；v account for sth说for new acts to become 明„的原因;accountant:会available.计

译：新事实的发现、获得a.I have 2000 yuan in 使需要时间的。

my account.基本句型：It takes sb b.His illness can some time to do sth;

account for his absence.C.Summary about all 5.logical: adj 符合逻the phrases:

辑的，反义词：illogical 1.start doing(1段16.analysis: n 分析；行);2.at least(1段5行);analyze: v;analyst: n 分3.lay aside sth(2段1行);析者

4.be curious about sth(27.indicate: v 指示；段3行);5.take apart indicator: n;indication: sth(2段3行);n 6.wonderabout sth(3段18.inference: n推论；行);7.combine sth with infer;v;类似的词还有：sth(3段1-2行);8.carry refer, reference;prefer, out(3段2行);9.believe preference in(4段1行);10.cause and 9.prediction: n;effect;11.in case(4段7predict: v 预计

行);13.point of view(4段10.confidence: n 信8行);14.regardless of 心；confident: adj有信心sth(5段2行);15.be 的； self-confidence自信

willing to do(5段6行);11.unreliable: adj 靠16.thousands of(5段6行);不住的，反义词：reliable.17.succeed in doing(5段712.accurate: adj;行);18.in advance(6段1accuracy: n 行);19.adapt sth to sth(6The 13th lecture of 段2行);20.once and for College English one: all(6段4行);21.make a A.Intensive reading change in sth(6段4行);Text B: 22.in the light of sth(61.please look at the 段8行);23.respect for(7second paragraph on page 段1行);24.come up(7段3275.I’ll read and then 行);25.be laughed at(8段I’ll translate it, 2行);26.in all fields of especially pay attention knowledge(8段4行).to those phrases。

译：首先要认识问题。只Text B:

有问题找对了，才能得出正确1.arouse: vt 引起、唤的答案。解决问题始于透彻的起，区别：rise: vi;raise: 理解。问题的出现有各种情vt;arise: vi出现、呈现(*)

况。它们有时产生于偶然的观a.His behavior 察，有时可能出自于阅读、实aroused my suspicion.验或仅仅思考，也有可能来于b.A new difficulty has 新的发展或人类新的不同的需arisen.求。例如：今天，许多问题产c.The sun rises in the 生于核物理、生物工程和微电ease and sets in the west.子领域的新发现。工业的发展d.He raised his voice 也已经带来了大量的必须被解to make everyone hear.决的问题。

e.once his curiosity 短语：⑪first of allhas been aroused, he uses 首先；⑫only if除非；⑬certain methods and grow out of=arise from产procedures to obtain new 生于；⑭result from产生

于；⑮bring about导致；⑯large number of大量的

2.Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)

译：有时未回答的问题会显示需要进一步研究的领域。

注意在这句话中suggest不是“建议”而是“暗示，显示”，因此不用虚拟语气。

a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虚拟语气)

b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虚拟语气）

短语: in need of sth需要„

3.Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.(8段)

译：如果所观察到的或预测结果正如所料，科学家对他假说的可靠性就增加了信心。

通过翻译我们会发现这句话包含有一个虚拟语气，并且省略了if，进行了倒装。原句应是：

If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但请大家注意此时主句用了陈述语气，属于非正式用法。

短语：turn out 结果是„

He turned out to be a cheat.4.Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）

译：实验必须在严格控制的条件下进行。

考点：under carefully controlled conditions.B.Important phrases:

1.first of all(2段1行);2.only if(2段2行);3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);4.result from(2段5行);5.bring about(2段10行);6.large number of(2段10行);7.build a firm foundation(4段5行);8.in need of sth(5段5行);

9.build up(6段1行);10.turn out to be(8段1行);11.give up(8段4行);12.check with(9段1行);13.a variety of sth(2段3行);14.carry out(7段2行)

C.Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(2)Gerund and participles：（动名词和分词）

Ⅰ.Gerund: 动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词原形加ing构成。具有某些动词的特点，在句中起名词的作用，由此得名动名词。它可以有自己的宾语和状语，这是动词的特点；在句中担任主语、表语、宾语，及定语，这属于名词的特点。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主语)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表语）

c.I enjoy sleeping.（动宾）

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介宾）

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定语）

动名词也可根据需要在前面加上物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。

a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.动名词作主语：

a.Seeing is believing.b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用动名词作主语，有时也可用it作形式主语。如上面的第二句可改为：

It’s no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth;it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.2.动名词作表语：一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作，这时表语和主语常可互换。

a.What he likes best is making jokes.b.Making jokes is what he likes best.about it.g.They stopped talking.3.动名词作宾语：既可作h.They stopped to talk.动词宾语，也可作介词的宾

语。有些动词后面必须用动名4.动名词作定语：一般表词，请记住下列常考动词：示所修饰词的用途，如：admit, avoid, consider, drinking water, writing enjoy, finish, deny, mind, desk, reading room, etc.practice, risk, suggest，postpone, miss, can’t 5.动名词的否定式：not help, put off, give up, + 动名词

keep on etc.I’m sorry not a.She denied stealing getting there on time.her money.b.I tried my best to 6.动名词的时态和语态： avoid meeting him in the 1>.一般时表示一般性的street.动作，发生的时间不明确。而c.You’d better put 完成时表示动作在谓语动词之off having the meeting 前发生。

because of SARS.a.I am looking forward d.If you want to make to seeing you soon.great progress, you must b.Thank you for having practice speaking every helped me so much.day.2>.当动名词逻辑上的主e.I am considering 语是它所表示的动作的对象doing it again.时，要用它的被动语态。

a.He insisted on being 动名词常跟在一些固定的sent to hospital.词组后面，如：

b.He insisted on insist on, look sending her to hospital.forward to, be used to, 3>.当句子谓语是want, succeed in, be interested need, require, deservein, be engaged in, depend 时，常用动名词的主动形式表on, be busy doing, stick 被动含义。

to, devote to, etc

a.The radio needs

repairing.(= The radio 注意：有些动词后面既可needs to be repaired.)用不定式作宾语也可用动名词b.The babies require 作宾语，且差别不大，如：examining.(= The babies continue, begin start, require to be examined.)prefer etc.4>.主语 + be worth a.I prefer making a doing / 主语 + be worthy plan before I go over my + to be done/of being done.lessons.a.The book is worth b.I prefer to make a reading.plan before I go over my b.The book is worthy lessons

to be read.但有些动词区别却很大，c.The book is worthy 如：remember, forget, of being read.regret, go on, try, etc.(*)

a.I remember giving Ⅱ.participle:分词也是money to him.(表示give这非谓语动词的一种，它有两种个动作已在remember 前发生形式：现在分词和过去分词。过了。)

分词可以有自己的宾语和状b.I remember to give 语，也可有逻辑主语，在句中money to him.（表示give担任表语，定语，状语和宾这个动作还未在remember 前补。

发生。）

a.The story is c.I regret accepting interesting.I’m your advice.interested in it.（表语）

d.I regret to tell you b.This is a moving that I won’t accept your film.（定语）

advice.c.She came in, singing e.They went on talking and dancing.（状语）

about it.d.He saw that man f.They went on to talk jumping off the wall.(宾补)

1.现在分词和过去分词的区别：从语态上讲，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动；从时态上讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom?

b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.d.Look!The falling leaves are yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.2.分词作表语：一般当主语是物时，用现在分词，含有“令人„” ；当主语是人时一般用过去分词，表示“感到„”.a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.3.分词作定语：⑪单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰的名词后面。

a.The swimming boy is my brother.b.What is the language spoken in Japan?

⑫分词短语作定语放在被修饰的名词之后。

The girl dressed in white is Helen.4.分词作宾补：补充说明宾语的意义。通常用在一些感官动词和使役动词后面。与句子的宾语是主动关系用现在分词；若与宾语是被动关系，用过去分词。

a.I heard someone calling me.b.I heard my name called.过去分词在have, get后作宾补时，常表示该动作不是由主语完成的，而是由别人完成的。（考点＊）

a.You’d better have your hair cut.b.He had some pictures taken in the park.5.分词作状语：来修饰谓

语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。

a.（on)hearing the news, they couldn’t help laughing.b.Having turned off the TV, he began to read a book.(强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，用分词的完成形式作状语。)c.Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.(原因状语)d.Given more attention, the trees could have grown 5.previously;6.acceptable;C.so

D.In C.With 7.solution;8.proper;therefore D.Through 9.determine;10.sprout 4.A red pencil-mark 14.Sometimes you have p273:Ⅱ.1.failure;on the fifth page ______.to ____ a new word in the 2.relationship;A.catch his eye B.dictionary.3.environment;catches his eyes

C.A.look into B.4.imagination;5.evidence;caught his eye

D.look up C.look 6.findings;7.ohenonmenon;caught his eyes over

D.look 8.curiosity;9.attitude;5.In most large through 10.solution companies management is 15.Animals can live Ⅲ.1.Man wondered directly ____ planning the only on _____ plants have why birds could fly while advertising.already turned from man couldn’t.A.known as B.inorganic to vegetable 2.The child took capable pf C.matter.the toy apart but he involved in D.A.that B.didn’t know how to put it satisfied with which C.what better.(条件状语)e.Although working from morning till night, he can’t finish his papers.(让步状语)f.The hero sat there, surrounded by a lot of students.(伴随状语)

如上的句子中的分词都可改成从句，大家自己练习改写一下。

注意：分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，这点很重要。

a.If you see from the hill, the city is beautiful.(不可改为分词作状语，主句和从句主语不一致。)b.Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.= When the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.6.分词的被动语态形式： a.The question being discussed is very important.(表示一个动作正在进行，而又含有被动意味。)b.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class on Dec.25.(将来要发生动作的被动语态。)c.This is a picture painted by my boyfriend.７.若分词有自己单独的主语，而并非句子的主语，那么我们称它为独立主格。（以后介绍。）

key to some exercises: p270:Ⅰ.d, a, c, c, a.Ⅱ.1.curious about;2.take apart;3.stimulate;4.telationship;together again.6.Some states use 4.She’s very tired, income tax ____ sales tax but she is still willing to raise their revenues.to help others.A.with regard to B.6.We have in search of C.determined to seek the to combine with

D.in answers to the questions.addition to 8.You should adapt 7.The mother warned yourself to the new her son not to associate environment.himself _____ bad men.p280Ⅰ.T, T, F, T, F, A.with B.T, F, F, T, F to C.by D.and

8.Material that is organized ______ remembered than jumbled

information.The 14th lecture of A.is better B.College English one: to be better

C.Test about unit 1 to better

D.as unit 10: better 9.Meaningfulness 大学英语

（一）测试1 _____ memory at all levels.本试题分两部分，第一A.effects B.部分为选择题，50分；第二effects on

C.部分为非选择题，50分。affects D.affects on part one 10.The children are、选择题。（20分）eager ______ if there are 1.Some people who are people on the Mars.very intelligent and A.to know B.successful in their fields know

C.find ____ difficult to knowing

D.succeed in language about knowing learning.11.There is no A.them

B.substitute _____ good food themselves

C.it and excise.D.itself A.of 2.Death and taxes are B.for C.two things in life that to D.with every American can be sure 12.He offered to _____.supply us _____ another A.of B.clock free of charge.for C.A.with B.at D.with for C.of 3.The Atlantic ocean D.to is only half as big as the 13._____ contrast to pacific, ____ it is still his brother, he is more very large.considerate and friendly.A.but B.and A.By B.D.how

16.The difficulty _____ their great poverty.A.lies in

B.lies on C.lies with

D.lies down

17.She isn’t satisfied ____ the present living conditions.A.for B.by

C.with D.to 18.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family _____ the mother cared for the house and children.A.while B.because C.where

D.therefore 19.Generally, the

children stay in the nuclear family ____ they grow up and marriage.A.although B.as C.until D.where 20.It’s important to realize that the same technology ____ helps us may also harm us.A.as B.that C.what

D.when

二、完型填空。（10

分）Most forgetting takes place immediately after learning.An hour

after studying or learning something new, more than 50% has been forgotten.After one month 80% has been forgotten and so on.This shows that review is very important.If you _____ new material

you have learnt, you portion

C.side that brings re-creation of wisely remember much more.It’s D.section strengthen and spirit.D.good recreation important to review newly When one speaks of making activities contribute learnt material a little

三、阅读理解。（20good use of leisure, he greatly to health, growth and often.It’s also 分）means choosing and spirit necessary ____ frequent recreational activities breaks.We best remember passage one which contribute to health, ____ we learnt at the beginning of a learning period and at the point ____ we stop.After the break, it’s necessary to review what was learnt ____ the break----and then to continue learning the new material.other experiments have shown that the brain needs time to ‘digest’ what has been learnt.The time necessary ____ this is 5 to 10 minutes.After a break of this time, the memory will have absorbed what it has ___ learnt, and more will be remembered.During this break it is important to ____ the right side of the brain, because the left side is used during a learning period.Therefore you should ____ in some way.Listening to music, breathing in fresh air, and looking at a picture, are all ways of using the other ___ of the brain.1.A.review

B.remind C.recover D.remember 2.A.have

B.has

C.to have D.having 3.A.that

B.what

C.which D.this 4.A.when

B.that

C.which D.where 5.A.before

B.since

C.after D.until 6.A.to B.for

C.on D.by 7.A.merely

B.only

C.just D.recently 8.A.practice

B.drill

C.train D.exercise 9.A.relax

B.release

C.relieve D.relay 10.A.part

B.The problem of growth, and spirit.leisure is new.Until very 1.The phrase “from recent times people worked can to can’t” in each day to the limit of paragraph 1 means _____.their strength.of course A.from beginning to there were always a end B.from birth to privileged few who had death C from morning leisure;but most men had to night.D.from time to work 12,14, or even 16 to time hours a day, six days a 2.How to spend week.As late as1840 the leisure time wisely is not average factory worker a particularly difficult labored 72 hours a week.problem fro people ______.“Sunup to sundown” was A.who are very busy the farmer’s day, or as every day another phrase, “from can B.who are sick in bed to can’t.” C.who are aged and in Today, working good health D.less than 40-hour week, who have retired from work people enjoy more leisure 3.How does the author time.Hence, the wise use look at work and leisure? of leisure time has become A.We work hard so an important problem for that we can enjoy more everyone, young or old.It leisure.is a particularly B.We enjoy leisure so difficult problem for the that we can come back to sick, the aged, and those work with fresh energy.who have retired from C.Leisure can bring earning a living.Those us a lot of pleasure that people have so much cannot.leisure that it is hard D.The success of work for them to find has little to do with how interesting and worthwhile we spend our leisure time.ways to use it.4.What is the However, short the relationship between work week becomes, work is leisure and recreation still the most important according to the author? part of life.We don’t A.Leisure and work to get leisure and recreation are closely the pleasures leisure related.brings us;rather, we use B.Leisure and leisure wisely so that recreation are identical.work itself can become C.Recreation covers awarding and enjoyable.all kinds of leisure The feeling of success at activities.doing one’s daily work-D.Recreation doesn’t whether it is a job, belong to any leisure maintaining a home, or activities.going to school-depends 5.From the passage we largely on coming to it know that _____________.each day with fresh energy A.leisure has been an and active interest.old problem since ancient Leisure and times.recreation go together, B.leisure can’t be though they are not replaced as the most necessarily the same thing.important part of life.“recreation” has an C.our success in work obvious meaning.It is the is mostly determined by kind of leisure activity whether we use leisure

passage Two Each nation has its own peculiar character which distinguishes it from others.But the peoples of the world have more points in common than points in which they differ.one type of person

that is common in every country is the one who always tries to do as little as possible and to get as much as possible in return.His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere.Both these types are usually unconscious of their character.The man who avoids effort is always talking about his “rights”: he appears to think that society owes him a pleasant, easy life.The man who is always doing more than his share

talks of “duties”: he feels that the individual is in debt to society, and

not society to the individual.As a result of their views, neither of

these men thinks that he behaves at all strangely.The man who tries

to do as little as he can is always full of excuses: if he has neglected to do

something, it was because he had a headache, or the weather was too hot or too

cold, or because he was prevented by bad luck.At first, other people, such

as his friends and his employer, generously accept his stories;but

soon they realize what kind of person he is.In the long run he deceives

only himself.When his friends become cool towards him and he fails

to make progress in his

job, he is surprised and hurt.He blames everyone and everything except himself.He feels that society is failing in its duties towards him, and that he is being unjustly treated.6.The central ides if paragraph 1 is that ___________.A.Each nation is peculiar enough to enable us to distinguish it from others.B.The peoples of the world are as alike as they are different.C.The peoples of the world have more similarities than differences.D.Those who do more than is strictly necessary are common in every country.7.According to paragraph 1, the man who does more than is required _________.A.is ready to accept what the society offers him B.excepts nothing in return for his work C.feels that he is under heavy debt D.thinks this makes his life easy 8.Those who try to do as little as possible ___________.A.envy others’ good luck B.are good story-tellers C.supply false reasons for their lack of responsibility D.think that their opposites owe them a pleasant life 9.The phrase “in the long run” is closest in meaning to _________.A.in practice B.in the end

C.in effect D.in no time 10.It can be inferred from the passage that people who cheat___________.A.will be unjustly treated B.will cheat only themselves eventually C.will change their your behavior D.___________(convenient)will get surprised by 7.Computers are now their own stories being ____________(wide)used in China.part two 8.Sometimes ocean

四、单词拼写。（10currents ___________(call)分）“rivers in the sea”.1.重复、反复

n 9.The inhabitants of r__________ 2.the moon would see our 传统的 a t_____________ earth _____(reflect)the 3.代表、象征

vt light of the sun.r___________ 4.10.For centuries the 熟练、精通

n Atlantis ocean kept the p___________ Americans from 5.文明的、开化的a ________(discover)by the c___________ 6.消化 vt people of Europe.d___________

7.有经验的 a

六、汉译英。（15分）e______________ 8.给1.世界上只有四个地区发人印象深刻的 a 现有很多金刚石。I____________ 2.说肉和土豆不能一起吃9.火山 n 是愚蠢的 v_______________ 3.不用说，第二个词表比10.美味的_____________ 第一个词表更容易记忆。

11.准确地 ad 4.我们应该设法寻找问题a_____________ 12.的答案，而不是等待老师的解改进、增进 n 释。_______________ 5.随着现代交通的发展，13.不能消化的a 太平洋似乎变得越来越小。I______________ 14.准 备、预备

n

七、英译汉。（15分）p________________ What is color? Why 15.工业化

v do some objects look red, i____________ 16.others green, others blue? 相似、类似n Color is caused by s________________ reflected light rays.We 17.与众不同的a see color because objects u____________

18.reflect light.Something 观察，观察物 n that is red reflects o___________ mostly red light.(it 19.完全地，绝对地 ad reflects a little green or a_________ 20.仍然是，blue light, too, but we do 剩下 vi r_________ not see it.)in the same way, a green object

五、用动词正确的时态填reflects mostly green 空。（10分）light.White objects 1.In the 1600’s, reflect all colors of travelers from Europe light.Black objects __________(bring)back don’t reflect any light.diamonds from India.What happens to 2.Sometimes the colors of light that information in the long-are not reflected? They term memory ________(be)are absorbed by the object.hard to remember.The darker the color, the 3.Well-organized less light is reflected material is ________(well)and the more light is remembered than jumbled absorbed.Light that is information.absorbed is turned into 4.These plants can be heat.For this reason, ___________(easy)dark—colored clothes are categorized.warmer in the sunlight 5.Some common that light—colored __________(phenomenon)are clothes.not completely understood.6.We did that just for Key to exercises:

p258:Ⅱ.1.standing;

2.rising;3.beginning, advanced;4.done;5.playing;6.pleasing;7.reflecting;8.closed;9.reading;10.charged, bought;11.living;12.extended;13.outlined;14.coming;15.wearing;16.lying;17.having gone;18.working;19.moving;20.running.Ⅲ.1.He’s quite satisfied with the test result.2.She saw a group of cows standing under the trees.3.on hearing the news, they set off for the railway station at once.4.Hong Kong, returned to China in 1997, is one of the most important commercial and financial centers in Asia.5.please turn off the light when leaving the room.6.She has two sons living in Macao.7.He gave an important talk at the meeting held last week.8.presents costing less than $200 may be brought into the country duty free.9.Seeing him coming over, we hid ourselves behind the door.10.At this moment, she felt her heart beating fast.p291:Ⅱ.1.to say;2.leading;3.to say;4.eating;5.to learn, experienced;6.belonging;7.banking, leaving;8.doing;9.finished;10.smoking, eating;11.driving;12.buying, washing, to make;13.going;14.happening, controlling;15.to bring;16.to be done, to move;17.being discussed;18.meeting;19.being, to help;20.knowing, learning

Ⅲ.C, D, D, B, A, D, C, C, C, A

The 15th lecture of College English one: Unit 11

Text A: The Great American Garage Sale We have heard of flea market in China.But in America there is another kind of market used to sell and buy those second things.And such sales often happen in the garage, the yard, or the basement.Rising living costs are considered as a main reason for holding such sales and in such sales people can know many new friends, so they have become social events.A.New words: 1.unwanted: adj 不需要的；反义词：wanted;want 2.neighborhood: n 四邻、附近；neighbor: n 邻居；hood后缀，表示“„状态/状况”。

3.advertisement: 缩写ad.;advertise: v 4.buyer, seller:买主，卖主, buy, sell: v;sale: n(*)a.Is the house for sale? b.This little shop sells a wide variety of goods.c.The market of farm produce was filled with sellers and buyers.5.save: v 救助，储蓄，节省。

a.The doctor has tries her best to save her life.b.We are saving money for a holiday.c.please save a seat for me in the reading room.6.original: adj 起初的、新颖的；origin: n 开端、背景；originate: v 起因；originality: n 创造力；originally: adv 起初地（*）

a.He is a Chinese by origin.b.Her works of art show a great deal of originality.c.The original plan was better than the plan we followed.unwanted items—all sorts 7.computerization: n of things they wanted to 计算机化；computerize: v get rid of.计算机化；computer: n 计算译：把家里的东西整理一机（*）

下，找出大约有1500件不用a.Computers are used 的旧货—这些东西他们都想扔by people of all walks of 掉。

life.分析：Sorting through b.The computerization their possessions现在分词of management makes things 作时间状语，all sorts of easy and convenient.things they wanted to get c.The airlines have rid of是1500 old, already computerized their unwanted items的同位语。booking system.’

短语：come up with: find

out;some: about;all 8.era: n 时代、纪元 sorts of: all kinds of;We are living get rid of:摆脱、除去

computer era.a.I came up with a

better way to solve the 9.bargin: v/n讨价还problem from the 价；交易

experiment.a.---The bike only b.He finally got rid cost me 50yuan.---oh, you of those dirty and old have a good bargain!

shoes.b.She always bargains with the salesmen for the 2.The Ericksons necessaries.needn’t have worried.译：其实埃里克森一家本10.hunter: n 猎人；没有必要担心。

bargain-hunter:专找便宜货needn’t have done sth:的人。

是虚拟语气的一种形式，表示11.fabulous: adj神话原本没有必要做谋事，但实际式的，惊人的；

还是做了，反义词：should fabulous heroes传奇have done本应做，但却没式的英雄, a fabulous 做。

performance精彩的表演

a.I should have helped

you.12.mercy：n仁慈、宽b.They needn’t have 容；merciful: adj仁慈的；come here so early, for mewrciless: adj无怜悯心的

it’s Sunday!

13.reluctant: adj不情

愿的，同义词：unwilling;3.Eager buyers bought 反义词：willing;all but 50 of the items in reluctance: n

one weekend, leaving the

family $442 richer.(*)14.enthusiasm: n 热译：踊跃的买主在一个周情；enthusiast: n热心人；末就把全部商品几乎全买走enthusiastic: adj热情的： 了，除了剩余的50件商品(*)

外，给一家人增加了442元的 be enthusiastic 收入。

for/about sth;

考点：all but其中but

位介词“除了”，leaving现15.recent: adj最近在分词做伴随状语；richer的；recently: adv最近

更多的

16.bound: adj一定的，有约束的，准备到„去的

4.What would Americans a.The weather is bound want to shop by searching to get better tomorrow.among someone else’s b.Where are you bound cast-offs? for: I’m bound for school.译：为什么美国人这么喜

欢光顾别人的旧货摊，在里面B.Intensive reading 翻翻拣拣？

the text:

Would表示愿意„;shop: 1.Sorting through v 购物，shop: n 商店；their possessions, they shopping：n 购物

came up with some 1500 old, a.We are busy with our

work during weekends, therefore, we usually shop on Sundays.b.The family goes shopping once a week.c.I went to several shops but still couldn’t find the sort of diamond ring she wanted.Searching是动名词；some else’s别人的。

5.Rising living costs are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for holding sales and for attending them.译：不断上升的生活费是举办和光顾这些旧货展卖的会被每一个人考虑的几个原因之一。

Rising living costs是现在分词做句子的主语。请大家区分一下：rising, living形式相同但用法也相同吗？rising是现在分词，living是动名词。区分二者的方法是：看能否将动词的ing形式改为定语从句，可以则是分词，反之则为动名词。

a.Look at the sleeping boy.(Look at the boy who is sleeping.)

b.please go to your sleeping car.(the car for sleep 是说明用途。)

6.The seller makes a little extra money and the buyer saves quite a lot, since garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of their original cost.译：车库展卖的价格是原来价格的很小的一部分，所以卖主能挣一点额外的钱，买主却省了一大笔钱。

Since因为，sth is priced at some price:标明价格

7.one psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the computerization of their lives—they may be searching for their roots.译：一位心理学家解释说，人们厌倦了电脑网络化的生活—也许他们正在寻根。

Suggest在这里也不是“建议”，因此不用虚拟语气。

短语：be fed up with因„而厌烦；search for到

处寻找

We are fed up with the traffic and noise in big cities.8.Some people have made garage-sale shopping into a hobby;they spend their weekends going from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.译：有些人已经把逛车库展卖当成一种业余爱好；每个周末他们都泡在里面，从一家逛到另一家，希望能找到一件真正的宝贝。

make sth into a hobby使„成为一种爱好；hoping to run across a real treasure做谓语spend的伴随状语;run across偶然遇见、发现，同义词：come across

9.How long will all this enthusiasm continue„some day the people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had---getting rid of this stuff.译：这种热情会持续多久？ 某一天买了我们东西的顾客将会发现，他们也面临和我们同样的问题—怎样处理掉这些旧东西。

some day用于一般将来时中，be bound to do;be faced with面临„,面队„.getting rid of this stuff是the same problem的同位语。

a.Lazy Tom is bound to fail this exam.b.The country is faced with the economic crisis.C.Summary about the phrases: 1.not long ago(1段1行);2.decide to do(1段1行);3.sort through(1段2行);4.come up with(1段3行);5.get rid of(1段4行);6.all sorts of(1段3行);7.set out(1段7行);8.needn’t have done(1段9行);9.for sale(3段1行);10.be considered„as(6段1行);11.be priced at(6段4行);12.be fed up with(7段4行);13.search for(7段5行);14.be turned off(7段6行);15.make sth into sth(8段1行);16.run across(8段2行);17.separate sth from sth(9

6.depend on(6段4行);段3-4行);18.be bound 7.be likely to do(6段5to(10段2行);19.be faced 行);8.refer to(7段1行);with(10段2行);

9.small profit on a great quantity of goods(7段4Text B: American 行)；10.be known for(8段1Stores

行);11.the vast A: new words:

majority(9段1行);1.urge: v urge sb to do sth鼓励

2.practically;adv几 乎、简直，同义词：almost

3.normal;adj正常的，反义词：abnormal

4.confusing:adj使人困 惑的，confused: adj;

confuse: v;confusion: n

The 16th lecture of 5.explore: v 探险；College English one: explorer: n;exploration: Key to exercises: n

p303:Ⅰ.d, a, d, c, d 6.specialize: v 专门研p304:Ⅱ.1.possessions;究，specialize in sth;2.advertisement;3.variety;specialist: n 专家

4.replica;5.castoffs;7.likely;adj 有可能6.extra;7.era;8.hobby;的，be likely to do sth

9.fabulous;10.relunctant 8.profit: n 利润，收p305:Ⅳ.1.seller;益，同义词：benefit;v 有2.buyer;3.reporter;益于 profit from sth

4.waiter;5.artist;profitable, 6.owner;7.earner;profitless: adj

8.visitor;9.actor;9.flavor: n 味道；v 10.sailor 给„调味

Ⅴ.2.I ran across his

early works in a second-B.Important sentences: hand store.1.In the United 3.You will never States you will find believe that there are yourself being urged from people who would like to every page of newspaper buy those unwanted objects.and on practically every 5.We are bound to win television station to buy the battle.all kinds of goods that p307:Ⅱ.1.hobby;you are actually quite 2.local;3.recent;4.extra;happy without.5.stuff;6.original;译：在美国，你会发现，7.reluctant;几乎是每张报纸的每一页或每8.neighbourhood;一个电视台都在极力怂恿你购9.advertisements;买各种各样的商品，其实不买10.enthusiasm 它们也无所谓。

Ⅲ.1.The shop has put find yourself being up many ads in the urged现在分词的被动语态做neighborhood.宾补，be urged to do sth

3.I ran across a

friend of mine in the park 2.Not only is there a last week.wide range of prices for 4.He didn’t take goods in America, there is money with him, so he was also „

bound to come back.否定词放在句首句子需6.All useless items 倒装。

should be got rid of.7.our duty is to meet C．Summary about the ever-increasing needs of phrases:

the people.1.urge to do(1段1行);9.The music really 2.instead of(2段4行);turns me off.3.range from(3段1行);10.He set out his 4.as well as(3段3行);viewpoints clearly in the 5.specialize in(3段4行);book.p313: F, T, T, T, F, F, F, T, F, F.p315: Ⅰ.b, d, c, e, a Ⅱ.1.b, 2.a, 3.d, 4.a, 5.a

Unit 12 Text A: How Dictionary Are Made

Most of us look a dictionary as the supreme authority.Then do you how dictionaries are made? Then please read our text very carefully, you can find the answers.A.New words:

1.mainly: adv;main: adj

2.grammarian: n 语法学家；grammar: n语法；grammatical: adj语法的

3.authority: n官方、权力；author: n 作者；authoritative: adj权威性的，官方的

a.Don’t be so authoritative when you ask me to do something.b.Her father is the author of the book Focus on the Learner.c.The government is the highest authority in the country.4.usage: n 使用，用法；use: n 利用, v 使用、利用；used: adj用过的；useful: adj有用的；useless: adj无用的(*)

a.He bought a dictionary of modern English usage yesterday.b.We may make good use of the ads to compare the prices of goods.c.Used cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.d.Just use your imagination to picture what could become of her.5.dispute: n/v争吵

6.editor: n 编辑；edit: v;edition: n版本；(*)

a.The first edition of the book was 20000 copies.b.They are going to edit a book for children.c.She is a reporter as well as an editor.7.occurtence: n 发生、出现；occur: v

8.occupy: v占用、使忙碌；occupation: n;occupied: adj已占用的

9.alphabetize: v 按字母顺序排列；alphabet: n 字母表

10.quotation: n 引文、引语；quote: v

11.historical: adj历史的；history: n 历史；historian:历史学家；(*)a.The book is based on both personal and historical events.b.He was interested in history when he was a child and later became a historian.c.China has a recorded history of 5000 years.12.reveal: v揭露、泄露；反义词：conceal，hide;revelation: n 13.influence: n/v与affect不同，该词强调潜移默化的影响。Influential: adj有影响的

14.invention：n 发明；invent: v发明；inventor: n 发明家

15.ordinarily: adv通常地

16.peculiar: adj unusual 17.discard: v throw away抛弃、扔掉

B.Intensive reading;1.It’s widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.译：大多数人认为每个单词都有一个确切的意思，而我们主要是从教师和语法家那儿学会这些意思的，而且在涉及到意思和用法上，词典和语法书是最高权威。

很多人看不懂这个句子，是因为它含有由that引导的三个主语从句。It是形式主语。

短语：in matters of sth涉及到„

2.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word

视传送节目。”

and offer to look it up in 这句话特别注意它的虚拟the dictionary.（*）

语气的用法。

译：曾经有一次，我和一

位英国女士为一个词的读音争C.Summary about the 执起来，我建议去查字典。

phrases: 短语：get into a 1.in matters of(1段3dispute with sb about/over 行);2.get into a dispute sth;offer to do;look sth with sb over/about sth(1up

段5-6行);3.offer to do(1

段7行);4.look sth up(13.In the United 段7行);5.bring up(1段8States, however, anyone 行);6.be willing to do(1who is willing to quarrels 段11行);7.quarrel with with the dictionary is sb(1段11行);8.be regarded as either regarded as(1段12行);eccentric or mad.9.either„or(1段12行);译：而在美国，任何一个10.arrive at(2段1行);对词典提出异议的都会被认为11.apply to sth(2段2行);是偏执狂或疯子。

12.begin with(2段5行);短语：be willing to do;13.a large number of(2段8quarrel with sth;be 行);14.that is to say(3regarded as;either„or

段1行);15.along with(3 段1行);16.divide up(4段4.What follows 5行);17.according to(4段applied only to those 5行);18.base on sth(4段dictionary offices where 7行);19.set up(5段1行);first-hand, original 20.to the best of one’s research goes on—not ability(5段3行);those in which editors simply copy existing Text B: Reading dictionaries.provides necessary 译：下面的叙述仅仅适用survival skills 于那些进行第一手创造性研究A.New words: 的词典编辑室，而不适用那些1.survival: n 幸存、生编辑们单纯照抄现有词典的编存；survive: v;survivor: 辑室。

n 主语是What follows，2.emphasis: n 强调；where first-hand, original emphasize: v research goes on是定语从3.comprehension: n 理句修饰those dictionary 解力

offices，4.concentration: n专短语：apply to sth适注、专心； concentrate: v 用于„.on sth.5.challenge: n/v挑战 5.If, for example, we 6.register: v 登记、记had been writing a 录，registered letter挂号dictionary in 1890, or 信

even as late as 1919, we 7.alert: adj警觉的，could have said that the be alert to sth word “broadcast” means

“to scatter”, but we B.Intensive reading: could not have stated that 1.The expression from 1921 on, the most “haste makes waste” does common meaning of the word not apply to reading.should become “to send 译：“欲速则不达”不适out programs by radio or 用阅读。

television.”

译：举个例子来说，如果2.Nothing hurts 我们从1890年以来就一直在concentration more than 编写一本字典，或甚至推迟到reading too slowly.1919年，我们可以说单词译：没有什么比读得慢更“broadcast”意思是“播影响集中力了。

种”，但从1921年起，我们

就不可以这么说了，它最普遍3.The more words you 的意思变成了“通过广播或电are familiar with, the

less you are aware of reading words and the more you are aware of content and meaning.译：你所熟悉的单词越多，你就越不会觉得你在读单词，而越觉得你在读内容和意思。

短语：The more„the less„the more;be familiar with sth;be aware of sth„

4.Good reading habits like these can help students and working adults alike to be more successful.译：像这样好的阅读习惯能够帮助学生和工作的成人取得更大的成功。

Working是现在分词，alike是副词，同样的。

Grammar knowledge: preposition

介词是一种乍看不起眼的虚词，但它起到媒介的作用，使句中的某些词与其余词发生一定的关系，因此它又是十分重要的。在历年的考试中往往会出现在：选择填空，完型填空，翻译等题型中。请大家记住课本上要求记忆的固定搭配。见课本p348

1.A modern woman usually does two jobs instead ___ one.2.We must remember that it is the intelligent application of technology that will lead us ____ success.3.There is atmosphere to protect us ____ the sun’s deadly rays.4.The food of the plant is different ____ that of animals.5.Washing food down with water as a substitute ____ chewing is not a good idea.6.He always turned on the lights ____ a random order.7.You have to put up ____ the advertising if you want the entertainment.8.She was not well prepared ___ too much new technology in the office all at once.9.They are not satisfied ____ the

conclusion they have come to.10.____ contrast, the modern husband may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual ___ him to cook.key to the exercises: of;to;from;from;for;in;with;for;with;in, for

The 17th lecture of College English one: Unit 13 Text A: Insurance Do you buy any insurance for yourself or your family? This lecture we’ll talk insurance in America.There are many kinds of insurance in the United States.Americans are unwilling to discuss insurance out of some reasons.But no matter how it’s better to plan for unpleasant situations by finding means to deal with them to just hope that they will never happen.A.New words: 1.insurance: n 保险；insure: v 给„买保险

2.agent: n 代理人；agency: n 代理

3.coverage: n 覆盖，总括；cover: v 4.protection: n保护，防护；protect: v protect sb from sth;protective: adj保护的

5.consumer: n 消费者；consume: v 花费，消费；consumption: n(*)a.We should protect the interest of consumers.b.He consumed much time and energy in writing this book.c.The consumption of the material has been reduced year by year.6.disturb: v打扰；disturbance: n May I disturb you for a moment?

lucky,名词：fortune, luck

19.occur: v发生，sth 7.policy: n 方针，保险occur to sb某事被人想起;单

occurrence: n 8.sum: n 总数；v总a.The traffic accident 结，概括，sum up

occurred at midnight.9.miracle: n 奇迹；b.A good idea occurred miraculous: adj 奇迹般的

to me immediately.10.adequate: adj 20.professional: adjsufficient,反义词：职业的；profession: n专inadequate;

业、职业

21.ignorance: n 无知、11.major: n专业；v主愚昧；ignorant: adj愚昧的

修

22.intelligently: adva.My major is English 明智地；intelligent: adj;and American literature at intelligence: n智慧（*）

college.a.Human beings are

much more intelligent than 12.remind: v提醒，animals.remind sb of sth, remind b.The children were sb to do sth（*), remind given an intelligence test.that...c.The smart boy a.I must remind you answered every question of your promise.intelligently.b.please remind me

to answer that letter.23.somehow: adv不知怎

么地，以某种方式；somewhat: 13.unsafe: adj不安全adv稍微 的，同义词:dangerous, 反义24.opposite: adj/adv/n 词：safe;safety: n安全a.I sat opposite to（*）

him during the meal.(prep)a.The police work for b.The girl sitting the safety of all the opposite is a famous people who live in this dancer.(adv)city.c.In England you must b.It is not safe to drive on the opposite side skate on that thin ice.of the road to the rest of c.Tell them not to Europe.(adj)cross that bridge because

it is unsafe.25.effective: adj有效 的；effect: n;affect: v 14.possibility: n 可能26.proven: adj被证实性，possible: adj可能的，的；prove: v证实、证明，impossible.不用被动语态。

15.injury: n 伤害、损a.The method proved to 害；injure: v;injured: be very effective.adj受伤的

b.He proved himself to 16.loss: n 损失；lost: be an excellent designer.adj丢失的、迷失的；lose:

v(*)

B.Intensive reading: a.You should make good 1.The American use of your time.There is consumer often feels not a moment to lose.constantly disturbed by b.The explorers got insurance agents.(*)lost in hate thick forest.译：美国的消费者常常觉c.The loss caused by 得受到保险代理人的不断骚the fire was adequately 扰。

covered by insurance.考点：feels constantly

disturbed 17.financial: adj 财政 的、金融的；finance: n财2.Three reasons why 政、金融；financier: n 金we are unwilling to 融家，CFo

discuss insurance can be 18.unfortunate: adj suggested.unlucky, 反义词：fortunate, 译：有三条理由可以说明

为什么我们不愿讨论保险。

Why引导定语从句。短语：be unwilling to do;

3.We feel inadequate and try to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.译：我们感到对保险知识的缺乏，于是逃避讨论保险，企图掩饰我们的无知。

考点：feel inadequate;try to do;by avoiding;

4.These three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.译：这三个不讨论保险的原因恰恰是我们为什么要知之更多的好理由。

分析：not discussing是动名词的否定式。主语：These three reasons for not discussing insurance；谓语：provide;宾语：three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it，包含一个why引导的定语从句。

5.Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.译：买保险的时候也不能完全依赖保险代理人。

因为以否定词“neither”开头，因此需要部分倒装。

短语：depend on

6.It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to just hope that they will somehow go away.译：我们对这些情况做出安排，找到应付它们的方法，这就比仅仅希望这些厄运能远离我们要好得多。

正常语序：That we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them is better than to just hope that they will somehow go away.考点：better„than;deal with;plan for sth, by finding means

7.Insurance fundamentals can be understood by those

willing to study them.译：那些愿意学习它们的人能理解保险的基本原理。

考点：can be 10.reduce, decrease: 减少

11.GNp = Gross National product国民生产 Exercise:

1.The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.(tie)

ive act→active;progress→progressive understood;willing to study them 作定语修饰those.C.Summary about phrases: 1.be eager to(1段8行);2.on guard（2段3行）;3.at best（2段4行）;4.agree to do（3段3行）;5.a sum of money（3段3行）;6.in effect（3段5行）;7.pay for（3段7行）;8.remind sb that„;（4段1行）9.in our heart（4段4行）;10.depend on（6段6行）;11.look sth in the face（7段1行）;12.deal with（7段4行）;

Text B: What Is Money and What Are Its Functions? The four major functions of money are as a medium of exchange, a standard of value, a standard of deferred payment, and a store of value.货币的四个主要功用是：交换的媒介，价值的标准，延期付款的标准和价值的储存手段。

A.New words: 1.disagreement: agreement, disagree, agree 2.economist: n 经济学家，economy: n 经济、节约；economic: adj经济的；economical: adj节约的；economize: v 节约

3.exchange: n/v交换、交流

4.payment: n付款；pay: v;payer: n付款人，tax payer 5.inconvenient: adj不方便的，inconvenience;convenient, convenience 6.sacrifice;v/n牺牲 7.coincidence: n巧合、同时发生；coincide: v同时发生；coincident: adj巧合的

What a coincidence!8.respond: v respond to sth;response: n 9.conscious: adj有意识的，be conscious of sth;unconscious 总值；

2.The first GDp = Gross textbook ____ for teaching Domestic product国内生产English as a foreign 总值

language came out in the

16th century.(write)B.Summary about the 3.I played under a phrases:

big tree, with my father 1.be familiar with(1____ in the fields.(work)段1行);2.a great deal 4.All our savings of(1段5行);3.a number ____, we must look for a of(1段7行);4.rule out(3new job.(go)段2行);5.search for(3段 5.The question 5行);6.respond to sth(4_____, we continued to do 段5行);7.rather than(4the work.(settle)段6行);8.in terms of(4 key: 1.tied;段6行);9.whether or 2.written;3.working;not(4段7行);10.be 4.gone;5.having been conscious of(4段7行);settled 11.serve as(5段6行);12.only if/If only(5段9 行);13.convert into(6段6 行);14.associate with(6

段7行);15.be involved in(6段9行)

The 18th lecture of 分词的独立主格：

College English one: 当我们介绍分词短语作状形容词后缀： 语时讲过它的逻辑主语应是主 able, ible 句的主语，但有时根据句子的 accept→acceptable;需要分词短语要有一个独立的response→responsible 主语，我们称之为独立主格。

a.It being Sunday, al you needn’t go to school.form→formal;nation = Because it is →national Sunday, you needn’t go to

school.an b.All people having America→American;arrived, the meeting began.Russia→Russian = After all people

had arrived, the meeting ant, ent began.differ→different;c.Weather permitting, resist→resistant we’ll go to the Summer

palace.ary, ory = If weather explain→explanatory;permits, we’ll go to the second→secondary Summer palace.d.All the work done, ern you can go home.east→eastern;west = After all the →western work is done, you can go

home.ful 当动词和主语之间存在 care→careful;help主动关系时，用现在分词；

→helpful;use→useful 当动词和主语之间存在

被动关系时，用过去分词；

less 另外，分词作独立主格 care→careless;help时前面可加with.→helpless;use→useless The park is

beautiful with all the ic trees putting on a tender base→basic;economygreen.→economic

ous

danger→dangerous;fame→famous

y

wind→windy;cloud→cloudy;dirt→dirty

ish

England→English;fool→foolish;red→reddish

动词后缀： en

black→blacken;sharp→sharpen;wide→widen

fy;ify

pure→purify;beauty→beautify

ize, ise computer→computerize;real→realize

副词后缀： ly: careful→carefully;easy→easily;true→truly

Key to some exercises:

p365:Ⅰ.a.c.c.d.b.p366:Ⅱ.1.agent;2.policy;3.adequate;4.occur;5.remind;6.ignorance;7.complex;8.entirely;9.fundamentals;10.concepts

Ⅲ.1.evil;2.sell;3.inadequate;4.expensive;5.unfortunate;

6.impossible;7.finally;8.unsafe;9.illness;10.hide, conceal

p367:Ⅳ.looking for, address, familiar with, guide, places of interest, sum, period, if, look forward to, sincerely

p369:Ⅱ.1.effective;2.evil;3.inadequate;4.sum;5.complex;6.agent;7.miracle;8.protection;

9.opposite;10.possibility Ⅲ.2.In effect, it took us as much time to look for the book as it did to read it.3.Her letter reminded me of the good days that we spent together.4.Except for a few insurance professionals, most of us don’t understand exactly what insurance is.5.The method has been proven and is still effective.8.His major is engine technology in this institute.Unit 14 Text A: The Importance of Being Kind and polite There is a saying: when salute, you’ll be saluted.people usually follow some rules of behavior in social activities.These rules represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and unacceptable.However, there are rude people whose behavior shows little respect for such rules.As we know, being polite and showing respect can lead us to success in life.So it’s a good idea to be kind and polite people.A.New words: 1.frankly: adv, frank: adj, to be frank;frankness: n 2.boring: adj令人讨厌的；bore: v;bored: adj;boredom: n厌烦、厌倦

3.honestly: adv正直地；honest: adj, to be honest;honesty: n诚实、正直(*)a.Honesty is the best policy.b.I didn’t tell anyone, honestly, I didn’t.c.To be honest with you, he often speaks evil of you behind your back.4.impress: v;impression: n;impressive: adj(*)

c.She is wearing a a.I was greatly different dress every time impressed by his speech.I see her.b.The book didn’t

impress me at all.15.discipline: n纪

律，v训练

5.collection: n 收集、16.employer: n雇主；收藏品；collect: v

employee: n雇员；employ: 6.misunderstand: v误v;employment: n(*)解、误会；understand: v;a.The factory is going understanding;

to employ 20 more workers.misunderstanding(*)

b.He left his hometown a.I can’t understand to look for employment in why he shows no respect a big city.for the rules the majority c.She has been working follows.for the same employer for b.We should do 20 years.everything possible to d.The total number of clear up the many office employees almost misunderstandings between doubled.us.c.He is not happy 17.individual: n/adj;because his wife always individualize: v个性化；misunderstands him.individuality: n个性

18.kindness: n;kind: 7.interact: v互相作adj 用；interaction: n

8.behavior: n;behave: B.Intensive reading: v

1.Failing to be 9.unacceptable: adj;impressed by a friend’s acceptable: adj;accept: v;collection of stamps, acceptance: n(*)

yawning when a golfer a.She received a gift tells you that great shot from him, but she didn’t he made on the 14th hole, accept.or falling asleep when b.He is angry with her friends show pictures from because her words are their last trip to Sault totally unacceptable.Ste are all things that c.If you think the educated people try not to plan is acceptable, you do.should do it according to 译：一个朋友向你展示他the plan right now.的邮票集，你却毫无感觉；一

个高尔夫球手告诉你他在打第10.rude: adj;rudely: 十四洞时打了多么漂亮的一adv

杆，你却打哈欠；或者当朋友11.bother: v;们向你展示上次去圣苏马力旅bothersome: adj

行的照片时，你却睡着了，这12.adolescent: n青少些都是有教养的人尽力避免去年；adolescence: n 青春期

作的事情。

13.swear: v宣誓、咒骂 分析：Failing to be a.She swears on her impressed by a friend’s honor.collection of stamps, b.What is she swearing yawning when a golfer about?

tells you that great shot

he made on the 14th hole, 14.indifferent: adj冷or falling asleep when 漠的 be indifferent to friends show pictures from sb/sth；different: adj不their last trip to Sault 同的；difference: n(*)

Ste是句子的主语，动名词作a.I’m indifferent to 主语。

whether you go or stay.To 短语：fail to do;be be honest with you, I impressed by;fall asleep don’t care.b.There are big 2.This is what differences between the manners are about: acting two languages.in a civilized way to

avoid misunderstanding, friction, and conflict.译：这就是礼节所包含的内容：以文明的方式行事，防止产生误解、摩擦和冲突。

注意: in a „way;avoid doing sth

3.A new class of rude people has been born: the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.译：一个新的举止粗鲁的阶层正在兴起：那就是“看我多神气”的打电话者，无聊的电话聊天对我们的头脑健康造成的危害不亚于吸烟对于肺部造成的危害。

注意：as + adj + to sb + as比较对象

Reading is as important to us as it is to you.4.There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.译：很多孩子和青少年的行为总的来说是不可接受的。

考点：whose behavior

5.Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.译：不懂得礼貌的孩子迟早会为此付出代价的。

短语：have no idea;pay the price;sooner or later

分析：Kids主语，will pay谓语；the price宾语；who have no idea what being polite means定语，包含一个宾语从句，being polite是宾语从句的主语。

6.When they join the work force, their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.译；当他们工作后，老板和同事不久就会认识到这些粗鲁的年轻人的行为更像动物而不象文明人。

注意几个词：alike;be closer to that of animals

其中that代表behavior;than

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.think of(1段3行);2.fail to do(1段4行);3.tell sb about sth(1段5行);4.fall asleep(1段6行);5.in a civilized way(1段8行);6.avoid doing(1段8行);7.interact with sb(2段1行);8.respect for(2段5行);9.light up(3段3行);10.be dangerous to(3段6行);11.refuse to do(4段4行);12.have no idea(4段5行);13.pay the price(4段5行);14.sooner or later(4段6行);15.be close to(4段8行);16.because of(4段11行);17.get ahead(4段12行);18.give sb an edge(5段3行);19.start with(5段4行);20.be based on(5段5行)

Text B: Why We Walk in Circles A.New words: 1.foggy: adj 有雾的；fog: n 雾

2.motion: n运动；v 打手势，motion to 3.intend: v intend to do;4.even: adj平坦的、平滑的；uneven: 不平坦的

5.mystery: n神秘，mysterious: adj神秘的

B.Important phrases: 1.rather than: you’re watching rather than pinning.(1段2行)2.keep „ from: all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.（2段3行）

3.be worth doing: this problem was worth investigating.（4段2行）

4.succeed in doing: one group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.（5段3行）

5.wind up: have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor?（7段1行）6.no more„than: the c.Ten years muscles of a man’s arms later, when she saw her are no more identical than friend again, her heart the muscles of his legs.began to beat violently.（11段1行）

2.exposure: n暴露、揭露；expose: v expose to The 19th lecture of sth;College English one:

3.allocate: v分配、Key to exercises: 分派 allocate sth to sb； p396:Ⅰ.d, c, c, a, allocation: n d.Ⅲ.1.impression;4.significantly: adv2.kindness;3.ignorance;有意义地；significant: adj;4.behavior;5.majority;significance: n意义；6.awareness;7.attraction;insignificant(*)8.danger;9.possibility;a.The return of 10.protection

Hong Kong is of great p399: Ⅲ.2.They historical significance.aren’t even aware that b.The old man this is not a good habit.said to us significantly, 3.We should learn “life is not easy for any to respect fro others and of us.”

avoid friction or conflict.c.Few things 4.They swear are more significant of a they’ll finish the job no man’s interests than the matter what happens.books on his shelves.6.I’m not thirsty.Don’t bother to make tea 5.given: prep考虑for me.到„

7.His attitude Given good health, I towards his work impressed hope to finish the work me deeply.this year.Unit 15

Text A: 6.adopt: v采取、采How TV Violence Affects 纳、收养；adoption: n Kids

a.We adopted Do you liking their suggestion.watching TV? What are your b.They decided favorite programs on TV? to adopt the homeless TV has been part of many child.people’s daily life since

it was invented a century 7.distinguish: v区ago.and most evidence 别、辨别；

show that the violence The ability to talk programs on TV affects distinguishes human beings most children.Why and how from animals.we should do to avoid such

bad effects on children? 8.reality: n;real: Now let’s read the text adj;really: adv(*)together.This is an a.Things that important article.You happen in real life are need learn it very sometimes stranger than attentively.things that occur in

fiction.A.New words:

b.He really 1.violence: n 暴力；didn’t know the answer.violent: adj暴力的； c.Her dream of violently: adv，nonviolent: coming to China has become adj(*)

a reality.a.Many people

complain too much violence 9.subtlety: n微妙之is shown on television.处；subtle: adj 微妙的

b.people are 10.moral: adj道德sometimes violent when 的，反义词：immoral they become very angry.11.recovery: n恢

复；recover: v, recover from sth

12.unrealistic: adj不切实际的，反义词：realistic

13.imitative: adj模仿的；imitate: v模仿；imitation: n

14.imaginative: adj富于想象的；imagine: v;imagination: n想象力（*）

a.You can never imagine how inconvenient our life would be without electricity.b.His paintings show that he is a very imaginative child.c.The job requires not only intelligence, but also imagination.15.expressive: adj表现的；express: v表达；expression: n

a.She can express herself well both in Chinese and English.b.There is a strange expression in her eyes that I can’t understand.c.I can never forget her expressive smile.16.interpret: v解释、说明；interpretation: n;interpreter: n翻译（口译）

17.monitor: n监听器，v监听、监视

18.crazy: adj发疯的；be crazy about sth;crazy English

19.critique: n评论文章；critic: n评论家；

20.imply: v暗示；implication: n

21.fascination: n 魅力；fascinate: v吸引；fascinating: adj吸引人的

22.guilty: adj内疚的；guilt: n；guiltless: adj无罪的

23.commercially: adv商业地；commerce: n;commercial: adj

24.altenative: n取舍；adj供选择的

B.Intensive reading: 1.For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.译：在25年多的时间里，越来越多的证据表明，孩子们接触到电视里的暴力场面对他们的行为有着持久的影响。

that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior是同位语从句，修饰evidence;短语：have effect on sth 2.„points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed.(2段3行)译：„指出学龄前儿童特别容易受到传媒的影响，因为他们还不能把幻想与现实完全区别开来，对做出行为的潜在动机和道德冲突的微妙性的理解力还没有得到很好的发展。

分析：that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media是宾语从句；because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed是原因状语从句。

短语：point out;be able to do;distinguish sth from sth;

3.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.译：很自然地，孩子们常常想要在这些电视节目里展示的或做广告的玩具。

考点：shown和advertised是过去分词作定toys found in the home.语修饰the toys

译：一起商量如何监控

孩子们的游戏时间，以及控制 4.With these toys, 家里的暴力玩具的数量。

their play tends to be 考点：the amount of more imitative than time of violence programs;imaginative.the number of violent toys;译：有了这些玩具，他found过去分词作定语修饰们游戏时就更倾向于模仿而不toys.是想象。

短语：tend to有„倾 C.Brief summary 向；more„than与其„而不about phrases: 如

1.exposure to sth(1

段2行);2.have effect 5.Some research even on(1段2行);3.the amount suggests that children of/ the number of(1段3，5apply the behaviors 行);4.point out(2段3行);observed on TV programs to 5.distinguish from(2段5their real-life situations.行);6.tend to(3段2行);译：某一项研究表明孩7.make sense of sth(3段7子们甚至把从电视里观察到的行);8.apply sth to sth(3行为应用在真实生活的场景段9行);9.appear to(4段2中。

行);10.be crazy about(4 Suggest这里不用虚段3行);11.act on(1段5拟，apply sth to sth应行)用„;observed过去分词作

定语。

Text B: Why Don’t

Girls Think Like Boys? 6.It is a good idea 1.exception: n例for parents to monitor the 外；except: prep/v amount as well as the kind 2.male, female of television their 3.aggression: n侵preschool child watches.犯，aggressive: adj侵略（*）的；aggressiveness: n进取 译；父母们监控学龄前精神

儿童看电视的时间和节目类 4.sample: n样本 别，这是一个好主意。

5.advantage: n优 考点：the amount of 点、优势；disadvantage sth, as well as，6.treatment: n治 主语：for parents to 疗；treat: v monitor the amount as well 7.consequently: adv as the kind of television therefore their preschool child 8.satisfactorily: watches；it是形式主语。

adv满意地

9.responsibility: n 7.Many preschool 责任；be responsible for teachers don’t like to sth对„负责任的

have commercially made toy

weapons brought into the Homework: classroom and welcome 选词填空：

hearing your concerns as well as, crazy about this matter.about, distinguish from, 译：许多学龄前儿童的apply to, tend to, put 老师不喜欢商业性的玩具武器together, point out, the 被带进教室，他们愿意听听你amount of, the number of, 们对这件事的关心。

make sense 句型：have sth 1.He is ____ done(*);welcome doing sth;computer.concern about sth

2.The test is please have your important for you ____ for blood pressure taken.me.3.Did he mean to 8.Work together to ____ the principles ___ control the amount of software development? violence programs watched 4.____ lift and the number of violent increases with the speed

of the aircraft.5.Your whole account of these incidents doesn’t _____.6.I can hardly ____ one ____ the other;they are so much alike.7.people ____ get fat as they grow older.8.It is about time someone ____ his errors to him.9.It is easier to take a machine to pieces than to ___ them ____ again.10.____ competitors for selling computers is increasing.1.crazy about;2.as well as;3.apply„to;4.the amount of;5.make sense;6.distinguish from;7.tend to;8.pointed out;9.put together;10.the number of

写出下列单词的名词形式：

1.imaginative;

2.evident;3.fascinating;4.imitative;5.real;6.violent;7.significant;8.relate;9.observe;10.natural

key:

1.imagination;

2.evidence;3.fascination;4.imitation;5.reality;6.violence;7.significance;8.relation;9.observation;10.nature

The 20th lecture of College English one

英语(一)测试

本试题分两部分，第一部分为选择题，50分；第二部分为非选择题，50分。

part one

一、选择题。（20分）

1.Sickness often results ______ eating too much.A.from B.in C.as D.by

2.They have decided to carry ________ their

own views.B.to share

C.people all day long, 2 for buy or sell things A.through share D.shares the smallest, most sometimes.Even students, B.on C.out 13.There are many ordinary things.If a who are usually not very D.over children ________ behavior waitress brings you a cup rich, have to learn 3.Though it looked is generally unacceptable.of coffee, you say “thank something about making like rain this morning, it A.their you”.When you pay 3 your purchases intelligently.has turned _______ to be a B.who

C.food and get your 4, you As a student you may find, fine day.whose

D.of say “thank you” to the for example, that you need A.down whom cashier.If someone 5 you to buy a typewriter or B.to C.14.She has neither directions in the street, winter clothing.You may on D.out read the book nor _____ you say “thank you”.want to buy a television 4.problems ______ the film.However, those are all or a used car.of course, in a variety of ways.A.see inappropriate expression you want to get good value A.rise B.seen

C.of gratitude to make for your money.If you are B.arise C.arouse D.raise 5.I’m ____ with talking to you.You never listen to me.A.feeding up B.fed up C.fed off D.fed back 6.They spend their weekends _____ from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.A.to go B.going C.at going D.gone 7.Some children get ___ a bad habit of switching on TV as soon as they come back home.A.in B.up C.on D.into 8.________ of my knowledge, I have never seen the person before.A.To the best B.With the best C.In the best D.Make the best 9.You must ________ what you are doing is quite illegal.A.aware that B.be aware of C.be aware that D.aware of 10.The doctor took X-rays to ____ the chance of broken bones.A.rule against B.rule off C.rule over

D.rule out 11.Money provides a unit of account that serves _______ a standard to measure value.A.as B.for

C.with D.in 12.Did he intend us _____ the cost of dinner? A.sharing sees D.saw westerners very 6 and give 15.Children them an impression of naturally often want the insincerity.For example, toys ______ on TV programs.if your advisor spends A.show half an hour 7 you with B.to show

C.your thesis, you 8 say showing

D.“ thank you, I really 9 shown your kindness.” That is 16.The American quite enough.Still better family of today is to say “I am sorry to different from the family have taken 10 so much of ____ fifty years ago.your time.” Try to make A.for things casual, never B.of C.in overdo.D.about 1.A.what 17.Heat has many B.that

C.all effects, most of _______ D.things will be familiar through 2.A.especially everyday experience.B.even

C.in A.them addition D.whatever B.those C.3.A.back that D.which B.off

C.for 18.There were firms D.on who specialized ______ 4.A.change supplying cars.B.money

C.pay A.in D.bill B.on

C.5.A.does with D.for B.shows

C.has 19.Remember, got D.goes for nothing hurts 6.A.concentration _______ comfortable

B.reading too slow.uncomfortable C.A.rather than dissatisfaction

D.B.as well as C.more satisfied than D.instead of 7.A.to help 20.In the garage B.helping

C.on sale, eager buyers bought helping D.help all but 50 of the unwanted 8.A.should items in one weekend, B.will have to

C.leaving the family $442 might D.are able __________ to A.rich 9.A.appreciate B.better C.B.accept

C.want richer

D.D.get good 10.A.in B.on

C.up

二、完型填空。（10D.off 分）“Thank you ”

三、阅读理解。（20means 1 you realize that 分）someone has done something passage one for you.Thus we thank Everyone has to

considering a major purchase, or any purchase，you should remember three important things.Study first, and

then decide what you want to buy.You can learn a lot by reading books and

ads.Remember that is a high quality product will probably last longer and

work better.of course, for a superior product you can expect to pay more.An

inferior product may not give you the same quality, but the price should be low.perhaps this seems

obvious, but you must know the quality.Don’t just look at the price.A poor

quality product could be expensive.And a valuable one could be on sale at a

greatly reduced price.Don’t hurry.Take your time.After you decide what product you

want, go to many different stores.If you can’t find the product you want, you

may try to order it directly from the factory or ask the store to order

it for you.Look for a good deal.If you wait, you will probably find

that your product will go on sale and you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the

original price.Finally, before you buy, make sure that the product is guaranteed.If you don’t like it, you wan to be able to get your money back.If you

carefully examine your own preferences and then shop

until you find the lowest

possible price, you will olympics, men and women generally be happy with from almost every nation your purchase and also in the world attempt to keep more money in the run faster, jump higher bank.and longer, lift heavier 1.While you go and heavier weights and shopping, you should pay throw further and further.more attention to They are all competing for _____________.that ultimate prize: an A.price olympic gold medal.Some are paid now.Since 1982 10.The

the International olympic International olympic Committee has allowed Committee ______________.money from appearance and A.makes athletes advertising to be kept for pay to enter the games B.the competitor until he or lets athletes be paid to she retires and even used enter the games for training purposes and C.prevents amateurs expenses.from entering the games

Are we pushing the D.lets athletes use B.quality

C.information

D.intelligence 2.You can get by reading books and ads_______________.A.information about products B.facts of property C.messages of a process D.knowledge of the amount of products 3.It is dangerous by its price alone _________.A.to bring a product into effect B.to argue about a product C.to judge a product D.to deal with a product 4.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage? A.If you wait for a sale, you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the original price.B.A superior product will probably work better but the price may be high.C.Two important things should be remembered when you have some shopping to do.D.You have to pay in advance when you order a product from the store.5.You may buy a television or a used car.Here the word “used” apparently means ________.A.helpful B.producing good results C.second-hand D.valuable passage Two The olympic Games are an international sports competition.In the only fail by hundreds of a athletes too hard? Can we second or fractions or a expect the athletes to millimeter but are content

live up to the ideal of with silver or bronze.the Games without the help Most are extremely happy of modern science and just to be there and in so

technology? Indeed, how doing agree with the other much further can the human motto of the games which body go? Is it too late to says that it is not

go back to the pure ideal winning that is important of the ancient Games or is but taking part.it just another part of However, as the our life that is olympics reach the end of

increasingly dominated by the 20th century and look technology? forward to the 21st, it 6.Competitors at seems as if this second

the olympics want to ideal is no longer a _____________.realistic one for our A.do more than just competitive world.Much as participate

B.we are happy to see the

perform better than anyone medals won, it is not else enough.We all want to C.come as close as witness that moment in

possible to the fast time history when something is D.entertain the achieved for the very spectators in the stadium first time.and at home Yet in this search

7.The second motto for greater achievements __________.we are seriously in danger A.is too idealistic of losing the very ideal B.has never satisfied the of the olympic Games and general public possibly of sport in

C.would most likely general.We are no longer to the best of their content to see men and ability women try their hardest D.has been having trained themselves

overtaken by the first to the peak of their motto performance;we demand new 8.Non-competitors records.Although we desire most strongly to criticize them for doing

see ___________.so, turning to drugs may A.a world record be the only way some being broken athletes see of satisfying

B.an olympic record being the public’s hunger.broken Even though we C.athletes contest pretend that the olympics to the best of their are still the last

ability preserve of the amateur D.their countrymen ideal, we know that to be and women win a first a world – class athlete

prize now is full – time 9.Taking drugs may activity.It is not only help athletes _________.the intensive training A.to eat more B.given to potential to train less C.to be champions by the super – critical

D.to powers.But many athletes perform better

the money from commercials.part two

四、单词拼写。（10分）1.收集、收藏品 n c_____________ 2.冷漠的、不关心的a i______________ 3.优点、优势

n a______________ 4.非暴力的a

n______________ 5.财政的、金融的a f_______________ 6.交换、交流

n/v e_______________ 7.挑战

n/v c_______________ 8.发明、创造 n i_________________

9占用、占有

v o______________ 10.有效果地 ad

e_________________ 11.讨价还价 n

b_________________ 12.勉强的a r___________________

13专门研究

v s_________________ 14.起初的、原来的 a

o________________ 15.环境 n e__________________

16.想象力

n i_________________ 17.预言、预报

n

p_______________ 18.不能接受的a u_______________ 19.供选择的 adj

a___________ 20.现实、实际

n r_____________

五、用动词正确的时态填空。（10分）

1.Insurance fundamentals can

_________(understand)by those willing to study them.2.Do you know why

people are unwilling ___________(discuss)insurance? 3.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always _____(little)than perfect.4.He bought her what she wanted, ____________(regard)of the expenses.5._________(Use)cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.6.The __________(far)away an object is, the smaller it looks.7.To some extent, my opinion ____________(influence)by my parents.8.He had his leg ________(injury)trying to save a boy from a passing train.9.The headmaster made a bad __________(impress)on the parents.10.We thanked them for their ___________(kind).六、汉译英。（15分）

1．解决实际问题的办法事先不能预见。

2．他昨天买到的只是一件没有什么价值的东西。

3．任何与字典争论的人被看成是疯子。

4．我们不愿意讨论保险的一个原因是保险很费钱。

5．父母控制孩子看暴力电视节目的数量是个好主意。

七、英译汉。（15分）

A hobby is an interesting way of spending your free time.It’s an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with dishes.It’s more like a special friend that you choose for yourself.You spend your free time with it because it interests you and because you enjoy it.Since different people like to do

are crazy about football.different things in their 5.I think your plan spare time, we would make is good but is there an a long list of hobbies, alternative to it? taking in everything from 6.We should learn collecting matchboxes and to distinguish right from raising rare fish, to wrong.learning about the stars 7.You can interpret and making model ships.this term in many ways.Some hobbies are very 8.He adopted a firm popular: stamp collecting, attitude towards this painting and cycling, for matter.example;while others are 9.The mother’s quite unusual, like words implied that the collecting insects or children might watch TV traveling on all the twice a week.trains in one country.10.His job is to monitor radio broadcasts Key to some from a certain country.exercises(20讲内容)

p444:Ⅰ.T, T, F, F, p432:Ⅰ.d, a, c, b, T, T, T, F, T, F a

p446: Ⅱ.1.a.2.c.Ⅱ.1.allocate;3.b;4.c;5.b 2.significantly;3.model;4.fantacy;5.motive;

6.jeopardize;7.interpret;The 21st lecture of 8.monitor;9.initate;College English one: 10.depict;11.critiques;Unit 16

Text A: 12.fascination;Heart Disease: Treat or 13.alternative

prevent? p433: The death rate from Ⅲ.1.imagination;heart disease has been 2.evidence;3.fascinationl;increasing at an alarming 4.imitation;5.reality;speed.It’s said that 6.violence;7.significance;heart diseases associated 8.relation;9.observation;with stress, smoking and a 10.nature

lack of exercise and the p434:Ⅴ.1.Violence way people live.people movies have a powerful are paying more and more effect on preschool attention to avoid children.suffering from the heart 2.parents should disease.So I hope this monitor the amount as well text will be beneficial to as the kind of TV their all of you.children watch.3.preschool A.New words: children aren’t fully 1.killer: n 凶手、杀人able to distinguish 者；kill: v fantasy from reality.2.alarming: adj 惊人 p436: Ⅱ.1.imitate;的；alarm: n警报的声音或2.interpret;3.motive;信号，alarm clock;v警告4.monitor;5.evidence;或惊吓

6.recovery;7.reality;

8.undermined;

3.surgical: adj外科9.alternative;10.violence 的；surgery: n外科、手 p437: 1.The peace 术；surgeon: n 外科医生，talks have a long-lasting physician: n内科医生（*）

effect on the relationship a.Surgery is the between the two countries.science and practice of 2.Given good health, treating injuries and I hope to finish the wotk diseases by operations.this year.b.A good surgeon must 3.I must point out have an eagle’s eyes, a that it’s unrealistic for lion’s heart and a us not to make a mistake.lady’s hand.4.Many young people c.The patient is in

need of surgical treatment.4.technological: adj工艺的、工业技术的；technology: n工艺、技术应用；technique: n 技能、技术、方法；technical: adj 技术的、技艺的；technician: n技术员、技师（*）

a.The machine has broken down, but one of our technicians will repair it.b.Jim has always been interested in engineering, but he has not yet had any technical training in the field.c.The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is called MIT for short.d.Technique must be gained by practice.e.The invention of the steam engine was a great technological advance.5.advance: v/n 前进、进展；advanced: adj 进步的

6.enable: v使能够，enable sb to do sth;en + adj/n→V: en + large→enlarge;en + rich→enrich;en + danger→endanger etc.able: adj能够的；ability: n 能力

Airplanes enable people to travel in the air.7.benefit: n 益处、好处；v 得益，benefit from sth/sb;beneficial: adj 有益的；beneficiary: n 受益人

8.critic: n批评家、评论家；critique: n评论

9.disadvantage: n 不利地位、不利条件，反义词：advantage;disadvantageous: adj不利的；advantageous: adj有利的

10.resource: n资源、谋略, HR= human resource

11.prevention: n防止、预防；prevent: v, prevent„from;preventable: adj可阻止的；preventive: adj预防的、预备的(*)

a.prevention is better than cure.b.Security measures were taken to prevent the prisoners from escaping.c.Her brother caught cold yesterday, so her mother asked her to take some preventive medicine.12.recover: v恢复，recover from„;recovery: n恢复

I hope you will soon recover from your disease.13.expertise: n专门知识；expert: n 专家，adj熟练的

14.researcher: n 研究者；research: n/v 15.emphasize: v 强调；emphasis: n 强调

16.connection: n 连接、关系；connect: v 17.sufficient: adj足够的，反义词：insufficient;adequate, inadequate;sufficiency: n 足够

18.rely: v, rely on/upon;depend on/upon 19.dietary: adj节食的；diet: n饮食；be on diet节食

20.stress: n压力，pressure;v 强调 emphasize

B.Intensive reading: 1.The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.译：由于心脏病死亡的人数在过去的三十年中一直以惊人的速度增长。

考点：介词from,表示“由于”，has been increasing是现在完成进行时，强调动作一直持续进行，未间断。at„speed以„速度。

2.Western health-care systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.译：西方国家的卫生保健体系花费大笔的金钱研究这种疾病的外科治疗方法。

注意：习惯用法：huge sum of money;spend on sth

3.This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years.考点：cause„to rise译：对治疗方法的强调显导致„的上涨，be necessary 然是与过去十年至十五年间发for sth;they raise 生的技术进步联系在一起的。

costs „;whose treatment 注意：emphasis on sth;requires the equipment.be associated wit sth;take place:发生，该短语无7.The third 被动语态。定语从句的时disadvantage is that 态。

doctors are encouraged to

perform surgery – even on 4.Although there is no patients for whom an doubt that a large number operation is not at all of people benefit from necessary – because the heart surgery, critics of equipment and surgical our health-care systems expertise is available.point out that the 译：第三个缺陷，因为他emphasis on the surgical 们既有设备又有专业知识，医treatment of the disease 生们被鼓励施行此种手术，即has three clear 使有些病人根本不需要。

disadvantages.考点：be encouraged to 译：虽然毫无疑问心脏手do sth;on patients for 术可以让很多人获益非浅，但whom an operation is not 有些卫生保健体系的批评人士at all necessary的语序指出，强调以手术治疗这种疾是：an operation on the 病有三个明显的缺陷。

patients is not necessary 短语多：there is no for them„注意介词的使用。

doubt that毫无疑问;a

large number of很多;8.In the recent past, benefit from获益;point medical researchers have out指出.begun to emphasize the

fact that heart disease is 5.First, it attracts associated with stress, interest and financial smoking and a lack of resources away from the exercise, and we can often question of prevention.reduce the risk of heart 译：首先，它使人们的兴disease by paying more 趣和资金都不放在疾病的预防attention to these factors.上。

译：最近几年，医疗研究That is, people don’t 人员开始强调心脏病是由压spend too much interest 力，吸烟以及缺乏锻炼引起and financial resources on 的。如能对这些因素多加注意the prevention of the 的话，患心脏病的机率就会降disease.低。

注意：the fact that„6.Second, it causes 是一个同位语从句；be the costs of general associated with;lack of hospital care to rise.sth;by „;pay more After hospitals buy the attention to„

expensive equipment that

is necessary for modern 9.Many people are heart surgery, they must paying more attention to try to recover the money reducing stress in their they have spent.To do lives.this, they raise costs for 译：许多人注意减少他们all their patients, not 生活的紧张程度。

just those patients whose 考点：reducing stress treatment requires the in their lives是动名词作equipment.宾语。

译：其次，它导致普通医 疗费用的上涨。医院在购买进10.The number of 行现代心脏手术所需的昂贵设smokers in the USA is now 备后，必定要设法收回投入的far below the level of 资金。因此，他们提高对所有twenty years ago as many 病人的收费，这其中包括不仅people succeed in breaking 仅是那些需用这些设备进行治the habit and as fewer 疗的病人。people take it up.39

译：今天美国的吸烟人数远低于二十年前，许多人成功戒烟，更少的人开始吸烟。

考点：the number of„谓语要用单数形式；far below远远低于；as„既克理解为原因状语从句，也可理解为时间状语从句；succeed in doing sth;break the habit戒掉这个习惯；take up从事

C.Summary about the important phrases:

1.at„speed(1段2行);2.die of(1段4行);3.spend on sth(1段5行);4.huge sum of money(1段5行);5.be associated with(2段1行);6.take place(2段2行);7.enable sb to do sth(2段3行);8.there is no doubt that(3段1行);9.a large number of(3段3行);10.benefit from(3段1行);11.point out(3段2行);12.be encouraged to do(3段10行);13.pay more attention to sth(4段4行);14.as a result of(5段2行);15.tend to(5段4行);16.rely on(5段5行);17.take more responsibility for sth(5段8行);18.far below(5段12行);19.succeed in doing(5段12行);20.take up(5段13行);21.be aware of sth(5段14行);22.instead of(5段15行);

Text B: Dieting Your Way of Health

A.New words:

1.misguide: v 误导，同类形的词还有：mislead, misunderstand, mistake etc.2.resistance: n 抵抗、反抗；resist: v

3.essential: adj必要的，be essential to sb/sth

4.recommend: v 推荐； recommendation: n

5.appetite: n 食欲、胃口；appetizer: n 开胃品；appetizing: adj开胃的

6.harmful: adj,反义词：harmless

7.nutrient: adj营养的，n营养品；nutritious:营养价值高的；nutrition: n 营养；nutritionist: n 营养学家

8.mineral: n矿石；mine:矿山

B.Some sentences in the text: 1.Almost everyone considers going on a diet sometime in his or her life.All, regardless of sex or age, have something in common – losing weight and losing it fast.译：几乎每个人在其一生中的某个时间都会考虑节食一段时间。无论性别或年龄，所有人共同的一点就是—减肥，而且要快速减肥。

考点：consider doing sth;go on a diet;sometime某一段时间，一般用于一般将来时或一般过去时。Regardless of sth不管、无论；have something in common有某些共同之处。

2.They soon lose interest in everything going on about them, and their resistance to illness becomes so low that they are easily attacked by one illness after another.译：很快他们对周围的一切事物都失去了兴趣，对疾病的抵抗力降低，很容易接连不断地生病。

短语：lose interest in everything;going on about them发生在他们周围，现在分词作定语修饰everything;resistance to sth对„的抵抗力；so„that;one after another.3.They begin to have difficulty sleeping properly and start to suffer from radical mood changes.译：他们开始睡眠不在香甜，心情变化无常。

短语：begin to / start to do;have difficulty doing sth;suffer from

4.It’s strange enough that most strict diets recommend artificial sweeteners to take the place of sugar and other natural sweeteners.译：奇怪的是，许多严格规定的食物中推荐用人造甜食剂代替糖和其他甜食剂。

考点：这是it引导的一个主语从句；recommend sb to do sth;take the place of sth代替，和take placeencouraged;b.discourage;进行区分。

c.courage

p464:Ⅲ.2.Technology C.Summary about the advances enable people to phrases:

live more happily and 1.consider doing sth(1comfortably.段1行);2.go on a diet(14.Children are often 段1行);3.regardless of encouraged to imagine sth(1段2行);4.have instead of imitating.something in common(1段2p471:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, 行);5.convert into(2段8F, T, F, F, T 行);6.supply to sth(2段8p473:Ⅱ.1.balance;行);7.at a „rate(2段92.appetite;3.harmful;行);8.lose interest in 4.vitamin;5.metaboism;sth(2段10行);9.go on(26.components;7.resulted 段10行);10.one after in;8.essential to;another(2段11行);11.be 9.excess;10.balanced essential for sth(3段3

行);12.as a result(3段4Unit 17

Text A 行);13.avoid doing(3段5panic and Its Effects 行);14.have difficulty Now more and more doing sth(3段61行);Americans are having panic 15.suffer from(3段7行);attacks.The victims 16.take the place of(4段2suffer from shortness of 行);17.lead to(4段4行);breath, experience chest 18.result in(5段1行);pains, a quick heartbeat.19.be harmful to(5段3行);Sudden fits of trembling, 20.lead a„ life(5段4-5and most of all, a fear of 行);21.in other words(6dying or going crazy.段3行);22.provide sb psychological stress could with sth/ provide sth for be a logical cause to it.sb(6段4行);23.large The victims should consult amount of(6段7行);a doctor and seek a 24.such as(7段1行);medical and psychological 25.on the other hand(8段4help.行);26.substitute for(9

段2行);27.in the same A.New words: way(9段5行);28.be used 1.panic: v/n/adj 恐for(9段5行);29.instead 慌、慌乱的

of(9段6行)

a.I got into a panic when I found myself left alone.b.The gunshot panicked the horse.c.I feel panic when I found myself left alone.The 22nd lecture of 2.severe: adj severe College English one:

test严峻的考验;severe Key to exercises: competition激烈的竞争;p459:Ⅰ.b, d, b, d, a severe storm猛烈的风暴

Ⅱ.1.alarming;

2.killer;3.emphasis;3.accompany: v;4.perform;5.surgery;accompaniment, accompanist 6.recover;7.reduce;4.shortness: n缺乏、8.connection;9.sufficient;不足(状态)；short: adj短10.merely 的；shortage: n 缺乏（物p461:Ⅳ.1.emphasis;品）shortage of sth;2.awareness;3.treatment;shorten: v 变短；shortly: 4.prevention;5.technology;adv立刻、马上（*）

6.surgery;7.increase;aHis answer was short 8.responsibility;

and to the point.9.illness;10.benefit

b.people are perfectly p463:Ⅰ.4.a.aware of the shortness of attractive;b.attract;c.days in winter.attraction;5.a.d.Food shortage often

occurs in time of war.5.diagnose: v诊断疾病；diagnosis: n诊断、诊断书；diagnostic: adj诊断的

6.conduct: n/v处理、指挥、举止、行为

7.approximately: adv近似地；approximate: adj大约的，v接近approximate to sth;approximation: n近似值

8.recurrent: adj复发的、反复发生的；recur: v 复发；recurrence: n

9.bear: v忍受、负担、生孩子，born 出生；borne忍受

10.uneasy: adj担心的、忧虑的,同义词 worried；easy:容易的；ease: n舒适、安逸；unease: n 忧虑、担心；easily: adv(*)

a.All things are difficult before they are easy.b.He works so hard that his mother feels uneasy about his health.c.He used to be very strong and could swim across the river easily.11.multiplicity: n 多样性；multiple: adj多样的

12.mention: n/v提及、说起

a.Did you hear your name mentioned?

b.The concert didn’t get a mention in the newspaper.13.endanger: v 危及；danger: n危险；dangerous: adj危险的（*）

a.He has been very ill, but the doctors say that he is now out of danger.b.A war can endanger millions of lives.c.It’s dangerous to walk on thin ice on a lake.14.unnecessarily: adv不必要地；unnecessary, necessary: adj;necessity: n 必需品(*)

a.You’d better cut out the unnecessary words.b.He didn’t care about it at all, so he thought her explanation

was unnecessarily detailed.c.It’s necessary to know the differences between a heart attack and a panic attack.15.disrupt: v;disruption:破裂、分裂

16.eventually: adv终于, finally 17.confirm: v证实;that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.译：恐慌症的症状与心脏病发作时的症状很相似，以至于许多患者以为他们得了心脏病。

考点：bear负担、承担；such„that如此„以至；similarity to sth介词的用法；those代指symptoms.考点：more than;as 13.rather than(6段2行);well as;be more likely to 14.all the same(7段2行);do sth;15.refuse to do(7段4行);

16.be isolated from(7段5 行);17.rule out the 7.It is reported that possibility of sth(7段7there are at least three 行);18.seek help(7段9行)signs that indicate a person is suffering from a Text B: Sleeping – panic attack rather than a Fact or Fancy? heart attack.A.New words: confirmation: n;confirmative: adj确认的

18.psychology: n心理学；psychological: adj心理学的；psychologist: n心理学家(*)a.Ten years after his graduation, he became a well-know psychologist.b.psychology is the study or science of the mind and the way it works.c.She is interested in the psychological development of the child.B.Intensive reading: 1.Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help.译：她以为自己是心脏病发作，吓得赶紧大叫救命。

分析：Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack是过去分词做原因状语，内含that引导的同位语从句，修饰thought.2.More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne.译：现在越来越多的美国人患有像安尼那样的恐慌症。

注意句子的时态，like介词像；experienced过去分词作定语修饰the one.3.These attacks may last for only a few minutes;some, however, continue for several hours.译：恐慌症发作可能只持续几分钟，而有些要持续几个小时。

考点：last for持续

4.The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks 译：据报道，至少有三种标志5.panic attack 可以表明一个人是由惊吓引起victims show the following 了恐慌症而非心脏病发作。symptoms: they often 注意：基本句型it it become easily frightened reported that„,全句的正常of feel uneasy in 语序：That there are at situations where people least three signs that normally would not be indicate a person is afraid;they suffer suffering form a panic shortness of breath, attack rather than a heart experience chest pains, a attack is reported.quick heartbeat, sudden 短语：at least;suffer fits of trembling, a from;rather than„ feeling that persons and things around them are not 8.It is generally real;and most of all, a agreed that a panic attack fear of dying or going does not directly endanger crazy.A person seized by a person’s life。（背！）a panic attack may show 译：人们通常认为恐慌症all or as few as four of 并不会直接危及人们的生命。these symptoms.译：恐慌症患者表现出如9.All the same, it can 下症状：他们很容易受惊吓，unnecessarily disrupt a 在通常人们不会感到害怕的地person’s life by making 方惊恐不安；呼吸急促，胸口him or her so afraid of 疼痛，心跳加速，一阵阵的战having a panic attack in a 栗，感觉周围的人、事虚无缥public place that he or 缈；最严重的是，有死亡或变she may refuse to leave 疯的恐惧感。被恐慌症侵袭的home and may eventually 人可能会表现出全部症状，至become isolated from the 少也会有其中的四种。

rest of society.注意：①in situations 译：尽管如此，它却毫无where引导定语从句；②a 必要地扰乱了人们的生活，人feeling that persons and 们担心自己会在公共场所发生things around them are not 恐慌，因此拒绝离开家，最终real中有一个同位语从句修导致与社会隔离。饰a feeling;③seized by 考点：短语：all the a panic attack过去分词作same;so„that;be afraid 定语修饰a person;④ as of sth;refuse to do;be few as像„一样少；

isolated from sth 短语：fits of;most of all;go crazy

C.Summary about the

phrases: 6.However, studies 1.rush to(1段5行);show that more women than 2.as many as(2段4行);men experience panic 3.at least(2段5行);attacks and people who 4.suffer from(2段8行);drink a lot as well as 5.last for(3段1行);those who use drugs are 6.such„that(3段3-4行);more likely to suffer 7.similarity to(3段4行);attacks.8.go crazy(4段6行);9.as 译：然而，研究表明，患to(5段1行);10.as well 有恐慌症的女性多于男性，饮as(5段5行);11.be likely 酒过多和吸毒的人更有可能遭to do(5段6行);12.it is 受恐慌症的侵袭。reported that„(6段1行);

1.sleepwalk: n/v梦游，sleepwalker: n 梦游者 2.compose: v 组成、构

成、作词、作曲，compose of sth，compose music 3.commit: v犯，commit crime 4.nevertheless: adv仍然、然而，however, anyway 5.border: n边界、边缘；v 接壤border on/upon

sth 6.disturb: v扰乱；

disturbance: n 7.anxiety: n焦虑；anxious: adj焦虑的，uneasy 8.extraordinary: adj

非同寻常的，unusual 9.inhibition: n抑制，inhibit sb from doing sth 10.publicize: v宣扬；publicity: n 11.dramatic: adj引人注目的；drama: n戏剧 12.exaggerate: v夸张；exaggerated: adj;exaggeration: n 13.temporary: adj临时的，temporarily: adv

B.Some important sentences: 1.If I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt

that I’d get many takers.译：如果我刊登广告寻求有梦游症的人来帮我做实验，我怀疑肯定会有不少人。

特点：虚拟条件句，对即将发生动作的一种假设。

2.Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality.It is one of those strange phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.译：然而梦游，是一种科学可以解释的客观事实。它是那些近于难以置信的现象之一。注意：现象的复数形式phenomena;border on sth

接近于„

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.search for sth(2段1行);2.wake up(2段2行);3.have the habit of sth(3段1行);4.border on(5段2行);5.be certain about(5段3行);6.in other words(6段5行);7.in general(7段4行);8.agree with sb(7段5行);9.against one’s own moral standard(7段6行);10.as for(7段7行);11.point out(7段7行);12.take all sorts of measures(8段3行);13.moer or less(9段2行);

Grammar point: Attributive Clause定语从句

该从句我们在前面已分几讲介绍给大家了，因此今天不再重复。自己将笔记仔细复习一下。这个语法很重要，因此每一点都要搞清楚，不要摸棱两可。今天讲解练习。

p481:Ⅱ.1.b;2.c;3.a;4.b;5.c;6.a;7.c;8.d;9.b;10.d Ⅲ.1.That was the first movie(that)I had ever seen.2.She lives in village, where it’s neither very cold in winter nor very hot in summer.3.Let us study more closely the ways in which a plant grows.4.We shall never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to China.5.There were only four areas in the world where many diamonds have been found.6.Those who have no bikes can go to the summer palace by bus.7.Is there any student in our class whose father works in an insurance company? 8.I know the reason why she’s very angry.9.She wears the same clothes as her mother does.10.Commercial advertising is one of the things we have to put up with when we watch TV.Homework: The 23rd lecture of 翻译；

College English one: 1.心脏病发作有可能直接 Key to some 危及患者的生命安全。

exercises of unit 17: 2.这些天他常遭受头疼的 p491:Ⅰ.d, a, b, c, 困扰。

b.3.到目前为止，还不能排 Ⅱ.1.panic;除地震的可能性。

2.diagnose;3.approximate;4.地板太薄承受不了机器4.currently;5.symptoms;的重量。

6.remarkable;7.shortness;5.现在已经有许多关于这8.evidence;9.multiplicity;种病的起因的解释。

10.confirm 1.Heart attacks may p493:Ⅴ.1.panic directly endanger a attacks may last for few victim’s life.minutes or even several 2.He suffers from hours.headaches these days.3.Age, sex and the 3.As yet, multiplicity of symptoms possibilities of an are the three signs to earthquake can’t be ruled distinguish a panic attack out.from heart attack.4.The floor is too p495:Ⅱ.1.kitchen;thin to bear the weight of 2.mention;3.claims;the machine.4.confirm;5.symptom;5.Now there are 6.disgnosed;7.morever;already a lot of 8.endangered;9.drugs;explanations as to the 10.victims causes of the kind of Ⅲ.4.Some bad disease.habits can endanger a

person’s health.选择：

5.It’s very 1.The artist ____ an necessary for some interesting picture by patients to seek putting the variously-psychological help.colored shapes together.8.The news that the consulted committed agreement was signed consisted composed

hasn’t been confirmed.9.Endless disputes 2.Some drunken men eventually disrupted plan.made a great ___ in the 10.The author’s street last night.name was mentioned several disturbance

times in this article.coincidence resistance

influence

Unit 18

Text A:

Why Are Maps Drawn with 3.His behavior is ___.North at the Top? No one knows what has We know that north happened to him.is at the top of each map.Authoritative But do you know how is it extraordinary formed? The oldest known characteristic map was drawn about 3800BC.professional

The Greek mathematician

and philosopher ptolemy 4.We must ____ the was the first to draw a people to the dangers map with North at the top.facing our country.In the early Middle Age, Awaken avoid adapt the church began to adopt

interfere seriously and

east was moved to the top 5.Even the doctors of the maps.were surprised at the ___ And later with the improvement in his spread of trade and condition.advances in navigation, Rational diverse more accurate maps derivative dramatic

appeared in the 14th

century and North assumed

at the top of maps.A.New words:

1.feature: n/v 特色、以„为特征，featureless: adj无特色的, feature in sth起重要作用。

a.He can recall her features very clearly.b.This is a magazine that features children’s stories.c.They all feature in the decision-making.2.rough: adj rough hands粗糙的手, rough sport剧烈的运动, rough sketch草图, rough calculation粗略计算

3.localize: v使局部化，local: adj, location: n位置（*）

a.There is little hope of localizing the disease.b.The local government plans to set up another power plan.c.This is a good location for wildlife preservation.4.philosopher: n哲学家；philosophy: n哲学；philosophical: adj哲学的（*）

a.plato was a great Greek philosopher.b.He read a lot of philosophical works when he was a college student.c.My philosophy of life is “serving the vast majority of the people.”

5.popularly: adv通俗地，普遍地，popular: adj;popularize: v使„普及；popularity: n(*)

a.He enjoyed great popularity with young audience.b.His name is Robert, but he is popularly known as bob.c.Books of this kind are popular among advanced readers.6.attempt: n/v试图，企图

a.He failed in his first attempt.b.I attempted to speak but was told to keep quiet.7.reference: n参致，符合；accord: v, accord with sth与„一致，短语：in accordance with sth = according to sth

15.reliance: n信Greeks place the science of map-making on a sound footing.4.Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong.1.side by side;at the same speed;(1段1行)

Two trains are traveling side by side and at the same speed along parallel tracks.译：两列火车肩并肩以考，提及；refer: v 8.navigational: adj航行的；navigate: v航行；navigation: n;navigator: n 9.calculate: v计算;calculation: n；calculator:计算器；calculating: adj狡猾的

a.The population of the city was calculated about one million.b.The new club is calculated to hold 2000 people.10.unaware: adj未察觉的，反义词：aware + of sth;awareness;unawareness(*)a.I was too sleepy to be aware of how dangerous the situation was.b.They didn’t make any preparation, because they were unaware that a war was near.c.It seems he has no awareness of the sharp division of opinion.11.immovable: adj不可移动的；movable: adj;move: v移动；(*)a.The artificial satellite moves round the earth.b.The toy soldier with movable arms and legs can be made to walk.c.You can’t have a party in the classroom, because the desks and chairs are immovable.12.voyager: n航海者；voyage: n/v航海

13.arrangement: n安排；arrange: v 13.interfere: v 干涉、介入，interfere in/with sth;interference: n

14.accordance: n一赖、信任；rely: v;译：鉴于那个时代的知reliable: adj可信任的，识水平的局限，在绘制地图时unreliable

他犯了一些错误。

16.rightful: adj合 Given是介词，鉴于，法的；right: n权利

考虑到

B.Important

5.More accurate sentences in the text:

maps began to appear in 1.It’s hard to the 14th century, with the visualize a map that does spread of trade and not feature north at the increasing reliance on the top, but this was not compass.always so.译：随着贸易的传播和 译：很难想象一幅地图指南针的帮助，14世纪开始没有把北方设在上端，但是这出现较为精确的地图。

种绘制地图的方式并非一直这 With随着„;样。

reliance on sth 基本句型：it’s hard

to do sth;动词feature;C.Summary about the was 表示曾经。

phrases:

1.flow through(2段2 2.The oldest known 行);2.not until(2段5行);map in the accepted sense 3.be known to(3段3行);of the word was drawn 4.be based on(3段4行);about 3800BC, and 5.rather than(3段5行);represents the river 6.attempt to do(3段6行);Euphrates flowing through 7.in the form of(3段7行);northern Mesopotamia, Iraq.8.far from being(4段3行);译：被世人所接受的地9.place trust in sth(5段4图中，最古老的一幅绘制于公行);10.interfere with(6元前3800，它绘出了幼发拉段2行);11.in accordance 底河流经伊拉克的美所不达米with(6段3行);12.point 亚平原。

of view(7段4行);注意几个动词形式：13.reliance on sth(8段2known, accepted, was drawn, 行);14.once again(8段2represents, flowing.In 行)the accepted sense of the word:被世人所公认，承认。

Text B: You Have a 3.It was not until Choice many centuries later that

the ancient Greeks placed Einstein’s the science of map-making Relativity: all motion is on a sound footing.(*)

just relative, not 译：直到几个世纪后，absolute.古希腊人才在坚实可信的基础 A.New words: 上建立起地图绘制学。

1.converse: adj相反 本句基本句型强调句：的

it’s „that;not until 2.motionless: adj静many centuries later是时止的，immovable, movable 间状语；主句：The ancient 3.frustrate: v使受Greeks placed the science 挫折；frustration: n;of map-making on a sound frustrated, frustrating: footing.adj 如果不是强调句，当把 4.devise: v设计；not until放在句首，句子需device: n 要倒装。

Not until many B.Some important centuries later did the the phrases:

相同的速度行驶在两条平行轨道上。

3.be seated;(1段2行)

We are seated in one of the trains„

译：我们坐在其中一列火车上。

4.pull ahead of sth;Suddenly the other train seems to start pulling ahead of us.译：突然另一列火车似乎开始赶到我们这列车的前面去了。

5.be certain of;Can we be absolutely certain of this increase?

译：我们能绝对断定它加速了吗？

6.bring about;

This change could have been brought about in one of two ways„

译：下面任一种方法都可能引起这种变化。

7.account for;

There are thus two possible explanations to account for the change in speed„

译：因此有两种可能的解释来说明相对速度的变化„

8.regardless of sth Furthermore, regardless of which explanation we choose, the end result will be the same.译：况且，不管我们选择哪种解释，最终结果都是一样的。

9.apply to;

This principle – that if two objects are in uniform motion relative to each other, it is impossible to decide which one is moving and which one is at rest—applies to all objects moving uniformly in a straight

line through the universe.译：如果两个物体已相对均衡的速度前进，就不太可能分清楚哪个在运动，哪个是静止的。这个原则适用于宇宙中所有以均衡速度做直线运动的物体。

Grammar knowledge: Noun Clause名词从句 p447 在复合句中若一个从句担任主语、宾语、表语和同位语，则形成了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

1.That the moon moves round the earth is true.2.He wants to tell us what he thinks.3.My idea is that we should go there early.4.I have an idea that we should go there early.注意：

1.在主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中连词that不担任任何成分，但不能省略。

2.时态呼应：宾语从句的主句若是一般过去时，那么从句要用过去的某种时态。

3.对于宾语从句，若出现两个从句，第一个的连词that可省略，第二个that必须要加上。

He said he had worked for him for ten years and that he wanted to continue to work.4.同位语从句用抽象名词，如：belief, doubt, evidence, idea, fact, hope, thought etc.key to the exercises: p450.Ⅰ.口头作。

Ⅱ.1.a;2.c;3.a;4.d;5.b;6.b;7.b;8.b;9.a;10.a Ⅲ.1.We should know learning a language is different from learning other subjects.2.It’s well known that the Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific ocean.3.His conclusion is that meaningless information is hard to remember.4.It hasn’t been decided who will host the meeting tomorrow yet.5.She explained to me why she wanted to send her child to the nursery.测和想象。

6.He wants to ask 3他的统计根本不准the manager whether he 确。

should buy a cat.4根据安排，我们今天 7.More and more 将参观颐和园。

people have realized the 5你可以充分信赖他的fact that heart disease 许诺。

has much to do with the 1.It was not until way people live.midnight that the children 8.It’s said that were found not in the nerves in the left side of bedrooms.the brain develop faster 2.our conclusion is in girls than in boys.based on all available 9.This photo shows knowledge rather than how the roots of a plant guesses or imagination.go into the earth.3.His statistics 10.They are not are far from being very clear about why every accurate.kind of bird has its own 4.In accordance way of making nests.with the arrangement, Homework we’re going to visit the 选词填空： summer palace.feature, rough, 5.You can place sketch, ancient, classical, full reliance on his version, unaware, promise.arrangement, reliance, compass

1.He was ___ of the conflict of interests between the two sides.2.I have a __ idea The 24th lecture of of how to keep one’s College English one: weight down without going Key to some on a diet.exercises: 3.Fish ___ very p525:Ⅰ.b, b, c, c, largely in the food of b.these islanders.Ⅱ.1.visualize;4.Do you prefer ___ 2.sketch;3.footing;or popular music?

4.forefront;5.disc;5.The Great Wall is 6.estimate;7.orientate;evidence of China’s ___ 8.immovable;9.faith;history.10.reliance 6.He made several p527:Ⅴ.1.It was ___ before starting the until I read your report painting.that I learned the truth.7.I place complete 2.Goods will be ___ on his judgment.delivered to you in 8.All necessary ___ accordance with your have been made for the requirement.operation to be started.3.In the Middle 9.Working without a Ages, the European church plan is sailing without a interfered seriously with ____.the advance of science.10.The play was in 5.He drove German, but I had read the hurriedly in the direction English __ of it.of the pole star.1.unaware, 2.rough, p530: 3.features, 4.classical, 3.She told us about 5.ancient, 6.sketches, her past in the form of a 7.reliance;8.arrangements, story.9.compass, 10.version

7.His point of view 翻译：

is for your reference only.1直到半夜才发现孩子 8.They attempted 们并不在他们的卧室里。

many experiments in the 2我们的结论基于全部past two years.可获得的知识，而不是基于猜

Unit 19 Text A: Animals at Risk: Who Cares?

our world consists of human beings, animals and many plants.So without the animals, our human would be lonely and we’ll in some trouble.But because of our greed, the changeable natural environment, many species are becoming extinct.So I hope we can harmonize with all the animals and plants.This is an important article.A.New words:

1.species: n 种、类，单复数同形。其他类似词还有：clothes, means etc.2.extinct: adj灭绝的，绝种的；extinction: n灭绝

3.pace: n/v 速度，踱步，短语：keep pace with sb/sth与„并驾齐驱，齐头并进

4.compete: v竞争、比赛；competition: n;competitor: n;competitive: adj

a.They can’t compete with/against such an experienced team.b.Do you want to compete in the 100 meters race?

c.They are competing for an important position.5.likelihood: n可能性，同义词：possibility;likely: adj可能的，be likely to do;

6.clearance: n 清除、清理；clear: v清除 clear away sth；adj清楚的

7.vegetation: n植物的总称；vegetable: n蔬菜;vegetarian: n素食主义者

8.ignore: v不顾、不理；ignorance: n不知、无知;ignorant: adj无知的

She saw him coming but she ignored him.9.threat: n威胁、恐吓；threaten: v威胁；threatening: adj

10.tourist: n旅游者；tourism: n旅游业；tour: n/v旅游（*）

a.Tourism is an

important part of our economy.b.paris is full of tourists all the rear round.c.He wishes to make a round the world tour.11.variation: n变化、变化量；vary: v变化；variety: n种类；various: adj各种各样的（*）

a.Differences among living things of the same kind are known as variations.b.All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.c.Your reasons for not wanting to meet Smith may be many and various, but you must still meet him.12.magnificent: adj 壮丽的；magnificence: n 13.survive: v幸存;survival: n;survivor: n(*)a.The principle of survival of the fittest is one of the major findings of charges Darwin.b.The government sent help to the survivors of the earthquakes.c.Few people survived the flood.14.conservation: n保存、保护；conserve: v;conservative: adj保守的

15.reserve: v/n保留、预定； reservation: n 16.provided: conj假如（*）

a.I will accept the invitation provided that you go with me.b.We’ll have a visit to the seaside providing the weather remains good.17.determination: n 决心、决定；determine: v determine to do sth;determined: adj下定决心的

18.specialize: v特殊化、专攻，specialize in sth;special: adj特殊的；specially: adv特殊地（出现在课文中 *）

a.Is there anything special to disclose to me? b.He had been produce enough offspring, interested in history or by completely changing since he was a child, so their environment at he specialized in history surprising speed.when he was in college.译：这句话含有一定的 c.I came here 讽刺意味，告诉我们正是由于specially to reserve 在过去的几个世纪里，科技的tickets for tonight’s 巨大发展，人类才快速捕杀生show.物，以致他们无法繁衍足够的

后代来延续物种，或是人类以 19.publicity: n宣传;惊人的速度完全改变他们生存publicize: v宣传；public: 的自然环境，导致物种的灭adj公共的(出现在课文中 绝。

*）

注意：介词by“通 a.There is a lot of 过„”；such„that如此，publicity about the harm 以致；at„speed以„的速度

of excess dieting.]

b.They worked hard 4.A number of to publicize their new examples can be given of products so as to develop the way in which natural business.environments are being c.people like going rapidly changed„(*)

to parks on public 译：自然环境正在被迅holidays.速改变的例子多不胜数。

注意：a number of许 B.Intensive reading: 多；in which = in the way 1.An animal species 以某中方式；时态are being becomes extinct when it changed fails to produce enough

young in each generation 5.But even when the to keep pace with the danger is widely death-rate.publicized, the financial 译：当一种动物不能在rewards for the hunters 每一代都生育出足够的后代以may be so great that they 便与死亡率相平衡时，它就会choose to ignore the 濒临灭绝。

threat to the species.注意：谓语动词 译：即使人们广泛宣传becomes;fail to do;keep 这种危险的存在，偷猎者也会pace with sth与„保持平衡

因为经济利益而漠视物种的灭

绝。

2.It is a natural 考点：reward for sth;process and extinction is so„that;choose to do;the fate of any animal threat to sth

that has specialized too

far to change when its 6.Many people are environment changes, or concerned about animals has to compete with a and wildlife conservation.better-adapted and more 译：许多人都非常关心powerful animal.动物和野生生物的保护。

译：这是一个自然的过 重要短语：be 程。如果一种动物过于特殊concerned about sth关心„

化，不能随着环境的变化而变 化，当它与适应能力较强，更 7.one way to 强壮的动物竞争时，注定会死preserve species under 亡。

threat of extinction--考点：too„to;whatever the cause--is compete with sth

to remove them to zoos and

parks and breed them there.3.Because of 译：不管是由何种原因remarkable technical 造成他们的灭绝，有一种方法developments during the 可以挽救濒临灭绝的物种，那past few centuries, man 就是把物种迁移至动物园和公has destroyed or nearly 园喂养。

destroyed some species by 考点：to preserve killing them at such a species under threat of rate that they couldn’t extinction是不定式作定

语，修饰one way;

to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there是不定式作表语；under threat of extinction避免濒临灭绝；remove sth to„

8.There is always the chance that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment – provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again!

译：在那里总是有可能让他们生育出足够的后代，有朝一日再把他们重新放回自然生存环境—假如他们的自然生存环境依然存在的话，假如偷猎者不在捕杀他们的话！

分析：the chance句子主语,that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment是同位语从句修饰the chance;provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again是条件状语从句，但不用虚拟语气。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.fail to do(1段1行);2.keep pace with(1段2行);3.compete with(1段7行);4.at a rate(1段10行);5.such„that(1段9-10行);6.a number of(2段1行);7.lead to(2段10行);8.be concerned about(3段1行);9.be armed with(3段倒数2行);10.add to(4段2行);11.in a form(4段3行)

Text B: The Killer Smogs

I often tell my students that everything is just like a double-edged sword.on the one hand, advanced technology can bring us many benefits;but on the other hand, it harms our living environment in some way.A.New words:

1.smog: n smoke and fog烟雾

2.disaster: n灾难；disastrous: adj灾难性的

3.conclude: v推断

出；conclusion: n结论

4.pollute: v污染；pollution: n;polluted: adj污染的

5.invisible: adj看不见的；visible: 看得见的

6.exhaust: v用尽、耗尽；exhaustion: n;exhausted: adj tired 筋疲力尽的

7.fortunately: adv幸运地，luckily.B.Important phrase and sentences: 1.be filled with = be full of The hospitals were filled with patients.(1段6行)

2.be known for = be famous for London, England, has always been known for its “black fogs.”(3段1行)

3.combine sth with sth The chemical fumes combined with the water droplets in the fog to form harmful substances caused the illness of those who breathed the polluted air.译：含有化学物质的烟尘与雾气中的水珠结合形成有害物质，它们让呼吸了污染过的空气的人得病。

4.be covered by sth This is covered by an upper layer of warm air that acts like a lid.5.prevent sth from doing It prevents the polluted cooler air from rising.Homework: 选择填空：

1.The earthquake was the greatest ___ the country had ever experienced.disaster disturbance disruption disadvantage 2.Air ____ can cause human diseases.pollution pattern phenomenon pressure 3.This room is much too hot;it’s like a ____.9.development;fantasy fossil 10.clearness/clearance fashion furnace

Ⅴ.1.The natural 4.Many people were environment in which killed in the ___ between animals grow has been the bus and the car.worsening all the time.conflict contrast 2.The hunters often collision contact

go hunting for their own 5.The large oil __ purpose without is responsible for the air considering the living pollution in this area.environment of others.refinery recycle 3.If there were no resource reference

natural reserves, more

species of animals would 翻译：

be extinct.1他发现要赶上物理学 p559:Ⅱ.1.Fossils;的进步很难。

2.species;3.tourism;2现在，中国可以与世4.extinct;5.by-product;界上大多数国家竞争。

6.offspring;7.competed;3只要我们努力，就完8.fate;9.treat;10.pace 全有可能做得更好。

Ⅲ.5.The warship is 4越来越多的人开始关armed with nuclear weapons.心我们的自然环境。

7.We’re very happy 5如果你不泄露给任何that he has survived the 人，我就告诉你实情。

heart attack.1.He finds it hard 8.The danger of to keep pace with the tiger extinction in our development in physics.country should not be 2.Now China can ignored.compete with most of the

countries in the world.Unit 20

Text A: 3.There’s every You Can’t Do It Because likelihood that we can do It Hurts Nobody it better if we work hard.In our China, 4.More and more there’s an old saying: people are beginning to be Don’t fail to do good concerned about our even if it’s small;Don’natural environment.t engage in evil even if 5.I’ll tell you it’s small.From it, you the truth provided that should realize what’s you don’t disclose it to about the text.please pay anyone else.attention to the translation of the title.这是一个带原因状语的否定前 移，译成：不能因为没有伤害 任何人，就可以干坏事。

A.New words: The 25th lecture of 1.tough: adj tough College English one:

glass不易碎的玻璃, tough Key to some criminal粗暴的罪犯, tough exercises:

steak咬不动的牛排, tough p556:Ⅰ.d, c, a, d, problem难题

b.p557:Ⅱ.1.extinct;2.crime: n罪，2.species;3.offspring;criminal: n罪犯，adj有罪4.likelihood;5.fur;的（*）

6.trophy;7.survive;a.He committed 8.arrangement;

a crime last year and was 9.development;10.reserve

sent to prison.Ⅲ.1.existence;b.Do you know 2.extinction;

that the man has a 3.lilkelihood;4.variety;criminal record? 5.creation;6.death;c.The criminal 7.determination;was sentenced to five 8.arrangement;years’ hard labor.46

3.drunk: adj喝醉的，drink: v

4.admit: v承认，后接动名词；admittance: n

He admitted having stolen that person’s wallet.5.citizen: n 公民、居民；city: n城市；citizenship: n公民权（*）

a.She comes from the United States and has applied for Chinese citizenship.b.Many Chinese in the United States have become American citizens.c.Beijing is known to be one of the largest cities in the world.6.fatal: adj致命的，同义词：deadly

7.threaten: v威胁，threat: n;threatening: adj

8.tolerate: v容忍，tolerable: 可容忍的； tolerant: adj 容忍的； tolerance: n

a.Nowadays, parents often treat their children with too much tolerance.b.I can’t tolerate your carelessness.c.He is tolerant of opinions different from his own.9.celebrate: v庆祝；celebration: n

10.championship: n冠军身份；champion: n冠军

11.rob: v抢劫；robbery: n;robber: n抢劫者

a.The robber is still at large.b.In the morning they found that the bank had been robbed.c.There have been several robberies near here lately.12.honesty: n 诚实； honest: adj

B.Intensive reading: 1.Among the people you know, how many have

never broken the laws?(*)译：在你认识的朋友中，有多少从未犯过法呢？

2.In the same way that diseases range from the common cold to fatal forms of cancer, crimes vary in degree.（*）

译：如同疾病可以分为从普通的感冒到致命的癌症不等一样，犯罪的程度也有所不同。

考点：in the same „ that引导定语从句；range from„to;vary in sth

3.In addition to breaking the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of crime.译：除了自己违法外，人们容忍不同程度的犯罪。

考点：in addition to sth;break the law;

4.It may be that, by seeing others do something, we accept it more easily./ „ if they see someone breaking store window, they might start breaking windows„

注意：这两句话包含有一个句型：see sb do sth;see sb doing sth前一句强调看见事情发生的全过程；而后者强调看见某一个动作正在发生。

a.I saw a man steal that person’s purse.b.I saw a man stealing that person’s purse.5.We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.译：我们一定也想知道，每天从电视报纸上接触到的暴力行为会不会使我们更能接受违法行为。

分析：whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day作宾语从句的主语，谓语动词用单数形式makes;make sb do sth;more than we should超过我们应该的程度。

6.We become used to 3.symbolically: advseeing blood on the news 象征性地；symbol: n象征；on TV, or in full color in symbolize: v象征

newspaper and magazines.4.religious: adj虔 译：我们习惯了从电视诚的；religion: n宗教

上看到血腥场面，或者在报纸 5.preparation: n准上看到色彩逼真的流血事件。

备；prepare: v;prepared: 重要短语： be used adj, be prepared for sth;to doing sth = be 6.potential: n/adjaccustomed to doing sth

潜在的、潜力

7.prefer: v更喜欢，7.perhaps this is prefer to sth;preference: why someone who robs a few n, preference for sth/to dollars by force from a sth corner store will often

end up with a longer jail B.Some phrases: term than a fraud artist 1.be different from who swindles thousands of sth(1段2行);2.compare dollars: threatening the sth with sth(1段3行);life of an individual is 3.be comfortable with(2段not acceptable in our 2行);4.for the purpose society.of sth(2段3行);5.be 译：也许这就是为什么willing to do sth(4段6-7从街角的商店里抢劫几美元会行);6.be involved in(4段被判刑长于那些冒牌艺术家行11行);7.be dressed in(6骗几千美金：因为威胁某个人段2行);8.be surrounded 的生命在我们的社会里是不被by(6段4行);9.respond to 接受的。

sth(6段9行);10.in the Why引导表语从句；manner(6段9行);11.along rob sth from sth从„抢with(7段7行);12.in 劫；end up with以„告终；contrast(标题)longer„than;分号后的部分

是解释这样做的原因，动名词 Grammar point: 作主语。

Emphatic Sentence

前面我们已介绍过，这 C.Summary about the 里在强调一下，为了强调句子phrases: 的某一成分，可以用该句型。1.commit crimes(1段但并不是所有句子成分都能强2行);2.tell the truth(1调，通常只能强调：主语、宾段5行);3.go through the 语、状语。当你在考题中看到customs(1段6行);4.in “是”，“就是”，“正是”case(2段1行);5.break 时一定要求用强调句型进行翻the law(2段2行);6.go to 译。

jail(2段3行);7.divide„ 强调句的构成形式：it into(2段4行);8.range + is/was + 被强调部分 + from„to(2段6行);9.in that/who + 句子其他部分。

addition to(3段1行);注意：若被强调部分是10.be tolerant of sth(3段人称代词，可以用主格也可用2行);11.be used to 宾格。若想强调谓语可以用doing(4段3行);12.care do, does, or did.about sth(5段3行);a.I do miss you!13.prevent„from(5段4行);b.He does finish 14.come to sth(5段5行);his work.15.rob „ from(5段11行);c.We did arrive 16.end up with(5段12行);there on time.17.keep an eye on sth(6段 Exercises on page 7行);

599:

Ⅱ.1.It was her Text B: Marriage in husband that / who took Iran and America: A Study her to the nearby hospital in Contrasts

that afternoon.A.New words:

2.It was their 1.culture: n文化；third man-made satellite cultural: adj 文化的

that launched last week.2.bride: n新娘； 3.It’s on this bridegroom: n 新郎； matter that she doesn’t

have anything to say.4.It’s your uncle that/who wants to sell the old car.5.It’s a more detailed report that I hope you’ll give me.6.It was the key to he door that they were looking for yesterday.7.It was by changing the natural environment in which the animals lived that humans destroyed some animal species.8.It’s your manager who / that I want to see.9.It was in Hong Kong that I first met her.10.It was not until yesterday that I got your letter.The 26th lecture of College English one:

英语

（一）测试（L16-L20）

本试题分两部分，第一部分为选择题，50分；第二部分为非选择题，50分。

part one

一、选择题。（20分）

1.That young lady spent a lot of money ____ clothes.A.on B.in C.for D.to

2.We naturally associate the name of Darwin ____ the theory of evolution.A.to

B.with

C.and D.towards

3.Their views have nothing ____ with ours.A.of common B.in common C.common sense D.common ground

4.The body needs fat to keep it from cold and to provide a ___ layer for the organs, but only is small quantities.A.preventing

B.practical C.private countries in science and __6__, the conversation with a D.protective technology.inaccurate or indefinite stranger.And speaking of 5.A thick forest A.keep pace

B.words may make _7__ restaurants – that is the ____ the school ground ___ take pace

C.put pace difficult or the listener other problem with London.the south side.D.set pace to understand the The food here is no good A.borders„in B.15.She got ten _8__which is being at all!I haven’t had one borders„on C.borders„at pounds for ___ fifteen transmitted to him.The good meal in the three D.borders„by rooms.speaker who does not have days we’ve been here.6.He has not ___ A.looking on B.specific words in his Since you asked me made up his mind what looking for C.looking working vocabulary may be to write to you about attitude to adopt towards after D.looking about _9__ to explain or everything I learned on her.16.He was clever describe in a _10__ that this trip, here is what A.as far as

B.enough to compete ___ the can be understood by his I’ve learned about London.as yet C.and yet mathematics scholarship.listeners.London’s D.by far 7.He gave us a lot of trouble, but I like him _____.A.the same

B.just the same C.at the same time

D.all the same 8.What is certain about sleepwalking____ it is a symptom of emotional disturbance.A.is B.are

C.is that D.are that 9.They were certain ___ she would get over her illness.A.of B.of that

C.that D.in that 10.Scientists say that many factors brought ____ changes in the weather.A.forth

B.about

C.around D.forward 11.____ being slow, they worked actually very fast.A.Far from

B.Far to C.Far away D.So far 12.They presented the world in the form of a flattened disc ____ a sphere, which was the form adopted by ptolemy.A.more than

B.rather than

C.better than D.other than 13.Many species of animals are under the threat of ___ because of the rapid change of natural environment.A.guns

B.extinction C.hunters D.existence 14.We must try to ___ with the western A.for B.1.A.of B.with

C.against at C.for D.on D.in 2.A.inaccessible 17.She took a B.timely

C.likely spoonful and tasted it ___ D.invalid it was hot.3.A.encourages A.in case

B.B.prevents C.destroys in case of C.in the case D.offers of D.in that case 4.A.encourage 18.You will soon B.take away C.back up become ____ to the weather D.stir up here.5.A.who

B.A.using

B.as C.which D.used

C.use what D.useful 6.A.moreover B.19.Did any young however

C.people ___ anything old preliminarily D.what people said to them.7.A.that

B.A.care of

B.is C.so D.care about C.take care this D.take care of 8.A.speech

B.20.Will you ___ on sense C.message D.our things while we are meaning away.9.A.obscure B.A.keep an eye B.difficult

C.impossible make an eye C.open an eye D.unable D.set an eye 10.A.case

B.means

C.method

二、完型填空。（10D.way 分）

The first and

三、阅读理解。（20smallest unit that can be 分）discussed in relation to passage one language is the word.In London is great.speaking, the choice of It’s great.Rome and words is _1__ the utmost paris were fine places, importance.proper but I knew as soon as we selection will eliminate landed in London, this was one source of _2__ the finest of the three.breakdown in the There are only two communication cycle.Too small things which I often careless use of don’t like about London.words __3_ a meeting of First of all, everyone the minds of the speaker speaks English here.I had and listener.The words so much fun in Rome and used by the speaker may paris.There I could speak __4_ unfavorable reaction in foreign languages.In in the listener ___5_ words, I made a lot of interfere with his friends that way.But here comprehension;hence, the everybody can understand transmission – reception me.I don’t have any system breaks down.reason to start up a

population of eleven

million makes it the second largest city in the world.It is bigger than

New York but not as big as Tokyo.London is twice the size of New York.It has an area of 620 square

miles!The Thames River runs right through the center of the city.Someone once called the Thames “liquid history”.It is a very good name.Dozens of armies have crossed it over the past few thousand years.one of

the first was the army of Julius Caesar two thousand years ago.And most

recently – Mr.and Mrs.Gill.So far I have only had time to visit one

neighbourhood.It is called Bloomsbury.In fact there is a group of

writers known as the Bloomsbury Group.It got its name because so many

of them lived there.Virginia Woolf was one of them.I know how much you

like her novels.Baker Street is also part of Bloomsbury.Do you remember who once lived on Baker Street?

When I asked bob this question, he answered, “” a man who baked bread，right? Sherlock Holmes, of course, I won’t have time to find his address.Maybe you will when you come.1.We learn from the

first two paragraphs that _____.A.it is more

difficult to start up a conversation in English in

London than in any languages.B.the writer had made a trip in Italy and France before she came to England.C.of all the meals the writer has had in London, only one she thinks is good enough.D.the writer hates to talk to strangers who can speak English.2.It seems that the writer ____.A.can speak English as a foreign language B.does not like her mother language C.does not speak French at all D.can speak French as a foreign language 3.Who do you think Mr.and Mrs.Gill? A.A famous general and his wife.B.As famous American writer and his wife.C.Two friends of the writer’s.D.The writer and his husband.4.Who once lived on Baker Street? A.A man who baked bread.B.Sherlock Holmes.C.The former US Secretary of State.D.A friend of the writer’s.5.Where is the passage most probably taken from? A.A letter.B.A diary.C.A guidebook.D.A business report.passage two

A person who is able to operate a machine, prepare a financial statement, program a computer, or pass a football has a technical skill.That is, he or she is able to perform the mechanics of a particular job.Managers such as production supervisors must often understand a technical skill well enough to train workers in

difficult for managers t their jobs.In certain learn technical skills companies, executive 4.General without technical skills management skills _____.in programming, A.are used by engineering, or accounting.general managers in But even here, most different ways managers have to have some B.can be technical skills – such applied to different as scheduling techniques enterprises and the ability to read C.can be can be computer printouts.learned but not be taught Technical skills at a technical school are sometimes not readily D.are not transferable from one readily transferable from industry to another, one industry to another whereas general management 5.Te best title for skills can often be this passage would be applied to a wide range of _______.industries.If you’re A.Importance of trained to operate textile the technical skills.– cutting machines, you B.Managers and probably would be unable their business skills to use your skills in the C.Technical restaurant business.If skills and management you’re an executive who skills runs a garment business, D.How one skill however, you might be able is transferred to another to use your general pART TWo management skills in

different enterprises.四、单词拼写。（10 1.Which of the 分）

following does not seem to 1.有益的、有利的 a be a technical skill?

b________;A.Managing non-2.足够的、充分的 a production workers.s_________;B.programming a 3.恢复、痊愈 v computer.r_________;C.preparing a 4.外科的、手术的 a financial statement.s_________;D.operating a 5.诊断、判断 v textile – cutting machine.d_________;2.The first 6.显露、揭露 v paragraph is mainly about d_________;_____.7.征候、征兆 n A.a person who has s_________;a technical skill

8.显著的、值得注意的 B.the definition of a r___________;a technical skill

9.提及、说起

v C.managers such as m__________;production supervisors

10.特征、特色 n D.how to operate a f__________;machine.11.哲学家

n 3.In the writer’s p__________;opinion, _____.12.大众化地

ad A.technical p__________;skills are more important 13.干涉、介入

v than management skills

I__________;B.technical 14.威胁、恐吓

n skills are more complex t___________;than management skills

15.灭绝、熄灭

n C.it is e___________;necessary for managers to 16.壮丽的、宏伟的 a learn some technical m_____________;skills

17.幸运地

ad D.it is f__________;

18.冠军身份

n c___________;

19.诚实、正直

n h__________;

20.潜在的、可能的 a p___________;

五、用动词正确的时态填空。（10分）

1.Her main task is organizing _____(culture)and social activities.2.In fact, I have known several friends who got ___(marry)without even telling their parents or other family members.3.Honesty will have to come from social ________(press).4.She finally _____(conclusion)that she would try to get a job on a store.5.The new law will reduce ____(pollute)of the air.6.Stinging eyes and dry coughs show that ____(harm)chemicals fill the air.7.The oldest ____(know)map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3800BC.8.They went along the main road ____(lead)to a distant town.9.It’s generally agreed that a panic attack does not ____(danger)a person’s life directly.10.Their replies were ____(remarkable)similar.六、汉译英。（15分）

1西方世界最大杀手之一是心脏病。

2研究表明女人比男人更易患恐慌症。

3许多人都关心野生动物的保护。

4在你的朋友中有多少人从未犯过法呢？

5为什么你容忍他们所犯的这些罪行呢？

七、英译汉。（15分）

A guide dog is a dog especially trained to guide a blind person.Dogs chosen for such training must show good disposition，intelligence, physical fitness and responsibility.threatened by lasting dry weather.give precision to hte report if you want to to widen the road.At the age of about fourteen months, a guide dog begins an intensive course that lasts from three to five months.It becomes accustomed to the leather harness and stiff leather handle it will wear when guiding its blind owner.The dog learns to watch traffic and to cross street safely.It also learns to obey such commands as “forward”, “left”, “right” and “sit” and disobey any command that might lead its owner into danger.The most important part of the training course is a four-week program in which the guide dog and its future owner learn to work together.However, many blind people are unsuited by personality to work with dogs.only a tenth of the bind find a guide dog useful.Key to some exercises: p583:Ⅰ.b, d, a, c, d.p585:Ⅱ.1.commit;2.customs;3.fatal;4.jail;5.tolerate;6.anonymous;7.rob;8.tax;9.keep an eye on;10.misconception p586:Ⅳ.1.by going with her;2.and not to stop;3.and call off;4.and stress;5.experimented and;6.pulling down all buildings and other facilities;7.at the end of the semester;8.which did not belong to him;9.and prohibited;10.and not working p588: Ⅲ.1.The prices of these goods range from few dollars to a few hundred dollars.3.His foreign friends have become used to living in china.6.please take an umbrella with you in case it rains.8.The crops are 9.The company impress the audience.threatened the inhabitants c.The soldiers should with cutting off the water be very precise in supply.following instructions

7.necessarily: adv必 然、必定；necessary: adj 必然的；unnecessary: adj;necessarily: adv

8.criticize: v;The 27th lecture of criticism: n;critic: n;College English one:

critical: adj Unit 21 Text A: The 9.quantitative: adj定Language of Uncertainty

量的；quantifiable: adj 可 In our opinion, we 量化的；quantity: n数量always hope to get（*）

something certain from a.A quantitative others or give others the research is absolutely same thing.But it’s not necessary for the solution always so.Uncertainty is of the problem.full of our everyday life.b.The quantity of And we also find that such equipment was enough, but uncertainty is not always the quality was far from harmful, so we needn’t being satisfactory.criticize it.c.Words such as

frequently, rarely, A.New words:

occasionally, though 1.dominate: v 统治、支quantifiable, denote a 配；domination: n;quantity imprecisely known.dominant: adj

The high building 10.subjective: adj 主dominates over the river.观的；objective: adj客观 的

2.judgement: n 判断；11.potentially: adv 可judge: n/v法官、判断

能地，潜在地；potential: 3.editorial: n 社论，adj/n adj编辑的；edit: v;12.prediction: n 预edition: n;editor: n

言、预告；predict: n预

言；predictor: n预言家；4.probability: n 可能predictable: adj可预测的

性;probable: adj可能的；

improbable: adj;probably: 13.signify: v 意味；adv(*)

significance: n意义；a.It is highly significant: adj有意义的

probable that it will rain 14.assign: v分配、指today.派；assignment: n b.The storm is one of

the probabilities for 15.proportionately: tomorrow.adv 成适当比例地；c.He will probably proportion: n比例

refuse the offer.16.marked: adj 明显 的；同义词：obvious, clear 5.verbal: adj语言的；

non-verval: 非语言的

17.widen: v加宽；wide: 6.imprecision: n 不精adj宽的；widely: adv宽地确；precision: n;precise:（*）

adj 精确的；imprecise: adj a.There is a wide 不精确的；precisely: adv;river between the small imprecisely: adv

villages.b.The two students a.The imprecision of gave two widely different information led to their accounts of a quarrel.failure in the battle.c.The officers are b.Its necessary to holding a meeting on when

18.consistent: adj与„一致的，consistent with sth;consistence: n符合；inconsistent: adj与„不符的

19.intelligence: n智力；intelligent: adj聪明的

20.numerical: adj数字的；number: n数字；numerous: adj极多的

21.ratio: n比率，ratios

22.systematically: adv有系统地；system: n系统；systematical: adj系统的（*）

a.How to develop a good system of memory training is an important problem.b.A systematical attempt is a guarantee for success.c.The profits of the company are increasing systematically.B.Intensive reading: 1.Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.译：不确定的语言彻底贯穿我们的生活，以致于它在我们的语言中占主导地位。

短语：spread through贯穿

2.our everyday speech is made up in large part of words like probably, many, soon, great, little.译：我们的日常语言由大量这样的词组成„

注意：everyday形容词，作定语;be made up of = consist of由„组成

3.Indeed, it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.译：事实上，这种语言具有它的价值，正因为在无法精确定量表达时，它能让我们来进行判断。

indeed = in fact;allow sb to do;out of the question = impossible;out