中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (49)

第一篇：中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (49)

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html

50.The Earth's Learning Curve[n.曲线].人类的学习曲线、1.Imagine a chart that begins when man first appeared on the planet and tracks[追踪] the economic growth of societies from then forward.It would be a long, flat line until the late 16th or early 17th century, when it would start trending upward.Before then the fruits of productive[adj.有创造性的] labor were limited to a few elites-princes, merchants and priests[(priest):n.教士,牧For most of humankind life was as the English philosopher[n.师].Thomas Hobbes famously described it in 1651-“solitary[adj.哲学家]

孤单的], poor, nasty[adj.肮脏的], brutish[adj.粗野的], and short[adj.But as Hobbes was writing those words, the world around 浅薄的].” him was changing.Put simply, human beings were getting smarter.1、想象一下，如果从人类首次在地球上出现开始画一条曲线，追踪在此之后人类社会的经济发展轨迹，那么会发现16世纪晚期或17世纪初期之前，是一条长长的没有多少起伏的线条，之后这条线才开始上扬。在此之前，生产劳动的成果限制在少数上层人士-王子、商人和神职人员-手中。大多数人的生活就像英国哲学家托马斯·霍布斯1651年所作的著名描述那样：“孤独、贫穷、肮脏、粗野、浅薄。”但是就在霍布斯写下这些的时候，他周围的世界正在发生改变。简而言之，人类正变得越来越聪明。

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 单词：track＝追踪； productive=生产性的； elite=精英；philosopher=哲学家； nasty＝肮脏的；brutish＝粗野的； short＝浅薄的；

2.People have always sought[(seek):vt.探寻] knowledge, of course, but in Western Europe at that time, men like Galileo[n.伽利略], Newton[n.牛顿] and Descartes[n.笛卡儿] began to search systematically[adv.有系统地] for ways to understand and control their environment.The scientific revolution[n.革命], followed by the Enlightenment[n.启蒙运动], marked a fundamental[a.基本的,根本的] shift[改变].Humans were no longer searching for ways simply to fit into a natural or divine[a.神的] order;they were seeking to change it.Once people found ways to harness[vt.控制] energy-using steam engines-they were able to build machines that harnessed far more power than any human or horse could ever do.And people could work without ever getting tired.The rise of these machines drove the Industrial Revolution, and created a whole new system of life.Today the search for knowledge continues to produce an ongoing[adj.持续不断的] revolution in the health and wealth of humankind.2、当然，人们一直都在探索知识，但是在当时的西欧，像伽利略、牛顿和笛卡尔这样的人开始系统地寻求了解和支配周围环境的方式。科学革命以及随后出现的启蒙运动标志着一次根本性的转变。人大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 类不再只是寻求适应自然法则或神的指示，他们正想方设法改变这一切。人类在找到驾驭能源-使用蒸气机-的方式后，他们便得以制造出机器，而这些机器产生的力量远比任何人或马所产生的力量大。这样一来，人们工作起来就不再觉得累了。这些机器的出现带动了工业革命，创造了一种全新的生活方式。如今，对知识的探寻继续在人类的健康和财富领域带来一场持续不断的革命。

单词：systematically＝有系统地； fundamental＝根本的；shift＝转变； harness＝控制；

3.If the rise of science marks the first great trend in this story, the second is its diffusion[n.传播].What was happening in Britain during the Industrial Revolution was not an isolated[孤phenomenon.A succession[n.连续] of visitors to Britain would 立的]

go back to report to their countries on the technological and commercial innovations[(innovation):n.创新]

they saw there.Sometimes societies were able to learn extremely[adv.极其；非常] fast, as in the United States.Others, like Germany, benefited from starting late , leapfrogging[跳过] the long-drawn-out[持续很久的] process that Britain went through.3、如果科学的兴起是这一历程中第一个伟大的动向，那么第二个伟大的动向就是科学的传播。工业革命期间英国发生的一切并不是孤立的现象。接连不断的到访英国的人回国后描述了他们在那里看到的科技和商业上的创新。有时，某些社会能够以极快的速度学习，正大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 如美国那样。另外一些社会-比如德国-因起步晚而受益，因为它们越过了英国所经历的漫长过程。

单词：diffusion＝传播；isolate＝使孤立； succession＝连续； innovation＝创新； extremely＝非常；

4.This diffusion[n.传播] of knowledge accelerated[加快] dramatically[adv.戏剧地] in recent decades[十年].Over the last 30 years we have watched countries like Japan, Singapore, South Korea and now China grow at a pace that is three times that of Britain or the United States at the peak of the Industrial Revolution.They have been able to do this because of their energies and exertions[(exertion):n.努力,], of course, but also because they cleverly and perhaps luckily adopted[(adopt):v.采纳,采取] certain ideas about development that had worked in the West-reasonably free markets, open trade, a focus on science and technology, among them.4、近几十年来，知识的传播速度大大加快。在最近30年里，我们目睹了日本、新加坡、韩国以及当今中国取得的飞速发展，其发展速度是英国或美国在工业革命巅峰时发展速度的3倍。它们之所以能够做到这一点，当然是由于它们的能力与努力，不过也是由于它们明智地而且可能也是幸运地采纳了在西方行之有效的一些关于发展的理念-其中包括相当自由的市场、开放的贸易和对科技的关注。

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 单词：accelerate＝加快； dramatically＝显著地； decade＝十年，adopt＝采纳；

5.The diffusion[n.传播] of knowledge is the dominant[adj.主导的] trend of our time and goes well beyond the purely scientific.Consider the cases of Turkey[土耳其] and Brazil[n.巴西].If you had asked an economist[n.经济学家] 20 years ago how to think about these two countries, he would have explained that they were classic basket-case[n.身残], Third World economies, with triple-digit inflation[n.通货膨胀], soaring[(soar):v.升腾,高涨] debt burdens, a weak private sector[私营成分] and snail's-pace growth.Today they are both remarkably[adv.显著地] well managed, with inflation in single digits[(digit):n.数字] and growth above 5 percent.And this shift is happening around the world.From Thailand to South Africa to Slovakia[斯洛伐克] to Mexico, countries are far better managed economically than they have ever been.Even in cases where political constraints[(constraint):n.限制] make it difficult to push far-reaching[a.深远的]

reforms[(reform):改革], as in Brazil, Mexico or India, governments still manage their affairs sensibly[ad.聪

明

地

], observing[(observe):v.遵守] the Hippocratic[希波克拉底] oath[n.誓言] not to do any harm.5、知识的传播是我们这个时代的主流，而且远远超越了单纯的大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 科技领域。想想土耳其和巴西的情况。如果你在20年前问一名经济学家如何看待这两个国家，他会说它们是典型的濒临崩溃的国家，第三世界经济体，通货膨胀率达到3位数，债台高筑，经济中的私营部分薄弱，增长速度极为缓慢。如今，它们全都管理有方，通货膨胀率降至1位数，经济增长率则达到了5％以上。而且这种改变在世界各地都在发生。从泰国、南非、斯洛伐克到墨西哥，各国在经济方面的表现远比过去要好。就连像巴西、墨西哥及印度这样的因政治限制难以推行全面改革的国家，政府仍然能够明智地处理事务，恪守着不做任何有害之事的希波克拉底誓。

单词：dominant＝占统治地位的； remarkably＝不同寻常地； inflation＝通货膨胀； constraint＝限制； reform＝改革； sensibly＝聪明地； observe＝遵守；

6.We are sometimes reluctant[a.不情愿的] to believe in progress.But the evidence is unmistakable.The management of major economies has gotten markedly[adv.显著地] better in the last few years.Careful monetary[adj.货币的] policy has tempered the boom-and-bust[n.经济繁荣与萧条] economic cycles of the industrial world, producing milder[缓和的] recessions[(recession):n.衰退,不景气] and fewer shocks[冲击].Every day one reads of a new study comparing nations in everything from Internet penetration[n.渗透] to inflation[n.通货膨胀].All these studies and lists are symbols[标志] of a learning process that is accelerating[v.加快], 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html reinforcing[(reinforce):v.增强,加强] the lessons[教训] of success and failure.Call it a best-practice world.6、我们有时不愿相信取得了进步。但是证据是确凿的。一些重要的经济体在过去几年里管理水平明显提高。谨慎的货币政策缓和了工业世界经济繁荣与萧条循环交替的局面，让经济衰退显得较为和缓，造成较少的冲击。每天，人们都会读到对比各国状况的新的研究结果，对比内容涉及方方面面，从因特网的普及程度到通货膨胀率的高低。这些研究和罗列标志着一种不断加速的学习过程，强化了成功的经验和失败的教训。这是一个崇尚最佳实践方法的世界。单词：reluctant＝不情愿的；markedly＝显著地； monetary＝货币的； mild＝温和的； recession＝衰退； reinforce＝加强；lesson＝经验，教训；

7.I realize that the world I am describing is the world of the winners.There are billions of people, locked outside global markets, whose lives are still accurately described by Hobbes's cruel[adj.残酷的] phrase.But even here, there is change.The recognition[n.认识] of global inequalities[不平等] is more marked[明显的] today than ever before, and this learning is forcing action.There is more money being spent on vaccines[(vaccine):n.疫苗] and cures[治疗] for diseases in Africa and Asia today than ever before in history.Foreign-aid programs face constant[adj.不断的] scrutiny[n.审查] and analysis[n.分析].大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html When things don't work, we learn that, too, and it puts a focus either on the aid program or on local governments to improve.7、我意识到我在描述的这个世界是属于胜利者的世界。还有数以十亿计的人们被挡在全球市场的大门之外，霍布斯的那些残酷用语仍然可以准确地描述他们的生活。但是就连在这样的地方也出现了变化。如今，人们比过去更加清楚地认识到全球不平等状况，而且这种认识正在促使人们采取行动。如今，用在非洲与亚洲注射疫苗和治愈一些疾病上的钱比以往任何时候都要多。外国援助计划经常受到仔细审查与分析。如果采取的措施没有发挥作用，我们会了解到这一点，这让援助计划和地方政府都成为关注的焦点，从而促使它们不断改进。

单词：cruel＝残酷的； recognition＝意识到； inequality＝不平等； constant＝经常的； scrutiny＝审查；analysis＝分析；

8.This may sound overly optimistic[adj.乐观的].There are losers in every race, but let not the worries over who is winning and losing the knowledge race obscure[掩盖] the more powerful underlying[重要的] dynamic[态势]: knowledge is liberating[释放].It creates the possibility for change and improvement everywhere.It can create amazing[a.令人惊异的] devices[(device):n.设备] and techniques[技术], save lives, improve living standards and spread[vt.传播] information.Some will do well on one measure, others on another.But on the whole, a knowledge-based world will 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html be a healthier and richer world.8、这听起来可能过于乐观了。每场竞赛都有输家，但是不要让对于这场知识竞赛中谁输谁赢的担忧掩盖更为重要的根本态势：知识正在释放出来。它可以创造出令人惊叹的设备和技术，拯救生命，改善生活水准，传播信息。有些知识会在这个方面有效，另外一些知识在别的方面有效。不过总体说来，以知识为基础的世界会是一个更为兴旺和富足的世界。

单词：optimistic＝乐观的； obscure＝掩盖； underlying＝重要的； dynamic＝态势: liberate＝释放；create=创造； amazing＝令人惊异的；

9.The caveat[警告] I would make is not about one or another country's paucity[n.缺乏] of engineers or computers.These problems can be solved.But knowledge is not the same thing as wisdom.Knowledge can produce equally powerful ways to destroy life, intentionally[adv.有意地] and unintentionally[adj.无意地].It can produce hate and seek destruction[n.毁灭].Knowledge does not by itself bring any answer to the ancient Greek question “What is a Good Life?” It does not produce good sense, courage, generosity[n.慷慨大方]

and tolerance[n.宽容].And most crucially[(crucial):adj.至关重要的], it does not produce the farsightedness[n.远见] that will allow us all to live together-and grow together-on this world without causing war, chaos[n.混乱] and 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html catastrophe[n.灾难].For that we need wisdom.9、我想给出的告诫不是这个或那个国家缺少工程师或计算机。这样的问题能够解决。但是知识与智慧不是一回事。知识同样能够产生毁灭人类的强大手段，不管这种做法是蓄意的还是无意的。它能产生仇恨，让人们想方设法实施毁灭行为。知识本身并不能回答那个古老的希腊问题：“什么样的生活是好的生活?”它不能产生明智、勇气、慷慨和宽容。最重要的是，它不能产生可以让我们在这个世界上不引发战争、混乱和灾难而共同生活-共同发展-的远见。要想做到这一点，我们需要智慧。

单词：caveat＝告诫；paucity＝缺乏； intentionally＝有意地； unintentionally＝非故意的.destruction＝毁灭； generosity＝慷慨；tolerance＝宽容.crucially＝至关重要的； chaos＝混乱； catastrophe＝灾难；

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html

第二篇：中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课(39)

40.Petroleum Geology[n.地质学] and Other Sciences.石油地质学与其它科学、1.Petroleum geology is the application[n.应用] of geology(the study of rocks)to the exploration[n.勘探] for and production of oil and gas.Geology itself is firmly[adv.牢牢地] based on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving[包括] the application[n.应用] of essentially[基本的] abstract[adj.抽象的] concepts to observed[观察] data.In the past these data[n.数据] were basically[adv.基本上] observation[n.观察] and subjective[adj.主观的], but they are now increasingly[adv.越来越…] physical[a.物理学的] and chemical, and therefore more objective[adj.客观的].Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still rely on value judgements[(judgement):n.判断] based on experience and an assessment[n.评估] of validity[n.有效,效力;正确] among the data presented.1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学，仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。分析：base on＝建立在…基础上；

in general＝大体上；

in particular＝特别； 单词：geology＝地质学；application＝应用； exploration＝勘探； physics＝物理学； essentially＝必要的； abstract＝抽象的； basically＝基本上； observation＝观察；subjective＝主观的； objective＝客观的； judgement＝判断； assessment＝评估；validity＝有效；

2.The application[n.应用] of chemistry to the study of rocks(geochemistry[n.地球化学])has many uses in petroleum geology.Detailed[详细的] knowledge of the mineralogical[a.矿物学的] composition[构成] of rocks is important at many levels[方面].In the early stages of exploration[n.勘探] certain general conclusions[(conclusion):n.结论] as to the distribution[n.分布] and quality of potential[n.潜在性] reservoir[n.储层] could be made from their gross[adj.总的] lithology[n.岩性].For example, the porosity[n.孔隙度] of sandstones[n.沙岩] tends to be facies[n.相] related[(relate):vi.有关；涉及], whereas[而] in carbonate[n.碳酸盐] rocks this is generally not so.Detailed[详细的] knowledge of the mineralogy[n.矿物学] of reservoirs[n.储层] enables[(enable):v.使能够] estimates[估计] to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity[n.孔隙度] during burial[n.埋葬], and this detailed mineralogical[a.矿物学的] information[n.信息] is essential[adj.必要的] for the accurate[a.精确的] interpretation[n.解释] of geophysical[a.地球物理学的] well logs[测井] through reservoirs[n.储层].Knowledge of the chemistry of pore[n.孔隙] fluids[(fluid):n.液体] and their effect on the stability[n.稳定性] of minerals[矿物质] can be used to predict[v.预言] where porosity[n.孔隙度] may be destroyed by cementation[n.胶结], preserved[(preserve):v.保存] in its original[adj.起初的] form, or enhanced[(enhance):v.提高] by solution[n.溶解] of minerals[矿物质] by formation waters.[n.地层水]

2、化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细资料在许多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量我们可以从总的岩性得出某些通用的结论。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与相有关，而一般在碳酸盐岩中则并非如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在埋藏过程中孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用而提高。单词：detailed=详细的； composition＝构成； exploration＝勘探； distribution＝分布； quality＝质量； potential＝潜在性； enable＝使能够； estimate＝评估； essential＝必要的； accurate＝准确的；interpretation＝解释;predict＝预言； enhance＝提高；

3.Organic[a.有机的] chemistry is involved both in the analysis[n.分析] of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis[成岩作用] of the plant and animal tissues[组织] in sediments[n.沉淀物] and the way in which the resultant[a.必然产生的] organic[a.有机的] compound[n.化合物], kerogen[干酪根], generates[生成] petroleum.3、有机化学则可应用于分析原油和天然气，研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作用，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物，揭示由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。单词：be involved in＝被涉及； analysis＝分析；generate生成；

4.The application of physics to the study of rocks(geophysics[n.地球物理学])is very important in petroleum geology[n.地质学].In its broadest[广泛的 ] application[n.应用] geophysics[n.地球物理学] makes a major contribution[n.贡献] to understanding the earth's crust[n.外壳] and, especially through the application[n.应用] of modern plate tectonic[a.构造的] theory[n.理论], the genesis[n.产生] and petroleum potential[n.潜在性] of sedimentary[a.沉积的] basins[盆地].More specially, physical[a.物理学的] concepts are required to understand folds[褶皱], faults[断层], and diapirs[底辟], and hence[因此] their roles in petroleum entrapment[圈闭].4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的广泛应用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因和潜在石油资源作出了重要贡献。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。单词：application＝应用；physics＝物理学； contribution ＝贡献； theory＝理论； potential＝潜在的； require＝需要；

5.Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable[不能想象的] without the aid of magnetism[n.地磁], gravity[n.重力], and seismic[adj.地震的] surveys in finding potential[潜在的] petroleum traps[圈闭].Nor could any finds be evaluated[(evaluate):v.评价] effectively[有效地] without geophysical[a.地球物理学的] wireline[电缆] well logs[测井] to measure[测量] the lithology[n.岩性], porosity[n.孔隙度], and petroleum content[含量] of a reservoir[n.储层].5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和地震勘探，是不可想象的。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。

单词：unthinkable＝不能想象的； evaluate＝评估； effectively＝有效地；

6.Biology[n.生物学] is applied[应用] to geology in several ways, notably[adv.显著地] through the study of fossils[化石 ](paleontology[n.古生物学]), and is especially significant[adj.重要的] in establishing[建立] biostratigraphic[生物地层的] zones[n.地带] for regional[adj.区域的] stratigraphical[地层学的] correlation[n.对比].The shift[v.移动] in emphasis[n.重点] from the use of macrofossils[:大化石] to microfossils[n.微化石] for zonation[划带], caused by oil exploration[n.勘探], has already been noted.Ecology[n.生态学], the study of the relationship between living organisms[有机体] and their environment, is also important in petroleum geology.Carbonate[n.碳酸盐] sediments[(sediment):n.沉积物], in general[adj.大体的], and reefs[(reef):n.礁], in particular, can only be studied profitably[ad.有利地,] with the aid of a detailed[详细的] knowledge of the ecology[n.生态] of modern marine[adj.海洋的] fauna[n.动物群] and flora[n。植物群].Biology, and especially biochemistry[n.生物化学], is important in studying the transformation[n.转化] of plant and animal tissues[组织] into kerogen[干酪根] during burial[n.埋藏] and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation[n.转化].6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于地质学。较为明显的是用于化石研究(古生物学)，同时，生物学对区域地层对比和建立生物层序地层带具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘探引起的划带重点化石已经显然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成果。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成石油和天然气的研究很重要。

单词：significant＝重要的；establish＝建立； profitably＝有利地； transformation＝转变

7.Geologists[(geologist):n.地质学家], in contrast to some nongeologists, believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and, furthermore[adv.此外], often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration[n.勘探] are synonyms[(synonym):n.同义词], which they are not.Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation[n.变化] of organic[a.有体的] matter in sediments[n.沉积物] have already been noted and are examined[证实] in more detail.If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration[n.迁移] are not accepted, then present exploration[n.探索] methods would need extensive[a.大量的] modification[n.修改].7、地质学家相对于非地质学家来说，更相信了解地质概念有助于寻找石油。而且，常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词，而实际上并非如此。石油并不是由沉积物中的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上得以证实。如果石油地质学者关于油气生成和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改变。分析：in contrast to＝和...形成对比；

单词：extensive＝大量的； modification＝修改

8.Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit[vt.承认] to a need for geologists[(geologist):n.地质学家] to aid them in their search.In 1982 a successful oil finder from Midland[米德兰], Texas[n.德克萨斯州], admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors[(competitor):n.竞争者] hired[(hire):vt.雇用] them, all it did was to increase their costs per barrel[n.桶] of oil found.The South African State Oil Company(SOEKOR)is under a statutory[a.法定的] obligation[n.责任] imposed[施加] by its government to put to the test every claim[v.声称] to an oil-finding method, be it a dowsing[(dowse):v.探寻水源] or some sophisticated[adj.复杂的] scientific technique.These examples are not isolated[孤立的] cases, and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random[a.任意的] drilling than by the appliance[n.应用] of scientific principles[原理].8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承认在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位德州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣了地质学家，结果只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行规定下，对每种发现石油的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是独一无二的，它说明寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探，而不是应用科学原理。

第三篇：中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (20)

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 21.The art of public Speaking.公共演讲的艺术 已经出过阅读理解，复习时以语法为主。

1.The need for effective[adj.有效的] public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime[adv.将来某个时候,过去某个时间] in your life.When it does, you want to be ready.But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from studying public speaking.Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing[(organize):vt.组织] your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully[技巧的].The training is invaluable[adj.communication[n.交流，交际].非常宝贵的]

for every type of

1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎必定需要做某种有影响力的公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的。

分析：；effective有效地，efficient效率高的；

sometime某个时候，some time 一些时间，sometimes有时候，some times一些次数； even if =即使； present V.介绍，赠给，展现，a.出席的，到场的； invaluable=priceless 无价的，非常宝贵的，valueless=worthless没有价值的；

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 单词：effective= 有效的； sometime=某一时刻； gain=获得； topic=主题；organiz=组织； present=表现； skillfully=技巧地；invaluable=无价之宝； communication=交流

2.There are many similarities[(similarity):n.相似,类似] between public speaking and daily conversation[n.谈话；交谈].The three major[a.主要的] goals of speaking-to inform[vt.传达], to persuade[vt.说服；to entertain[娱乐]-are also the three major 劝说], goals of everyday conversation.In conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ[vt.使用] a wide range[n.一系列] of skills[(skill):n.技能；技巧].You organize[vt.组织] your ideas logically[符合逻辑的].You tailor[vt.修改] your message to your audience[n.听众].You tell a story for maximum[最大量(的)] impact[n.You adapt[v.使适应,使适合]影响].to feedback[n.回授,反馈] from your listener.These are among the most important skills[(skill):n.技能；技巧] you will need for public speaking.2、在公开演讲和日常交谈之间有许多类似的东西。演说的三个主要目的是：传达、说服、吸引，这些也是日常交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中，你已经不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有条理地组织你的观点，你根据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这些是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。

分析：adapt to＝适应，adopt收养，采纳；

employ雇用, employer 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 雇主，employee雇员；

单词：similarity＝类似；daily＝日常的； conversation＝交谈； inform＝传达；persuade＝说服；entertain＝吸引； conversation＝交谈； employ＝使用； skill＝技巧；organize＝组织；logically＝逻辑；tailor＝修改； audience＝听众；maximum＝最大限度；impact＝效果； feedback＝反馈；

3.Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation.First, public speaking is more highly structured[(structure):v.结构

]

than conversation.It usually imposes[(impose):v.强加] strict time limitations[(limitation):n.限制] on the speaker, and it requires[(require):vt.需要；要求] more detailed[详细的] preparation[n.准备] than does ordinary[adj.普通的] conversation.Second, speechmaking requires more formal language.Listeners react negatively[(negative):a.消极的]

to speeches loaded[装载] with slang[n.俚语], jargon[n.行话], and bad grammar.Third, public speaking demands[(demand):vt.要求]

a different method[n.方法，of delivery[n.演讲风格].Effective[adj.办法]

有效的] speakers adjust[v.调整]

their voices to the larger audience[n.听众] and work at avoiding[(avoid):v.避免] distracting[分散] physical[a.身体的]

mannerism[n.特殊习惯] and verbal[adj.口头的]

habits[(habit):n.习惯；习性].3、当然，公开演说不同于交谈。首先，公开演讲比交谈要有更大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 高的组织结构性。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制，故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备。其次，公开演说需要使用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三，公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对大量的观众，力求避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作，力求避免习惯性口头语。

分析：impose on把…加于； adjust to调整，调节； 单词：structure＝结构； impose＝强加； limitation＝限制；require＝需要；detailed＝详细的；preparation ＝准备；ordinary＝普通； formal＝正式； negatively＝消极； slang＝俚语；jargon＝行话； demand＝需要； delivery＝说话方式；effective＝有效的； avoid＝避免；distract＝转移； mannerism＝特殊习惯；verbal=口头的；

4.One of the major concerns[(concern):n.忧虑,焦虑] of students in any speech class is stage[n.舞台] fright[n.惊恐].Actually, most successful speakers are nervous before making a speech.Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence[n.信心] and make your nervousness[(nervous):神经过敏]

work for you rather than against you.You will take a big step toward overcoming[(overcome):v.战胜,克服] stage[n.舞台] fright[n.惊恐] if you think positively[(positive):adj.积极的], choose speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly[adv.完全地]，and 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html concentrate[v.集中] on communicating[交流] with your audience[n.听众].Like many students over the years, you too can develop confidence[n.信心] in your speechmaking abilities[(ability):n.能力].4、在任何一个演讲教室里，学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台。事实上，最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会，让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你。如果你能这样积极地考虑，你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步：选择你真正关心的演讲主题，充分地准备，集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同过去的许多同学一样，你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心。

单词：major＝主要； concern＝关心； stage fright＝怯场；actually＝事实上； nervous＝紧张的； confidence＝信心； nervousness ＝神经过敏； overcome＝克服； positively＝积极地； thoroughly＝十分地；concentrate on＝集中； audience＝听众； ability＝能力.5.The speech communication process[n.步骤] as a whole includes[(include):vt.包含；包括] seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback[n.反馈,], interference[n.干扰], and situation[n.形势；情况].The speaker is the person who initiates[(initiate):v.开始,发起] a speech transaction[n.事务].Whatever[无论什么] the speaker communicates[传达] is the message, which is sent by means of a particular[adj.特殊的；特别的] channel.大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html The listener receives the communicated message and may provide[vt.提供] feedback[n.反馈] to the speaker.Interference[n.干扰] is anything that impedes[(impede):v.妨碍] the communication of a message, and the situation[n.形势；情况] is the time and place in which speech[n.演讲] communication[n.交流，交际] occurs[(occur):vi.The interaction[n.相互作用] of these seven elements[(element):n.发生].要素,基本构成部分] is what determines[(determine):决定；决心] the outcome[n.结果,效果] in any instance[n.例子,事例] of speech communication.5、语言交流的过程，整体而言包括七个要素：演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息，它必经某种特定沟通途径传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息，并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍信息沟通的任何事物，而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用决定任何情况下演说交流的效果。

分析：by means of用，依靠； anything that(定语从句的用法)； 单词：process＝过程； include＝包括；element＝要素； channel＝渠道；feedback＝反馈；interference＝干扰；situation＝现场情形； initiate＝ 发起；transaction＝事件； communicate＝沟通；impede＝阻止； occur＝发生；interaction＝相互作用； element＝要素； determine＝决定； instance＝实例

6.Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html it heavy

ethical[adj.道德的]

responsibilities[(responsibility):n.责任].Ethical[adj.道德的] speakers use sound means to achieve[vt.完成；达到] sound goals.They do this by being well informed[(inform):vt.告诉，about their subjects by being honest[adj.诚实的；正直的] in 通知]

what they say, by using sound[正确的] evidence[n.证据], and by employing[(employ):vt.使用] valid[a.有效的;正当的] reasoning[推理].6、因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着很重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的论据、以及通过正确的评论做这件事。

单词：ethical＝道德 ；responsibility＝责任； achieve＝达到； evidence＝证据；valid＝正确的；

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html

第四篇：中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (54)

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 55.Why Antarctica[n.南极洲] Is Being Explored.为什么要勘探南极洲、1.When the United States was born, the continent[n.大陆；大洲] of Antarctica[n.南极洲] was as remote[adj.遥远的] as the moon-more so, in a way, because the moon was clearly visible[a.看得见的] and the very existence[n.存在] of Antarctica was uncertain[adj.不确定的].But now that remote land area is so attainable[adj.可达到的] and so important that it has become the subject of an international treaty[n.条约] which protects it from national rivalries[(rivalry):n.竞争] yet leaves it open to all for exploration and use.The pact[条约] arranging this is even being viewed as a model applicable[a.能应用的] to the moon and other celestial[adj.天体的] bodies.1、在美国诞生之时，对人们来说南极洲就像月球一样遥远-从某种角度说，甚至更远，因为月亮清楚可见，而南极大陆是否真实存在还无法确定。但是今天，这块遥远的陆地已变得如此触之可及并且如此重要，以致它已受到一个国际公约的保护，使其免于成为国家间竞相抢夺的对象，而是对所有国家开放，供大家共同开发和利用。这个公约甚至被视为一个范本，适用于月球和其他天体的开发。单词：remote＝遥远的；visible＝看得见的； existence＝存在； attainable＝可达到的； treaty=条约;rivalry＝竞争； exploration＝勘探； applicable＝可适用的;大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html

2.Yet many people, thinking of the distant[遥远的] continent only as a bleak[a.荒凉的], rocky, cold and inhospitable[a.不适居住的] land mass, may wonder: Why all the fuss[n.小题大做]? Why protect something so unpromising[a.没有前途的]?

2、至今仍有很多人认为这块遥远的大陆仅仅是一大片荒凉、寒冷、岩石林立、根本无法居住的土地。他们可能很奇怪：为什么如此小题大做?为什么要保护这样一块毫无前途的土地? 单词：distant＝远的； bleak＝荒凉的； inhospitable＝不适于居住的； fuss=小题大做； unpromising＝无前途的；

3.The answer lies in a number of factors, not the least of which is isolation[n.与世隔绝] itself.Antarctica[n.南极洲] is a very large area of the earth's surface, but-until recent years-was the least studied.More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.3、这些问题的答案由许多因素所决定，并不仅仅是这块大陆本身与世隔绝这么简单。南极洲是地球表面上一块巨大的土地，但是，直到近年，人类的研究都很少涉及于此。更多地了解南极洲对全人类来说都非常重要。

单词：isolation＝与世隔绝；

4.A look at a globe[地球仪] is perhaps the best way to appreciate the significance[n.重要性] of this peculiar[adj.奇特的] continent.The globe shows that the entire southern hemisphere[n.大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 半球] is preponderantly[(preponderant):占有优势的] water-the widest parts of the Atlantic and Pacific, the unbroken[a.连续的] sweep of Antarctic[a.南极的] seas circling the world.Although much of South America, parts of Africa and all of Australia lie south of the equator[n.赤道], most of the world's land lies north of the line.4、仔细观察地球仪也许能帮助我们了解这个神奇大陆的重要性。地球仪显示，水在整个南半球占绝对优势-包括大西洋和太平洋最广阔的部分以及环抱地球的南极海洋。尽管绝大部分南美洲、部分非洲以及整个澳洲位于赤道以南，但地球上的大部分陆地还是分布在赤道以北。

单词：globe＝地球仪 ； significance＝重要性;peculiar＝奇特的；＝unbroken＝连续的； equator 赤道；

5.Antarctica[n.南极洲] stood in splendid[adj.壮丽的]-even awesome[adj.令人敬畏的]-isolation from the rest of the world for countless years.Its forbidding[令人难以亲近的] climate and wild[adj.狂野的] seas prevented the migration[n.迁徙] and development of land animals such as the Arctic[a.北极的] regions know.On the continent itself are a few insects, some lichens[地衣] and mosses[苔藓], but nothing else that is land supported.However, there are amphibious[a.两栖的] penguins[企鹅] and seals[海豹] and a rich marine[adj.海洋的] life, ranging from the minute 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html organisms[生物] called plankton[n.浮游生物] to the biggest creature the world has ever known, the blue whale[n.鲸].5、南极洲的壮丽引人敬畏，在无数的岁月里，它就这样孤独傲立于世界。和人们已熟知的北极区域一样，它那令人难以亲近的气候和狂野的海浪使得陆地动物无法迁移至此和繁衍。依附于南极洲陆地生存的只有很少的一些昆虫、地衣和苔藓。然而，这里却有着两栖的企鹅和海豹以及丰富的海洋生命-包括从被称为浮游生物的微小生物，直到迄今所知世界上最大的动物蓝鲸。

分析：migrate：指人“迁居，迁移”，指鸟“迁徙” emigrate：移居(出境)，immigrate：移居(入境)单词：splendid＝壮丽的； awesome＝令人敬畏的； forbidding＝令人难亲近的； migration＝迁徙；

6.The Antarctica[n.南极洲] treaty[n.条约] applies to all areas(the high seas excepted)below latitude[n.纬度] 60 degrees south.This line, running around the globe some 2,000 miles from the South Pole itself, just misses the lower tip of South America, and is well below the Cape of Good Hope[好望角] and New Zealand.There are a number of small islands between this line and the Antarctic continent, but the waters here are known to mariners[水手] as “the screaming[尖叫] Sixties” because there is so little obstruction[n.障碍物] to the world-circling winds.6、《南极洲公约》适用于除公海以外位于南纬60度以南的所有区大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 域。南纬60度线距南极点大约2000英里，它环绕地球，刚好错过南美洲的最南端，远在好望角和新西兰之南。该线和南极洲之间分布着一些小岛，但是，这里的海域被水手们称为“狂啸的60度”，因为这里障碍物很少，阻挡不了“世界环风”。

单词：treaty＝条约;latitude＝纬度;scream尖叫； obstruction＝障碍物；

7.In contrast, in the northern hemisphere[n.半球], the lands lying above the sixtieth parallel[平行线] of latitude[n.纬度] include much of Scandinavia[斯堪的纳维亚], Siberia[n.西伯利亚] and Alaska[n.阿拉斯加], all of Greenland[n.格陵兰] and Iceland, with a total population of several million.Great mountains help subdue[v.减弱，缓和] the winds;a spur[刺激] of the Gulf Stream[湾流] and part of the Japan Current temper[缓和] the frigid[adj.airs of this polar[极地的] region.This, and the presence[存寒冷的]

of the Arctic Ocean in the center of the great land mass, give 在]

the area a markedly[adv.显著地] different conformation[n.构造] and climate from that around the opposite pole.7、与之相对的北半球，北纬60度平行线以北区域，包括斯堪的纳维亚半岛、西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的大部分地区，以及格陵兰岛和冰岛的全部，人口总数几百万。高山阻碍了风的前进；墨西哥湾流和部分日本洋流使这里的极地寒冷空气有所缓和；再加上北冰洋又处在大块陆地的中央。这一切使得这块区域相对于地球另一端来说，在构架大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 和气候方面存在显著的不同。

单词：parallel＝平行线； subdue＝减弱；spur＝刺激(物)； temper＝缓和； frigid＝寒冷的；

8.Antarctica[n.南极洲] seems a vast basin of rock, filled and overflowing[(overflow):v.充满] with a load of ice.In the heart of the continent it is almost as high as the summits[(summit):最高点] of the Alps[n.阿尔卑斯山], yet soundings[(sounding):探测] show that in places that rock floor is below sea level.8、南极洲看似一个巨大的石盆，被冰所覆盖。大陆的中心几乎与阿尔卑斯山等高，然而，超声探测显示，岩石底部的许多地点都低于海平面。

单词：overflow=充满；

9.Actually, the ice accumulation[堆积物] is less than it was perhaps 1,000 years ago.Its seaward flow is not so voluminous[adj.容量大] as it once was, and as a result there are patches of bare[adj.赤裸的] rock here and there along the coast and inland.They were scoured[冲刷] clear of soil ages ago, but one may sometimes find moss[n.地衣] or lichens[地衣] growing, though virtually[ad.实际上] no flowering plants.9、事实上，与1000年前相比，这些冰的堆积物减少了许多，尤其是朝向大海的一面已经不像以前那么多了，在海岸边和陆地上留下一片片裸露的岩石。很多年前这里的土壤已经被冲刷干净，实际上已大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 找不到开花植物的踪影，但有时还能发现地衣和苔藓。

单词：accumulation堆积物； bare＝赤裸的； virtually＝实际上；

10.In all this barrenness[贫瘠] and cold, what is there of value? First, Antarctica[n.南极洲] is bound[一定的] to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents.Coal-much of it of poor quality-has been found at many points along the 2,000 mile mountain system known as the Great Antarctic Horst[南极大地垒].A writer has found a small deposit[矿藏] of manganese[n.锰] ore[矿石] and rock specimens[标本,样品] flecked[a.有斑点的] with uranium[n.铀] or stained[(stain):vt.染色] green by copper[铜].These finds are important only as indications[表明] that further exploration would be worthwhile, and such a systematic[adj.有系统的] effort has begun under SCAR[南极洲研究特别(the Special Committee on Antarctic Research).This group 委员会]

is an outgrowth[分支] of the International Geophysical Year(I.G.Y.);but its program has broadened[(broaden):v.扩展] from geophysics[n.地球物理学] to include mapping and biology.10、这样一个空旷寒冷的地方，到底有什么价值?首先，南极洲的地下一定有能与其它几个主要大陆相媲美的矿产资源。在被称为南极大地垒的山脉附近，沿线2000英里范围内已有多处找到了煤，尽管大多数质量很差。一名作家还发现了一个不大的锰矿堆积体和一些粘染有铀痕迹或者带着铜绿斑痕的矿石标本。这些发现的重要性在于它大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 表明在这一地区进行深入的勘探是很有价值的，并且在“南极洲研究特别委员会(SCAR)”的指导下，系统的工作已经开始了。这个组织是国际地球物理学年会(LGY)的一个派生机构，但是它的项目已经从地球物理学拓展到地图测绘和生物学。

单词：specimen＝标本； indication＝表明；broaden＝扩展；

11.There are other possible economic values.Several intercontinental[a.洲际的] air routes lie across portions[部分] of Antarctica.Strange antibiotics[(antibiotic):n.抗生素] have been found in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas;the Russians are reported to be carrying in live herring[鲱鱼] to be dumped[(dump):v.倾倒] overboard[ad.自船上落下] in an attempt at sea “farming.”

11、除此之外还有其他的经济价值。有数条洲际航线经过南极上空；在南极海洋的浮游植物里已发现了一些前所未知的抗生素；据报道，俄国人要将鲱鱼苗倒进海洋，尝试在南极“放养”。单词：intercontinental＝洲际的； portion＝部分；

12.But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in other lines of research-from the common cold to problems of outer space.The former is under scrutiny[n.详细的检查] at a biological[adj.生物学的] laboratory at McMurdo Sound, where clues[线索] to certain viruses[病毒] are being sought[(seek)探寻] in the study of epidemics[(epidemic):n.流行病]

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html among the utterly[adv.完全地] isolated[与世隔绝的] members of scientific parties.12、但是，就近期看来，南极洲的重要价值却存在于其他的研究领域：从普通的感冒到外层空间的问题。对于感冒的研究已经在位于麦克默多湾(McMurdo Sound)的生物学实验室里紧锣密鼓地进行，一群完全与外界隔绝的科学组织的人员正从流行病学的角度寻找一些特殊的病毒。

单词：scrutiny＝详细的研究； virus＝病毒； utterly＝完全地；isolated ＝与世隔绝的；

13.Investigations[调查研究] of the weather's origins[起源] and patterns are being pressed.There is no question that Antarctica plays an important role in the weather that affects[影响] the destinies[(destiny):n.命运]

of those living south of the equator[n.赤道];some believe its effects are felt in the north as well.13、对于气候的形成和模式的研究也正在加速进行。毫无疑问，在气候方面南极洲扮演着一个重要的角色，与生活在赤道以南的人们息息相关；甚至有人认为它的影响也同样波及到了北半球。单词：investigation＝调查，研究； origin＝起源； affect＝影响； destiny=命运；

14.As to space research, there is no place on earth better suited than the South Pole for certain kinds of observation[观大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 察].Here is a firmly[adv.稳固的] fixed point, in contrast to the drifting floes[(floe):n.大浮冰] that cover the North Pole;from it all directions are north, and during the six months of darkness the stars circle around a point directly overhead.The United States established an observatory[n.天文台,气象台] there in 1957 for the I.G.Y.and has maintained it ever since.14、在空间研究方面，南极是地球上最适宜的进行观察的地方。与北极上；覆盖的漂流浮冰相比，这里是一个稳定的点。这里所有的方向都是北，在长达六个月的黑夜中，星星围绕的中心点就在头顶。1957年，美国为国际地球物理学年会在此处建立了一个观测站，并且一直维持至今。

单词：observation＝观察； firmly＝稳固地；

15.Now it is an ideal space tracking[跟踪] station.Any vehicle[n.交通工具] on a mission[n.使命，任务] in the southern half of the heavens[天空，天堂] remains continuously “visible[a.可见的，看得见的]” to an antenna[天线] at the pole.Such a station is also able to play a unique[adj.独一无二的]

role in interrogating[(interrogate):监视] earth satellites in orbit[轨道] over both poles.15、现在，这里是最理想的空间跟踪站。在南半球的太空中执行任务的所有飞行器都可被极点上的天线持续追踪。同时，这个观测站还在监视两极轨道上的地球卫星方面发挥不可替代的作用。

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 单词：track=跟踪； mission＝使命，任务； heaven＝天空，天堂 ； visible＝看得见的； unique＝独一无二的；

16.Such satellites-maintaining their steady[a.稳固地；平稳地] sweeps as the earth revolves[旋转] beneath them-cover all parts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather observation[观communications and other tasks.The South Pole would be the 察], check point on each circuit[环形道], snatching[抓住] the data[n.资料,数据] from space, processing[(process):处理] them in computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world.16、这些卫星处在平稳旋转的地球上空，几乎可以对全球的所有地区进行稳定的扫描，因此能很好地完成气象观察、通讯以及其它任务。南极点将成为这些卫星环球轨迹的检查站，从太空采集数据、通过电脑在几秒钟之内处理数据，并传送到世界各地。单词：steady＝平稳地； revolve=旋转；

17.On all these counts, the scientists justify[v.证明„正当] their voyages[(voyage):n.航行；航海] to Antarctica and the vast

sums needed.But essentially[(essential)根本上] their argument[n.理由] is a simple one.The great continent to the south is still largely unknown.In the quest[v.搜索] for fundamental[a.基本的] knowledge, which is the heart and soul so all science, it cannot be ignored[(ignore):v.忽视].17、综上所述，科学家们认为应当进行南极勘探，同时需要大量大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 的资金。但是，他们最根本的论据很简单：南方的这块大陆在很大程度上仍是个迷。为了探索基础知识-而探索基础知识也正是科学的核心和灵魂所在-这个地区不容忽视。

单词：justify＝证明„是正当； voyage＝航行； essentially＝根本的； quest＝探索；fundamental＝基本的； ignore＝忽视；

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html

第五篇：中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (27)

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 28.The Energy Crisis[危机] of 1973 and Nixon's Energy Policies.1973年能源危机与尼克松总统的应对政策、1.The energy crisis of 1973 underscored[(underscore):强调] the necessity[n.必要性] Of developing a coordinated[(coordinate):协调的] national energy policy and concentrating[(concentrate):v集中] the government's various energy programs into one agency[n.机构].On April 18, 1973, six months before renewed[(renew):v.重新开始] conflict[n.冲突] in the Middle East, President Nixon noted that the United States, with 6 percent of the world's population, consumed one-third of the world's energy.In the immediate future, the president predicted[(predict):v.预言], the United States might face energy shortages[(shortage):n.缺乏,不足] and increased prices.Again, as in 1971, Nixon cautioned[(caution):n.提醒] that America's energy challenge could become an energy

crisis if current trends continued unchecked[a.未加抑制的 ].Declaring[(declare):vt.断言] that the Nation's energy demands had grown so rapidly that they now outstripped[(outstrip):v.超过] available supplies, the President amended[(amend):vt.修改] his 1971 proposal for a cabinet[n.内阁]

department by requesting[(request):n.请求，要求] Congress[议会] to establish a department of energy

and natural resources with responsibility[职责] for energy policy and management as well as 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html research and development.Meanwhile, Nixon established the Special Energy Committee[n.委员会] of senior[adj.高级的] White House advisors[(advisor):n.顾问]，including special assistants for domestic[a.国内的], foreign, and economic affairs, and the National Energy Office, headed by Charles J.DiBona, to identify[analysis[发现] issues[问题] and coordinate[v.协调] energy

and 分析] between the various offices[部门]

agencies[(agency):n.机构].1、1973年的能源危机突出地表明，制定一个协调的国家能源政策以及将政府各个能源项目集中在同一部门是极为必要的。1973年4月18日，在中东冲突卷土重来的前六个月，尼克松总统指出：占世界人口百分之六的美国消耗了地球上三分之一的能源。他预言，在不久的将来，美国将面临能源短缺及其价格的飙升。尼克松再次如1971年那样，提出警告说，如果目前的趋势得不到控制，美国所面临的难题将会演变成能源危机。他断言，国家的能源需求增长过速，目前已超过了供给能力，于是尼克松总统修改了1971年对内阁的建议，请求议会建立一个能源与自然资源部门，专门负责能源的政策和管理，及其研究与开发。与此同时，尼克松还设立了一个由白宫高级顾问组成的特别能源委员会，其中包括国内外及经济事务特别助理，以及由CharlesJ、DiBona领导的国家能源办公室，他们的任务是发现问题、协调不同部门和机构对能源的分析与研究。

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 单词：underscore＝强调；necessity＝必要性；coordinate＝协调； concentrate＝集中； agency＝机构； renew＝重新开始；conflict＝冲突； predicte＝预言； shortage＝短缺； caution＝警告； unchecked＝未受制止的；declare＝断言； outstrip＝超过； amend ＝修正； cabinet ＝内阁； request＝请求；congress＝议会； committee＝委员会；senior＝高级； advisor＝顾问； domestic＝国内的； identify＝识别； coordinate＝协调；analysis ＝分析；

2.Nixon's proposal for a department of energy and natural resources stalled[(stall):拖延] in Congress[议会].The House[众议院] and Senate[参议院] held subcommittee[n.附属委员会]

hearings[(hearing):n.听证会], but the proposal received no further attention during 1973.Although he did not abandon[v.放弃] hope for an energy department, the President, turned to[启用 ] immediate, interim[a.临时的] solutions to the organizational[a.组织机构的] problem.At the urging of Roy L.Ash, director of the Office of Management and Budget[n.预算,], Nixon established the Energy Policy Office, which combined and expanded[(expand):扩大] the responsibilities of the Special Energy Committee and the National Energy Office.The new Energy Policy Office established on June 29, 1973, under the leadership of Governor John A.Love of Colorado[n.科罗拉多州], with DiBona remaining at the White House 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html as Love's deputy, was responsible for formulating[(formulate):阐述] and coordinating[(coordinate):v.协调] energy policies at the presidential level.Nixon also proposed creating the Energy Research and Development Administration[n.行政部门] to develop the government's energy research programs and to work with industry in developing and fostering[(foster):v

培育]

new energy

technologies.The new administration would combine the energy research and development activities of the Atomic[a.原子的] Energy Commission[v.委员会] and the Department of the Interior[adj.内部的].The Atomic[a.原子的] Energy Commission's licensing[审批] and regulatory[立法]

responsibilities would continue in the independent[a.独立的] five-member Nuclear Energy Commission.2、尼克松的(设立)能源和自然资源部门的建议遭到议会的搁置。尽管众参两院举行了附属委员会的听证，该提议在1973年期间并没有得到更多的关注。但尼克松总统并没有放弃，他立即启用了组织机构问题的临时解决方案，在联邦预算和管理局局长Royl、Ash的督促下，能源政策办公室成立了，该办公室将特别能源委员会和国家能源办公室合并，并且扩大了职责范围。新的能源政策办公室成立于1973年6月29日，由科罗拉多州州长JohnA、Love领导，DiBona作为JohnA、Love的副手，留在在白宫里负责阐述和协调总统级别的能源政策问题。与此同时，尼克松总统还提议建立能源研发局，进行政府的能源项目研究，并与工业界合作开发和培育新的能源技术。新设立的部门将兼并大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html(美国)核能委员会和(美国)内务部所负责的能源研究和开发活动。核能委员会的审批及立法职能仍由其五人独立委员会承担。

单词：stall＝停止； subcommittee＝附属委员会； hearing＝听证会； abandon＝放弃； interim＝临时的； organizational＝组织机构的的； budget＝预算； expand＝扩展； formulate＝阐明； foster＝培育；technology＝技术；administration＝行政部门； atomic=原子； interior=内部的；license＝审批；regulatory＝立法； independent ＝独立的； 3.By September 1973 the President, while asserting[(assert):v.声称] the Nation was not yet in an energy crisis, continued to stress[强调] America's energy problem.Nixon especially encouraged congressional[a议会的] enactment[通过] of four bills[法案] to provide for the construction of the Alaskan[a.阿拉斯加的] pipeline[n.管道] and deepwater[深水]

ports, deregulation[n.违反规定]

of natural gas, and new standards[(standard):标准] for surface mining[采矿].He also expressed hope that Congress[议会] would quickly authorize[批准] the Department of Energy and Natural Resources and the Energy Research and Development Administration.Unfortunately war broke out in the Middle East on October 6, 1973.America's energy challenge and problem would soon become a bona fide[真实的] crisis.大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 3、1973年9月之前，尽管尼克松总统承认能源危机并未出现，但他仍然继续强调美国的能源问题，尼克松尤其督促议会通过了有关阿拉斯加输油管道、深水码头的建设、放松天然气管制，以及地表采矿新标准的四个法案。他还表示，希望议会能够尽快批准(设立)能源和自然资源部以及能源研发局。不幸的是，1973年10月6日，中东战争爆发，美国的能源问题很快变成了一场名副其实的危机。

单词：assert＝声称； stress＝强调； congressional＝会议的；enactment＝通过；bill＝法案； pipeline＝管道； deregulation ＝违反规定； standard＝标准；authorize＝批准；

4.The consequences of the Israeli[a.以色列共和国的] victory in the Yom Kippur[赎罪日] War quickly spread[vt.延伸] to North America when the Organization of Arab[adj.阿拉伯的] Petroleum Exporting Countries(OAPEC)placed an embargo[n.禁运] crude[a.天然的] oil shipped to the United States.By November 1973 oil

supplies were critically[(critical):adj.关键性的] low, creating the most acute[a.严重的] shortages of energy since World War II.Now the Arab oil embargo[n.禁运], subsequent[adj.随后的] long gas lines, and complex[adj.复杂的] but fragmented[破碎的] energy projects and regulations[规章] demanded bolder[(bold):a.大胆的] action by the President.No longer regional, the energy shortages became nationwide[adj.全国性的] threatened[威胁] virtually[事实上] every sector[n.部门] of the economy.大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html

4、以色列在赎罪日战争中的胜利迅速影响到北美，因为以色列的胜利引起阿拉伯石油输出国组织(OAPEC)对美国实施原油禁运。截至1973年11月，石油供应量极低，造成了二战以来最严重的能源短缺。目前所面临的一系列问题-阿拉伯石油禁运、由此引发的加油站前排起的长龙、以及庞大但是已经支离破碎的能源项目和立法方案-都需要总统采取大胆的行动加以解决。能源短缺不再是区域性问题，它已经威胁到全国范围以及经济的各个部门。

单词：spread=延伸；embargo=禁运；crude=天然的；critically=关键性地；crude= 严重的；subsequent=随后的；complex=复杂的；fragmented= 破碎的；bold=大胆的；threaten=威胁；virtually=事实上；sector=部门；

5.In a televised address the energy emergency[n.紧急情况] on November 7, 1973, President Nixon launched[(launch):v.Project Independence[n.独

立

]

发动]

to achieve

energy

self-sufficiency[n.自足] by 1980.Urging Americans to lower thermostats[(thermostat):n.恒温器], drive cars more slowly, and eliminate[消除] unnecessary lighting.Nixon pledged[(pledge):v.保证] increased funding[(fund):n.资金] for energy research and development.Recalling[(recall):v.回忆] Manhattan Project, which had built the atomic[a.原子的] bomb during World War II and the Apollo[n.阿波罗] Project, which had landed two Americans on the moon in 1969, the President expressed his faith[信心] that 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html American science, technology, and industry could free[解脱] the United States from dependence on foreign oil.Three weeks later, as winter cold began to grip[v.抓住] the Northeast, the President reaffirmed[(reaffirm):vt.重申]

Project Independence and announced[宣布] plans to increase the production of home-heating oils, while reducing gasoline[n.(美)汽油] supplies and closing gasoline[n.(美)汽油] stations on Sundays.Communities[(community):n.社区] across the Nation reduced holiday lighting and implemented[执行] various schemes[(scheme):n.计划] for pumping[提供] short supplies of gasoline[n.(美)汽油].As motorists[汽车驾驶scrambled[(scramble):v.抢夺] for a place in line, in some states 员]

matching their license plates to the date on an odd-or-even system, the era[n.时代] of energy affluence[n.丰富] ended.5、1973年11月7日，尼克松总统就能源的紧急事态发表了电视讲话，呼吁发动一场旨在1980年之前达到能源自给自足的“独立计划”。(他)力劝美国人民调低温度控制器的设置、慢速驾驶和减少不必要的照明，并保证为能源研究和发展增加预算。总统在讲话中回忆起二战期间制造出原子弹的“曼哈顿计划”以及1969年将两名美国人送上月球的“阿波罗计划”，并坚定地表明了自己的信心-美国凭借自己的科技和工业一定能摆脱对外国石油的依赖。三周之后，寒流袭击了东北部，(尼克松)总统再次重申“独立运动计划”，宣布增加家庭取暖用油的生产同时降低汽油供应，并且在星期日关闭加油站。大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html 全国的社区减少了节日照明，并且实施了各种应对汽油短缺的方案。人们驾车在等候加油的长龙里争抢位置，一些州也根据车牌号实行了单双号出行的规定，这一切都表明、能源富足的时代已经结束了。单词：emergency=紧急情况；launch=发动；self-sufficiency=自足；eliminate=消除；pledge= 保证；recall=回忆； faith=信心； reaffirm=重申；announce=宣布；implemennt=执行；scheme=计划； scramble=抢夺；era=时代；affluence=丰富；

大家论坛中石油职称英语http://club.topsage.com/forum-346-1.html