Cfrzbu考研英语语法总结(完美版)

第一篇：Cfrzbu考研英语语法总结(完美版)

生活需要游戏，但不能游戏人生；生活需要歌舞，但不需醉生梦死；生活需要艺术，但不能投机取巧；生活需要勇气，但不能鲁莽蛮干；生活需要重复，但不能重蹈覆辙。

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考研英语语法总结（完美版）从2002年起，研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查，将此部分改考为听力。但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议，他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查，但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解，有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式，这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。

（一）情态动词 一．情态动词的现在完成式的用法

情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情态动词＋完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1．表示已经发生的情况。

1）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定……”。如：

My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?” [A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be（答案为C）2）can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没……”。如： Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received（答案为A）

3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如： At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2．表示虚拟语气。

1)needn’t have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如： You needn’t have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up(没有必要穿的那么正式，体现是说话者的建议，实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定，答案为D)2）should have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”。如：

I regret having left the work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。

3)ought to have +过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should 的完成式含义类似。如： Ｔhe porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.4)could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如： What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/ might have +过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会……”。如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二．几个情态动词常考的句型： 1)．may/might(just)as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近；

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。2)．cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development.This subject cannot be over emphasized.3)．usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to(do)的否定式。

4）．should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.我无法想象他竟然这样做。三．情态动词被动关系的主动表达法

1． want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。Your hair wants cutting

The book is worth reading The floor requires washing.2．need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing，两种形式都表达被动的意义 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.（二）形容词、副词及比较级最高级 一．形容词的修饰与位置 一般来说，从构词法角度来看，后缀”ly”往往是副词，但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要注意；形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语；这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下归纳： 1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词： costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的 2 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语：

afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的，惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的

asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable

无能的 3 只作前置定语的形容词 earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅，只不过 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的 4．下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：

remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二．形容词与副词的比较级与最高级 1． 考比较级时，考生应把握：

1）形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as 在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。如： The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’

（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择B，those是指代participants，不是同类对比，答案为D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置

原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位置是，倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…，但again一般放在原级词之后，即 “as+原级＋again+as”.如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案为B)“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice

(答案为B)My uncle is as old again as I am 4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如： Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial（答案为A）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研题)5）“比较级＋and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词＋比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。

前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如

Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有关比较级的特殊句型： A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说…… The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical are.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B B)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……

The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more（心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制。答案为D）

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than

（答案为D）C)no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮 D)just as… so… 正如……，……也……（用倒装结构）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is（答案为C）

2．最高级形式应注意的问题： 1）最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来 如： all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B] 2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用： any other +单数名词 the other +复数名词 the others anyone/anything else 上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。

3）most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants，要注意与 “the +形容词最高级＋of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language

三．不用比较级和最高级的形容词： 1）表示颜色的有：white, black 2）表示

形态的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3)表示性质和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy

4)表示状态作表语的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5)表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6)表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7)含有绝对概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四．平行结构与比较级平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类对比：and;but；or；both… and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行结构测试时候注意以下几点： 1．注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案为D)Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2．其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。

1）rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如： We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案为A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say（答案为B）2）如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如： At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.（三）代词及其指代一致 一．代词的指代 1．that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2．one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如： A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案为[C] 3．do的替代作用。do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but t

hat the public believe that it does.二．代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.这里he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.这里me必须用宾格形式。代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：

1．邻近和靠近原则 由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink 2．当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it? 3．当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如： They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4．由and连接两个先行词，代词用复数 如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

（三）主谓一致问题 主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则： 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则 很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下： 一．谓语动词用单数的情况 1．动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如： Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研题)To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2．表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3．一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数： law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索 horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落 如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案：A。4．表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式

Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5．有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数 The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6．用and 连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候，动词谓语用单数形式 Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 谓语用复数情况 1． 由and, both …and, 连接的并列主语，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2．集体名词police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用复数形式的动词 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3．当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive 4．某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数 The rich are not always selfish 5．不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数 Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三．谓语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况 1． 就近一致原则 这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能： 1）由连词 either…or…;neither…nor…;whether… or…;not only…but(also);or 等连接的并列主语 Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong 2)在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致 Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili 2． 主语带有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致

Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(1981年考研题)3．关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.4．一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of /lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two-third(three-fourth…)of;eighty(ten, twenty…)percent;part of;rest of;none of 等等 Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire 5．集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army, audien

ce, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop.Crowd, firm, family 等等 The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous The audience were greatly moved at the words 6．某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数：

第一组： a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

第二组； the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 each/every + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数

neither/either of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 one and a half + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数

第三组； more than one + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数

第四组； the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of

谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致 第五组；(n)either…(n)or….not only…..but also …… not …..but …… 谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分）一致.注意比较： More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book

（四）倒装结构 倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来，避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。一． 用全部倒装的情况 全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中，全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来，把谓语移到主语前面： 1）出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如： Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane 2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如： Now is your turn.There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for you There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意：here，there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词，如果是人称代词则不需要倒装 “ where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are.There he comes.3)有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二． 采用部分倒装情况 部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分（主要是助动词或系动词）放到句子主语前，构成部分倒装，而全部倒装则把句子的谓语（包括实义动词）都放在主语前 1．下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装： never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：

Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研题)注：1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。如： Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.（1983年考研题）2）考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如： Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips;not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.2．以only修饰状语（副词，介词短语，状语从句）开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装： only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如： Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can 3．以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如： So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A]became the children [B]become the children [C]had the children become [D]do the children become(2001年考研题，答案为D)4．比较从句的倒装： as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构（不倒装也可以）。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如： Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.5．用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒装 1）肯定重复倒装用：so They have got up, and so has jack 2)否定重复倒装用：nor, neither, no more If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they 6．“not only..but also”结构时，如果not only 放在句首，则前半句but(also)句子后面不倒装 Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.三． 特殊的倒装结构 特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而往往是出于强调的需要，把强调部分移到句首，而其它部分顺序不需要改变，句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能： 1．让步从句的倒装。1）as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight 2）．出现在句型be+主语+其他，come what may中。如： While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was(答案为B)3)no matter how(wh

o…);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如： No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.语法测试 1.She said that she __ much progress since she came here.A.makes B.made C.have made D had made 2.“What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.“ “Oh, nothing much.As a matter of fact, I my friends back home.” A.just thought B.have just been thinking C.was just thinking D.have just thought 3.She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.A.will be working B.worked C.has been working D.will have worked 4.The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.A.has investigated B.investigates C.will have investigated D.investigated 5.Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.A.must have looked after B.would have to look after C.had to look after D.should have looked after 6.four years since John left school.A.They have been B.It is C.It was D.Those are 7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.A.has gone B.has not gone C will be going D.has been going 8.By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.A.shall stay B.have stayed C.will have stayed D.have been staying 9.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed.A.had produced B.have been produced C.would have produced D.had been produced 10.The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead.A.is to meet B.was to meet C.has been to meet D.was to have met

语法测题答案与详解 1．(D)根据时态一致的原则，间接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态一致。该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态，而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完 成时态，故应用过去完成时态。2．(C)通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心，是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的，所以用过去进行时较好，故(C)是正确答案。3．(C)根据句意和时间状语for twenty minutes，可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态，现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式，并且选项中没有现在完成时态，所以(C)是正确答案。4．(A)句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定，调查应发生在决定之前，所以应用将来完成时态，但是在英语中，时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的，所以正确答案是(A)。5．(C)从上下文的逻辑意义看，(C)项是唯一的正确答案。Carey没有参加晚会，原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断：(A)作“准是看孩子了”讲；(D)作 “本应该看孩子”讲，都不对，而(B)表示动作发生在过去的将来，也不对，所以只有(C)正确。6．（B）这是一个固定结构(或句型)。本句也可说在“Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1．’’ 7．(C)until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思，主句因此必须用一般将来时与之

呼应，口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事，也可表示某件事已经决定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此，正确答案是(C)。? 8．(C)by the time引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时，则主句要用将来完成时；若谓语动词用过去时，则主句要用过去完成时，有时也可以用过去将来完成时。这样，本道题目的正确答案是(C)。9．(D)有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语，句子应该用过去完成时。10．(B)由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时，可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团，表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达，故正确答案是B)。, so-font-kerning: 0pt;mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial”>比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。如：

The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择B，those是指代participants，不是同类对比，答案为D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置 原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位置是，倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…，但again一般放在原级词之后，即 “as+原级＋again+as”.如： Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times

(答案为B)“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案为B)My uncle is as old again as I am 4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如： Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial（答案为A）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研题)5）“比较级＋and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词＋比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse

The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如

Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有关比较级的特殊句型： A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说…… The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rs as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B B)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……

The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more（心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制。答案为D）There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than（答案为D）C)no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮 D)just as… so… 正如……，……也……（用倒装结构）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is（答案为C）2．最高级形式应注意的问题： 1）最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来

如： all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B] 2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：

any other +单数名词 the other +复数名词the others anyone/anything else 上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。3）most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相于very，用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants，要注意与 “the +形容词最高级＋of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices

They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三．不用比较级和最高级的形容词： 1）表示颜色的有：white, black 2）表示形态的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3)表示性质和

特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy

4)表示状态作表语的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5)表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final

6)表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7)含有绝对概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四．平行结构与比较级

平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如：

The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类对比：and;but；or；both… and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行结构测试时候注意以下几点：

1．注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案为D)

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2．其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。

1）rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案为A

For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say（答案为B）

2）如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.（三）代词及其指代一致

一．代词的指代

1．that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2．one的指代作用

one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：

A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案为[C]

3．do的替代作用。

do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二．代词指代一致问题

代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。

Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.这里he指代前面的person。

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.这里me必须用宾格形式。

代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：

1．邻近和靠近原则

由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

2．当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如：

Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he?

Everything is ready, isn’t it?

3．当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如：

They each have two coats

we are each responsible for his own family 4．由and连接两个先行词，代词用复数

如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

（三）主谓一致问题

主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：

语法一致原则

意义一致原则

就近一致原则

很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下：

一．谓语动词用单数的情况

1．动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：

Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研题)

To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2．表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。

Two weeks was too long

Five times five makes twenty five

3．一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数：

law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索

horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月

bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落

如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案：A。

4．表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式

Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.5．有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数

The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us

A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6．用and 连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候，动词谓语用单数形式

Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 谓语用复数情况

1． 由and, both …and, 连接的并列主语，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。

Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2．集体名词police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用复数形式的动词

The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine

3．当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式

The Japanese were once very aggressive

4．某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数

The rich are not always selfish

5．不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数

Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三．谓语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况

1． 就近一致原则

这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：

1）由连词 either…or…;neither…nor…;whether… or…;not only…but(also);or 等连接的并列主语

Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong

2)在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致

Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili

2． 主语带有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致

Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(1981年考研题)

3．关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.（1996年考研题）

There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.（1990年考研题）

4．一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of /lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two-third(three-fourth…)of;eighty(ten, twenty…)percent;part of;rest of;none of 等等

Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire

5．集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop.Crowd, firm, family 等等

The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous

The audience were greatly moved at the words 6．某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数：

第一组：

a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

第二组；

the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数

each/every + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数

neither/either of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数

one and a half + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数

第三组；

more than one + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数

many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数

第四组；

the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of

谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致

第五组；

(n)either…(n)or….not only…..but also …… not …..but ……

谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分）一致.注意比较：

More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book

（四）倒装结构

倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来，避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。

一． 用全部倒装的情况

全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中，全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来，把谓语移到主语前面：

1）出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如：

Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane

2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：

Now is your turn.There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for you

There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意：here，there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词，如果是人称代词则不需要倒装

“ where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are.There he comes.3)有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：

Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.二． 采用部分倒装情况

部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分（主要是助动词或系动词）放到句子主语前，构成部分倒装，而全部倒装则把句子的谓语（包括实义动词）都放在主语前

1．下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装：

never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, no

where, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：

Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研题)注：1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。如：

Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.（1983年考研题）

2）考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如：

Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips;not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.2．以only修饰状语（副词，介词短语，状语从句）开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：

only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如：

Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can

3．以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如：

So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A]became the children [B]become the children

[C]had the children become [D]do the children become(2001年考研题，答案为D)4．比较从句的倒装：

as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构（不倒装也可以）。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：

Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.5．用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒装

1）肯定重复倒装用：so

They have got up, and so has jack

2)否定重复倒装用：nor, neither, no more

If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they

6．“not only..but also”结构时，如果not only 放在句首，则前半句but(also)句子后面不倒装

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.三． 特殊的倒装结构

特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而往往是出于强调的需要，把强调部分移到句首，而其它部分顺序不需要改变，句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能：

1．让步从句的倒装。

1）as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight

2）．出现在句型be+主语+其他，come what may中。如：

While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was(答案为B)

3)no matter how(who…);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：

No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.语法测试

1.She said that she __ much progress since she came here.A.makes B.made C.have made D had made

2.“What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.“ “Oh, nothing much.As a matter of fact, I my friends back home.”

A.just thought B.have just been thinking C.was just thinking D.have just thought

3.She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.A.will be working B.worked C.has been working D.will have worked

4.The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.A.has investigated B.investigates C.will have investigated D.investigated 5.Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.A.must have looked after B.would have to look after C.had to look after D.should have looked after

6.four years since John left school.A.They have been B.It is C.It was D.Those are

7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.A.has gone B.has not gone C will be going D.has been going 8.By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.A.shall stay B.have stayed C.will have stayed D.have been staying 9.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed.A.had produced B.have been produced C.would have produced D.had been produced

10.The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead.A.is to meet B.was to meet C.has been to meet D.was to have met

语法测题答案与详解

1．(D)根据时态一致的原则，间接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态一致。该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态，而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完 成时态，故应用过去完成时态。

2．(C)通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心，是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的，所以用过去进行时较好，故(C)是正确答案。

3．(C)根据句意和时间状语for twenty minutes，可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态，现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式，并且选项中没有现在完成时态，所以(C)是正确答案。

4．(A)句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定，调查应发生在决定之前，所以应用将来完成时态，但是在英语中，时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的，所以正确答案是(A)。

5．(C)从上下文的逻辑意义看，(C)项是唯一的正确答案。Carey没有参加晚会，原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断：(A)作“准是看孩子了”讲；(D)作 “本应该看孩子”讲，都不对，而(B)表示动作发生在过去的将来，也不对，所以只有(C)正确。

6．（B）这是一个固定结构(或句型)。本句也可说在"Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1．’’ 7．(C)until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思，主句因此必须用一般将来时与之呼应，口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事，也可表示某件事已经决定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此，正确答案是(C)。?

8．(C)by the time引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时，则主句要用将来完成时；若谓语动词用过去时，则主句要用过去完成时，有时也可以用过去将来完成时。这样，本道题目的正确答案是(C)。

9．(D)有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语，句子应该用过去完成时。

10．(B)由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时，可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团，表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达，故正确答案是b

第二篇：2013考研英语语法指导

中学英语语法网络图 一．名词 I.名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词

国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词

个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II.名词的数：

1.规则名词的复数形式：

名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives

加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes

不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不规则名词复数：

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III.名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：

单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father

表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：

１ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 目录: 第01章 名词性从句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章 主谓一致 第05章

动词不定式 第06章

倒装结构

第07章

定语从句 第08章

被动语态 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感叹句 第11章 疑问句 第12章 名词

第一章 名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一． 主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2.用it 作形式主语的结构(1)It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句

It is a fact that „

事实是„

It is an honor that

„非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that

„是常识(2)It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句

It is natural that„

很自然„

It is strange that„

奇怪的是„(3)It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句

It seems that„

似乎„

It happened that„

碰巧„

It appears that„

似乎„(4)It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句

It is reported that„

据报道„

It has been proved that„

已证实„

It is said that„

据说„

3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether „结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。

1.作动词的宾语

(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我听说他参军了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2.作介词的宾语，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3.作形容词的宾语，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4.it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：

正确表达：I admire their winning the match.错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三.表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that„ 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1.同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英语名词性从句专项练习

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：

一、It用作实词

表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象„„

二、It用作形式主语

替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式主语的常见句型：

1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型

(1)It is + noun +从句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that„(should)„„„竟然„„

It's a pity/shame that„(should)„„„竟然„„

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型

1.It takes sb.„ to do„(=sb takes„to do„)某人用多长时间做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do„（不）像某人做某事的风格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that„ should /v-ed„是该做某事的时候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)„ have v-ed„第几次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been„ since „continuous v-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)„ before„过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语

用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式宾语的常见句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that„把„归功于„

leave it to sb that„把„留给某人去做

take it for granted that „想当然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型

It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)„ 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：

1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在强调not „ until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(强调句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是„„”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for„/if it hadn't been for„用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是„„，要不是„„”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相当于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, „ 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that„, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,„在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相当于Don't worry or don't hurry.用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth„在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放弃

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb.表示“由„„决定，由„„负责，取决于„„”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全国卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全国卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象

在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：

一、并列复合句中的省略

在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略

1．状语从句中的省略

一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：

1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1)连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词;(2)连词（though, whether , when）+形容词；(3)连词(whether, as if ,while)+介词短语；(4)连词(when , while , though)+ 现在分词；(5)连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 过去分词；(6)连词(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是个工 人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意：

1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。

2)当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定语从句中的省略

1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。

2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？

3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时，从句不能用 how 来引导，应该用that 或 in which，或将它们全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3．宾语从句中的省略

1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。

三、简单句中的省略

1．省略主语

1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：

(You)Open the door, please.请开一下门。

2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。

2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽烟

b)(Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？

c)(You come)This way please.请这边走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ？

3．省略宾语 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know(him.)我不认识他 4．省略表语 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同时省略几个成分 如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好运/祝你顺利。

四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以这么做。

2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想来，可是她父母不让。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五、动词不定式to 的省略

1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。

2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。

3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。

4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易，做起来难。

5．在would rather„than„ 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看见她进入了房间

b)Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？

六．其他一些省略结构

1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。

2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主谓一致

主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.(一)语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项: 1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。

2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。

4.用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。

5.each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。

6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。

7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。

None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。

8.名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.如: His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。

9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;国名如: the United States;报纸名如: the New Times;书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>;以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

10.“a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。

(二)内容一致原则:

1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。

3.加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15减去5等于10。

4.表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。

5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。

6.the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原则

1.由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？ 2.用连词or, either....or, neither„.nor, not only„.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。

注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。

The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。

主谓一致练习

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

动词不定式不定式作宾语 1)动词+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2)动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3)动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意

疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2.不定式作补语

1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2)to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3)to be +形容词

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

3.不定式作主语

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做这事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意

1)其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is„ to„的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

4.不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作状语 1)目的状语

To„ only to(仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)„ as to„(如此„„以便„„)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。

2)作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例题

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。

用作介词的to to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to习惯于，be used to习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意 省to 的动词不定式

1)情态动词(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役动词 let, have, make：

3)感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。

注意

在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why„ / why not„：

6)help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。

动词不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window„

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

典型例题

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too„to„ 1)too„to

太„以至于„

He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。----Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。

3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常„ 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不„„?” “干吗不„„?” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?

不定式的时态和语态

时态语态

主动

被动

一般式

to do to be done

进行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成进行式

to have been doing

1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成进行时：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.动名词与不定式

1)动名词与不定式的区别：

动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2)接不定式或动名词，意义相同。

3)动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊词精讲 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)

典型例题

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

regret doing/to do regret to do

对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing

对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

长时间，甚至永远停做某事。

cease doing

短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企图做某事。try doing

试验，试着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing

继续做原来做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；

be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?

(一种想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？ 2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我开始生起气来。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时 It began to melt.感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章 倒装结构

一 全部倒装

全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了

3)Here is your letter.这是你的信。

2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：

1)Here he comes.他来了。

2)Away they went.他们走了。

二 部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until„ 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。

注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。

2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly „ when , no sooner „than „等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。

注意：只有当Not only„ but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only„ but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能说法语，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的确很大。

4.only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。

注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。

三 as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1)句首名词不能带任何冠词；2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

四 其他部分倒装

1.so„ that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。

3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再试一次。

第七章 定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

关系副词有：when, where, why, how。

关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。、关系代词引导的定语从句

1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2)whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作宾语)

关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：

不用that的情况：

a)在引导非限定性定语从句时

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介词后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情况

①关系代词在从句中做主语

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行词为those, people 时

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行词既有人，又有物时。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语

He is not the man that he used to be.、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+ which”结构不能代替关系副词。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法区别：

(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。

(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same„ as;such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定语从句语法专项练习习题精选

用适当的关系词填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章 被动语态

一、语态概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)

The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught

一般过去时：was／were＋taught

一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught

过去进行时：have／has been＋taught

现在完成时：have／has been＋taught

记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。

注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构

be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)The door is locked.门锁着。(系表结构)The door has already/just been locked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

三、被动语态的用法 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

记忆歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主

动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。

记忆歌诀：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9讲祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型： 1.行为动词原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。

2.Be动词＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。

3.Let, ＋宾语＋动词原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分为以下四种类型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，构成“Don’t＋行为动词原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!别再那样说了！

2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，构成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：（1）Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s开头的祈使句，必须在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。

Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。

4.在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名词/V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意问句 祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式：

1.祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will you；表示邀请、劝说时，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要给我们写信，好吗？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？

2.祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？

3.Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?让个那男孩先走，好吗？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚饭后我们去散步，好吗？

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是“形式一致”，即Yes与will保持一致；No与won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如：

---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。

六.祈使句与陈述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时，要用并列连词and来连接；如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时，要用并列连词or来连接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快点，否则我们要迟到了。

七.祈使句与条件状语从句的连用

祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。

八.祈使句的强调形式

祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do（Do在句中无意义）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英语中，有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语来充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上，这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你给那些小树多浇点水，他们就不会死了。

十.运用祈使句的误区

祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中，如果稍不留神，就会出错。因此，要认真审题，认真分析句子结构，并根据上下文语境，作出正确判断。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白处选填B（Check）项，则视为祈使句，但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接；如选A或D项（分词或不定式），句中逻辑主语some spelling mistakes又不能执行这个动作，故均不符合句子结构。因此，只有C项（条件状语从句）符合句子结构及句意。

第十章感叹句。

感叹句：一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用“what”和“how”引导，“what”和“how”与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。

感叹词 修饰对象 感叹部分 主语 谓语+其他！

How（副词）修饰形容词 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修饰副词 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修饰动词 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容词）修饰单数可数名词 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修饰复数可数名词 What nice girls They Were!修饰不可数名词 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感叹句的特殊形式

感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑问句

疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定义：表达疑问（亦即发问）或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友吗？——发问）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做这件事吗？——请求）

疑问句的句末必须使用问号（Question mark）“？”来标示问句的结束。

疑问句：可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。

种类 特征 语调 举例 回答

一般疑问句 系+主+表+？

助动词+主+动+？ 升调 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑问句 疑问词+系+表+？ 疑问词+助+主+动+？ 降调 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 选择疑问句 一般问句：系+主+表+„or„？

助+主+动+„or„？ Or前升调。Or后降调 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答问句中一个，不用yes, no 特殊问句：疑问词+系+主+„or„？ 第一部分用降调，第二部分or 前升调，or后降调 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 选一个答案，不用yes, no 反意疑问句 陈述部分肯定：陈述，助（系）+not+主？ 陈述部分用降调，一问部分用升调 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定时用yes，否定时用no

陈述部分否定：否定陈述句，助（系）+主+？ 如对陈述肯定，可用降调 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑问句 系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+动+？ 表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章 名词

在英语中，名词用以表示人或事物的名称，是各级各类考试的热点之一，主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化，而且有普通名词和专有名词之分，还有用法独待的所有格形式。

1.名词复数的规则变化

情况 构成方法

读音 例词

一般情况

加-s

1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词

加-es 读 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读 /iz/

license-licenses

以辅音字母+y结尾的词

变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

2.名词复数的不规则变化

1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比较： 层楼：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可数名词数的表示方法 1）物质名词

a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel.(不可数)

We need various steels.(可数)

c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。

我国因茶叶而闻名。

2）抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一条建议

4.定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有例外。

1)用复数作定语。如：

sports meeting 运动会

students reading-room 学生阅览室

talks table 谈判桌

the foreign languages school外语学校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。

如：goods train(货车)

arms produce 武器生产 4)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树

a five-year plan.一个五年计划

5.不同国家的人的单复数

名称 总称(谓语用复数)一个人

两个人

中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亚人 the Australians

an

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希腊人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美国人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英国人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德国人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名词的格

在英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1）单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the 二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法： 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法： 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法： 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三．代词：

I.代词可以分为以下七大类： 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

第三篇：英语语法总结

小 学 英 语 语 法 总 结 1

一、名词:

1、专有名词：（1）人名（2）街道和建筑（3）星期月份节日（3）国家城市（4）大洲大洋江湖

2、普通名词：（1）直接加s（2）以s x ch sh结尾的+es（3）以 y结尾的把y 改成 i+es（4）o结尾的+es特

殊的photo→photos tomato→tomatoes（5）f、fe结尾的改 f、fe为 v+es ,⑹oo 结尾+szoo-zoos⑺ woman→women，child-children⑻ 单数复数形式相同

3、可数名词：

4、不可数名词：⑴不能加s⑵前面不能用 a,an,可以用 the⑶一类事物不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数⑷两

类以上不可数名词做主语，谓语用复数⑸ a cup of tea5、名词的所有格：⑴单数名词词尾+’s⑵词尾不是s的复数名词词尾+’s⑶词尾是s的复数名词词尾+’⑷店铺教

堂某人的家时，所有格’s后面通常不出现它所修饰的名词⑸分别+’s，最后一个人名+’s⑹ of用在没有生命上，’s用在有生命上

二、冠词：

6、不定冠词 a an7、定冠词 the ⑴特定人或物⑵用于上文提到的人或事⑶世上独一无二的事物⑷形容词前⑸序数词，形容词最高级⑹由普通名词构成的专有名词前⑺乐器⑻姓氏的复数名词前：一家人⑼ only very same前

8、不用定冠词的情况：⑴国家地名人名⑵复数名词⑶季节月份星期⑷三餐球类娱乐运动

三、代词

9、人称代词

10、物主代词⑴形容性物主代词my his her our their ⑵名词性物主代词mine his ours them11、反身代词myself12、指示代词thisthesethatthose13、疑问代词whowhomwhosewhichwhat14、不定代词⑴some,any,no修饰可数名词，不可数名词。Some肯定句any否定和疑问 no 用在肯定句中表示否定⑵many,much,a few,a little,few,little ⑶-body,-one,-thing.everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,everything,something,anything,nothing.四、形容词

15形容词种类和位置

16形容词比较等级及构成：⑴以e结尾+er,+est.⑵以y结尾→ier→iest⑶重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的双写词尾+er,+est.⑷两个或两个以上音节的词前+more+most.17形容词比较等级的用法：⑴两者比较：s+形容词原形+as⑵两者比较：容词比较级+than⑶三个比较：the+最高级+

范围

五、副词

18副词种类和位置

19副词比较等级及构成 badly-worse-worst,much-more-must

20副词比较等级的用途

六、数词

21基数词:100,a/one handred101one handred and one,4000 four thousand1000000(一百万)one million 1000000000

(十亿)one billion

22序数词

23时刻表示法⑴5:30 five thirty或 half past five

⑵9:05 nine five或five past nine⑶6:50six fifth或ten to seven

⑷7:15 a quarter past seven或seven fifteen⑸8:45 a quarter to nine或eight forth-five 24日期表示法⑴2009年6月2日June 2nd,2009或2nd of June ,2009英语里面：月 日 年

⑵1995年 nineteenninety-five

1826年eigteen oh six

⑶5月8日写May 8th读May the eighth或May eight

小 学 英 语 语 法 总 结 2

⑷9月1日写September 21(st)读September the twenty-firstSeptember 或 twenty-one

25数词其他几种用法⑴1／3 one third2/5 two fifths

⑵21.6 twenty-one point six0.008 zero point zero zero eigth

⑶5%five percent0.8%zero point eight percent

⑷一倍once两倍twice六倍six times

⑸第503房间Room 50315美元15dollors=＄1英镑1pound=￡

七、介词

26时间介词:at, on ,in, before, after, from, during

27方位介词:on ,in, over, under, behind ,infront of,near,among

28其他一些常见介词用法:by,in,for,of,about,like,with

八、连词和感叹词

29连词:and, but, or, becausealthough/though,both……and,not only……but also,neither……nor既不……也不

（并列）either……or或者．．．．．或者（选择）

30感叹词

九、动词

31动词种类⒈及物动词直接接宾语。

2不及物动词不直接接宾语。

3助动词：do , does,did.4.系动词be,（am,is,are）look(看起来)smell(闻起来)get（变得）become（成为）seem（似乎）turn

（变成）

5情态动词：can,may,must,will,shall,should,need

32动词基本形式

十、动词时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去

完成时、过去将来时共8个时态)

33一般现在时：⑴含有be动词（am is are）⑵不含有be动词动词用三单、疑问句Do、Does，否定句don’t、doesn’t 34一般过去时：⑴含有be动词(was were)⑵不含有be动词动词变为过去式，疑问句Did否定句didn’t+yesterday… 35一般将来时:⑴主语+be（am is are）going to do⑵主语+will+动词原形 ⑶主语+shall+动词原形+tomorrow过去将来时:⑴主语+(was were)+动词原形⑵主语+would+动词原形

36现在进行时:⑴主语+be（am is are）+ 动词ing

37过去进行时：⑴主语+be（werewas）+ 动词ing

38现在完成时：主语+havehas+动词过去分词 since,过去完成时:主语+had+动词过去分词

十一、陈述句

39陈述句的分类

十二、疑问句

40一般疑问句

41特殊疑问句:what,whose,who,which,when,where ,why,how(tall, old, long, many, much)

42选择疑问句，反义疑问句

十三、祈使句

十四、感叹句

1．What+a +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语

2．How+形容词+主语+谓语

3．How+ 副词+主语+谓语

十五、There be ：There is,There are

第四篇：考研英语语法难点精析

无忧考网www.xiexiebang.come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。

【语法难点精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的区别】

（１）besides与except 前者表示＂除．．．以外，还有．．．＂；后者表示＂从整体中除去．．．＂ 这个大家都知道，就不举例子了．

（２）except与except for a．除去的和非除去的是同类事物，用except eg：

All the essays are well written except Nelson's.Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同类事物，所以用except． b．除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用except for，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾．

无忧考网www.xiexiebang.com here every day,always excepting the youngest.（５）but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，nobody等词以后及all，none之后 eg：

The children go to school everyday but Sunday.They are all gone but me.You can get the book anywhere but here.There is no one but me.Who but George would do such a thing? 【语法难点之too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】（连载中）【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】

我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为“太...以致于不能” eg:He is too old to work.无忧考网www.51Test.net 但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义: ⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.eg:English is not too difficult to learn.英语并不太难学.He is too wise not to see that.他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.⑵当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时.eg:They are too anxious to leave.他们急于离开.He is too ready to help others.他总是乐于助人.与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.eg:I'm only too glad to see you.见到你非常高兴.They are but too pleased to hear the news.他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.⑶与cannot连用时.eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough)to do your homework.你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.eg:There are too many problems to be solved.有很多问题有待解决.It is too much to say that he is a fool.【语法难点精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】

无忧考网www.51Test.net ⑴"every other+单数名词” 意思是“每隔一。。”

如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树

⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词” 意思是“每隔。。”（较英语数词少一个）

如：every three days=every third day 每隔两天（或者译为每三天）因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者译为每两天）

⑶“every few+复数名词” 意思是“每隔几。。”

如：every few days（每隔几天）

【语法难点精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】

⑴ lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。如：

Young children are usually lively.小孩子们通常是活泼的。He told a very lively story.他讲了一个生动的故事。

⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。如：

This is a live(=living)fish.(=This is a fish alive.)这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用）Who's the greatest man alive(=living man)? 谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live）The fish is still alive(=living)那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。

无忧考网www.51Test.net ⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。。”、“活生生的”等）解时，要用living。如：

The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living）那位敌方军官被活捉了。

We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living）He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive）他活象他父亲。

第五篇：2012考研政治十七大报告完美总结版

2012考研政治十七大报告完美总结版.txt两人之间的感情就像织毛衣，建立的时候一针一线，小心而漫长，拆除的时候只要轻轻一拉。。本文由知之为知之s贡献

doc文档可能在WAP端浏览体验不佳。建议您优先选择TXT，或下载源文件到本机查看。十七大报告完美总结

中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会，是在我国改革发展关键阶段召开的一次十分重要的大会。大 会的主题是：高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜 高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜（党的大会首次），以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思 高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜 想为指导（即指导思想，加入十六大确立的“三”，注意没有“科”，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，继续）解放思想，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐（首次把“科学发展、社会和谐”写入党代 会报告），为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗。

1、举什么旗）中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，是当代中国发展进步的旗帜，是全党全国各族人民（举什么旗）中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，是当代中国发展进步的旗帜，团结奋斗的旗帜。）解放思想是一大法宝 一大法宝，改革开放是强大 团结奋斗的旗帜。（发展中国特色社会主义的“四大要求” 一大法宝 强大 动力，科学发展、社会和谐是基本要求 基本要求，全面建设小康社会是党和国家到二０二０年的奋斗目标 奋斗目标，是 动力 基本要求 奋斗目标 全国各族人民的根本利益所在。

2、改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命 新的伟大革命，目的就是要（改革开放“三大 新的伟大革命 三大 目标”：①解放和发展社会生产力；②推动我国社会主义制度自我完善和发展；③加强和改进党的建 目标）设。（三个最）新时期最鲜明的特点 “三个最 三个最” 最鲜明的特点是改革开放；新时期最显著的成就 最显著的成就是快速发展；新时期最突出 最鲜明的特点 最显著的成就 最突出 的标志是与时俱进。我们党坚持马克思主义的思想路线，不断探索和回答什么是社会主义、怎样建设 的标志 社会主义，建设什么样的党、怎样建设党，实现什么样的发展、怎样发展（改革开放三十年马克思主 义中国化探索的“三大主题）等重大理论和实际问题，不断推进马克思主义中国化，坚持并丰富党的 三大主题” 三大主题 基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领、基本经验。改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择 关键抉择，是发展中国特色社会主义、实现中华民族伟大复兴的 关键抉择 必由之路。改革开放以来我们取得一切成绩和进步的根本原因 首次提出）必由之路 取得一切成绩和进步的根本原因（首次提出，归结起来就是：开辟了中 取得一切成绩和进步的根本原因 首次提出 国特色社会主义道路，形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系（“重大论断”“一路一体”，该条写入了党 章）。高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，最根本的就是要 最根本的就是要坚持这条道路和这个理论体系。最根本的就是要（走什么路 走什么路）中国特色社会主义道路（科学内涵，就是在中国共产党领导下，立足基本国情，科学内涵）（1）走什么路 科学内涵 以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放；（2）解放和发展社会生产力；（3）巩固和完 善社会主义制度；（4）建设社会主义市场经济、社会主义民主政治、社会主义先进文化、社会主义和 谐社会，建设富强民主文明和谐 新加 富强民主文明和谐 新加）的社会主义现代化国家。富强民主文明和谐（新加 中国特色社会主义理论体系（第一次提出）第一次提出，就是包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想以及科 学发展观等重大战略思想在内的科学理论体系。中国特色社会主义理论体系是不断发展的开放的理论 体系。

3、科学发展观（历史地位、意义）科学发展观（历史地位、意义），是对党的三代中央领导集体关于发展的重要思想的继承和发 科学发展观 继承和发 集中体现，是同马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小 展，是马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论的集中体现 集中体现平理论和“三个代表”重要思想既一脉相承又与时俱进 一脉相承又与时俱进（第一次提“科”）的科学理论，是我国经济社 一脉相承又与时俱进 会发展的重要指导方针，是发展中国特色社会主义必须坚持和贯彻的重大战略思想。科学发展观基本（科学发展观基本

理论问题：创造性地提出和回答了实现什么样的发展，怎样发展的问题。）理论问题：创造性地提出和回答了实现什么样的发展，怎样发展的问题。问题 我国仍处于并将长期处于 仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情 基本国情没有变，人民日益增长的物质文化需要同 仍处于并将长期处于 基本国情 落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾 社会主要矛盾没有变。当前我国发展的阶段性特征，是社会主义初级 社会主要矛盾 阶段基本国情在新世纪新阶段的具体表现 新世纪新阶段的具体表现。新世纪新阶段的具体表现 科学发展观的科学内涵、精神实质 “四大原则” ：第一要义是发展 第一要义是发展，科学发展观 的科学内涵、精神实质（四大原则，该条写入了党章）第一要义是发展，核心是以 的科学内涵 人为本，基本要求是全面协调可持续，根本方法是统筹兼顾 人为本，基本要求是全面协调可持续，根本方法是统筹兼顾。（三大发展目标）实现：①以人为本、全面协调可持续的科学发展 科学发展；②全社会团结和睦的和谐发展 和谐发展；③自身发展与维护世界和平的和平发展 和平发展。科学发展 和谐发展 和平发展（科学发展（增长方式转变）必须做到）：①把握发展规律；②创新发展理念；③转变发展方式；④破 解发展难题；⑤提高发展质量和效益。（以人为本必须做到）：①尊重人民主体地位；②发挥人民首 创精神；③保障人民各项权益；④走共同富裕道路；⑤促进人的全面发展；⑥做到发展为了人民、发 展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。（可持续发展要求）：按照中国特色社会主义事业总体布局 中国特色社会主义事业总体布局 中国特色社会主义事业总体布局，全 面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设（四位一体）经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设 “四位一体，促进现代化建设各个环节、各个方 四位一体” 经济建设 面相协调，促进生产关系与生产力、上层建筑与经济基础相协调（三个协调”。（“三个协调）“五个统筹”）统 筹：①城乡发展；②区域发展；③经济社会发展；④人与自然和谐发展；⑤国内发展和对外开放。（统 筹“三大关系”：中央和地方；各方面利益（三种利益” 个人利益和集体利益、局部利益和整体利）：个人利益和集体利益 “三种利益” 个人利益和集体利益、益、当前利益和长远利益）当前利益和长远利益 ；国内国际两个大局。深入贯彻落实科学发展观（四大要求 ： 四大要求）（1）始终坚持“一个中心、两个基本点”的基本路线（2）基本路线； 四大要求 基本路线 积极构建社会主义和谐社会（3）继续深化改革开放（4）切实加强改进党的建设 “一个中心、和谐社会； 改革开放； 党的建设。和谐社会 改革开放 党的建设 两个基本点”科学内涵：以经济建设为中心是兴国之要 兴国之要；四项基本原则是立国之本 立国之本；改革开放是强国 兴国之要 立国之本 强国 之路。社会和谐是中国特色社会主义的本质属性 建设社会主义和谐社会总要求 本质属性。总要求（目标）:民主法治、之路 社会和谐 本质属性 总要求 公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处；总原则 总原则：共同建设、共同享有。（科 总原则 科 学发展与社会和谐辨证关系）内在统一的。没有科学发展就没有社会和谐，没 学发展与社会和谐辨证关系 ：科学发展和社会和谐是内在统一 内在统一 有社会和谐也难以实现科学发展。构建社会主义和谐社会是贯穿中国特色社会主义事业全过程的长期 历史任务，是在发展的基础上正确处理各种社会矛盾的历史过程和社会结果。

4、实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的（五项 五项）新要求：①增强发展协调性，努力实现经济又好又 经济又好又 五项 经济 发展。转变发展方式 降低消耗、快（以前是又快又好）发展 转变发展方式 发展 转变发展方式取得重大进展，在优化结构、提高效益、降低消耗、保护 降低消耗

环境的基础上，实现人均国内生产总值到二 0 二 0 年比二 000 年翻两番；②扩大社会主义民主 实现人均国内生产总值到二 年翻两番； 扩大社会主义民主 扩大社会主义民主，更好 环境 实现人均 保障人民权益 社会公平正义 人民权益和社会公平正义 文化建设，明显提高全民族文明素质；④加快发展社会事业 发展社会事业，人民权益 社会公平正义；③加强文化建设 文化建设 发展社会事业 全面改善人民生活；⑤建设生态文明 “四大文明” 生

态文明（四大文明” ：物质文明、精神文明、政治文明（江十六大）、生 生态文明 态文明（首次），基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境）节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式、消费模式。节约能源资源和保护生态环境

5、实现未来经济发展目标，关键 关键要在加快转变经济发展方式、完善社会主义市场经济体制方面取 关键 得重大进展。要大力推进经济结构战略性调整 经济结构战略性调整，更加注重（三“提高”）提高自主创新 自主创新能力、提高节能 经济结构战略性调整 三 提高” 自主创新 节能 环保水平、提高经济整体素质和国际竞争力（1）提高自主创新能力，建设创新型国家。环保水平经济整体素质和国际竞争力。（2）加快转 经济整体素质和国际竞争力 变经济发展方式，推动产业结构优化升级。要坚持走中国特色新兴工业化道路，坚持扩大国内需求 扩大国内需求特 扩大国内需求 别是消费需求 消费需求的方针，三个“转变”（三个 转变” 三个“）促进经济增长由主要依靠投资、出口拉动向依靠消费、投资、依靠消费 消费需求 依靠消费、投资、出口协调拉动转变，由主要依靠第二产业带动向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动 依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变，由主要依 出口协调拉动 依靠第一 带动 靠增加物质资源消耗向主要依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新转变。依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新（3）统筹城乡发展，推 依靠科技进步 进社会主义新农村建设。（4）加强能源资源节约和生态环境保护，增强可持续发展能力。（5）推动区 域协调发展，优化国土开发格局。（6）完善基本经济制度，健全现代市场体系。（7）深化财税、金融 等体制改革，完善宏观调控体系（8）拓展对外开放广度和深度，提高开放型经济水平。（提高对外 完善宏观调控体系。完善宏观调控体系 开放水平主要措施）：坚持对外开放的基本国策 对外开放的基本国策，把“引进来”和“走出去”更好结合，扩大开放领域，扩大开放领域，对外开放的基本国策 扩大开放领域 优化开放结构，提高开放质量 优化开放结构，提高开放质量，完善开放型经济体系；深化沿海开放，加快内地开放，提升沿边开放； 加快转变外贸增长方式，创新利用外资方式，优化利用外资结构；创新对外投资和合作方式，支持我 转变外贸增长方式，创新利用外资方式，优化利用外资结构；创新对外投资和合作方式 转变外贸增长方式 国企业开展国际化经营，加快培育我国的跨国公司和国际知名品牌；实施自由贸易区 自由贸易区战略，促进国际 自由贸易区 收支基本平衡，防范国际经济风险。

6、人民民主是社会主义的生命。“三个坚持”（三个坚持”）要坚持中国特色社会主义政治发展道路 政治发展道路，坚持党 政治发展道路 党 的领导、人民当家作主 依法治国有机统一 依法治国有机统一，坚持和完善人民代表大会制度（根本政治制度）、中国共 的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一 产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度（基本政治制度）以及基层群众自治制度（首 次纳入中国特色政治发展道路），不断推进社会主义政治制度自我完善和发展。深化政治体制改革，必 须坚持正确政治方向，以保证人民当家作主为根本 根本，以增强党和国家活力、调动人民积极性为目标 目标，根本 目标 扩大社会主义民主，建设社会主义法治国家。（1）扩大人民民主，保证人民当家作主。人民当家作主 人民当家作主 是社会主义民主政治的本质和核心（2）发展基层民主 本质和核心； 基层民主，保障人民享有更多更切实的民主权利；（3）本质和核心 基层民主 全面落实依法治国基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家；（4）壮大爱国统一战线，团结一切可以团 结的力量；（5）加快行政管理体制改革，建设服务型政府；

（六）完善制约和监督机制，保证人民赋予 的权力始终用来为人民谋利益。

7、推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣：（1）建设社会主义核心价值体系 首提，增强社会主义意 社会主义核心价值体系（首提 社会主义核心价值体系 首提）

识形态的吸引力和凝聚力。（核心价值体系四方面内容 四方面内容）A 马克思主义指导思想 指导思想；B 中国特色社会主义 四方面内容 指导思想 共同理想；C 爱国主义为核心的民族精神和改革创新为核心的时代精神 时代精神；D 社会主义荣辱观（2）建 荣辱观。

共同理想 时代精神 荣辱观 设和谐文化，培育文明风尚；（3）弘扬中华文化，建设中华民族共有精神家园；（4）推进文化创新，增强文化发展活力。

8、加快推进以改善民生 重点 改善民生为重点（目标 目标）改善民生 重点的社会建设。目标 ：努力使全体人民学有所教、劳有所得、病有 所医、老有所养、住有所居。社会主义建设六大任务（1）优先发展教育，建设人力资源强国。教育 社会主义建设六大任务： 社会主义建设六大任务 是民族振兴的基石，教育公平是社会公平的重要基础。（教育公平措施）：坚持教育公益性质，加大财 政对教育投入，规范教育收费，扶持贫困地区、民族地区教育，健全学生资助制度，保障经济困难家 庭、进城务工人员子女平等接受义务教育。（2）实施扩大就业的发展战略，促进以创业带动就业。（3）深化收入分配制度改革，增加城乡居民收入。（4）加快建立覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系，保障人民 基本生活。（5）建立基本医疗卫生制度，提高全民健康水平。（6）完善社会管理，维护社会安定团结。

9、我们将遵循“和平统一、一国两制”的方针和现阶段发展两岸关系、推进祖国和平统一进程的 “和平统一、一国两制” 八项主张，“四决不”）坚持一个中国原则决不动摇 决不动摇，争取和平统一的努力决不放弃 决不放弃，贯彻寄希望于台 八项主张（四决不” 决不动摇 决不放弃 湾人民的方针决不改变 决不改变，反对“台独”分裂活动决不妥协 决不妥协。坚持一个中国原则，是两岸关系和平发展 决不改变 决不妥协 的政治基础。我们郑重呼吁，在一个中国原则的基础上，协商正式结束两岸敌对状态，达成和平协议，构建两岸和平发展框架，开创两岸关系和平发展新局面。执政能力建设和先进性建 主线，坚持

10、以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设：必须把党的执政能力建设 先进性建 执政能力建设 先进性建设作为主线 主线 党要管党、从严治党，贯彻为民、务实、清廉的要求，加强思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、制度建 设、反腐倡廉建设（“五大建设”。）（1）深入学习贯彻中国特色社会主义理论体系；（2）继续加强党的 执政能力建设；（3）积极推进党内民主建设；（4）不断深化干部人事制度改革；

（5）全面巩固和发展 先进性教育活动成果；（6）切实改进党的作风。