第一篇:大学英语基础写作
大学英语基础写作
大学英语几种常用文体
1.书信作文:
事务信函(business letter)和私人信函(personal letter)
2.应用文:
便条(病假条,事假条,邀友来访,借物,订票,留言),请柬,单据,启示,海报,通知(凌茜p110)
3.图表作文:
常考查的图:餠型图,曲线图,条形图,数据图
图表作文常用的展开模式
图表作文常用的表达方式
图表作文常用的句型
范文分析
(是文涛p91)
4.留学申请写作
个人陈述Personal Statements
推荐信 Letters of Recommendation
简历resumes
与外国大学的联系信及自述信和签证申诉信
5.CET4,CET6写作
写作要求,命题规律及评分标准
主题句
段落展开:列举法,对照法,因果推理法,分类法,举例法,综合法
语篇:结构模式和衔接方法
CET4,CET6作文分类讲解及范文分析:
论说文的结构
论说文的类型
(是文涛p91)
6.学术交流英语
SCI 写作规范
Research report and essay
教学安排
十一周:概况
十二周:书信作文,应用文
十三——十七周:CET4作文,图表作文及练习
十八周:留学申请写作
十九周:学术英语,考试
CET4,CET6写作
一. 语段
1.语段的结构:
Developing Sentence 1(扩展句)
Topic sentence(主题句)----Developing Sentence 2(扩展句)----Terminator(结论句)Developing Sentence 3(扩展句)
2.写好主题句
一个好的主题句必须满足以下基本特征:
高度的概括性
主题思想表达明确
能使读者预测其段落的发展方式
一般应该是一个观点,想法或意见等
分析下列的例子:
1)It is very necessary to be a good university students.(议论主题句)
2)There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.(说明体的主题句)
3)What I will do in the future is the following.(描述体的主题句)
根据要求写出主题句
1)Please write about Study Habits
2)Please write about College Life
3)Please write about Your hobby
扩展下列主题句
例如这样的一篇作文:Good Health
a.Importance of good health
b.Ways to keep fit
c.My own practice(是P59)
3.段落展开
主题句是陈述段落的中心思想。因此,段落的展开(paragraph development)也就是主题句的展开。展开的方式有多种,如:列举法,对照法,因果推理法,分类法,举例法,综合法等。
列举法常用词语:first/second/third/last;firstly/secondly/finally;to begin with/to start with/inthefirstplace/then/next/in addition to/besides/also/moreover/furthermore/what’s more
以下有3篇短文的题目,请用顺序排列法的发展方式完成,每篇要求80字左右: a.Many people now prefer to live in the countryside.The main reasons are… b.Watching TV at home is better than going out to a movie
c.Chatting on line has brought many problems into people’s life
Making a good impression at an American dinner party is not difficult if you
Follow these instructions.First, you should buy a small gift, such as flowers, candy, or wine for your host or hostess.Second, arrive on time.If the dinner engagement is for 7:00, don’t arrive after 7:00 without telephone.Next, during dinner, be sure to thank your host orhostess on the meal.After you finishing eating, you should not stay more than a few hours.Finally, thank your host or hostess for the dinner when you leave.比较对照法常用连接词(transitions for Comparison and Contrast)
Similar to;like;different from;compared with;unlike;more… than…
以下有2篇短文的题目,请用比较对照法的发展方式完成,每篇要求80字左右: a.Advantages and disavantages of living on your own and living with your family b.Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs
因果推理法
表结果的连接词:as a result;thus;hence;accordingly;therefore;consequently;then;so;
表原因的连接词:because;for;as;since;owing to
以下有2篇短文的题目,请用因果推理法的发展方式完成,每篇要求80字左右: a.Migrant workers enter big cities
b.Land shortage in China
分类法
常用的分类表达形式有:divide A into… classify A into… group A into… There are…kinds(groups, categories, sorts, types, classes, sections)
请用分类法的发展方式完成下列题目,每篇要求80字左右:
Write about the different kinds of universities and colleges in China.Suggested words:
Leading university, provincial key university, local college, comprehensive, science and engineering, foreign language, humanities, public, private.举例法
常用的引出例证的词有:for example, for instance, for another example, one example is … another example is… to illustrate.以下有2篇短文的题目,请用举例法的发展方式完成,每篇要求80字左右: a.Give one or two examples to show the conveniences the modern communication
means have brought to us.b.Give some examples to prove the saying “Haste makes waste” in English language learning.综合法
综合使用两种或两种以上写扩展句的方法,称为综合法。
以下这段使用了定义,例证,对比和比较等方法。
Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning, For example, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean “careful with money.” However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word
frugal has a much more positive connotation.Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pussy.Therefore, you should careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.运用综合法将下列主题句发展成80字以上短文:
a.Computer are playing an important role in modern education.b.People in different cultures can communicate with each other.c.I don’t think that examination can determine everything.4.扩展段的承启方式(ling P8)
扩展段是主题句的延伸,是作文的主体部分,必须紧扣作文主题。一段由一个以上的段落组成,即使只有一个段落,也应该比开头和结尾部分长,否则将失去平衡。主体段落分别论述文章中心主题的某个方面,每个段落的主题必须欲文章的主题相呼应,每个段落都必须保持文章的整体性和连贯性。
(1.)以“举例式”展开段落
Laying-off also bring us some advantages.For example, when a company lays off a number of people, it means that the company will get more profits than ever.As another instance, if a laid-off worker wants to get a newjob, he ought to learn some kind of skill for future use.This action will pave the way for success in another.(2.)以“因果式”展开段落
There are two major reason for the change in people’s diet.For one thing, with the improvement in the living standard, people can afford to buy much more expensive food with better nutrition.For another, people now pay more attention to the quality of diet, because they know it is of great benefit to their health to diet in a scientific way.Therefore, they try their best to improve the structure their food.(3.)以“递进式”展开段落
I don’t teach because teaching is not easy for me.Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways.Nor do I teach bebecause I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.In the first place, I teach because I like the pace of the acdemic calendar, which offers an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.Besides, I teach because teaching is a profession built on change.Moreover, I teach because I can ask questions that students struggle to answer.What’s more, I teach because I can find ways of getting myself and students out of the ivory tower into the real society.(4.)以“列举式”展开段落
Traveling benefits us in many ways.First, it is instructive.People can learn a lot about the culture and history of the place they visit.Second, it offers fun.Career people are tired of pressures brought by the quickening pace of modern life.By seeing the beautiful landscape of our motherland and our countries, we get relaxed.Third, traveling offers challenge and opportunities of cultivating good character, such as independence, courage and strong-mindeness.So more and morepeople are going out to visit the world.(5.)以“比较式”展开段落
(6.)以“对照式”展开段落
(7.)以“时间标志词式”展开段落
The Effects of Exercise on Our Health(分析建议类)
1分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处。
2.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处。
3.给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议。
1)As is known to all, exercise does bring a lot of benefits to our health.2)First, it can greatly strengthen our hearts, lungs, bones and muscles,thereby changing our whole health for the better.3)Besides, it can make
our brains better able to react to what is going on around us.4)And best
of all, it can help us breed optimism about our tough life
5)But all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the
negative effects exercise brings about.6)If you are normally inactive and then, contrary to your usual habit, start a program of undue exercise, as a succession of scientific
studies reveals, there are more chances that you have yourself injured.7)In addition, the more exercise those on a fat-reducing diet take, the more
loss of iron they will suffer and the worse their health will get.8)And
worst of all, continual as well as excessive exercise can result in sudden death.9)Therefore, a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of exercise.10)On the one hand, our physical exercise must be based on both progressiveness and regularity.11)On the other, we must go in for physical exercise according to local as well as health conditions of our own.12)In sum, exercise can do us good or harm, all depending on how we make use of it.With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets.Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous.They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas.However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us.As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe.They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them.Dogs are people’s honest friends.Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people.Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely.Also children are pleased while playing with pets.They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.To sum up, Pets give us much happiness.I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it.I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets.Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous.They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas.However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us.As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe.They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them.Dogs are people’s honest friends.Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people.Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely.Moreover,some young women usually keep their favorite pets to show off their wealth.Also children are pleased while playing with pets.They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.On the other hand, the critics decry that pets like dogs are dangerous to people, especially to children.They point out that many people have the experience of being bitten by dogs.But I believe that it is not the responsibility of dogs.Indeed, it is the duty of their owners who deliberately train their dogs to attack people.As for the dirtiness of the dogs, the owners should also take the responsibily, because they are too lazy to give baths to the dogs.To sum up, Pets give us much happiness.I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it.I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.
第二篇:大学基础写作
基 础 写 作
单选10*1分 填空10*1分 简答2*10分
分析发挥(续写结尾“合理出奇”)20分 作文(叙事)40分
第二章 文章构成要素 第一节 材料
材料分为“素材”和“题材”
素材:是指作家、艺术家在创作之前,从社会生活中摄取的、未经选择、提炼加工的原始材料,它具有感性、零碎、分散的特点,是材料积累的第一步,但未经加工不能纳入文章。
题材:则是经过作家、艺术家对素材的选择、提炼加工,写到作品中来,用以表现主题的材料。
材料的选择
一.围绕突出主题材料 二.选择典型材料 三.选择新颖材料 第二节 主题
主题:主题是文章的基本思想,是文章的核心和灵魂。
主题的提炼: 一.深刻 二.创新 三.着眼于时代性
第三节 结构
材料起解决“言之有物”的作用;主题解决“言之有理”;结构则进一步解决“言之有序”。
结构的原则:
一.正确反映事物内在规律 二.服从表现主题的需要 三.适应不同体裁的特点 四.结构要富于变化
段落,是行文最小的意义单位
结尾:
主要表现为“开门见山式”和“导入式”两类。结尾的几种写法
一.总结性结尾,绾结全文,深化主题,形成清晰、完整的印象; 二.启发式结尾,富于哲理,引人深思; 三.鼓舞性结尾,有着激发热情的鼓动力 四.自然式结尾,文章的道理讲完即自然停止。
结构的要求
一.脉络清晰、线索一贯 二.周密严谨 三.曲折变幻 四.疏密互映
第四节 语言
语言文字运用的基本要求和方法 准确、简洁、生动、朴实
第三章 文章的表达方式 第一节 叙述
叙述是写作中最基本、最常用的表达方式
叙述的人称分为“第一人称叙述”和“第三人称叙述”
其中,“第三人称叙述”是全知视角的叙述,它假托一个无所不知、无所不晓的第三者来说话,叙述者的观点不受任何限制,可以突破时间空间的束缚,能够广泛自地反映客观生活。
叙述的基本方法
从叙述的先后安排分:顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙 从叙述的整体和局部关系分:合叙、分叙 从叙述的详略程度分:概叙、细叙
分叙:也叫平叙,是指在同一时间内发生在不同地点的事件进行并列的叙述,俗话“花开两朵,各表一枝”
第二节 描写
描写的方法
依据描写的风格来分:白描和细描
依据描写的角度来分:直接描写(正面描写)和间接描写(侧面描写)
描写的对象 人物: 1.肖像描写 2.行动描写 3.语言描写 4.心理描写:
心里剖析、内心独白、梦境描摹、幻觉描写 第四节 抒情
抒情的方法:
一.直接抒情,就是直叙胸臆 二.间接抒情: 1.通过叙述抒情
2.通过描写抒情(借景抒情,情由景生)3.通过议论抒情
第二节 小说
中国小说源于古代神话
小说的文体特点
一.情节是小说叙述的中心 二.情节是小说叙述最基本的框架 三.具体充分的场景展示是小说的特长 四.灵活多变,手法多样的叙述方式
第三节 诗歌
诗歌的基本特点 一.凝练性
二.跳跃性:结构上具有跳跃性,意境也具有跳跃性 三.音乐性:声律和谐,节奏鲜明
第三篇:大学基础英语写作的主要步骤
大学基础英语写作的主要步骤
大学基础英语写作在真正写起来的时候还是有很多常见难点的,这也难怪很多的学生朋友一直拿不到较高的成绩,关于这类问题,我们就可以到下面的文章中去更多的了解一番。大学基础英语写作的主要步骤都是什么呢?那么下面的文章中也有了一些具体的表述,比如最开始的审题方式,接下来的构思以及最后要删除与主题不相干的内容,这些方面的认知和努力都是十分有必要的,也可以帮助我们拿到高分。
1.第一个就是审题。一般作文都是命题作文,而且多有中文提示或提纲,所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求,理解题目的真正意图。
2.构思好之后,根据大学基础英语写作构思的提纲,运用选好的材料,恰当地运用连词,合理安排段落,使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。
3.要删除与主题不相干的内容,检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写;字母大小写和标点符号;数的一致性(包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性);指代关系(包括指代的一致性和代词的选用);动词形式(时态、语态、语气)等方面。
到底大学基础英语写作的主要步骤都是什么呢?那么在以上的内容中就介绍的十分具体了,相信大家在有了这些保障后,未来的英语水平也会有所改观。同时,对于一些比较常见的段落也会更为合理灵活的运用,相信大家可以做好这些。更多学习资料请见美联英语学习网。
第四篇:英语写作基础(本站推荐)
浅析大学生英语四级写作水平现状及写作策略
【摘要】本文对大学生英语四级写作中出现的问题进行陈述和分析。并遂一提出解决
方法。最后,系统地对提高英语四级写作水平的策略从整体上进行论述。
【关键词】大学英语四级 写作问题 方法
大学英语作文是考查学生英语综合水平和应用能力的一个重要指标,也是大学四级考试中的重要组成部分。英语写作是一项层次较高,难度较大。涉及面较广的综合性语言技能。写作水平如何最能反映出学生的实际英语水平。2007年1月,采用新题型的大学生英语四级(CET_4)考试在全国范围内全面实施。写作(Writing)是新四级题中与完形填空(Cloze)一样均没有变化的一个部分。可见新四级考试依然十分重视学生英语写作能力的考核。以较高的分数通过英语四级考试是每个考生梦寐以求的事,然而如何提高四级作文水平却是广大考生头疼的问题。
一、大学生英语四级写作水平现状
(一)词汇量小
作文是由句子构成的,而句子则是由单词组成的。如果把一篇作文比作高楼,单词则是组成高楼的一块块砖石。砖石的好坏,必然决定了高楼的质量。由于词汇量小,而为了在考试规定的30分钟内完成一篇作文。有些学生不得不“生拼硬凑”。因此造成了用词不当,拼写错误等现象。例如:“婚姻”这个词,有的学生只知道“marry(v.)”,而不知道“married(adj.)”,“marriage(n.)”。这样不分词性地乱用“marry(v.)”必然会出现错误。
要解决学生词汇量小的状况,不是一朝一夕的事情,不能在短时间内改变。学生应该循序渐进,逐步积累。具体来说,学生应该在平时的英语学习过程中增大阅读量。在阅读过程中发现新词汇,积累新词汇。[1]对于新学习的词汇,应当多造句。通过造句,学生能够加深对所学词汇的印象,从而真正理解和掌握词汇。对于已经掌握的单诃,也应该经常复习,防止遗忘。
(二)病句现象严重
在四级阅卷过程中,阅卷老师经常会读到一些令人啼笑皆非的句子。病句的出现自然会影响到作文的分数。导致出现病句的原因是多种多样的:有些学生虽然学习了多年的英语,却依然固守着使用汉语来思考问题的习惯。体现在英语写作中,往往是句子语序颠倒.短语搭配不当等问题。还有些学生由于英语语法知识掌握不牢固。另外有些学 1
生是由于粗心大意,考试中贪图速度而忽略了作文质量等原因。
改掉作文中的病句现象,需要学生和教师的共同努力。学生应该在平时尽可能地多进行作文练习。写周记、日记都是很好的方法。在进行作文练习之后.如果有范文的话,学生可以通过把自己的作文与范文相比较,发现不足,改进缺点;如果没有相对应的范文的话,同学之间也可以采取互相批改,共同探讨的方式来取长补短。同时,教师在教学过程中对一些常用的语法现象应予以仔细深入地讲解,确保学生理解吸收。[2]在作文批改中,教师应对典型病句在课堂上讲解.使其他学生引以为戒。避免犯同样的错误。
(三)对作文题型分析不够透彻
四级作文可分为现象解释型,对比选择型,问题解决型,观点论证型和应用文五种题型。这五类作文题型既是对四级作文的科学分类,又是对四级作文考点的高度概括和总结。有些学生在写作文之前没有对所写作文的类型进行认真地分析,因此没能“对症下药”,导致文不对题,或者有的学生作文内容基本符合题目要求,但是不够精彩,也很难得到高分。四级作文的不同类型要求学生使用不同的写作手法,写作的具体内容也应该有所不同。学生应该具体情况具体分析。了解不同考试作文的具体要求,按照要求进行写作.学生才能写出质量较高的作文。例如:在四级作文中.现象解释型的考试作文要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释,并加以评论。其基本结构是:说明现状;阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因;做出分析,提出建议或总结观点。对比选择型是四级考试写作中常见的题型。[3]要求考生比较两种观点或做法,进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点。问题解决型要求学生从试题的提示性文字或图表人手,解释提示性文字或图表,图画反映的问题,指出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性;然后对问题展开分析,提出解决问题的方案或应对措施;最后一段要求考生表明自己对待这一问题的态度、做法等。观点论证型要求考生根据题目给出论点,按照提纲的结构要求对其进行论证,然后表明自己的立场和看法。通过摆事实,讲道理的方式剖析事物,论述事物,发表意见,确立或否定某一主张。应用文,尤其是信函,也是四级作文涉及的题型之一。在这类题型中,考生会读到一个特定的场景。试题要求考生按照这个特定的场景给相关人士写一封短信,并在信中明确表达自己写信的原因和目的等。只要掌握了英语书信的基本格式。并运用恰当的句式和语句。就一定能写出一篇好的书信。
如果在四级考试中注意改进了以上三点不足的话,学生的作文水平会有很大的提高。如何在四级考试中使作文拿到高分呢?在具体的写作过程中,每个环节都是非常重要的。
二、提高大学生英语四级写作水平的策略
(一)平时训练与积累
1.加强听力训练。通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受,在外语学习中是基础的基础。为提高学生听力,使其获取更多的信息,应加强听力训练,从而为表达打下基础。
2.积累词汇。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料。如果一篇英语文章,有80%的词不认识,怎能理解文章所表达的信息呢?如果要写一个句子,10个词有8个词拼写不出或拼写错误,又怎么能表达自己的思想呢?可见,衡量一个学生英语水平及交际能力的高低,关键看他掌握词汇量的多少。[4]教学大纲规定的词汇是经过科学筛选的,是学生学好英语所需的最基本的词汇。大纲要求学生能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120~150个词的短文,能写短信和便条,达意思清楚、无重大语言错误。为达到大纲要求,提高学生写的能力,要求学生背诵大纲的词汇,从而学生在书面表达中,避免因单词拼写错误而丢分。
(二)解题时注意事项
1.仔细审题,吃透要求。
在作文考试中,审题是至关重要的一步。只有审题正确,才知道能保证作文不偏题,不离题,这是保证作文得高分的前提条件。在审题过程中,对题目所提供的信息一定要认真分析,弄清楚该题目究竟要表达什么,把提供的汉语提示多读几遍,理解透它的要求,并将所规定的内容及要求重新进行整理组织,使其条理化,再以合适的口气、身份从适当的角度进行表达。
2.确定写作方法。
审题正确之后。下一步就是确定写作方法。写作方法是指全文或其中的每一个段落所应采取的表现手法,即议论、说明、叙事。确定正确的写作方法。[5]主要是要正确地判断出作文考试题的类型。
3.合理地进行结构安排。
合理的结构安排,是成功地写出一篇好文章的基础。作文的结构安排主要是段落安排以及主题句、扩展句与结尾句的安排。也就是说要注意句子之间以及段落之间的过渡和衔接。考生在结构安排上应注意段落的完整性、统一性和连贯性。
4.确定主题句。主题句的好坏,直接关系到段落划分是否成功、准确,因此写好主题句非常重要。
5.材料的选择与组织。选择适当的材料可以准确、有力地表述文章中心思想。考生在选择材料时,应尽量选择具有针对性、普遍性、新颖胜、鲜明时代特色的材料。材料的组织也必须结合试题要求,按一定的逻辑顺序组织在一起。[6]组织材料的关键在于找出贯穿文章内容的一条主线。
6.注意书写。考生在注意到作文的各个细节的同时,应该注意自己的书写。字迹潦草、卷面涂改现象过多,都会影响阅卷人对文章的印象。这样的考生即使写作水平再高,也难得高分。
后记
要想在四级考试中作文取得高分,学生平生应该多下功夫,打好基础。写好
一篇作文不仅要有充实的内容.还要有扎实的语言基本功。这就要求学生在日常的学习中努力积累知识.多学多练。同时,教师也要及时地给予指导和
帮助。只有这样,学生的四级作文水平才能真正地有所提高。
参考文献
[1]乔爱铃,张相铭.英语写作技巧[M].青岛出版社,1996
[2]胡春洞.英语学习论[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,1996
[3]何华清,陈文存.大学英语写作中的词汇错误分析[J].西南农业大学学报,2008(6).
[4]邝丽蓉.英汉思维差异和大学英语写作[J].考试周刊.2008(6).
[5]马文惠,文秋芳.大学生英语写作能力的影响因素研究[J].外语教学与研究,1999(4).
[6]彭勤.从语法方面谈大学的英语写作教学[J].内江科技,2007(11).
Analysis of college students English level Four writing status
and writing strategies
Abstract: This paper analyzes college students' English level Four writing appearing in the problem statement and analysis.And then propose solutions.Finally, the system to improve the English level Four writing strategies from the whole paper.Key words:university English level Four, Problems in writing,writing method
第五篇:英语基础写作
《英语基础写作》第一次作业
1.Say something about the occupations of you yourself and your family members.Do you like your job? What about your family member? Why did you and your family member choose the present job or jobs?(30%)
I am working as a part-time English tour guide, as I am currently a university student majoring in English.Both my parents are teachers working in a senior high school in Beijing.I like my current job, though it is an arduous work, as I sometimes I have to work until mid-night.Even so, I never complain about it, as I help so many foreign tourists to understand the culture of China.My parents, of course, like their job, as many of their students have been cultivated and become talents of China.Each year, some of my parents’ students write letters to my parents thanking them for the years’ unselfish help in their learning.My parents, and I have enjoyed so much in whatever we are doing in our jobs, so, there is no reason to quit or change our careers.Don’t you think so?
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