第一篇:国际商务合同中汉英词语翻译策略研究
国际商务合同中汉英词语翻译策略研究
[摘要] 本文认为国际商务合同是一种具有法律效力的文件,属于特殊文本,准确性和严谨性是其行文基本风格,本文从词语使用的角度诸如专业词、古体词、shall 的使用等探讨了国际商务合同中汉英翻译策略。
[关键词] 国际商务合同词语特点翻译策略
第二篇:商务合同的语言特点及其汉英翻译
商务合同的语言特点及其汉英翻译
商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体,重在记实,用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。英译商务合同貌似简单,实则不然。商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,要符合法律公文的特点,要做到译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅。
为了探讨商务合同的汉英翻译,本文拟从英文合同的语言特征中寻找翻译时应遵循的原则, 从而介绍商务合同汉英翻译的一些特殊手段。
一、英文合同的语言特征
作为具有法律效应的商务合同或协议,基本具备以下特征:
1.用词准确明晰。商务合同需要将合同双方的意愿清晰地表达出来,首先要考虑的就是其语言的明晰性,而这一点又主要依靠准确用词,同义、近义词间的细微差异此时都显得非常重要,含混不得。这一点与公文力求明确的特点相呼应。与此同时,为了尽可能把一切都写得准确无疑,作者往往会不惜笔墨重复名词或修饰词,尽量避免代词的使用或省略手段。
例1 :Whereas , the Seller is desirous of exporting the undermentioned products to the territory stipulated below.(卖方欲出口下列产品至下面规定的地方。)
例2 : Whereas , the Purchaser is desirous of importing the said goods for sale in the said territory.(而买方欲进口所述货物在所述地点出售。)
从上述两例中,我们不难看出:用词表达清晰自然,不会产生误解,在大的结构上虽有些重复,但如果运用省略或替代的方式加以简化,其语言的明晰度则逊色了许多。
2.用词正式,多古体惯用副词。为了体现商务合同的法律性和严肃感,正统用词势在必行,因此英文合同的用词较正式、多古体词”。
例3 :Hereafter called “the Purchaser”.(下称“买方”。)
例4 : Either party reserves the right to terminate this agreement upon negotiation.(任何一方需中止合同都必须经过协商。)
上述两句中使用了purchase , party , reserve ,terminate 等正式用词,而未使用常见的buy , side ,keep , end 等词。此外,还有以下类似常见词汇(括号内为可替换词): assist(help);render(make);desire(wish);require(want);residence(home);function(work or act);state(say);inform(tell);commence(begin);terminate
(end);initiate(start);proceed(go)等。
例5 :Now ,therefore ,it is hereby agreed and understood as follows(因此,双方特此协商如下:)
例1、2、3 和5 使用了whereas(而?), hereafter(本文中以下), therefore(因此), hereby(因此,据此)等词,体现了英语合同文体的又一特点:古体惯用副词的使用。常见的类似词汇还有:
hereof(?中的), herewith(与?一道), thereafter(从那以后?), thereon/ thereupon(在其上),thereunder(在其下), hereto(对于这个), hereinabove / hereinbefore(在上文), hereinafter / hereinbelow(在下文), thereinbefore(在上文中、在上一部分中), thereinafter(在下文中、在下一部分中)等。
3.普通词有特定意义或特定用法。例2 中的said 意为“所提到的”,修饰goods 和territory ,而该词在一般文体中不这样使用。另外shall 一词常常表示“必须”之意,而不是“将要”。
例6 : The Seller shall sell to the Buyer ,and the Purchaser shall purchase from the Seller 50(Fifty)units of the goods at the price of US $12(US Dollars Twelve)per unit.另外, allowance 一词的常意是“允许”、“津贴”,而商贸合同中多指“折扣”, article 则指“项目”或“条款”,而deposit 很可能不指“存款”,而指“押金、保证金”。当然,要使词义明确的最理想情形是一词一指,一词一义,然而一词多义却又是英语的一大特点。所以,译者应该学会依据文体和词义的不同把握翻译技巧,确保无误。
4.格式化结构和表达方式。作为应用文体,商务合同少不了一些格式化的套用句式或结构。
例7 :Both parties shall act in accordance with the provisions of the agreement.(双方都应按照协议条款办事。)
例8 :Subject to the procurements of necessary permit s in Hong Kong and Nigeria.(本合同能否执行取决于在香港和尼日利亚取得必要的各种许可证)
例7 中的in accordance with(依据?)和the provisions of(?的条款)均为合同的常用表达方式;例8 中subject to(以?为条件,受?制约)表示条件。还有provided that(倘若,假如);in respect of 和with respect to(关于,至于)等都为合同中格式化表达结构。、商务合同的翻译原则
由于商务合同又是具备法律效应的文件,它要严格规定合同双方的义务、权力、行为准
则等明确条款,其明晰与否将会影响当事人对条款的理解和法庭的判决。受其文体特征的制约,所以丝毫不能允许语义的模棱两可而使人误解,被人钻了法律的空子。因此,它宁可牺牲文字流畅也要保持文意斩钉截铁的确凿性。
三、商务合同的汉英翻译
针对合同的特征,在英译时常常需要采取一些与目标语文体相吻合的翻译手段或方法。
1.合理补充公文语惯用副词。为了使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅,且符合英文商务合同的表达习惯,在英译时,酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,会使译文更地道、流畅。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副词常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。
实际上,这种公文语惯用副词为数并不多,而且构词简单易记,常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。
例9 :本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
译文: This Contract hereby comes into effect from the date of execution by the Purchaser and the Builder.比较: This Contract comes into effectfrom the date signed by the Buyer and the Builder.例10 :下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品, 其品牌以此为合适。
译文: The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is appropriate are made in China.比较: The signer below agrees that the new products are made in China and this trade name is appropriate.从以上两句译文比较发现:例9 中合理补充了hereby 后更充分地体现了“签署”和“生效”的因果关系,译文更有逻辑感;例10 补充了hereby和whereto 两个副词后,把两个并列分句改编成了从属关系, 更符合原文表达, 加入古体连词whereto 引导定语从句,与“to which”同义。
2.谨慎选词,力克模糊。英译商务合同时,常常由于选词不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此,了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别极为重要,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一。下面用几个典型实例加以说明。
例11 :双方都应遵守/ 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
译文:Both parties Shall abide by/ All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.句中的两个“遵守”翻译应不一样。当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用comply with 英译“遵守”。
例12:发票货值须货到付给。
译文: The invoice value is to be paid on / upon arrival of the goods.例13 :卖方须在6 月15 日(含当日)前将货交给买方。
译文: The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or : before June 16)
例14 :我公司的条件是:3 个月内,即不得晚于5 月1 日,支付现金。
译文: Our terms are cash payment within three months , i.e.on or before(or : not later than)May 1.例15 :本合同有效期至2003 年1 月1 日。
译文: This Contract expires till January 1 ,2003(inclusive).例12 至15 都含有时间的不同表达方式。例12 中“ ??到后,就??”须用介词on/ upon ,而不用after ,因为after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。例13中“ ?之前”要根据具体情况确定,如果包括所写日期,就用介词by ,如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词before。英语中,时间的界定只有依靠介词的微小区别来判别,翻译时应慎之又慎。
例16:交货期改为8 月并将美元折合成人民币。
译文:Both parties agree that the time of shipment is changed to August and the US dollar is changed into RMB.例16 中,英译“把A 改为B”用“change A to B”,英译“把A 折合成/ 兑换成B”用“change A into B”, 两者不可混淆。另外, shipping advice 和shipping instructions 不一样,前者是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的,而后者则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。
3.慎重处理合同细目。一般来说,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,不是大的陈述性条款,恰恰是一些关键的细目,比如金钱、时间、数量等。
为了避免出差错,英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确
切范围。
例17 :如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其他货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。
译文: The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/ or cargo onboard.例18 :买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
译文: This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller , whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.例17 中的“和(或)”用对等的“and/ or”能完整准确地表达双方应承担的责任。例18中的“by and between”强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋予的责任,比单纯的用“by”更准确合理,这种表达往往作为英文合同的开头。
例19 :聘方须每月付给受聘方500 美元整。
译文:Party A(The Employer)shall pay Party B(The Employee)a monthly salary of US $500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).例19中金额的表达也是英文合同中的惯用方法,即在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,在大写文字前加上“SAY”, 意为“大写”, 在最后加上“ONLY”,意思为“整”。必须注意小写与大写的金额数量要一致。另外,在表达金额时,必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。还有金额中是小数点还是分节号,千万不得疏忽,否则后果不堪设想。
商务合同是一种具有法律效应的应用文体,英文的商务合同具有以下语言特征:
1)用词准确明晰;
2)文体正式,多古体惯用词;
3)普通词有特定意义;
4)多格式化结构和表达方式。
针对其相应的文体特征,商务合同汉英翻译应该做到:
1)忠实原义应放在首位;
2)译文应符合目标语体裁和格式;
3)在翻译方法上,主要采取直译加调整的方法;
4)大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确;
5)合理地补充公文惯用词语。只有这样,译文才符合英语表达习惯,翻译质量才能得到提高。
合同翻译
(二)合同翻译英译商务合同貌似简单,实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体,重在记实,用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。
本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例,从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。
一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词
商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。实际上,这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where 等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如:
从此以后、今后:hereafter;
此后、以后:thereafter;
在其上:thereonthereupon;
在其下:thereunder;
对于这个:hereto;
对于那个:whereto;
在上文:hereinabovehereinbefore;
在下文:hereinafterhereinbelow;
在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore;
在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.
现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。
例 1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.例 2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。
The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.二、慎重处理合同的关键细目
实践证明,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说,不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
3.1限定责任
众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。
3.1.1 and/or
常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。例 9:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.3.1.2 by and between
常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。
例 10:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.3.2限定时间
英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
3.2.1 双介词
用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例 11;自9月2O日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.例 12:我公司的条件是,3 个月内,即不得晚于5月1日,支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.3.2.2 not(no)later than
用“not(no)later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例 13:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December 15.3.2.3 include 的相应形式
常用 include 的相应形式:inclusive、including 和 included,来限定含当日在内的时间。例 14:本证在北京议付,有效期至1月1日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.)如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为 till and not including January 1。
3.3 限定金额
为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改,英译时常用以下措施严格把关。
3.3.1.大写文字重复金额
英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”。意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。
例 16:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).3.3.2.正确使用货币符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。
第三篇:浅论国际商务合同翻译原则
浅论国际商务合同翻译原则
摘要:改革开放以来,我国的国际经贸活动日益频繁,需要签署的商务合同和需要书写的法律文书越来越多,商务合同作为一种媒介,就显得越来越重要。商务合同属于法律文件,对签约双方都具有法律约束力。译文稍有差错就会给双方当事人造成巨大的经济损失。本文列举了大量的实例来对国际商务合同翻译的原则加以分析,希望能对大家有所帮助。
关键词:国际; 商务合同; 翻译原则
Abstract: Since the reform and opening up,we have more and more international economic and trade activities,thus we need to sign and write more and more legal documents.Business contracts are very important as a media.Business contracts are legal documents and are binding on both sides.Small errors in contract will caused huge losses.This paper lists a lot of examples to analysis the principle of the international business contract translation,hoping to be of help.Keyword: International ; Business contract ; The principle of translation 前言
21世纪是一个催人奋进的时代,科技革命迅猛发展,知识更替日新月异,国际竞争力日趋激烈。中国加入世贸组织以来,与它国经济交流越来越多,经济发展日益国际化。与国内经济不同,国际经贸活动要涉及两个或两个以上国家或地区的当事人,因此需要一个媒介来促使双方达成共识.国际商务合同作为媒介的作用突现出来。
合同,也叫契约,“契”意思相投或相合,“约”是用语言文字互相遵守约定,合同是指自愿订立共同遵守的条件,合作共事。《中华人民共和国》第二条规定“合同是平等主体的自然人,法人,其他组织之间设立,变更,终止民事权利义务关系的协议〔contracts referred to in this law are agreements between equal natural persons,legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing,altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations〕。而国际商务合同作为其中的一种,也具有合同具有的一般的法律特征。对一国而言,国际商务合同也指涉外合同,涉外合同的当事人可以选择合适适用的法律。我国国际商务合同法有以下几类:1,国际货物买卖合同;2,代理合同;3,来件装配合同;4,融资租赁合同;5,合资经营企业合同;6,劳务合同;7,国际技术咨询服务合同;8,国际借贷合同;9,国际土木建筑工程承包合同;10,外包合同;11,服务合同;12,风险投资管理协议;13,股权转让协议。此类合同都是涉外交易性质需要英汉两种版本,因此需要翻译。下面就让我们一起看一下翻译时应该注意的方面。
一﹑商务合同的语言特征
商务合同是依法成立的法律文件,有其特殊的文体特征。所谓“文体(style)”就是指人们使用语言时,会根据一定的交际内容,交际目的和交际场合,来选择一定的表达方式,即语言风格,这种风格既要适应交际对象也要适应特定的语言环境。根据美国语言学家Martin Joos(1962)年的分类,合同属于庄重文体(the
frozen style),是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。总体来说,这种正式性体现在内容的专业性,语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。因此,我们在进行翻译或者攥稿时,必须要从各个方面把握国际商务合同的语言特征。
1﹑词汇特征
作为一种正式的文体,在选词方面应该做到严谨,准确,规范,不能添加任何感情色彩,要能准确无误的表达出合同双方的权利,义务以及双方的要求。
(1)﹑多用大词(Big word)
我们在选择词语时,要尽量选择正式规范的词语,俗语,俚语,方言,日常生活用语是绝对不允许出现的。例如:“In convening a general meeting of shareholders,notice shall be dispatched to shareholders。”[1]显然句子中的convening和dispatch比同义词holding和spread out更为正式。
(2)﹑多用商务法律术语
为了保持合同语言的规范正式性,我们有时宁愿牺牲语言的流畅性也要确保语言的严谨庄重性。国际商务合同本质上就是具有法律效力的文本,在长期的实践过程中,形成了一些独有的商务法律专业术语。例如:“imputed negligence(转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。”商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移,它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障。还有一些介词短语,“in accordance with ”,“whereas”,“subject to”等等词组和搭配已经是商务合同专业术语的一部分了。
(3)﹑多用外来词和古体语
国际商务合同中还有一些外来词和古体词作为专业术语。外来词有不少源于拉丁语或法语,它们的意义比较稳定,可以精确地表达概念,例如:ad valorem duty(拉丁语)从价(关)税,bona fide holder(拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人,pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语,即proportional tax rate),insurance premium per capita(拉丁语)人均保险费,force majeure(法语)不可抗力。商务合同英语具有古体特点,主要标志是古体词语的使用。古体词(archaism)是一种具有鲜明文体色彩的词汇成分。虽然这类词语在现代英语口语和一般书面语中极少使用,但在商务合同等法律文体中,却大量出现,充分体现出严肃的文体风格。合同英语最具特色的古体词形式当数自由词素where、here和there与in、by、with和after等构成的复合副词。如:here +介词:如,hereto,hereof,herein,hereinafter等。这里here相当于this,指本文献、合同或有关文件,因此,“hereto”(本合同)相当于to this,依此类推。
2﹑句式特征
(1)﹑常用长句,陈述句,条件句
商务合同中的句子与普通英语句子相比,句子长度,结构和使用从句的连贯性要复杂的多。为了避免遗漏或误解,因此在合同文本中有很多的限定词,修饰词,定义以及复杂状语,所以句子较长。有时,一个条款的解释或一个句子就能成为一段。为了使合同双方明确自己的权利和义务,会经常使用一些复杂的重叠的状语。在合同中常用陈述句和条件句,而感叹句和疑问句等几乎不被使用,这是因为前者语言平实客观,能更准确的反应事实。陈述句多用来描述,阐述和作出说明或判断。条件句多用来描述买卖双方在一定条件下应该采取的措施。
(2)﹑多用插入语
在商务英语合同中,较多的使用插入语对句子内容进行补充说明或者强调。如:“The buyer must,whenever he is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods,give the sufficient notice thereof.”句子中的“ whenever he is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods”就是插入语来对句子内容作出更详细的说明。
二﹑商务合同翻译的标准
商务英语合同翻译虽然和普通英语翻译有很大的差别,但本质上还是一样的。笔者认为刘法公先生提出的“忠实(faithfully)﹑准确(exactness)﹑统一(consistence)”则从根本上适应了商务英语这一特性。忠实,即准确的将原文语言的信息用译文表达出来,不求语法与句子结构的一致,但要求信息内涵上的对等。准确,即再将原文语言内容转换到译文语言内容的过程中选词准确,做到概念表达确切﹑物与名所指准确,数码与单位所指精确,准确是商务英语翻译的核心。统一,即汉英翻译过程中的译名﹑概念﹑术语在任何时候都应该保持统一,不允许将同一概念或术语随意变换译文。
三﹑商务合同翻译的原则
商务合同是一种特殊的应用的文体,它具有用词准确、正式,句式严谨、规范,文体结构固定的特点。而且大量使用法律词汇,来显示合同的正规、庄严、准确规范以及威严的语言特色。因此,作为一名合格的译者,不仅要有过硬的专业知识与语言功底,还需要了解必要的翻译原则。这样才能翻译出合格的译文,成为一名合格的译者。
1﹑译文准确严谨,忠实原文
鉴于商务合同是具有法律效力的文件,它严格的规定合同双方当事人的权利与义务,所以“丝毫不允许语义的模凌两可而使人误解,被人钻了法律的空子,它即使牺牲文字的流畅性也必须保持原文的忠实性。”否则,对原文意思的曲解,会造成严重的商贸纠纷。此外,商务合同中有许多法律术语和专业术语,在文本中有特定的含义,因此我们在翻译时要严格的贴近合同所涉及的专业性内容,准确根据已有的商贸专业知识和对课文的理解来翻译文中的词,而不是仅仅借助英汉词典,翻译出模糊的句子或文章。例如:“The China shall bear all relevant taxes and levies upon the personnel by Chinese Government,whereas the Employer shall bear the same imposed upon the personnel by the government or by an agency or by an official body.[1]此句翻译为:“中国政府应负责缴纳中国政府对人员所征收的一切税金,雇主应负责缴纳项目所在国政府对人员所缴纳的一切税金。”句中的“shall”是法律词汇,相当于我们汉语中的“应当”,“必须”。句中还有两个关于“税金”的单词,taxes 和 levies。其中tax在表示“税”时,主要强调money taken compulsorily by the government or by an official body to pay for government services;levy作为名词,主要表示一种“征税”的行为,即money which is demanded and collected by the government or by an official body。[1]所以,我们在进行翻译的时候要注意分清这两个单词的具体意思,千万不能混淆所给,模糊翻译。例如:“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”其中acceptance 和offer平常译为“接受”和“提供”,然后在商务合同中是专有术语,应译为 “承诺”和“要约”,所以译文为:“要约一旦承诺,合同立即订立。”还有一些缩略词(FOB,CIF等)都应该引起我们足够的重视,不能主观臆断,这样才能保证译文准确严
谨,忠实原文。
2﹑译文具体清楚,用词严密
鉴于商务合同所使用语言都属于法律语言范畴,多是法律词汇,以显示合同的正规﹑严谨﹑规范。所以,我们在选择词汇的时候不能选择一些有歧义的或有多重意思的。例如:“As to the steamer sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles,we have bimonthly direct services.”[2]句中的“bimonthly”可以指“两月一次或一月两次”,这个时候就会给对方造成误解,是绝对不允许的。例如:“We wish to confirm our telex dispatched yesterday.”句中的“yesterday”是一个相对的概念,在这里用不合适。我们应该使用具体的时间,如:“We confirm our telex of May 20,2014.”还有一些时间和金钱方面的翻译,要做到翻译时具体清楚,切不可想当然,而丢失了一些重要信息,造成不必要的麻烦。例如:“Terms of Payment :The Buyers shall open with a bank acceptable to the Sellers an Irrevocable Sight Letter of Credit to reach the Seller 30 days before the month of shipment,valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the month of shipment.”[1]翻译为:“付款条件:买方应由卖方可接受的银行于装运月份前30天开立并送达卖方不可撤销即期信用证,至装运月份后第15天在中国议付有效。”此句是合同中关于支付的条款,涉及到两个重要的时间,我们应该看清具体介词,进行具体清楚的翻译。
3﹑译文完整规范,达意通顺
所谓完整规范,达意通顺,就是把理解了的内容用合乎合同要求的规范语言与形式表达出来。合同文书经过长期的实践﹑检验,其整体结构已经相对固定,大体由标题﹑前言﹑正文及结尾组成,而且正文中的各个条款也相对固定,只需做稍许改变。因此,译者在翻译的时候要特别注意已经约定俗成的一些规定及词语。例如:“documentary bill at sight ”可以翻译为“即期付有单据的票据”虽然表达的意思符合原文意思,但是概念模糊不清。因为“票据”本来涵义就十分广泛,而在商务英语中的“票据”大多数指“汇票”,因此可译为“跟单汇票”。而且中英文在语言结构上存在很大的差别,中文结构较为松散,英文结构较为严谨些,这些都会造成文章不通顺。再者,商务合同的条款本来就比较繁琐,翻译时要首先弄清全文,在弄清各个条款之间的内在联系,切不可拘泥于原文的句法和条条框框,来达到译文的条理清晰,通顺。切不可像初学者一样,不加斟酌,生掰硬套,致使译文更加晦涩难懂。
结语:
通过以上对合同翻译原则的探讨,我们发现合同语言不同于日常生活用语。合同语言专业性强,句子复杂难翻译,专业词汇多,涉及的知识面范围广。因此,作为一名译者,拥有过硬的语言功底是远远不够的,还需要有一定的专业知识背景,了解一定的翻译原则,与时俱进,不断充实自己。在实践中摸索,不断总结英汉两种语言翻译的异同,切实提高翻译能力,语言水平和审美情趣。
第四篇:商务合同翻译
1)为了便于甲方及时开展工作,乙方应于2009年12月31日前将第一批寄售货物运到甲方处。在2010年3月十五日左右,甲、乙双方应就剩下的寄售期限可能销量达成共识。
In order to facilitate Party A’s work of starting the consignment sales on time, Party B should ship the first lot of consignment goods to Party A before Dec.31, 2009.On or about March 15, 2010, Party A and Party B shall meet to mutually determine on acceptable sales level for the remainder of the consignment period.2)在寄售合同到期后的一个月内,甲方将按合同单价把已售出的货物以美元形式全额汇给乙方。如果有销售额总额超过15万美元的情况,甲方应在一月内将销售款以美元形式汇给乙方。
Within one month after expiration of the consignment period, Party A shall remit Party B the total sum in U.S Dollars based on the contracted unit price for those items which have been sold.If at any time the total value of goods sold exceeds the amount of U.S.Dollars 150000, Party A shall remit the total sum in U.S.Dollars to Party B within one month’s period of time.3)装配所需的主要零件、消耗品及部件由甲方运至广州。如有零部件短少或破损,甲方应负责补充替换。
甲方应于成品交运1个月前开出不可撤销的信用证以支付全部装配费和乙方在广州购买零件、消耗品和部件的费用。
The main parts, consumption articles and components required for assembling will be sent in time to Guangzhou by Party A and if there is any shortage of , or damage to these parts and components , Party A shall be responsible for supplying replacements.Party A shall pay Party B by opening an irrevocable L/C covering the full amount of assembling charges and costs of parts , consumption articles and components purchased in Guangzhou by Party B , one month before the shipment of the finished products concerned.4)一切与本合同有关的进出口手续,均由乙方办理。
乙方将所装配的晶体管收音机运交甲方指定的外国买主。有关运费和保险费由甲方负担。All import and export procedures in connection with this contract shall be taken care of by Party
B.All transistor radios assembled by Party B will be shipped to foreign buyers designated by Party A.The relevant freight and insurance premium shall be borne by Party A.5)晶体管收音机的商标由甲方供给,如有法律纠纷,甲方应负完全责任。
如因装配需要,由乙方在广州购买的零部件必须达到品质标准,并应事先经过甲方核准。The trade marks of transistor radios will be supplied by Party A and should there be any illegal involvement, Party A is to be held fully responsible.All parts and components purchased by Party B in Guangzhou, if necessary for assembling transistor radios, must measure up to the quality standards of, and be approved by Party A beforehand.6)本合同自受聘方到校之日起生效,到聘期届满时失效。如一方要求延长聘期,必须在合同期满前一个月用书面向对方提出,经双方协商同意后另签延聘合同。
This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at the AA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration.If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other
party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires.Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.7)公司为一有限责任公司及在中华人民共和国法律下的法人,公司的所有活动应遵守中华人民共和国颁布的法律、法令及条例,公司的所有合法权益及利益受中华人民共和国的法律管辖及保护。
The Company is a limited liability company and a legal person under the laws of the People’s Republic of China.All the activities of the Company shall comply with the laws, decrees and regulations promulgated by the People’s Republic of China.All the lawful rights and interests of the Company are subject to the jurisdiction and protection of the laws of the People’s Republic of China.8)合营的一方如不履行本合同或公司章程的义务,违约一方得赔偿另一方因此而遭受的经济损失。
在合营期限内,双方都无权单方面宣布撤销或终止本合同。
If either of the Parties fails to fulfil its obligations under this Contract , it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom.During the term of operation of the Company, neither Party has the right to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this Contract.9)公司注册资本为9000万美元。由中方在签约后30天内提供土地使用权。外方在2001年3月1日以前提供办公楼、厂房、必须的设备、设备、机器、工具、仪器、工业产权、非专利技术、生产资金、流动资金等。
The registered capital of the Company is USD 90 million.The Chinese Corp provides the right to use land within 30 days after signing the Agreement.The Foreign Co.provides the office building, factory premises, necessary facilities, equipment, machines, tools, instruments, industrial property rights, non-patent technology, production funds, operating funds, etc.before March 1, 2001.10)如因不可抗力事件使公司无法继续营业时,本协议可通过双方协商予以提前终止。如果中方或外方想要把本协议规定的权利和义务进行全部或部分转让,另一方有优先购买权。转让必须得到审批机关的批准。
In case of Force majeure, which makes it impossible for the Company to continue its business, this Agreement may be terminated ahead of schedule through consultation between the two parties.If the Chinese or foreign party wishes to make an assignment of all or part of its rights and obligations prescribed in this Agreement, the other party shall have the preemptive right to purchase the same.The assignment must obtain the approval of the examination and approval authority.11)如果在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺陷,投资人必须按中方的要求,及时适当解决
In case defect of the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period.INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay ,upon SINO`s request
12)在上述情况下,该缺点经鉴定是由于中方操作经验不足,搬运不当或某一物品的消耗所致,则投资人应要求中方支付实际运输费用
In the above instance investor shall request SINO for payment of the actual costs of transportation ,when such defect is judged to be due to inexperienced operation by sino or due to inappropriate handling ,or due to an article of consumption
13)在投资人派遣工程师的任务完成以后,中方如有必要仍可要求投资人继续给以技术支持,但投资人应要求中方为这种增加的合作支付费用,合作的条款由双方将来讨论约定。
Sino shall be able to request for continued technical support from investor , if necessary, even after completion of the above despatchofinvestor`sengineers.however ,in this instance.investor shall be able to request sino for the cost of such additional technological cooperation.terms and conditions shall be subject to mutual discussion and agreement between sino and investor ,in future
14)乙方确认由其所生产的许可证产品必须严格按照甲方所提供的设计,图纸及规格生产,除依第C条第一款规定的修改内容以外,在任何情况下许可证产品均具备与 所生产的产品相同的质量与运动性能。如果乙方未严格依照甲方的设计,图纸及规格生产,则甲方对于乙方的许可证产品不承担任何担保责任。
15)GTT是中方和投资人之间的桥梁GTT应协助中方用展销会,研讨会,技术培训等办法在中国销售产品GTT应在产品品质合格时考虑把这些产品销往欧洲和非洲
1)GTT shall act as a bridge between SINO and INVESTOR
2)GTT shall assist SINO in marketing in china of products finished by SINO by means fo trade show ,seminar ,technical traning program ,ect
3)GTT shall consider marketing finished products to Europe and Africa when the quality turns out to be satisfactory
16)如果初次检验不合格应进行第二次检验,如果第二次检验仍不合格,则投资人赢在2个月内自费调换有关设备如果检验合格,双方应签署检验证明书一式二份,双方各执一份
1)In case initial test is unsatisfactory ,a second test shall be carried out.if the second test is again unsatisfactory ,INVESTOR shall replace the equipment involved atits own cost ,within two months after the second text
2)in case text results are satisfactory ,SINO and INVESTOR shall sign a text certificate in duplicate and each party shall keep one copy
17)本合同的订立,效力,解释,执行及由其引起争议的解决均适用中华人民共和国颁布的法律,法令,和条例规定
The making ,validity ,interpretation and implementation of this contract and the settlement of disputes arising thereform shall shall be governed by laws ,decrees and regulations promulgated by the people`s republic of china
18)受聘方的工作时间每周5天,每天7小时,受聘方按照中国,澳大利亚两国政府规定的节假日放假,寒假按本校校历规定。
The engaged party works five days a week and seven hours a day ,the engaged party have legal holidays as prescribed by both Chinese and Australian governmentthe winter vacation is fixed by the school calenderf
19)聘方每月支付给受聘方工资2000澳元,并按照澳大利亚政府对在澳工作的外籍教师的规定提供各种福利待遇
The engaginfg party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of 2000 australian dollars and provides him with various benefits as prescribed by Australian government for foreign teachers working in Australia
20)受聘方在入境,离境,或过境时,必须遵守澳大利亚政府有关外国人居住,工资福利以及旅行等的法律,规章,并遵守聘方的工作制度。
The engaged party shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Australian government concerning residence ,wages and benefits ,and travel for foreigners when entering ,leaving and passing through the territory of the country ,and shall follow the working system of the engaging party
21)双方均不得无故撤销合同如果聘方要求中途终止合同,除按上述条款承担工资福利待遇外,需给受聘方增发3个月的工资作为补偿金,并于1个月内安排受聘方及其家属回国并承担有关费用
若受聘方中途提出辞职,聘方自同意之日起即停发工资,受聘方不再享受各项福利待遇,受聘方及其家属回国的一切费用均由本人自理
Neither party shall cancel the contract without reasonable causes ,if the engaging party finds it
22)乙方在签约后15天内,为加工设备开出以甲方为受益人的银行承兑信用证,其金额不得少于2220万日元,见票180天付款。这份信用证,只有在乙方收到甲方为芦笋罐头对开的信用证后才能生效,甲方在收到这份信用证后,应及时装运加工设备,提供本协议第七条所需的单证和180天到期的汇票,以便取得他的银行承兑。
Party b shall within 15 days after signing this agreement establish in favour of party a an banker`s acceptance l/c in payment for the equipment ,for an account not less than J 22200000,available by draft at 180 days sight ,the l/c will be effective only after receipt by party b of a satisfactory reciprocal l/c opened by party a for payment of canned asparagns ,after receipt of the l/c ,party a shall effect shipment of the equipment of the equipment in time ,provide the required documents according to article 7 of this agreement together with the draft at 180 days sight ,and obtain its bank`s acceptance
23)乙方将向甲方提供上述货物在香港和日本市场的市级零售价以供甲方参考,乙方无权干涉甲方的销售价,销售场所,和销售办法,但有权提出积极地建议,甲方有责任向乙方提交销售报告(包括零售价)销售过程中出现的问题和为提高销售额而提出的建议,乙方应向甲方提供各种有利于销售(包括免费样品,试销货物,化妆品促销资料,技术交流和有贮存条件等)便利。
Party b will submit to party a the actual retail prices of aforesaid articles in hongkong and Japanese markets for party a`s reference.Party b has no right to interfere with a`s selling
price ,spot and method ,but it has the right to make positive proposals , partya is responsibleto submit party b regular reports on selling situation(covering retail price), problems arising in the course of selling and making proposals to improve sales ,party b should provide party a with various arrangements which are conductive to sales(including samples free of charge ,articles for trial sales ,data for promoting cosmetic sales ,technical exchange and conditions for storage etc.
第五篇:商务合同翻译
• Tranlation of Business Contract
一、商务合同概述
• A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned.• 在由Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中,contract被定义为 “a promise, or a set
of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”
• 合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,在某种意义上,法律将履行该承诺
看作是一种补偿。综上可见,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。
• 合同英语属于庄重文体(the frozen style),是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。
总体来说,这种正式性体现在内容的专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。合同种类
• 正式合同 Contract(P197)
• 协议书 Agreement
• 确议书 Confirmation
• 备忘录 Memorandum
• 订单 Order
• 意向书 Letter of intent
二、商务合同的构成部分
一.约首(the head)
1.合同名称 Title
2.前文(前言)Preamble
1)Date of signing
2)Signing parties
3)Each party’s authority 当事人的合法依据
4)Place of signing
5)Recitalsor WHEREAS clause 定约缘由
二.本文(Body)
① 定义条款(Definition clause)
② 基本条款(Basic conditions)
③ 一般条款(General terms and conditions)
a.合同有效期限(Duration)
b.终止(Termination)
c.不可抗力(Force Majeure)
d.合同的让与(Assignment)
e.仲裁(Arbitration)
f.适用法律(governing law)
g.诉讼管辖(Jurisdiction)
h.通知手续(Notice)
i.合同的修改(Amendment)
j.其他(Others)
三.约尾(the tail)
① 结尾语包括合同的份数、使用的文字和效力等(Concluding sentence)
② 签名(Signature)
③ 盖印(Seal)
三、Features of legal documents
1.common words with unusual meaning
•action诉讼alienation转让 avoid取消 counterpart有同等效力的副本
• Prejudice提案 save除了vacation休庭期间 limitation时效 minor未成年人
• review审查案件,复审 tort侵权
Eg.1.Thank you for your consideration.•No consideration, no contract.合同无对价不成立。
Eg.2.The testator died without issue.立遗嘱人死亡时没有子嗣.•The parties could not agree on the issue.•The passport was issued by the Liverpool office.2.Old English
To make the compound words by adding after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, or with after here,there, or where
• Hereafter: in this document and after this point 此后, 以后
• Hereby: in this way or by this letter以此, 特此, 由此
• Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 从而, 由此
• Therefrom: from that从那里
Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party B and Party B agrees to do as Party A’s engineer in
Beijing, it is hereby agrees as follows.鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方协议如下:
In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained, the parties agree
as follows.双方考虑到在此提出的契约和协议, 同意如下条款.3.Use the synonymous word with its relevant words
• Terms and conditions 条件 null and void 无效free and clear of 无
•able and willing 能够并愿意any duties, obligations or liabilities所有责任
• applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives,and rules 适用法律法规
•charges, fees, costs and expenses 各种费用any and all 全部
•covenants and agreements 合同,协议customs and usages 惯例
• import duty and tax 进口税捐keep secret and confidential保密
• licenses and permits 许可packing and wrapping expenses 包装费
• rights and interests 权益settle claims and debts 清理债务
• ships and vessels 船只sign and issue 签发
• support and maintenance 维护use and wont习惯,惯例
1)This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co.and XYZ Co.ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。
2)All documents, letters, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the
signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the
Contract comes into force.双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传,应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。
4.Latinate words
•alibi—不在犯罪现场ad hoc – 专门地de facto---事实上的•bona fide---真诚的alias---别名 versus---对,诉
eg.He established an alibi to the charge of murder.•他提供了谋杀案发生时不在场证明。
•他证实在谋杀案发生时,他不在场。
5.Formal words
• Compare the following two kinds of words and expressions
1)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist/help Party B to install
the equipment.应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备
2)Party A shall send back/repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to
Beijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国,负责病人回到北京的旅费。
Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be/ be regarded as a material breach of this
agreement.•未能按上述要求通知甲方的,则视为构成实质违约。
Enclosed is our new Quotation NO.475 in lieu of/in place of the previous one.•随附我公司第475号报价替代前发的报价单。
Prices are subject to change/alteration with or without notice.•不管是否事先通知,价格可随时变动。
宪法优先于其他一切法律
• Constitution is before/ prior to all other laws.• 任何一方不得在不预先通知的情况下终止合同
•Either party shall not terminate /stop the contract without notice in advance.–Terminate, stopcommence, begin
– be deemed to,be regarded asin lieu of, in place of
– prior to, beforewhatsoever, whatever
– accomplish, doadditional, extraacquire, get
– alteration,changeapplication, useassistance, help
注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵
• May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见,但是在合同中这些
词具有特殊的意义,所以翻译起来要极其谨慎,避免引起纠纷。
a.May:在表示合同上的权利(Right)、权限(Power)或特权(Privilege)的场合中
使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候,更多的是“be entitled”。
b.Shall:在合同中并不是单纯的将来时,一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务
(Obligation)。如未履行,即视为违约,并构成某种赔偿责任。所以,shall在译文里,通常
表示“应该”或“必须”,当然,也有不翻译的时候。例如:
• The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in
the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.• 货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。
• The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of
the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the People’s Republic of China.• 本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
shall没有译出。
c.Should:在合同中通常只用来表示语气较弱的假设,多翻译成“万一”或“如果”,极少译成“应该”。
• The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman.Should the
chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the
board meeting.• 董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;若董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主
持。
• The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with
the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be
referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the
absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement
reached after such dispute occurs.• 双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未
果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的,可将争议提交有
管辖权的人民法院解决。
d.Will:一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下,也用做表示承担义务的声明,但语气和
强制力比Shall弱。
e.May not(或shall not):用于禁止性义务,即“不得做什么”。
• 6.Terminology
•cause of action案由defendant 被告appeal 上诉
• damages损失,赔偿金force majeure不可抗力 …
Indemnity n.a promise to protect someone from money lost or goods damaged;赔偿的保证
repayment for this;赔偿金
An insurance contract that promises to pay for the replacement or repair of lost of
damaged goods赔偿物
e.g.to arrange an ~ against loss办理损失赔偿
to demand an ~ for the delayed payment因延期付款要求赔偿
Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of awar as a condition of peace is an ~.战争结束时,战胜国作为和平条件索取之款项称为“赔款”。
Infringement: violation n.违反;违背;侵犯;侵害
Force majeure: an unexpected and unavoidable event that causes or allows a contract to
be changed or cancelled if it has a force majeure clause.e.g.As a result of force majeure the transaction was not completed.基于不可抗力的因素,交易未能完成。
Arbitration : the settling of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a
court of law.仲裁(通过中立的第三方不通过法庭解决纠纷)
e.g.They decided to settle the dispute by ~.他们决定通过仲裁解决争议。
Translation requirements
•1.Adequate & precise
•Eg.Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and
complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the
contract to the satisfaction of the engineer.•除法律或条件不允许的情况之外,承包方应严格按合同施工和竣工,并改进工作中的任何缺陷,达到工程师满意的程度。
•Party A shall send technicians atParty B’s expense to train Party B’s personnel withindays after signing the Contract.• 甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员,有关费用由乙方承担。
•This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with
documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.•本合同的修改补充应有双方授权代表签名盖章的文件,才能进行
•合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。
•All the activities of the joint venture, shall comply with the provision of the laws,decrees and pertinent regulations of the Republic of China.• 拘役的期限,为十五日以上六个月以下。
•A term of criminal detention shall not be less than 15 days and no more than 6 months.2、expressiveness & smoothness
•合同文本是一种法律文件,属于庄严性文体。翻译商务合同时还应该把规范通
顺视为另一大原则。所谓“规范”,是指译文必须符合法律语言的特点,尽量体现出
契约文体的特点。而所谓“通顺”,是指译文应当符合汉语的语法要求,使译文清晰
易懂。
• During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the
two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the execution
of the Contract.原译:在合同生效之日起到合同终止之日的期间内,双方每年举行一次会议,讨论合同
发行中出现的问题。
• 原文在理解上没有什么特别困难的地方,译文意思也算正确,但只对原文逐字逐句
翻译,显得呆板,改译为:
• 本合同有效期间,双方应每年正式会晤一次,以讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题。
• The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment,six(6)days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed
upon by the Parties.In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than
one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract.• 原译:提单的日期应为交货日期的最后证明。双方允许交货比约定的时间早交或迟
交六天。一次订货多于一批装运,那么,每批货应被当作是合同的单独买卖。
• 原译文表达累赘,结构松散,不合乎汉语契约文体的简约风格。改译为:
• 交货日期以提单所载日期为准,双方同意在合同约定的交货期的基础上,允许有前
后六天的装运宽限期。若一次订货分批装运,则每一批货为合同项下的单独 买卖。
• One-third of the total amount shall be paid with the order when the Contract is signed,one third by documentary bill when shipment is effected, and the balance by clean bills
when the goods have arrived.• 合同签订时先预付货款总额的三分之一,装船后凭跟单汇票再付三分之一,剩余的三分之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。
• 译文充分利用添加的横线部分充分表明了原条款的三个付款阶段:交货前、交货时、交货后,使得层次清楚,表达通顺。
合同的订立、生效和履行
• 1.This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party.•此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。
• 2.What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.• 本合同未尽事宜,可由双方增补作为合同附件。
• 3.本合同一式四份(正副本各两份)自签署后生效
• The Contract is written in quadruplicate(two for original and copy respectively)which
shall become valid on the date of signature.• 4.本合同为中英文两种文本,两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签
字(盖章)之日起生效。
• This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which
shall be deemed equally authentic.This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed by
both parties.•5.Unless the terms or context of this contract otherwise provide, all term used in this
Contract shall have the meanings set out in Schedule A hereto.• 除本合同条款或上下文另有所指,本合同中所有相关用语的定义见附录甲。
•6.it has full authority to enter into this Contract and to perform its obligations
hereunder;
• 该方有全权订立本合同以及履行本合同项下义务;
2.Modification
• 7.债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转接给第三方的,应当经债权人同意。
•If the debtor intends to transfer all or part of his obligations under the contract to a
third party, consent shall be obtained from the creditor.•Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a
third party, such delegation shall be subject to the consent of the obligee.• 8.债权人转让权利的,应当通知债务人。未经通知,该转让对债务人不发生效力。
•Any transfer of rights by a creditor shall be notified to the debtor.The transfer
shall not bind the debtor without such notification.•Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify the obligor.Such assignment will
have no effect on the obligor without notice thereof.3.Termination of contracts
• 9.This Contract may be terminated at any time prior to expiration of the Term by the
mutual written contract of the Parties.• 本合同期限届满之前,双方可通过书面协议随时终止本合同。
• 10.This Contract shall terminate upon the expiration of the Term unless extended
pursuant to Article.(Term).• 本合同于合同到期日终止,除非双方按照第[]条(合同期限的续展)的规定续约。
• 11.当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件成就时,解除权人可以
解除合同。
•The parties may agree upon conditions under which either party may terminate the
contract.Upon satisfaction of the conditions, the party who has the right to terminate
may terminate the contract.• 12.Termination of this Agreement for any reason shall be without prejudice to any
right of action vested in either Party at the date of termination.• 本协议无论因何原因终止,不得损害任何一方在终止协议时的任何的行动权利。
• 13.合同的权利义务终止,不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。
• The termination of rights and obligations under a contact shall not affect the validity of
clauses that related to the final settlement of accounts and winding-up.4.Liability for Breach of Contract
• 14.当事人双方都违反合同的,应当各自承担相应的责任。
• If both parties breach a contract, each party shall bear its own respective liabilities.• 15.If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or its performance fails to
satisfy the terms of the contract, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract such as to continue to perform its obligations, to take remedial measures, or to compensate for losses.• 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的,应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。
• 5.Applicable law and dispute resolution
• 16.Where other laws provide otherwise in respect of a contract, such provisions shall
prevail.• 其他法律对合同另有规定的,依照其规定。
• 17.本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
• The formation, validity, interpretation and execution in respect of this contract shall be
governed by the relevant laws of the People's Republic of China.• 18.仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方都有约束力。
•The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.