第一篇：IELTS雅斯写作简易指导
下面要写出来的基本都是Robert Lewis的总结，希望以后不会遇到什么麻烦，因为完全不为了利益的目的。根据的是他的视频课程
IELTS Writing Essay 1 TO START WITH…
首先我们要清楚的是两个问题：What is an Essay and How can we write or answer a simple essay question?
The purpose to write an essay is to persuade readers to believe or appreciate writer’s opinion or point of view for a given subject.In the essay we need to complete THREE stages:
Present opinion or position，Support the position with series of arguments, and
Restate the position
The important thing we should realize is in an essay, there is no right or wrong(black or white).不要因为考试所给的标题而去考虑应该是写赞成或是反对。写作考试的目的是要assess你的英文能力，无论你给出的是什么观点，只要提供有逻辑的论点论据，那么这篇文章就一定是有说服力的，是一篇好文章。COMMON MISTAKES
a.No clear position statement or even conflicting statement这一点是最要命的 这也是很多中国考生在十多年语文考试中养成的习惯，觉得有利有一定有弊，两方面都写道才是一篇完美的文章。我的建议是 除非考题清清楚楚告诉你agree and disagree都要写，不然完全放弃这种想法，老老实实站在一边，把省出来的那几分钟去想论点好了 remember to CLEARLY express your position AT THE BEGINNING.b.Punctuation/ no paragraphing
Always ensure telling readers when the statement complete, using conjunctions as separation between paragraphs.说白了就是要分段 还要学会流利的运用连词 最基本的就是1st, 2nd and 3rd,这个就不用再讲了吧。但是忌讳的是每一个论点都不完全独立 彼此之间藕断丝连 让考官感觉从头到尾都在讲套话
c.Vocabulary/Spelling and Grammar
扩充词汇量 从基本工作起吧 不要以为重复的写同样一个词凑够250字就可以拿个基本分
d.Using spoken English
不要用非正式的语言或者口语中的词汇，记得我们写的是academic essay,用的是scientific language or technical language,还要避免经常使用第一人称和第二人称
3Three types of essays（part a and part b/ 4）
The essay questions are usually not simple, indeed some essay questions contain a number of sub-questions.So it is important to read the question carefully and make sure you understand clearly the instructions and what you must do(read them twice, underline the key words).所以题目可以相似或完全一样，但是问法不同，写的方式就完全不同，如果argue写成discuss，就等于跑题了。
Three main types of essays : ARGUE, EXPLAIN and DISCUSS
ARGUE(argumentative)
Some typical argumentative essays/sample questions: a.b.c.d.smoking is bad for your health.Give your opinion
should young children be allowed to watch as much TV as they like? Argue one point of view to what extent should children be responsible for their general health?
Popular music is boring.Doyou agree? Support your opinion with reasons and examples.Position statement Arguments-sequence of … 1.2.＇＇ Restatement
EXPLAIN
Explanatory essays/sample questions a.b.c.d.Topic statement A, B, C A.B.C.Restatement
DISCUSS(not common but still important)Two sides of the issue, pros and cons, …
Discussion essays/sample questions a.b.c.d.discuss the reasons for and against letting children play computer games what are the advantages and disagvantages of mobile phones? Explain the costs and benefits of travel abroad
Health care should be free.Discuss the arguments for and against this proposition, before fiving your opinion.Issue statement Arguments-FOR Arguments-AGAINST Restatement
explain the causes of poor health, and give some possible solutions
what are the factors that contribute to failure in university exams? How can students better prepare? Why do young people follow fashions? Give some reasons thy this is or is not a ne3gative phenomenon.Discuss the causes and effects of illiteracy.What are some possible solutions? 4Developing vocabulary
Step 1---identify unfamiliar topics（十大原则的题目）
Step 2---find texts on these topics(common words & uncommon/technical)Step 3---use the new vocabulary in writing or in oral English to consolidate Step 4---know the different forms of new words
5a.b.c.d.6
Eight categories: addition, reinforcing(and, in addition)contrast, cause and effect, concession/condition, listing, summarizing, giving alternatives and exemplifying.Typical errors when using conjunctions: a.b.c.d.e.8Persuasive stragegy---sound authoritative using technical nouns
Nominalisation = changing words into nouns
a.Verb + ING > NOUN
Eg: swim + ing =swimming
b.Adj or Verb + AFFIX > NOUN
eg: govern +ment = government inform +ation = information
Why change words into nouns? a.b.暂时就加这么多 因为真的很费时间 有什么问题的话以后再补充
ａｇａｉｎ，ｗｉｓｈ ｙｏｕ ｇｏｏｄ ｌｕｃk ａｎｄ ａｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ． to make an action/process the focus of a sentence to sound more authoritative don’t use AND to start with a sentence don’t use BUT to start Such as within the sentence Besides Moreover Persuasive strategy – Being Logical using conjunctions(missing on the website)Persuasive strategy – how to reason Developing word maps make a word map
read the text and highlight content words and expressions add new vocabulary to the word map
consolidate new vocabulary, write on the topic using new expressions Using WHs and HOW
Listing conjunctions for sequencing arguments, LOGICALLY
第二篇：IELTS 写作的常用和句型
IELTS 写作考试的常用模板和句型
内容分为三部分:开头段通用模板，主体段为加分句型，结尾段为模板；
开头段通用模板
进步类
1）In contemporary society, the human race is advancing at an unprecedented rate in a multitude of arenas.在当今社会，人类正以前所未有的速度在很多领域向前发展。
2）Today we have embarked upon the …era.今天，我们已经进入了…的时代。We have embarked upon the information era.3）Since the advent/arrival of the…era… 随着…时代的到来…例句：Since the advent of the information era, our efficiency at work has been greatly enhanced.随着信息时代的 到来，我们的工作效率得到了很大的提高。例句2 With the advent of the information era, school education has undergone profound changes at an accelerated rate.倒退类
4）But A is attended/accompanied by B 但是伴随着…（某种好现象）的到来，某种坏现 象也出现了。例句：But the proliferation of English is accompanied by the extinction of many lesser-known languages.但是随着英语的广泛传播的是大量小语种的消亡。
5）Accompanying all the boons brought about by the profound social changes have com some sufferings;and …is very prominent among them.随着深刻的社会变革带来的种 种好处，出现了很多问题，…是其中很显著的一个。
6）With the incidence(发生率)of …hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.…的发生率居高不下，这引起了很多人的困扰和警觉。例句：With the incidence of driving offenses hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.7）In this day and age, it is standard practice for … to do something.今天，某些人做某事
是很普遍的。例句：In this day and age, it is standard practice for parents to rush around all day busying themselves with their work.8）Such a grave situation merits our careful attention.这样一个严重的情况值得我们关注。
9）The issue of … has been thrown into sharp relief/focus.…引起了人们的强烈关注。例 句：Soaring car ownership has thrown the issue of car accidents into sharp relief.10）However, there is no consensus on …yet.或者 people hold divergent
/contrasting/conflicting view on… 或者 people are divided over… 不同的人关于某个 问题持不同的看法。例句：People hold contrasting views on animal experiments.人们 对动物试验持不同的看法。
11）Something has been growing at an alarming/ staggering rate.某事物正在以令人 震惊的速度增长。例句：With the car ownership soaring in China, traffic accidents have been growing at an alarming/staggering rate.12）Whether…has triggered/sparked/aroused/given rise to spirited debate.是否应 该…引起了激烈的辩论，同样的意思还可以用以下三个常用句型表达 …Whether…is a highly debatable issue.或者Whether… is an issue open to debate 或者 Whether…is
a controversial issue.例句： Whether student should appraise their teachers’
performance is an issue open to debate.是否学生应该评价老师的教学是一个没有定论 的问题。
13）Some(people)assert/contend/argue/hold/maintain/claim/think/believe that… 有 一些人认为…例句：Some people assert that relocating large companies to the
countryside is the best way to resolve the traffic and housing problems in cities.一些 人认为把大公司搬到乡村是解决城市交通和住房的最好方法。
14）…is largely fuelled by...某现象主要是被…所推动。例句：The proliferation of plastic bag is largely fuelled by the pursuit for lower costs.IELTS 议论文主体段写作加分37 句型
前进类profit from
People the world over can profit from the advancement in motorized flight.A is an integral /indispensable part of B
Advertising has become an indispensable part of our lives and it has been exerting profound influence on the way we live, work, play and learn.something plays a pivotal /key role in …
It is universally acknowledged that education plays a pivotal role in individual success.4enable /allow somebody to do something
Cultural assimilation enables newly-arrived immigrants to get ahead in the new society successfully.5get accustomed to do something/adjust to /adapt to
New immigrants must get accustomed to the local culture to succeed.6Someone can get access to something 或者 can access something 或者can utilize something
In this day and age, many individuals can access the Internet via computer or mobile phone.倒退类
1…is attended by /…is accompanied by
The staggering advancement of technology is attended by server pollution of the ecosystem.2The more…the more…
The more vehicles on the road, the more traffic congestions to occur.3A can be attributed to B 或者B stems from A
The proliferation of traffic accidents can be in large measure attributed to the traffic law not being stringent enough.4be afflicted with/be plagued with
In present-day society, a host of countries are afflicted with chronic poverty.5deprive someone of something
Modern cities deprive city-dweller of fresh air and the comfortable pace of life.6something prompt/impels somebody to do…
Peer pressure often impels youngster to spend excessively on fancy clothes and accessories.7A has rendered B + adj./noun 形容词或名词
We must ensure that technological innovations will not render us slaves to high technology.其中 We must ensure that..意思是我们必须确保…
我们必须确保科技创新不会让我们变成高科技的奴隶。
The fast-paced way of life has rendered many people alienated from one another.快节奏的生活让很多人彼此疏远。
8A recent study conducted by the（Chinese academy of Social Science）reveal that… 如果是教育问题用UNESCO 如果是犯罪问题可以用the Ministry of Justice 交通问题可以 用the Ministry of Transportation 建筑问题可以用the Ministry of Construction 环境问题可 以HSUS and Greenpeace
A recent study conducted by HSUS and Greenpeace suggested that there were over one million mammals in lab cages today.be addicted to /preoccupied with something
In present-day society, many individuals are addicted to /preoccupied with various forms of gambling.something is the chief culprit in 或者something is the root cause of …
The population explosion is the chief culprit in/ the root cause of water scarity.11be confronted with something
In contemporary society, we are confronted with a plethora of violent and pornographic TV shows.present/pose a threat to…
In contemporary society, the proliferation of non-biodegradable rubbish poses a grave threat to humanity.be awash with/be inundated with something
The media are be awash with/be inundated with detailed crime coverage.if…something will ensue
If parents neglect their offspring, lack of discipline and respect will ensue.15With the incidence of … hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.With the incidence of driving offenses hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.16something is unwarranted /unjustifiable
Experimenting upon lab animals without trying to alleviate their pain is unwarranted/ unjustifiable.中间类
1…on the grounds that…
Some others oppose to animal experimentation on the grounds that it is inhumane.2 exert beneficial/ baneful/ profound influence on something
In this day and age, globalization is exerting profound impact on the way we work, live, play and learn.A prevail over / outweigh/ outbalance B
The advantages of imposing stiffer punishment on driving offender prevail over the disadvantages.A bring about/ generate/ breed/ engender/ spawn /induce B.Technological innovations have brought about profound changes to the political, economical and cultural arenas.A is a key determinant of B
In an individual’s career, tenacity is a key determinant of success.It is manifest that …或者It is universally acknowledge that…
It is manifest that globalization can also engender a host of banes to the lives of people in the third-world countries.解决类give priority to something
The government should give priority to the optimization of its financial resources.2 dedicated A to B
The government should dedicate more money to the alleviation of chronic poverty.3 be likely to fall prey to / be vulnerable to
Without proper parental guidance, children are very vulnerable to the violent or
pornographic content on TV shows.something should be condemned rather than condoned(押尾韵)
Indiscriminate copying of traditional architectural style today should be condemned rather than condoned.it is imperative/ crucial/ key/ essential that… 或者 something is of paramount/ overriding importance.To the newly-arrived immigrants, it is imperative that they adapt to the local culture immediately.abide by/ comply with
It is essential that government pass more stringent laws to compel drivers to abide by/ comply with the law.something requires/ necessitates /call for…
The grave ecological problem requires/ necessitates/ call for joint effort of all the nations on the globe.distinguish between A and B
Many youngsters lack the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong.must ensure that
Parents must ensure that they dedicate enough time and energy to their offspring.结尾段常用模板
1）based on the above discussion, I am convinced that…（用于一边倒文章的结尾段）基 于以上的讨论，我确信…
2）In the final analysis, I concede that… However, ….On balance…(用于折衷式文章结尾 段)作为最后总结，我承认…但是…综合起来看…
3）The upside of something, outweighs its downside 或者the strengths of something, prevail over its weaknesses 或者the pros of something outbalance its cons.某事利大
于弊（如果
弊大于利把顺序颠倒一下就可以了）
第三篇：《测量学》林斯雅
《测量学》
集中实习报告
专 业： 水文与水资源工程 班 级： 1601 姓 名： 林斯雅
学 号： 311603030103 指导教师： 雷伟伟
2018年月日
指导教师批阅：
目
录
一、前言„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
1、实习时间„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
2、实习地点„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
3、实习小组信息„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
二、实习的性质、目的及任务„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
1、性质„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
2、目的与任务„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
三、实习内容与要求„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
1、水准测量„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
2、图根导线测量„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
四、具体项目内容„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
项目一：水准测量„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
1、水准仪的使用方法与步骤„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 项目二：导线测量（闭合导线）„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 1全站仪的使用方法和操作步骤„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
2、测量前的准备工作„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
3、角度测量„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
4、距离测量„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
五、实习心得体会„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„
一、前言
1、实习时间：
2017年12月26日至2017年12月28日
2、实习地点：
河南省焦作市山阳区河南理工大学南校区
3、实习小组信息：
实习小组成员由水文1601班同学组成：
队长：周洋
队员：王通明，纪顺奎，丁肖楠，潘婷，林斯雅，张慧慧 队员分工：
选点与跑尺：每组一圈闭合水准路线，每一位队员都有选点，跑尺的参与 观测与读数：每一位队员都有观测与读数的参与
记录与计算：主要由张慧慧负责记录，潘婷核实记录无误，每一位队员都各自计算一遍数据，再核对
二、实习的性质、目的和任务
1、性质：
本次实习是在《测量学》课程理论讲述完成后，结合课堂教学实习而进行的一次系统的、综合性的实习。
2、目的与任务：
2.1、目的：通过本次实习，使学生掌握、巩固已学知识，使理论与实践相结合，加强基本技能的训练，培养独立分析问题和解决问题的能力。
熟练掌握各项项目中的内业计算方法，加强独立计算的基本功。
针对实习中出现的具体问题，自己分析并能作出合理、可行的解决方案。
通过本次实习，培养和训练学生相互协作的工作能力，为以后从事相关工作奠定基础。巩固和强化理论知识，在实践中训练分析问题，培养解决问题的能力，培养综合应用测量知识的能力；进一步熟练掌握水准仪、经纬仪的使用方法、提高野外测量、内业计算、地形绘图的技能;掌握大比例尺数字测图的全过程；培养一丝不苟的测绘技术工作态度、培养吃苦耐劳、团结友爱、集体协作的精神
2.2、任务：小区域大比例尺地形图的测绘。在河南理工大学南校区的国旗周围与围绕着荷花池的资环学院、能源学院、土木学院、测绘学院，通过3天的地形图测绘实习，取得控制点数据。
三、实习内容与要求
1、水准测量： 根据校园已知控制点的高程，设计并测量一条水准路线，每组每人不得少于六站。
2、图根导线测量：根据校园已知控制点的坐标，设计并测量多条图根导线，使图根点比较均匀分布于测区内。每组每人不得少于六站。
四、具体项目内容
项目一：水准测量
原理：水准测量的原理是利用水准仪提供的一条水平视线，测出两地面点之间的高差，然后根据已知点的高程和高差，推算出另一个点的高程
选点：一共选取八个已知点，首先在地形图上找出合适的已知点，然后核对坐标纸，看该点是否存在。
路线：从土木学院门口设已知点，围绕着荷花池展开测量。
转折点如何选取：方便测量，转折点之间可以通视；考虑转折点的数量问题；转折点之间的距离等。
1.水准仪的使用方法与操作步骤
1.1、认清工程水准仪的构造和各部件的名称 1.2、水准仪的安置和读数
安置仪器 ：将三角架张开，使其高度在胸口附近，架头大致水平，并将脚尖踩入土中，然后用连接螺旋将仪器连在三脚架上。
粗略整平：先对向转动两只脚螺旋，使圆水准器气泡向中间移动，再转动另一脚螺旋，使气泡移至居中位置。水准仪的粗平是通过旋转仪器的脚螺旋使圆水准仪器的气泡居中而达到的;按“左手拇指规则”旋转一对脚螺旋和一个脚螺旋，使气泡居中，这是置平测量仪器的基本功，必须反复练习。
瞄准 ：转动目镜调焦螺旋，使十字丝清晰；转动仪器，用准星和照门瞄准水准尺，拧紧制动螺旋（手感螺旋有阻力），转动微动螺旋，使水准尺成像在十字丝交点处。当成像不太清晰时，转动对光螺旋，消除视差，使目标清晰。
精平、读数：在水准管气泡窗观察，转动微倾螺旋使符合水准管气泡两端的半影像吻合，视线即处于精平状态，在同一瞬间立即用中丝在水准尺上读取米、分米、厘米，估读毫米，即读出四位有效数字。
1.3、水准测量的数据记录
用水准仪进行水准测量的操作步骤为：粗平——瞄准——精平——读数。在使水准仪精平后，应立即按十字丝的中横丝在水准尺上读数。图2-17所示为正向望远镜中所看到的水准尺的像，水准尺的读数为1.575m。由于从水准尺上总是需要读4位数，因此，水准测量记录上可记录为1575（单位：mm）
项目二：闭合导线测量
水平角测量原理：水平角是空间两相交直线在水平面上的投影所构成的角度。如图3-1所示，A,B,C为地面上任意三点，连线BA,BC沿垂线方向投影到水平面H上，得到相应的A1,B1,C1点，则B1A1与B1C1的夹角β即为地面A,B,C三点在B点的水平角。也就是分别包含BA,BC方向的两铅垂面之间的两面角。在顶点B的铅垂线上安置一架经纬仪。仪器有一个能水平安置的刻度圆盘——水平度盘，度盘上有0°～360°的刻度，其中心位于测站的铅垂线上。通过望远镜分别瞄准高低不同的目标A和C，在水平度盘上的读数分别为a和c，测水平角β为这两个读数之差即 β=c-a
选点：图书馆门口
路线：围绕国旗进行测量
转折点如何选取：方便测量，转折点之间可以通视；考虑转折点的数量问题；转折之间的距离等。
1.全站仪的使用方法和操作步骤
1.1电子全站仪的特殊构件 1.1.1多功能同轴望远镜 1.1.2显示屏和键盘 1.1.3操作面板 1.1.4传感器 1.1.5储存器 1.1.6通讯接口
1.1.6 功能键（软键）
1.2操作步骤
（1）观测前应先检验仪器，发现仪器有误差应立即进行校正，并采用盘左、盘右取平均值和用十字丝交点照准等方法，减小和消除仪器误差对观测结果的影响。
（2）安置仪器要稳定，脚架应踏牢，对中整平应仔细，短边时应特别注意对中，在形起伏较大的地区观测时，应严格整平。
（3）目标处的标杆应竖直，并根据目标的远近选择不同粗细的标杆。
（4）观测时应严格遵守各项操作规定。例如：照准时应消除视差；水平角观测时切勿误动度盘；竖直角观测时，应在读取竖盘读数前，显示指标水准管气泡居中等。
（5）水平角观测时，应以十字丝交点附近的竖丝照准目标根部。竖直角观测时，应以十字丝交点附近的横丝照准目标顶部。
（6）读数应准确，观测时应及时记录和计算
2.测量前的准备工作
2.1电池的更换
2.1.1电池安装
将电池盒底部的突起卡入主机，按住电池盒顶部的弹块并向仪器方向推，直至电池盒卡入位置为止，然后放开弹块。
2.1.2电池拆卸
2.1.3全站仪的安置要求
(1)仪器的对中偏差不应大于5mm,仪器高和反光镜髙的量取应精确 至 1mm。
(2)应选择较远的图根点作为测站定向点，并施测另一图根点的坐标和 高程，作为测站检核。检核点的平面位置较差不应大于图上0.2mm，高程较 差不应大于基本等高距的1/5。
(3)作业过程中和作业结束前，应对定向方位进行检查。2.1.4全站仪的安置方法
(1)安置三脚架：首先，将三脚架打开，伸到适当高度，拧紧三个固定螺旋。
(2)将仪器安置到三脚架上：将仪器小心地安置到三脚架上，松开中心连接螺旋，在架头上轻移仪器，直到锤球对准测站点标志中心，然后轻轻拧紧连接螺旋。
(3)利用圆水准器粗平仪器 2.2全站仪的开机
按红色开机键开机，按提示转动仪器测距头一周。听到“嘀”的一声响表示仪器初始化成功，可以正常使用。并确认显示窗中有足够的电池电量。
2.3全站仪的精确整平
（1）拿起三脚架计时，粗略放平；安装仪器，紧固连接螺旋
（2）通过光学对点器（或锤球）对已知点，要点是一只脚架不动，左右手握一个脚架腿，眼睛通过对点器对点，基本对好后落实手握脚架踏实
（3）通过仪器脚架螺旋调整对中偏差
（4）调节脚架使圆水准气泡居中，只要调节近身体一侧的2个脚架（5）调节管水准气泡居中
（6）松动仪器连接螺旋，平移仪器再次精确对中并紧固旋（7）最后再N次调节管水准气泡居中
3.角度测量
3.1水平角 3.1.1测回法
如图3-18所示，在测站B需要测定BA,BC两方向间的水平角β，在B点安置经纬
仪，在A点和C点设置瞄准标志，按下列步骤进行测回法水平角观测
（1）在经纬仪盘左位置（竖盘在望
远镜左边，又称正镜）瞄准左面目标C读得水平度盘读数C左
（2）瞄准右面目标A，读得水平度盘读数A左，侧盘左位置测得的半测回水平角值 β=a左-c左
（3）倒转望远镜层盘右位置，瞄准右目标A，得水平度盘读数a右
（4）瞄准左目标C，得水平度盘读数c右，侧半测回水平角值为 β右=a右-c右
综上所述
β=1/2（β左＋β右）3.1.2方向观测法
在一个测站上需要观测2个或2个以上水平角时，采用方向观测法观测水平方向值，任何两个方向值之差即为该方向间的水平角值。如果需要观测的水平方向的目标超过3个，测次对各个目标观测水平方向值后，还应继续向前转到第一个目标进行第二次观测，称为归零。此时的方向观测法因旋转了一圆周，所以称为全员方位法。3.2已知水平方向值的设置
测站至某一方向的方位角为已知时，可以将瞄准该方向的水平角读数设置为已知的方位角。
3.2.1利用锁定水平角法设置
首先确认在角度测量模式下，利用水平微动螺旋设置水平角读数为要设置的角度，如要设置的角度；按F2锁定键，启动水平度盘锁定功能，最后使望远镜照准需要设置的方向。
4.距离测量
4.1测量步骤
（1）设置全站仪棱镜常数。测距前须将棱镜常数输入全站仪中，仪器会自动对所测距离进行改正。
（2）设置全站仪的大气改正值或气温、气压值。光在大气中的传播速度会随大气的温度和气压而变化，15℃和760mmHg是仪器设置的一个标准值，此时的大气改正为0ppm。实测时，输入温度和气压值，全站仪会自动计算大气改正值，并对测距结果进行改正。
（3）量仪器高、棱镜高并输入全站仪
（4）全站仪距离测量。照准目标棱镜中心，按测距键，距离测量开始，测距完成时显示斜距、平距、高差。
注意事项：全站仪的测距模式有精测模式、跟踪模式、粗测模式三种。精测模式是最常用的测距模式；跟踪模式，常用于跟踪移动目标或放样时连续测距；粗测模式，大概的进行预先测量。在距离测量或坐标测量时，可按测距模式键选择不同的测距模式。有些型号的全站仪在距离测量时不能设定仪器高和棱镜高，显示的高差值是全站仪横轴中心与棱镜中心的高差。
四、实习心得体会
测量学首先是一项精确的工作，通过在学校期间在课堂上对测量学的学习，使我在脑海中形成了一个基本的、理论的测量学轮廓，而实习的目的，就是要将这些理论与实际工程联系起来。测量学是研究地球的形状和大小以及地面点位的科学。测量学的分类有很多种，如普通测量学、大地测量学、摄影测量学、工程测量学。我们要学习测量的各个方面。测绘学基础就是这些专业知识的基础。
通过这次的实训，才了解到，一次测量实习要完整的做完，单靠一个人的力量和构思是远远不够的，也是不可能将要做的工作做好。只有小组全体成员的合作和团结才能让实习快速而高效的完成。正所谓“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”，只有我们团结起来，什么困难都不再是困难了。另外这次测量实习也培养了我们小组的分工协作的能力，增进了同学之间的感情，深化了友谊，将原本的一些“陌生人”联系的更紧密了。当然在实习过程中难免会碰到一些疙疙瘩瘩的事情，闹得大家都不愉快，各有各的方法和见解，但是我们能够及时地进行交流和沟通，错误的一方也不那么的固执，对的一方也不那么的显摆，忘记了昨天的不愉快，迎接新的朝阳！当然也相信学校让我们实训的另一目的是为了让我们每个学生更加深刻的了解怎样熟练的使用全站仪和水准仪，并且能够单独的完成一项工作，达到相应的锻炼效果后进行轮换，以达到共同进行的目的，而不是单纯抢时间，赶进度，草草了事收工，在这一点上我们本组是做的很认真的，每个组员都分别进行独立的观察，记录每一站，对全站仪测量都是在现场进行计算，发现问题及时解决，没有对上一步的检核，绝不进行下一步的测量，做到步步有检核，回来后还要对内业进行准确计算，因为这样做不但可以防止误差的积累，及时发现错误，更可以提高测量的效率，避免测量的不准确还要进行重测。即使重测，我们怀着严谨的态度，错了就返工，决不马虎。我们深知搞工程这一行，需要的就是细心、耐心、毅力和做事严谨的态度。所以我们一直在克服以前的缺点，一步一个脚印的想前迈进！
从这次实习中我总结出了几点来避免较大的误差，例如：
（1）标尺要立直，尽量避免晃动，有晃动时，应该选择数据最小的时候进前一定将视野的气泡调平（两侧的线重合），否则造成的误差会很大。
（2）在读取数据时，每位成员都要细心，既要看得准，还要果断，不能犹豫不决，任何一个错误都有可能导致最终的成果的报废。
（3）选点非常重要，点一定要选在有代表性的地方，同时要注意并非点越多越好，相反选取的无用点过多不但会增加测量、计算和绘图的劳动量和多费时间，而且会因点多而杂乱产生较大的误差。
（4）团结就是力量，纪律才是保证经过每个组员的团结工作，在我们组的同学交流测量中的经验时，大家感觉收获都很多，有的说仪器的展点很重要，因为这关系到误差的大小，有的说测量中点不能架设的太远，水准仪施测过程得使用以及架仪器过程中气泡的精确对中和整平，还有就是我们要有一颗爱护仪器的心，对所用的仪器要精心呵护，在学校如此，走上工作岗位后更要如此，这样可以避免一些不必要得麻烦等等吧。
我懂得了做任何事情都要认真细致，不能有丝毫的马虎，特别是在使用水准仪，经纬仪这样精密的仪器时，更要做到精益求精。因为稍有差错就可能导致数据的偏差很大，更会导致以后其它量的测量出错，最终导致数据计算的错误。最后，还要特别感谢我们的指导老师，也是指导老师的耐心指导才让本次实习得以顺利进行呀！
第四篇：ielts 写作好词好句
多用such替换the ,a.例：Admittedly, such issue ,to some extent,has given rise to a bunch of familiar questions.（模板的第3段开头）2 开头句型：（放在文章中间也很好的句子）
As a result of constant media attention , A(A指题目话题), once largely ignored,has come to be seen as especially valuable/significant.2(The right of the media to do this)is rarely disputed, but(the way in which it does this)often comes under withering critism.(括号里可以换)
As our lives are saturated with the flood of(advertisements),no one can avoid being influenced by ads.(ads 错的，不能用简写哦~)
4(Bad traffic and increasing pollution)are thorny issues challenging every major city in the globe.（in the globe全世界）
The issue of A is a complex and sensitive one.What lies behind …..?(问原因类)
After years in the wilderness , the term “ A ” seems posied to make a comeback.(和第一句意思比较像)好处句型！Nothing can be compared with sb/sth ~~(新3的哦，推荐)2 A exert a positive impact on ….A can an effective way to(help)……(简单但好用)Few things can be more（impressive）than ….that…(新3的哦，推荐)5 play a pivotal role in … benefit from../ profit from…一般 7 promote the development of..8 A is the cornerstone of … 9 remove the barrier for..raise one’s awareness of …常用 11 enable sb to do … sb is the ultimate beneficiary（sb是。的最终受益者，社会问题类说人们应该自己也承担责任用）consolidates its status as the..14 get a clear perspective of..15 give a boost to..A is an indispensable part of B 17 A is irreplaceable tp B The significant of A to B can never be ingored 19 A is the key ingredient to B~~ 20 A made it possible for sb to… A exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.(新3的哦，推荐)
find it impossible to resist the temptation to do ….Needless to say / Indeed ,……（可以放在任一句开头，很好用哦~）23 develop an unshakable faith in … 24 have a reputation of..Nothing can catch them for … make a contribution to(也可作写坏处的句子 the city make its own contribution to noise)27 build bridges between 28 特别的
Improve one’s physical and psychological wellbeing /soundness 身体心理健康
optimise people’s living standards 提高人们生活水平
eradicate poverty 消除贫困
It’s not A that are important ,but B
Satisfy basic(human)needs 满足要求
Ease the tension and conflicts between alleviate the problem of 消除冲突和紧张
Be fully aware of the consequences
The impact of（sporting activities）goes far beyond the bounds of(leisure and recreation.)3 坏处的句型 drive up the crime rate..2 widen the gap between A 3 pose a(direct)threat to … 4 stifle creativity diminish individual’s leisure time… 6 spin out of control cause(creat)tension and conflicts between… exert(have)detrimental/negative/adverse influence（impact）upon/on 9 is markly incompatible with…与。不协调 10 be afflicted with … 11 deprive one of sth sth is the root cause of … 13 be saturated with sth 14 at the expense of ….15 be confronted with sth 16 run contrary to … erode the national identity 18 pose a dilemma for 19 is an vicious circle hamper(scientific)progress 21 there is a yawning gap between 22 pose a devastating problem 23 the reputation is ruined 24 A is a complete failure Things can go wrong on a big scale
26sth is always faced with a difficult task /problem 27 It is impossible to have(little)difficulties in doing 29pay the price for(fame)(pollution)is the price we pay for(overpopulated ,over industrialized planet)31 people seem to fail to take into account the fact that ….好句！32 lead to some unfavorable results 33 sacrifice ….for … 34 There is a major concern over t he world about ….35 give rise to a bunch of familiar questions 36This is compounded by the fact that …
the problem of(information overloaded)exacerbated by(the growth …)
The problem , however , is complicated by the existence of dozens of..and by the fact that…..4 解决问题类
小模板：（经济学人）
1Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on ….,saying clearly(that..).2Other policies(such as。)can be taken to back up the policy.3 One helpful step is to … ,Another possibility is to improve …., so that ….4 It should be an addtion to the policy work ,not a substitute.The more effort put in and wider(the whole school)involvement ,the substantial the results are likely to be.give priority to sth 2 shoulder the responsibility to 3 comply with impose restrictions on..take …into account /consideration should be increasingly focus on…rather than … what will make the most difference is …..The new study makes this point even more starkly 8 There are ways of dealing with the topic through …, ….and …..Three factors are involved in this change.新概念3+剑桥好句： Apparently,there is a good deal of truth in this idea./There is an element of truth in both agreements
2More importantly/significantly,there is still good evidence that …
3This is compounded by the fact that …由于。的事实，使。变得更糟 4Women,it is obvious, are freer than in the past.插入语 5 has given rise to a bunch of familiar questions.6 It’s not A that are important ,but B Providing more parking area, in the long run ,has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world.插入语 Not only had the poor man been arrested ,but he had been sent to prison ,as well 9 It has been estimated that …据估计 Considering the amount she paid ,he was dear in more ways than one.非谓语
Fearing that she would never see Ratus again use fewer materia resources and ,therefore,be much compatible with protecting the environment avoid squandering money on 避免浪费钱在。上 shoulder important responsibilities on major global issues
14These regions are fragile not just in terms of their ecology,but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants.Climate change ,whatever its causes,is a direct threat to their way of life.插入语 26 Cinema might, for example , have become pimarily a documentay form.for example放中间，好！But what happened was that it became ,overwhelmingly, a medium for tekking stories.插入语
28Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose.There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs.an abundance of 大量的，好！Managers, must be sure ,therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals.插入语
31To varying degree, we all have secrets which……
Instead of becoming a doctor , however ,he became a successful writer of detective stories.33 It seemed certain that
34广告Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want ,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.35 In time ,it became an accepted fact that …
第五篇：有助于IELTS写作的英文网站推荐
以我的个人体会，看国内老师出的写作书跟真正的英国老师看中的写作风格又百分之百是两种境界。这一点，我相信大家只要认真看一下目前国内出版的唯一正宗的IETLS模拟试题《剑桥IETLS考试题集》上的范文就会深有体会了，当中有哪一篇是按模版句型的路数来写的呢？我记得中间有一篇甚至只分了两段！
总之，我想大家应该多看真正英语国家的人写的文章(当然一定要多看议论文)，最后，你会发现自己写作会变得随意很多，你可能会把句子拆得很碎，用了很多插入、或者从句前置，而且突然发现自己的思路也不太拘于从前大家习惯的那些一二三点的套路了！而谈到我自己的经历嘛，因为长期对写作复习一直处在阅读状态(读了好几本书，还有那些网站上的素材)以至于直到最后一周才开始真正提笔！但事实上的效果对于我来说真是“突然的惊喜”！下面是我在复习IELTS时自己找到一些非常有用的网站。首先，我保证它们都能打得开！第二，我能想像得到，下面的这些东东对大家一定是大大的惊喜。因为当初它们就帮我了很大的忙呢！第三，我不得不提醒大家，你们会在这些网站找到很多对作文和口语极有帮助的素材，而且当然是全英文的，特别是有一些现成的英文论文，但是，我还是要建议大家一定不要照抄，之所以推荐英文的网站，就是希望大家能好好读读真正的英语文章。以这种方式打基础，不出三个月，你自己就会创造一个更大的惊喜！
/index.html 一个包含people，science，english study等等很多资料的好网站，会找到很多对写作和口语有用的素材！
/home.php 这个网站会叫你大吃一惊！有上万篇各种题材的“作文”在那里免费等你down呢！不过，一定要先注册才能看到文章的全部内容~而注册的条件之一是你要奉献自己的一篇大作！总之，随你们能想到的题目(当然也包括ielts涉及的topic)那里应有尽有！
.cn 我忘了这个网站是从哪里搜到的~~好像是……英国使馆文化处？不知道。呵呵~不过，里面一样有很多好东东！同样能让你找到很多写作素材！
以上是两个讲述健康生活的网站，上面会有大量有关吸烟危害的介绍，全是很有用的数据。
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