第一篇:汉英亲属称谓研究论文
文 章
来源 莲山 课件 w w
w.5 Y k J.cOM公文 摘 要:汉英两种语言在亲属称谓语上有各自的民族特色和语言特征,它们存在着巨大的差异。前者丰富、复杂,而后者简单、概括。这些差异准确地映射出其背后的中西方文化不同的历史渊源与文化传统。隐蔽在汉英亲属称谓系统中的深层文化分别是由等级观念造成的长幼亲疏尊卑分明的中国文化和个人主义价值取向带来的人人平等观念的西方文化。
关键词:亲属称谓;等级观念;集体主义;个人主义
Abstract:Kinship systems are a universal feature of language.They are the lexically identical terms and unique terminological systems labeled with a distinctive social and cultural nature.In different societies and cultures,there must be different systems of kinship terms.Behind the vast differences between Chinese and English kinship terms are different social structures(hierarchy vs equality),interpersonal relationships(power vs solidarity)and value systems(collectivism vs individualism)of two different cultures.Key words:kinship terms;hierarchy;collectivism;individualism
一、汉英亲属称谓系统的比较
1.汉英亲属称谓系统的构成
亲属称谓是所有社会所共有的语言现象,但是组成称谓系统的要素会因社会文化的不同而有所差异。构成汉语亲属称谓系统的要素明显要多于英语的亲属称谓系统(见图
1、图2)。汉语亲属称谓系统是一个比较复杂庞大的系统,不仅有辈分、性别的区分,还把年龄的大小、父系母系以及血亲姻亲严格区分开来。而在英语中,由于缺少了“年龄”、“缘类”和“父母亲属”三个系统,其亲属称谓系统就简单得多,能够构成的亲属称谓语也少得多。就以辈分系统中的中辈为例,汉英语亲属称谓系统的复杂与简单可窥见一斑。
[6]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999:42.
文 章
来源 莲山 课件 w w
w.5 Y k J.cOM公文
第二篇:汉英翻译
白菜
Chinese cabbage
密码
password 手机
mobile phone
救火
to fight a fire 早恋
puppy love
买一赠一
Buy one,get one free.青春痘
acne
长镜头
zoom lens 方便面
instant noodles
隐形眼镜
contact lens 绿豆
mung bean
卧室
bedroom 试穿
to try sth.on
食言
break a promise 番茄酱
ketchup
酸奶
yoghurt 戴绿帽子
to cuckold sb.黄色书籍
pornography book 高等学校
higher school
农民
farmer 宣传
popularize
物美价廉
economical and good 你红光满面
You look healthy and energetic.他是个气管炎
He is a hen-pecked man.假花
artificial flower
假唱
lip-synch 假钞
counterfeit money
假酒
adulterated wine 假新闻
pseudo-news
恶性循环
vicious circle 恶性肿瘤
malignant tumor
恶性通货膨胀
inflationary spiral
词组翻译
一窝蜜蜂
a swarm of bees
一窝小鸡
a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬
a litter of pups
一群美女
a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭
a team of ducks 一群羚羊
a herd of antelopes 积极支持
unfailing support 积极的财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。
You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他们讲索求,我们讲贡献。
They preach taking from others,whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理,而他追求的是荣华富贵。
What she seeks is truth,and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。
Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,说:“这毛虫”!Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and swore,“Hairy worm!”
6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。
He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走进屋里,大衣上尽是雪,鼻子冻得通红。
He entered the room,his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进,结构新颖,造型美观,款式繁多,舒适大方,携带方便。
The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪军所至,杀戮人民,奸淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所不用其极。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他们意气风发。They are in high spirits.11.他们喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他们眼明手快。
He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.14.我对他敬而远之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群渐渐地安静了下来。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。
An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小说开掘得深不深,艺术和思想是否有过人之处,的确不在题材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗鲁行为使我很震惊。His rudeness shocked me.19.远近/长短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height
20.本公司生产的地毯美丽大方,光彩夺目,富丽堂皇。
The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目标的轻重缓急,孰轻孰重应该仔细研究,认真考虑和反复推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件,已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想远走高飞,免得心烦。He sought the distraction of distance.24.这只船容易颠覆,因为它造型不合理。
This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.厨房又脏又乱。
The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不参加比赛,我感到很失望。
To my disappointment,he did not attend the competition.27.父亲不赞成地看着他。
Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他惊讶地望着我。
He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早,且一向如此。
He rose early,as he had always done.30.他与侵略者合作,出卖了自己的国家。
He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那个人醉心名利。
That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州发现黄金的消息轰动全国。
News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持这个项目。
The government is behind this project.34.1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日会议开幕了。
May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一时记不起他的名字。
His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.选择朋友,越谨慎越好。
One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一号是个星期五。
The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工艺品品种齐全,价格公道,质量可靠。
The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.听到敲门声,我顿时睡意全消。
The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他变得颓废。
The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚着脸皮要钱了吗?
Did he have the cheek to ask for more money?
43.听那个鬼故事时,我简直要吓死了。
I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多张嘴要喂。
He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.这对年轻的夫妇并不相配,一个是西施,一个是张飞。
This young couple is not well matched,one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他,他是个马屁精。
I look down upon him,for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and lack of tansport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.当时,车辆横冲直撞,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.请允许我代表中国体操协会向参加这次邀请赛的朋友们表示热烈的欢迎。Please allow me,on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association,to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上节日盛装。
The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽车盘旋着,穿过村庄,翻越峡谷,沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。
53.有些时装设计师为了赶时髦,舍弃了优雅别致的式样,而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。
In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不过我们说到故事后头去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.请先走。/请走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点声音也没有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我们可借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。
With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.国家不论大小贫富,都应一律平等。
All nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册,不胜感激。
It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他过马路时,左顾右盼,害怕撞到过路的车。
While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我访问了一些地方,遇到了不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多着呢。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.来宾请出示入场券。
Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.约翰真的爱玛丽,而玛丽也爱约翰。
John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成语言,而语言有影响了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很顺手,上汽车没到三分钟,一个钱包就到手了,鼓鼓囊囊的,看来钱不少。
An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐,她的男朋友是什么样的人,父亲一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情与人不同,不求名利,不交朋友,终日只是忙于自己的本职工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致,理论与实践密切结合,反对华而不实和任何虚夸,少说空话,多做工作,扎扎实实,埋头苦干。
Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些国家发生问题,从根本上说,都是因为经济上不去,没有饭吃,没有衣穿,没有房住,工资增长被通货膨胀抵消,生活水平下降,大批人下岗和失业,长期过紧日子。
Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年来,武汉杂技在继承了传统杂技的基础上,大胆吸收其他姊妹艺术之长,运用多种艺术手段,将布景,灯光,道具,美术融为一体,使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。
For 40 years,based on traditional acrobatic techniques,Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery,lighting,costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他俩能在地里找口粗茶淡饭,完全是靠丈夫起早贪黑的耕作。
It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.听了这话,他笑了,双唇合成一条曲线,露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光,脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。
He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小,容貌端庄,鼻子俏丽,头发光亮鉴人。
Although she was both short and slender,she had a dignified and elegant countenance,a fine nose and shinny hair.75.凭窗站了一会儿,微微地觉得凉意侵人。转过身来,忽然眼花缭乱,屋子里的别的东西,都隐在光云里。
Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蜗阳苔干,名优特产,驰名中外,声震古今,翠绿,鲜嫩,清脆,可口,有“天然海蜇”之称;清乾隆年间奉献皇宫,故又名“贡菜”。
Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.
第三篇:汉英身势语的对比研究
英语专业全英原创毕业论文,公布的题目可以用于直接使用和参考(贡献者ID 有提示)
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文,都是近期写作
堂娜•哈拉维的赛博女性主义分析 浅论《黑天鹅》电影的象征手法运用 浅谈经济全球化背景下的商务英语 汉英禁忌语的对比
从《狼图腾》和《野性的呼唤》中狼的意象比较中西方生态意识 英汉形状类量词的隐喻认知分析 中国民俗词语汉译英初探
论《瓦尔登湖》中梭罗的超验主义哲学观 An Application of Schema Theory in Interpreting 浅析《呼啸山庄》的叙事特色
比较分析《长干行》不同译文中的音韵美和意象美 南北战争新思想在女性中的体现——浅析《小妇人》 试论《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人理想家庭的破灭 《动物农庄》的极权主义的研究
论莎士比亚《仲夏夜之梦》中的人文主义思想 高中英语课堂师生互动研究
从谭恩美《喜福会》中审视中西文化冲突 电影名称的翻译特点
跨文化意识在初中英语教材中的渗透 分析戴珍珠耳环的少女
浅析中学生英语学习中的情感因数 语法翻译法与交际法的对比研究
福克纳笔下的“南方淑女”--从互文视角解析凯蒂和艾米莉的边缘化形象特征 试析《傲慢与偏见》中的书信 公示语汉英翻译的问题与对策 《圣经》中的性别歧视
话语中的性别与身份:以《绝望主妇》为例
边缘人群的孤独与无奈——对《夜访吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究 从加菲猫看美国新个人主义价值观 影响英语听力理解效率的非语言因素 跨文化交际中的中美幽默的比较 商务合同中译英准确性的研究 《辛德勒名单》主人公性格分析 体态语在中美交际中的差异及原因
从精神分析法研究托妮·莫里森《宠儿》中塞斯的母爱 宋词英译中的归化和异化
中英文颜色词的文化内涵及翻译 英语中的性别歧视
论英语委婉语的构成与翻译 浅谈在华跨国公司的本土化策略 双语对认知发展的影响
试析跨文化交流中文化休克现象及对策 英语专业全英原创毕业论文,公布的题目可以用于直接使用和参考(贡献者ID 有提示)
《呼啸山庄》中哥特式风格的表现
电影《木兰》中的动物形象反映的中西文化差异 《到灯塔去》的意识流分析 《简爱》的浪漫主义解读
中英文姓名的文化内涵及其翻译的对比研究 委婉语与合作原则的关系
A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Address Terms Study on Dietetic Cultures in Different Regions in China 思维差异对中美商务谈判的影响及应对策略 《女勇士》中的文化冲突与文化融合 跨文化意识在初中英语教材中的渗透 英汉数字习语的文化内涵及其翻译 英汉拒绝语对比研究
电影字幕汉译的归化与异化
从接受美学视角看葛浩文《红高粱家族》英译本中的译者主体性 凝视与对抗:《屋顶丽人》中的两性战争 论海明威作品中的语言特征
On the Application of Newmark’s Theory in Tourism English Translation Harmony is Everything: an Ecological Analysis of The Grapes of Wrath 广告英语的修辞特点
大学英语电影教学现状及对策分析 英文商标的汉译
从归化和异化的角度看《功夫熊猫》的字幕翻译 谈目的论视角下的商标翻译 中西方礼仪差异
对《老人与海》中突显的生态意识的探讨 论《睡谷传奇》中的幽默元素
读者与作者的断裂——多丽丝•莱辛《金色笔记》中的女权主义解读 解读《欲望号街车》中的女主人公布兰琪 从唯美主义角度分析《莎乐美》中邪恶的灵魂 从功能翻译理论视角谈旅游翻译
英语政治新闻中委婉语的形式及语用功能研究 《周六夜现场》的幽默剖析
The Comparison and Translation of English and Chinese Idioms 《榆树下的欲望》和《雷雨》中悲剧性的差异 《黄鹤楼》五个英译本的语义等值研究 多媒体技术在早期英语教育中的应用 英文商标名翻译的原则与策略 商业广告英汉互译的审美研究 中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 《傲慢与偏见》中的女性意识分析 从《霍华德庄园》到《印度之行》:论福斯特联结梦的破灭 论《喜福会》中的中美文化冲突与兼容 认知语境对文学文本翻译策略的影响 英语专业全英原创毕业论文,公布的题目可以用于直接使用和参考(贡献者ID 有提示)
盖斯凯尔夫人工业小说研究
比较中美民事诉讼文化的价值取向
The Archetype of the Ugly Duckling in The Secret Garden 90 从接受美学看广告翻译
《远大前程》中社会环境对皮普的意识与行为的影响 92 从时代背景看《唐璜》中个人主义到人道主义的升华 93 An Analysis of Translation of Road and Traffic Public Signs 94 从四个主要人物的叙述结构来分析《蝇王》的主题意义 95 初中生英语自主学习能力培养的研究 96 “Lady First” Reflected in Different Cultures 97 跨文化交际中的母语文化研究 98 激发幼儿学习英语兴趣
从《蝙蝠侠:黑暗骑士》与《叶问》看中美电影中塑造英雄方式的差异 100 On Symbolism in D.H.Lawrence’s The Rainbow 101 论被动句的翻译
莎士比亚悲剧人物的海明威式英雄特征——以《哈姆雷特》与《奥赛罗》为例 103 从精神家园的追寻与构建的角度来解读梭罗与《瓦尔登湖》的思想 104 《紫色》中女主人公西丽妇女主义的形成
从生态批评理论的角度分析《鲁滨逊漂流记》 106 美式英语与英式英语语音差异研究
浅析《呼啸山庄》女主人公凯瑟琳的悲剧命运 108 论直译与意译在英汉翻译中的应用
Saussure’s Five Contributions to Linguistic Study and Its Modern Applications 110 解读电影《刮痧》中西方文化背景下的中国父亲 111 从概念整合视角解读《老友记》中的言语幽默
身体,规训与自我意识——《可以吃的女人》之福柯式解读 113 不同国家的商务谈判风格及其对策
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的奶妈和《西厢记》中的红娘人物形象比较 115 分析中国和美国的慈善文化
浅析跟单信用证软条款及其防范措施
从女性主义角度对《简爱》和《红字》中女主人公的比较研究 118 浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突 119 学生性格与口语能力初探
《吉姆老爷》中吉姆的性格分析 121 用隐喻理论分析英汉商标的语言特色
The Application of Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement 123 On Translation Strategies of Online Subtitle Translation Group 124 不可缺少的书信——《傲慢与偏见》中书信功能的研究 125 嘉莉悲剧的原因探析
合作学习在小学英语词汇教学中的应用研究 127 从中美高校的课堂教学模式看两国的文化差异 128 英语委婉语成因及其在政治方面的应用 129 化学专业学生英语阅读策略研究
从阿里巴巴BB电子商务平台论中小企业的发展趋势
英语专业全英原创毕业论文,公布的题目可以用于直接使用和参考(贡献者ID 有提示)
英汉称呼语的对比研究
On Sister Carrie’s Broken American Dream from the Perspective of Psychology 133
英汉礼貌用语及交际策略的对比分析
英汉“去除”类运动事件表达异同的对比研究 136 《愤怒的葡萄》里人性的光辉 137 网络英文用语的特点分析 138 汽车商标词的翻译特征和方法
合作学习在初中英语写作教学中应用的可行性研究
任璧莲《典型的美国佬》中的中国传统家庭观念的解体研究 141 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的成长三部曲
An Analysis of Communicative Language Teaching Method in Teaching Spoken English in China 143 探析英语政治委婉语的应用
李清照“声声慢”英译本的对比研究
观春潮:浅析“戏仿”背后海明威性格阴暗面 146 比较研究王维与华兹华斯的自然观
从英语口语与书面语的不同谈如何正确使用英语口语 148 The Word Use and Translation of English News 149 从迷茫的玛尔特的悲剧看女性存在的社会价值 150 英语商务合同的文体特点及其汉译
151 从精神分析学角度探究《呼啸山庄》中的希斯克里夫 152 论《猫城记》和《格列弗游记》的讽刺手法 153 中英植物词语隐喻的文化对比
154 A Study of Nonverbal Communication 155 论《追风筝的人》中父子关系的心理剖析 156 商务谈判中的语言技巧
157 从“三美”原则分析中国古诗词英译技巧 158 图式理论在高中英语阅读中的运用 159 谈电影片名的翻译
160 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《达洛维夫人》中印象主义创作手法探讨 161 从狼人电影解析狼文学
162 浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的几种婚姻模式 163 女性主义视角下《诺桑觉寺》中的凯瑟琳 164 浅谈故事在小学英语教学中的运用
165 从电影《七宗罪》看‘七宗罪’与基督教传统的关系 166 解析喜福会中美籍华裔妇女的冲突和身份问题 167 浅析翻译中的文化缺省及其补偿策略 168 从跨文化角度谈英语词汇的教与学 169 身势语在基础英语教学中的应用 170 英语科技文献的句子特点与翻译
171 分析《嘉莉妹妹》中赫斯渥的人物形象
172 从文化视角看《了不起的盖茨比》中黛西的无辜
173 How to Arouse the Students’Interests in English Learning
英语专业全英原创毕业论文,公布的题目可以用于直接使用和参考(贡献者ID 有提示)
174 从标记理论看英语词汇性别歧视现象
175 The Loss and Gain in Classical Chinese Poetry Translation 176 从生态学角度解读《白鲸》
177 An Analysis of David Copperfield’s Dual Character
178 爱的缺失:班吉康普森的痴人说梦—《喧哗与骚动》班吉叙述视角研究 179 论女性主义对翻译标准的影响 180 浅析商务英语新闻中的隐喻现象
181 试比较《汤姆索亚历险记》与《哈克贝利芬历险记》中主人公性格异同点 182 试论合作学习在初中英语教学中的应用 183 化妆品广告的语用预设分析
184 Two Different Images of the Heroines in the Novel the Age of Innocence 185 商务英语中缩略词的运用及翻译 186 论例句在中学英语课堂中的应用 187 《钗头凤》英译本的对比研究
188 行为因素对翻译质量的影响——张召忠教授译著病因浅析 189 从目的论看《生活大爆炸》的字幕翻译
190 《远大前程》中的“远大”可以是“错误”的 191 Pragmatic Empathy and Chinese-English Translation 192 建构主义学习理论在中学英语教学中的应用 193 《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚形象浅析 194 简析《蝇王》的象征主义
195 中西文化对红颜色的理解及翻译 196 简析商务沟通中的非语言沟通 197 Women’s Image in Pygmalion 198 从《爱玛》看简•奥斯丁的爱情观
199 王尔德家庭道德观在《认真的重要性》中的体现 200 《乞力马扎罗山上的雪》中的生与死
第四篇:汉英翻译技巧
汉英翻译技巧
第一节 汉语无主语句的英译处理
一、祈使句对应为祈使句
e.g.小心轻放。
Handle with care.量体裁衣,看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.宁为鸡首,不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况:一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句;二是有些句子突出宾语部分,在翻译时可以不用补出主语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g.这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here.利用发电机,可以将机械能转变为电能。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中,详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.没有爱心,就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒装语序 e.g.地下埋藏着大量的金银。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.随着一声吼叫,忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住着个老和尚。
In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 结构 例句:没有顺利,无所谓困难;没有困难,也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了。There is very little time left.萝卜白菜,各有所爱。
There is no accounting for taste.无水则无鱼。
Without water there would be no fish.楼下有人想和你说话。
There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主语译出
例句:要解决问题,还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.与自然作斗争,倍感快乐。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老学到老。
It is never too old to learn.子曰:学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?
Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?
六、增添适当的代词或名词充当主语 例句: 知彼知己,百战不殆。
If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜,区别对待
例句:未经审批机关批准,合同中不得规定禁止接受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。
Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一,这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛了。
The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.说明白了一切,就再无奥妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要适可而止,否则就要完蛋。
2.不远处传来了提琴的声音,调子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 伤。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端,靠近一道门,坐着一位将近30岁的男子。
4.他的书桌上放着带有细菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria
All in all, it was two 5.总之,是两点而不是一点。
6.花瓶里没有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要
很容易看得出来那作家是一位生手,刚从事写作。8.。
Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing
9.不怕一万,就怕万一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.还看不出来他能挑得起这副担子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年
12.必须认真做好建厂前的准备工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.应该教导儿童讲实话。
14.必须保证8小时的睡眠。
15.发现了错误,一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight
Find a mistake,第二节、汉语“是”字句的英译处理
一、表示“等同”
例句:他最佩服的就是你。
Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“类属” 例句:这台机器是进口的。
The machine was imported from abroad.他是来找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物状态” 例句:要是旧社会,遇上这样大的水灾,早已是哀鸿遍野了。
If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你现在是身不由己,只能听他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句:她满脸是泪,默不作声。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.别看他长得胖,其实浑身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在两个类似结构中表示“区别”,转换为英语相对的对比结构。例句:他是他,我是我,我们谁也管不着谁。
We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天,今天是今天,情况是不断变化的。
Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.这个人言行不一,说是说,做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敌是敌,友是友,必须分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“让步”,用适当的副词或者让步句型来体现。例句:书是好书,可惜贵了点。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的,只是措辞不当。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事,恐怕也施展不开。
However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.这房子老是老,但离商店近,采购方便。
Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“强调”,一般转换为强调句式 例句:是谁教你这样做的? Who told you to do so? 是这位解放军战士救了你。
It was this PLA man who saved you.我写的信是给她的,不是你。
It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”,由英语习惯句型决定。
例句:是人都会犯错误。
Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜欢。He loves all children.正如一句话所说,是亲三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都抢着干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰当” 例句:屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你来得正是时候。
You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。
The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“选择”或“疑问” 例句:你是看电视还是听音乐? 他不是出国了么?
十、表示“确认”,有强调的意思,一般通过助动词、副词或短语来体现。
例句:她爸爸是不同意她和汤姆来往的。
Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.这件事他是不知道。
He certainly doesn’t know this.这孩子是可爱。
The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂,只是不想说。
It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”,一般直译。例句:马克思主义的基本原理是普遍适用的。
The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本领高强的人,往往是谦虚好学的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作战时他总是身先士卒,故能所向披靡。
He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.练习题
1、我们是坐船去武汉的。
2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。
3、这个故事好是好,就是长了点。
4、这场火灾是他们不小心而引起的。
5、满屋都是烟,连他衣服上都是烟味。
6、他开办这家工厂完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。
这本书我是有的,可是我一下找不到。
这原来是破旧、窄小的一条旧街。
这人真讨厌,总是死皮赖脸的缠着人家。
既然要搞掉他,罗织罪名还不是易如反掌。
今天开这个会啊,是想听听各方面的意见。
不管怎么样,我是决意要完成这项任务的。
Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look!We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.汉语习语的英译处理
习语是人们在语言发展过程中,经过长期的社会实践提炼出来的短语或者短句,是语言的精华。从广义上讲,汉语习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语等。具体特点表现在:
1、习语本身是修辞手段的集中体现,如谐音等来增加美感,如“嘴上没毛,办事不牢”,“吃得苦,耐得烦;不怕死,霸得蛮”;英语中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。
2、习语是语言中独立、不规则而固定的因素。如“露出马脚”不能说成“露出猪脚”,“雪中送炭”不能说成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特点,翻译过程中必须注意:
1、尽量保存原文的民族特色和风格,在可能的情况下以直译为主。
2、不能把习语当做普通语句处理,注意修辞美感。
一、汉语习语英译的常用方法
1、英语同义句借用法
A: 借用意义和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意义相同但形象不同的 例如: A:
随大流,以牙还牙 隔墙有耳 一文不名绞尽脑汁 针锋相对 时时刻刻 千钧一发 浑水摸鱼 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears
without a penny to one’s
name
to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water
如坐针毡 a bed of thorns 谋事在人,成事在天
Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原
Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳 Once bit, twice shy.空中楼阁、君子协定、事实胜于雄辩、有其父必有其子、B:
半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 无足轻重
of no account 锦囊妙计
ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入
no admittance 徒劳无益
hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失
be all adrift 水中捞月
fish in the air 乳臭未干
the smell of the baby 寿终正寝
die in the bed 一丘之貉
birds of a feather(flock together)
2、直译法
蓬头垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face
求同存异 see common ground while reserving differences 扑朔迷离
complicated and confusing
朴实无华
simple and unadorned 能者多劳
the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 顺水推舟 push the boat with current 欺软怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而废 give up halfway 口蜜腹剑 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有钱能使鬼推磨
If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年树木百年树人
It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遥知马力,日久见人心。
A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福
Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意译法
畏首畏尾 over-cautious
不到黄河不死心
Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 独木不成林
One person cannot accomplish much.4、节译法 汉语习语中有些是对偶词组,往往前后两对含义相同
无影无踪 vanish without a trace 长吁短叹 千真万确 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不挠 自给自足 经久耐用 同心同德 清规戒律 油头粉面 惊心动魄
sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring
5、直译加注法
东施效颦 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、汉语习语中数词的英译
1、直译法
千金难买一笑
A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光阴一寸金
An inch of time is an inch of gold.一着不慎满盘皆输
One careless move loses the whole game.百花齐放,百家争鸣
Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.听君一席话,胜读十年书
One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分数字
杀一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 两面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九稳 ninety percent sure
3、省略法(当数字是虚指时)昙花一现 be a flash in the pan 一干二净 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious;inappropriate 百无聊赖 to be overcome with boredom 白问不厌 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言两语 a few words 五谷丰登、五光十色、五湖四海、十万火急、才高八斗、千秋万代(throughout the ages)
第五篇:专业课程汉英对照表
生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表
应用生物学 细胞生物学生物学 进化生物学 海洋生物学 微生物学 分子生物学医学微生物学口腔生物学 寄生物学植物生物学 心理生物学 放射生物学 理论生物学 野生生物学 环境生物学 运动生物学有机体生物学 生物统计学 生物物理学 生物心理学 生物统计学 生物工艺学 生物化学 生物工程学 生物数学 生物医学科学
细胞生物学和分子生物学
Applied Biology Cell Biology Biology
Evolutionary Biology Marine Biology Microbiology Molecular Biology Medical Microbiology Oral Biology Parasutology Plant Physiology Psychobiology Radiation Biology Theoretical Biology Wildlife Biology Environmental Biology Exercise Physiology Organismal Biology Biometrics Biophysics Biopsychology Biostatistics Biotechnology Biological Chemistry Biological Engineering Biomathematics Biomedical Science
Celluar and Molecular Biology
医学技术 医学 护理麻醉学 口腔外科学 口腔/牙科科学 骨科医学 耳科学 理疗学 足病医学 眼科学 预防医学 放射学康复咨询学 康复护理学外科护理学治疗学畸形学 兽医学 牙科卫生学 牙科科学 皮肤学 内分泌学 遗传学 解剖学 麻醉学 临床科学 临床心理学 精神病护理学
力学专业课程汉英对照表
数学分析 常微分方程计算方法材料力学流体力学 机械制图气体力学弹性板理论弹性力学变分原理塑性力学机器人动力学优化计算与最化控制计算机图形学专业英语
程序设计方法(C和FORTRAN)光测力学高等动力学
机械设计与Auto CAD微机原理
Mathematical Analysis Ordinary Differential Equation Numerical Methods Mechanics of MaterialsFluid Mechanics Machining DrawingGas DynamicsTheory of Elastic Plates
Variational Principles inElasticityIntroduction of Plasticity Dynamics of Robots
Optimization and OptimalControlComputer GraphicsEnglish for MechanicsProgramming in C & FORTRAN Photo MechanicsAdvanced Dynamics
Machinery Designing and AutoCAD Principles of Personal Computer
高等代数与几何 数学物理方法 理论力学 弹性力学力学实验 力学概论计算流体力学粘性流体力学有限元法
经典力学中的数学方法自动控制原理计算机图象处理概率与统计振动理论水动力学断裂力学摄动方法信息显示(可视化)复变函数
企业管理专业课程汉英对照表
管理学
Principles Management
宏观经济学产业经济学项目评估管理沟通
Macroeconomics Industrial EconomicsProjects Appraisal
管理信息系统财务管理战略管理
Systems of Management Information Financial ManagementStrategic ManagementNegotiation on Business Affairs InternationalTrade
of 微观经济学
Microeconomics
Management Negotiation国际商务谈判
Researchof 国际贸易
跨国公司专题研究Special
multinational corporation
公司组织与管理
Organization
and 国际营销研究
International Marketing Research
Managementof Corporate
战略管理企业伦理运筹学
Strategic Management生产管理研究Enterprise EthicsOperational Research
组织行为学人力资源管理
Operation Management Organizational BehaviorHuman Resource Management
信息管理专业课程汉英对照表
高等数学 数据库系统 信息管理概论
Higher Mathematics Database Introduction
信息存储与检索 信息服务与用户 to 信息经济学
Information Retrieval andStorage information Service and UserStudy Information Economics
InformationManagement
社会实践
Practical Work
信息分析与决策
Information Analysis andPolicy Making
管理学原理
Principles Management
信息组织 管理信息系统
Information Organization 计算机网络Management Information 线性代数 System
决策分析 概率统计
Policy Making Statistics
ProbabilityTheory
电子商务政府信息化工程
Electronic CommerceGovernment Informationalization
广告实务 操作系统经济信息管理
Practice of Advertisement 多媒体技术 Operating System Economic
信息科学基础
Multimedia
Foundations of InformationScience Principles of Microcomputers
信息系统安全与保密 Information System Security 企业信息化工程
Enterprise Informationalization
离散数学 and 生产与运作管理
Discrete Mathematics Production ManagementComputer NetworksLinear Algebra
of 信息政策与法规
Information Policy and Law
Information 微机基础
Management
电子出版技术 信息环境论
Electronic Publishing Information Environments
知识产权法学
Law
of
Intelligence 组织行为学
广告概论 传播学原理
Introduction to Advertisement Principles
CommunicationTheory Studies of Organization
of
Property
专业英语
Specialty English 文 献 计 量 学Bibliometrics
货币银行学专业课程汉英对照表
货币银行学宏观经济学策略管理银行会计 运筹学财务管理
Money and BankingMacroeconomics Strategic ManagementBank AccountingOperational ResearchFinancial Management
管理信息系统运筹学保险学管理会计国际贸易国际金融
租赁与信托商业银行实务项目评估人力资源管理财务案例分析
Hiring and AffiancingPractice of Business Bank Projects Appraisal
Human Resource Management
Case Analysis of FinancialManagement
证券投资学 国际结算金融市场学财务报告分析
物理专业课程汉英对照表
热学 光学 计算概论
衍射物理(固体结构分析)计算机模拟方法 材料物理 现代固体物理 物理宇宙学基础 原子物理 理论力学
普通物理综合实验
Thermodynamics Optics
Computing Generality
Diffraction Physics(Structureof Solid Analysis)Computer Simulation Methods Materials Physics Modern Solid State Physics Elements of Cosmology Physics Atomic Physics Theoretical Mechanics
Synthetical Experiments ofGeneral Physics
力学 电磁学
固体磁性及应用基础 科研实用软件 激光原理、技术与应用近代光学和光电子学 粒子物理 固体物理 量子力学 电动力学 普通物理实验
市场营销学专业课程汉英对照表
营销管理 国际贸易 管理信息系统推销学
营销预测与规划 国际市场营销广告管理 国际贸易实务企业伦理 管理学
Marketing ManagementInternational Trade
Systems of Management Information Sales Strategies
Marketing Forecasting andPlanningInternational MarketingAdvertising ManagementPractice of InternationalTradeEnterprise Ethics Principles of Management
公共关系 消费者行为 营销调研国际金融 销售渠道管理 商业谈判营销案例分析服务业营销 新产品开发
财务学专业课程汉英对照表
货币银行学 财务报告分析
Money and Banking
证券投资学
Security Analysis and Investment International Finance
Analysis of Financial 国际金融 Statement
保险学国际财务管理
Insurance 财务案例分析Case Analysis of FinanceManagement Assets Appraisal
International Financial 资产评估Management
项目评估财务管理运筹学管理会计管理学
Projects Appraisal宏观经济学Macroeconomics
Systems of Management Information Strategic ManagementMicroeconomics Calculus
Financial Management 管理信息系统Operational Research策略管理Managerial Accounting微观经济学Principles Management
of 微积分
统计学
Principles of Statistics
会计专业课程汉英对照表
会计学 管理会计 会计信息系统
Accounting PrinciplesManagerial Accounting
成本会计 审计学
Cost AccountingAuditing Principles Investment Principles
Accounting Information 投资学 Systems
财务管理 财务报告分析
Financial Management 货币银行学 Money and BankingInternational Finance
Analysis of Financial 国际金融 Statement
国际会计 International Accounting 财税法规与税务会计 Laws and Regulations of Financeand
Taxes
预算会计 Budget Accounting内部审计与政府审计 Internal Auditing and
GovernmentAuditing
会计审计实务
Accounting and Auditing 经济计量学 Practice
会计职业道德与责Accounting Ethics and 会计研究方法 任
国际会计专题
Responsibilities International AccountingSpecial Subject
微积分
Economic Metrology
Accounting Research Methods
微观经济学 Microeconomics
Calculus统计学 Principle of Statistics