H7N9报告,汉英版

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第一篇:H7N9报告,汉英版

Good evening,Audience friends!2 Good evening.1 Today is April 9,2013,February 29 Lunar New Year.Welcome to“News Broadcast”program.2 Today’s major program is that H7N9.H7N9 bird flu remains a mystery H7N9病毒来源和传播途径仍不明

China’s Ministry of Agriculture says that investigations have found no H7N9 bird fluinfections in animals.The source and transmission of the virus remains unknown.中国农业厅表示经调查为发现携带H7N9病毒的动物,H7N9病毒来源和传播途径仍不明。4

Data from the ministry show 25 H7N9 bird flu strains have been detected in wild birds world wide.But the virus has not been found in poultry.Experts say strains of the virus can be transmitted globally by migratory birds.China is on themigratory path of virus carriers and at great risk of infections.农业厅数据表明在世界各地的野生鸟类中均有发现25个H7N9禽流感病株,但尚未在家禽中发现。专家表示H7N9病株可能由全球候鸟携带,而中国是携带病株候鸟迁徙的必经之路,这大大增加了中国感染病毒的风险。

The WHO says so far it has seen no evidence of human-to-human transmission.No vaccine is currently available.But preliminary test results provided by the WHO Collaborating Centre in China suggest it is susceptible to Tamiflu and Relenza.世界卫生组织尚未发现H7N9人际传染的证据。目前没有H7N9疫苗。根据中国世界卫生组织合作中心初步试验结果表示H7N9病毒对达菲和瑞乐莎药物敏感。

① Chinese health authorities said that as of 5 p.m.Sunday, the country had reported a total of 20 H7N9 cases, including six that have ended in fatalities.Two patients in Shanghai were confirmed to be infected by the H7N9 avian influenza virus within the 24 fours from 5 p.m.Saturday and are being treated, the National Health and Family Planning Commission said in a brief statement posted online.② Six people who had come into close contact with the two infected patients have been placed under medical observation, the agency said.Shanghai also reported two new confirmed H7N9 cases between 5 p.m.Friday and 5 p.m.Saturday.③ The agency said a total of 10 N7N9 cases, including four deaths, have been reported in Shanghai, and three cases, including two deaths, have been reported in east China's Zhejiang Province.④ Jiangsu Province has reported six cases and Anhui Province has reported one.No epidemiological link between those cases has been identified to date, the agency said, adding that those who have had close contact with people infected by H7N9 have been placed under medical observation and have exhibited no abnormal symptoms.We aren't afraid of

H7N9!!

第二篇:HN应急演练总结

二〇一八年人感染H7N9流感应急演练总结   为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》、《中华人民共和国突发公共事件应对法》、《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》、《人感染H7N9流感预防控制技术指南》,进一步做好人感染H7N9流感疫情的防控工作,全面提高和应对突发公共卫生事件的应急处置能力,县疾病预防控制中心于6月21日,组织相关人员开展了人感染H7N9流感应急处置模拟演练。

本次演练由疾控中心主任谢金为首的应急演练领导小组策划,具体组织与实施由疾控副主任魏建伟、张利负责。同时设立应急演练办公室,设在阜蒙县疾病预防控制中心应急办。应急演练办公室下设流调组、消杀组、检验组、信息与协调组、模拟组、宣传与摄录组、后勤保障组。模拟演练地点设在 疾控中心院内及会议室。

早八时三十分演练正式开始,县疾控中心应急办接到阜县医院报告一例疑似人感染H7N9流感病例情况。接到报告后,应急办迅速向疾控副主任张利做以汇报。张利接到疫情报告后立即按人感染H7N9流感应急预案程序,通知应急办对我中心应急机动队下达启动一级应急响应的命令。立即组织流调、检验、消杀组等人员,赶赴现场。

模拟现场设在我中心小会议室,各组到达现场后,检查流调组、消杀组、检验组所带应急处理的各种物品结果如下:

1、各组指派的穿脱防护用品人员操作正确。2、消杀组人员配制消毒液的配制方法与浓度正确。

3、检验组按流调组提供情况,采集标本的操作程序与方法正确。

4、流行病学调查组的“人感染H7N9流感病例个案调查表、”、“密切接触者医学观察登记表”等文书携带完备,电话、传真、微机、打印机等设备运转正常。现场流调使用的防护用品、笔、纸张和工具书等齐全。

5、消杀组的终末和随时消毒工作记录表等文书携带齐备、背负式喷雾器、喷壶能正常使用。有效氯消毒剂在有效期内。现场配制500mg/L有效氯消毒剂、75%酒精、0.5%碘伏溶液的过程正确。对疫点消毒符合标准要求。

在各组现场操作过程结束后,领导组按演练计划根据《人感染H7N9流感流行病学调查方案》和《人感染H7N9流感流感诊疗方案》等相关文件与标准,对各小组的业务文书整理、汇总、报告过程进行了评议。

各小组共形成了现场处置工作示意图、终末和随时消毒工作记录表、疾病预防控制工作督导记录、人感染H7N9流感病例个案调查表、流调报告、标本采样单、标本送检表7类20份。

形成的各种文书较好的做到了:为核实诊断提供流行病学证据;

调查可能的传染源、传播途径及其影响因素,为疫情的预防控制提供科学依据;

为研究相关传染病自然史积累个案资料,描述分析流行现状;

为及时做好人感染H7N9流感流行应对提供依据等目的。

领导小组对流调组对人感染H7N9流感确诊病例的初步判断方面、消杀组对疫点消毒过程中操作人员手部破损皮肤保护方面,检验组在样品采集过程中采集器械的放置方面给予了相关指正。

十一时二十分演练工作正式结束,此次演练提高了我中心针对人感染H7N9流感的实战经验,提高了我中心相关人员的业务素质,体现我中心整体凝聚力,收到了预期的良好效果。

演练过程中形成的各种文书及相关影相资料,由应急办存档备查。

应急办 二〇一八年六月二十一日

第三篇:汉英翻译

白菜

Chinese cabbage

密码

password 手机

mobile phone

救火

to fight a fire 早恋

puppy love

买一赠一

Buy one,get one free.青春痘

acne

长镜头

zoom lens 方便面

instant noodles

隐形眼镜

contact lens 绿豆

mung bean

卧室

bedroom 试穿

to try sth.on

食言

break a promise 番茄酱

ketchup

酸奶

yoghurt 戴绿帽子

to cuckold sb.黄色书籍

pornography book 高等学校

higher school

农民

farmer 宣传

popularize

物美价廉

economical and good 你红光满面

You look healthy and energetic.他是个气管炎

He is a hen-pecked man.假花

artificial flower

假唱

lip-synch 假钞

counterfeit money

假酒

adulterated wine 假新闻

pseudo-news

恶性循环

vicious circle 恶性肿瘤

malignant tumor

恶性通货膨胀

inflationary spiral

词组翻译

一窝蜜蜂

a swarm of bees

一窝小鸡

a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬

a litter of pups

一群美女

a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭

a team of ducks 一群羚羊

a herd of antelopes 积极支持

unfailing support 积极的财政政策

proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。

You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他们讲索求,我们讲贡献。

They preach taking from others,whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理,而他追求的是荣华富贵。

What she seeks is truth,and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。

Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,说:“这毛虫”!Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and swore,“Hairy worm!”

6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。

He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走进屋里,大衣上尽是雪,鼻子冻得通红。

He entered the room,his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进,结构新颖,造型美观,款式繁多,舒适大方,携带方便。

The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪军所至,杀戮人民,奸淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所不用其极。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他们意气风发。They are in high spirits.11.他们喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他们眼明手快。

He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.这篇文章浅显易懂。

This article is easy to read and understand.14.我对他敬而远之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群渐渐地安静了下来。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。

An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小说开掘得深不深,艺术和思想是否有过人之处,的确不在题材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗鲁行为使我很震惊。His rudeness shocked me.19.远近/长短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height

20.本公司生产的地毯美丽大方,光彩夺目,富丽堂皇。

The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目标的轻重缓急,孰轻孰重应该仔细研究,认真考虑和反复推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件,已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想远走高飞,免得心烦。He sought the distraction of distance.24.这只船容易颠覆,因为它造型不合理。

This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.厨房又脏又乱。

The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不参加比赛,我感到很失望。

To my disappointment,he did not attend the competition.27.父亲不赞成地看着他。

Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他惊讶地望着我。

He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早,且一向如此。

He rose early,as he had always done.30.他与侵略者合作,出卖了自己的国家。

He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那个人醉心名利。

That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州发现黄金的消息轰动全国。

News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持这个项目。

The government is behind this project.34.1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日会议开幕了。

May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一时记不起他的名字。

His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.选择朋友,越谨慎越好。

One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一号是个星期五。

The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工艺品品种齐全,价格公道,质量可靠。

The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.听到敲门声,我顿时睡意全消。

The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他变得颓废。

The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚着脸皮要钱了吗?

Did he have the cheek to ask for more money?

43.听那个鬼故事时,我简直要吓死了。

I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多张嘴要喂。

He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.这对年轻的夫妇并不相配,一个是西施,一个是张飞。

This young couple is not well matched,one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他,他是个马屁精。

I look down upon him,for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and lack of tansport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.当时,车辆横冲直撞,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.请允许我代表中国体操协会向参加这次邀请赛的朋友们表示热烈的欢迎。Please allow me,on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association,to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上节日盛装。

The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽车盘旋着,穿过村庄,翻越峡谷,沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。

53.有些时装设计师为了赶时髦,舍弃了优雅别致的式样,而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。

In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不过我们说到故事后头去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.请先走。/请走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点声音也没有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我们可借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。

With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.国家不论大小贫富,都应一律平等。

All nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册,不胜感激。

It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他过马路时,左顾右盼,害怕撞到过路的车。

While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我访问了一些地方,遇到了不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多着呢。

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.来宾请出示入场券。

Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.约翰真的爱玛丽,而玛丽也爱约翰。

John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成语言,而语言有影响了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很顺手,上汽车没到三分钟,一个钱包就到手了,鼓鼓囊囊的,看来钱不少。

An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐,她的男朋友是什么样的人,父亲一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情与人不同,不求名利,不交朋友,终日只是忙于自己的本职工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致,理论与实践密切结合,反对华而不实和任何虚夸,少说空话,多做工作,扎扎实实,埋头苦干。

Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!

When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些国家发生问题,从根本上说,都是因为经济上不去,没有饭吃,没有衣穿,没有房住,工资增长被通货膨胀抵消,生活水平下降,大批人下岗和失业,长期过紧日子。

Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年来,武汉杂技在继承了传统杂技的基础上,大胆吸收其他姊妹艺术之长,运用多种艺术手段,将布景,灯光,道具,美术融为一体,使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。

For 40 years,based on traditional acrobatic techniques,Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery,lighting,costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他俩能在地里找口粗茶淡饭,完全是靠丈夫起早贪黑的耕作。

It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.听了这话,他笑了,双唇合成一条曲线,露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光,脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。

He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小,容貌端庄,鼻子俏丽,头发光亮鉴人。

Although she was both short and slender,she had a dignified and elegant countenance,a fine nose and shinny hair.75.凭窗站了一会儿,微微地觉得凉意侵人。转过身来,忽然眼花缭乱,屋子里的别的东西,都隐在光云里。

Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蜗阳苔干,名优特产,驰名中外,声震古今,翠绿,鲜嫩,清脆,可口,有“天然海蜇”之称;清乾隆年间奉献皇宫,故又名“贡菜”。

Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.

第四篇:HN集团放弃建新厂战略规划案例

HN集团放弃建新厂战略规划案例

A背景:HN集团是中国国有企业100强之一,成立于1988年8月。目前,HN集团由其核心企业(中国HN集团公司)、9家成员公司、400家子公司构成,同时还直接控股30家海外分支机构和海外公司。其中,HN国际电力开发公司和山东HN电力开发公司两子公司先后于1994年在纽约证券交易所挂牌上市。如何对子公司实行有效控制、如何考核其业绩,以及选择什么样的激励机制,成立伊始,HN集团就在不断地进行探索。HN 集团公司1998年取得成绩的重要原因是主动收缩了扩张计划。

HN 集团公司能够主动收缩扩张计划的主要原因,则是他们听取了多星企业管理咨询公司的见解,在当前经济结构已由卖方市场转化为买方市场的条件下,企业开拓市场已不能靠投机撞大运来解决,而要更多地依靠细致科学的战略策划、战术咨询来进行决策。正是在这个决定企业命运的领域内,作为信息事业重要组成部分的咨询企业能够发挥举足轻重的作用。多星公司的专家咨询组对HN集团制定战略决策的依据的可靠性、内外部条件的适应性、战略实施的可行性进行了分析论证,指出了战略实施过程中可能存在的风险,针对有关的风险及战略规划的局部性调整提出了相应的建议。

1.多星企业管理咨询公司的专家咨询组认为,HN集团不具备建新厂的市场条件。

2.多星对油料的国际市场竞争性进行了分析,认为在外国地加油的冲击下,在建油料新厂,日子将不会好过。

在这样的市场条件下,再建新厂,怎能不出现由于原料供应、产品销售、产品价格等因素导致有产却开工不足的状况呢?

3.专家组否定HN集团决策建新厂的重要依据——建立保税库,以保税库为依托,采取大豆进口,豆粕出口,豆油内销方式经营,大豆进入保税库可免关税和增值税,如果产品在出口便可以较低成本参与国际市场竞争。因此,建立保税库对拓展经营空间具有很大意义。综上,专家组认为,已建立保税库作为再建大油厂的重要依据,则显得不够充分。

4.对是否再建新厂,专家咨询组的结论是:1999年和2000年,新建一个大油厂,尚有许多不确定的应诉,具有较大的风险。专家咨询组为HN公司的策划是,企业战略发展的重点应放在“改二”上。

不建新厂,改造扩建吸纳有的两个油脂厂。通过改造,不仅扩大生产能力,而且将逐步增加高级烹饪油和色拉油产品。如果这一战略取得成功,便可以从根本上改变HN集团公司产品结构单一,获利能力低的问题。

建议的三种策略:

(1)巩固现有市场,开拓增长潜力大的新市场,确保企业40万吨的满负荷生产。

(2)静观行业动向,抓住机会实施行业的企业兼并,但这种兼并最大效果可能不是提高盈利(行业低效率运行状况在短期内不会转变),而是为了提高HN的行业地位和影响,以推动行业的结构性调整。

(3)在加强固现有企业的基础上,可以考虑实施跨企业的多元化经营,争取将一部分资金投向成长好,获利能力高的行业,进一步提高企业的战略自由度。

5.HN集团改变战略规划,对于多星公司的方案建议,HN公司非常重视,制定出落实计划。

到了1999年1月,集团的领导成员终于统一了人事,统一不再建新厂,而是采取低成本扩张战略,在现有基础上扩建两个厂。结果,生产能力从22万吨增加到36万吨。1998年,在全行业都非常困难的情况下,HN公司的利润增长了10.8%

B分析:什么是企业战略管理:企业的经营战略是对企业长远发展的全局性谋划,现代企业为在竞争环境中生存和发展而制定的纲领性、方向性的规则。他既要适应企业的内外环

境,又要明确企业最重要的竞争方式和经营内容。为了实现战略,还必须有具体的经营方针的支持。在全球经济一体化的今天,企业面临着市场风云变幻,竞争趋于残酷的生存环境。因此,在实现企业发展方向的重要决策方面,必须有相对一贯的战略规划和实现目标的方针。

中小型企业如何制定企业发展战略--------„知己知彼、运筹帷幄‟,在竞争市场中发展生存空间,此是许多中小型企业需要解决和确定的问题。

中小型企业如何制定企业发展战略,是决定企业未来经营发展的目标和方针,它将长期成为企业发展的方向和总计划。

中小型企业如何制定企业发展战略包含的主要内容:中小型企业是相等于大型企业和跨国公司而言的企业。与大企业相比较,中小型企业的规模、资金、实力、品牌和许多企业构成要素都显得薄弱;中小型企业市场竞争能力、市场占有率和抗风险能力都比较差。企业的市场竞争行为的规律,按市场优胜劣汰法则在自然运行,市场竞争是残酷、无情,然而也是公正的。

所以,如何根据企业自己的特点,‘正确定位’,‘扬长避短’;如何在激烈的市场竞争中保存自身企业的一席之地,就显得极其重要。

一、什么是中小型企业的„企业经营发展战略‟?

企业的经营发展战略,指„企业长远发展的全局性谋划。是现代企业为在竞争环境中生存和发展而制定的纲领性、方向性的规则。它既要适应企业的内外环境,又要明确企业最重要的竞争方式和经营内容。为了实现战略,还必须有具体的经营方针的支持。通俗说:战略是总体规划和打算。

打个比方,象具备对抗性的棋类运动,例如围棋、象棋、四国军棋等,都需要比较全面的谋划、策略、战术…等通盘考虑。善于走棋的高手,还会按照双方的形式和己方特点,用科学方法和规律,予以分析、判断和推理,然后确定自己的战术,并在开局、中局、残局阶段实施。棋手下棋如同企业竞争一样,也希望立于不败之地。仍然以围棋为例,具有科学含量和经验方法总结的围棋对奕开局方法,称为‘定式’,局部使用围棋落子好方法称为‘手筋’;同样在企业经营发展战略中也有开始、发展的阶段;企业在经营管理中同样也有高明和俗手的方法之分。

企业经营发展战略‟实际上是„规划和谋略‟。需要确定时间、内容、方法以及考虑可能发生的结果,如何运用最小投入和最方便的方法达到目的,是企业智慧的科学应用。军事理论同样体现作战前的„规划和谋略‟和战术运用:孙子兵法《谋攻第三》„…不战而屈人之兵,善之善者也。故上兵伐谋,其次伐交,其次伐兵,其下攻城。攻城之法,为不得已‟的精辟论述,演绎出历史上的诸多典范战例。就连围棋也有避免厮杀,在开局、中盘阶段„围成大空‟而获胜的成功谋略。象艺术理论相通的原理一样,企业经营发展战略‟更接近军事和竞技搏奕方法和理论。企业在经营以前,就应深思熟虑,如何科学„规划谋略‟企业各项工作计划,避免走弯路。

二、实施中小型企业‘企业经营发展战略’的前提

知道和了解中小型企业的„企业经营发展战略‟的重要性和工作重点,就应及时和正确实施。如何实施,则必须根据企业、市场和竞争对手的不同情况区别对待。切不可在时机不成熟,轻举妄动和盲目蛮干。‘知己知彼,百战不殆’的古训,有其非常科学而实用的道理。己和彼,就是企业与外部环境的详细情况。百战不殆就是建立在此基础上的正确了解、判断、推理、后实施科学方法的结果。

行动实施条件的成熟与否,以及如何及时和正确实施,是衡量企业经营发展战略‟企业领导层能力和决定企业发展或损失的关键。历史上的„左倾、右倾路线‟就是错误实施战略的结果和以后的总结与评论。抗日战争时期,毛泽东审时度势,正确得出„持久战‟的结论和光辉论著,指导和影响全国抗战军民的战略规划。小规模战役中的正面攻不上,侧面迂回‟的军事战术,也同样是正确实施“不盲目蛮干”的战略原则。

只有具备正确了解包括企业在内的各种有利和不利因素的前提下,企业领导层才能„成竹在胸,才有可能正确掌握和了解市场环境情况和顺利实施企业经营发展战略。

三、如何制定中小型企业企业经营发展战略‟

确定企业长期战略目标和短期战略目标是制定和实施„企业经营发展战略‟核心内容。企业长期战略目标是企业总体目标,短期战略目标是包含在长期战略目标内的、阶段性的、分解后的企业战略小目标。

长期目标应确定的内容有:盈利能力、服务对象、雇员需要及福利、社会责任。确定企业长期目标的内容,应清楚简洁和可定量化;企业成员都应清楚了解企业的战略意图,应遍布企业所有重要部门,而不局限于某领域。应明确和确定工作重点。同时应该注意,长期目标应符合市场规律,是可实施的企业计划,不同领域的目标可相互制约,但应协调一致;而且长期目标应是动态的,并可随环境改变而及时调整。

短期目标的意义和重要性:短期目标是企业用来实现长期目标的阶段性分解任务的考核和检验。是对长期目标的深入评价和实际工作开展。短期目标实际工作开展应按照各目标的轻重缓急顺序进行。顺序一旦确定,即能建立短期目标以实现长期目标。

如何顺利实现短期目标实施:

1.实施前的尽可能的全面策划和周密考虑工作计划,2.在短期目标实施过程中,分析总结各种动态资料和数据,3.及时调整或扩大符合和适应企业与市场的有利工作,4.检测预先工作目标和工作进展,修正和确定符合实际的方法,5.及时调整和改变原来不适宜的人员、计划和工作方法。

制定和实施战略决策需考虑制定的内容:

1.建立实现战略的组织结构和工作重点,

2.确保实现战略所必要的活动的保障措施和科学依据,

3.监控战略在实现组织目标过程中的有效性,

4.企业在实施战略过程中组织人员的协调、配合。

C启示:在确定现有的市场和目标群体时需考虑:谁是顾客、顾客分布于何处、为何购买、如何与顾客沟通、顾客买什么、顾客的期望等主要内容。

在确定企业潜在顾客时需考虑:.市场发展趋势及市场潜力如何、市场结构将发生何种变化、顾客将可能改变的购买习惯、目前顾客有哪些需求还不能充分满足等数据。在决定企业宗旨需考虑:组织的经营业务是否适当、是否应改变其经营业务…P.德鲁克(Reter Drucker)关于:“要了解一个企业,必须首先知道它的宗旨,而宗旨是存在于企业自身之外的。事实上,因为工商企业是社会的细胞,其宗旨必然存在于社会之中。企业宗旨的唯一定义是—— „创造顾客‟”!此论述,或许能揭示企业的„经营发展战略‟的深刻内涵。大型的企业和跨国公司应该考虑,中小型企业更应深刻思索和思考。

所谓战略规划,就是制定组织的长期目标并将其付诸实施,它是一个正式的过程和仪式。一些大企业都有意识地对大约50年内的事情做出规划。

制定战略规划分为三个阶段,第一个阶段就是确定目标,即企业在未来的发展过程中,要应对各种变化所要达到的目标。

第二阶段就是要制定这个规划,当目标确定了以后,考虑使用什么手段、什么措施、什么方法来达到这个目标,这就是战略规划。

最后,将战略规划形成文本,以备评估、审批,如果审批未能通过的话,那可能还需要多个迭代的过程,需要考虑怎么修正。

第五篇:汉英翻译技巧

汉英翻译技巧

第一节 汉语无主语句的英译处理

一、祈使句对应为祈使句

e.g.小心轻放。

Handle with care.量体裁衣,看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.宁为鸡首,不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况:一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句;二是有些句子突出宾语部分,在翻译时可以不用补出主语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g.这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here.利用发电机,可以将机械能转变为电能。

The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中,详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。

In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.没有爱心,就无法了解人生。

Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒装语序 e.g.地下埋藏着大量的金银。

Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.随着一声吼叫,忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。

Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住着个老和尚。

In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 结构 例句:没有顺利,无所谓困难;没有困难,也无所谓顺利。

Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了。There is very little time left.萝卜白菜,各有所爱。

There is no accounting for taste.无水则无鱼。

Without water there would be no fish.楼下有人想和你说话。

There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主语译出

例句:要解决问题,还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。

In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.与自然作斗争,倍感快乐。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老学到老。

It is never too old to learn.子曰:学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?

Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?

六、增添适当的代词或名词充当主语 例句: 知彼知己,百战不殆。

If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。

If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜,区别对待

例句:未经审批机关批准,合同中不得规定禁止接受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。

Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一,这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛了。

The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.说明白了一切,就再无奥妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要适可而止,否则就要完蛋。

2.不远处传来了提琴的声音,调子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 伤。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端,靠近一道门,坐着一位将近30岁的男子。

4.他的书桌上放着带有细菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria

All in all, it was two 5.总之,是两点而不是一点。

6.花瓶里没有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要

很容易看得出来那作家是一位生手,刚从事写作。8.。

Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing

9.不怕一万,就怕万一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.还看不出来他能挑得起这副担子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年

12.必须认真做好建厂前的准备工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.应该教导儿童讲实话。

14.必须保证8小时的睡眠。

15.发现了错误,一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight

Find a mistake,第二节、汉语“是”字句的英译处理

一、表示“等同”

例句:他最佩服的就是你。

Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“类属” 例句:这台机器是进口的。

The machine was imported from abroad.他是来找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物状态” 例句:要是旧社会,遇上这样大的水灾,早已是哀鸿遍野了。

If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你现在是身不由己,只能听他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句:她满脸是泪,默不作声。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.别看他长得胖,其实浑身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在两个类似结构中表示“区别”,转换为英语相对的对比结构。例句:他是他,我是我,我们谁也管不着谁。

We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天,今天是今天,情况是不断变化的。

Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.这个人言行不一,说是说,做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敌是敌,友是友,必须分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“让步”,用适当的副词或者让步句型来体现。例句:书是好书,可惜贵了点。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的,只是措辞不当。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事,恐怕也施展不开。

However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.这房子老是老,但离商店近,采购方便。

Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“强调”,一般转换为强调句式 例句:是谁教你这样做的? Who told you to do so? 是这位解放军战士救了你。

It was this PLA man who saved you.我写的信是给她的,不是你。

It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”,由英语习惯句型决定。

例句:是人都会犯错误。

Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜欢。He loves all children.正如一句话所说,是亲三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都抢着干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰当” 例句:屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你来得正是时候。

You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。

The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“选择”或“疑问” 例句:你是看电视还是听音乐? 他不是出国了么?

十、表示“确认”,有强调的意思,一般通过助动词、副词或短语来体现。

例句:她爸爸是不同意她和汤姆来往的。

Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.这件事他是不知道。

He certainly doesn’t know this.这孩子是可爱。

The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂,只是不想说。

It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”,一般直译。例句:马克思主义的基本原理是普遍适用的。

The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本领高强的人,往往是谦虚好学的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作战时他总是身先士卒,故能所向披靡。

He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.练习题

1、我们是坐船去武汉的。

2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。

3、这个故事好是好,就是长了点。

4、这场火灾是他们不小心而引起的。

5、满屋都是烟,连他衣服上都是烟味。

6、他开办这家工厂完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。

这本书我是有的,可是我一下找不到。

这原来是破旧、窄小的一条旧街。

这人真讨厌,总是死皮赖脸的缠着人家。

既然要搞掉他,罗织罪名还不是易如反掌。

今天开这个会啊,是想听听各方面的意见。

不管怎么样,我是决意要完成这项任务的。

Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look!We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.汉语习语的英译处理

习语是人们在语言发展过程中,经过长期的社会实践提炼出来的短语或者短句,是语言的精华。从广义上讲,汉语习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语等。具体特点表现在:

1、习语本身是修辞手段的集中体现,如谐音等来增加美感,如“嘴上没毛,办事不牢”,“吃得苦,耐得烦;不怕死,霸得蛮”;英语中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。

2、习语是语言中独立、不规则而固定的因素。如“露出马脚”不能说成“露出猪脚”,“雪中送炭”不能说成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特点,翻译过程中必须注意:

1、尽量保存原文的民族特色和风格,在可能的情况下以直译为主。

2、不能把习语当做普通语句处理,注意修辞美感。

一、汉语习语英译的常用方法

1、英语同义句借用法

A: 借用意义和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意义相同但形象不同的 例如: A:

随大流,以牙还牙 隔墙有耳 一文不名绞尽脑汁 针锋相对 时时刻刻 千钧一发 浑水摸鱼 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears

without a penny to one’s

name

to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water

如坐针毡 a bed of thorns 谋事在人,成事在天

Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原

Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳 Once bit, twice shy.空中楼阁、君子协定、事实胜于雄辩、有其父必有其子、B:

半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 无足轻重

of no account 锦囊妙计

ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入

no admittance 徒劳无益

hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失

be all adrift 水中捞月

fish in the air 乳臭未干

the smell of the baby 寿终正寝

die in the bed 一丘之貉

birds of a feather(flock together)

2、直译法

蓬头垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face

求同存异 see common ground while reserving differences 扑朔迷离

complicated and confusing

朴实无华

simple and unadorned 能者多劳

the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 顺水推舟 push the boat with current 欺软怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而废 give up halfway 口蜜腹剑 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有钱能使鬼推磨

If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年树木百年树人

It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遥知马力,日久见人心。

A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福

Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意译法

畏首畏尾 over-cautious

不到黄河不死心

Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 独木不成林

One person cannot accomplish much.4、节译法 汉语习语中有些是对偶词组,往往前后两对含义相同

无影无踪 vanish without a trace 长吁短叹 千真万确 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不挠 自给自足 经久耐用 同心同德 清规戒律 油头粉面 惊心动魄

sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring

5、直译加注法

东施效颦 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、汉语习语中数词的英译

1、直译法

千金难买一笑

A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光阴一寸金

An inch of time is an inch of gold.一着不慎满盘皆输

One careless move loses the whole game.百花齐放,百家争鸣

Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.听君一席话,胜读十年书

One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分数字

杀一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 两面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九稳 ninety percent sure

3、省略法(当数字是虚指时)昙花一现 be a flash in the pan 一干二净 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious;inappropriate 百无聊赖 to be overcome with boredom 白问不厌 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言两语 a few words 五谷丰登、五光十色、五湖四海、十万火急、才高八斗、千秋万代(throughout the ages)

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