第一篇：中石化2011职称英语教材(综合)
1.How to be Happy如何获得幸福
In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make).Next, we'll look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)。接下来我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
Step 1: Peace and quiet第一步：平和宁静
Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, 'The Happiness Hypothesis', notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution.乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。
Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses(the other is the fear of falling)and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.巨大噪声会引起我们某种面对恐惧本能反映(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。
Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upset for a very good reason.这样看来，吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和起到很大影响。
It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day.If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council.每日保持平和宁静事关重要。如果你的生活环境不幸比较吵，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。
Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to give you some respite.If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.另外，试试实用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你一定要大声看电视、听收音机放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机。别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。
Step 2: Relationships第二步：人际关系
This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient.这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的内部条件。
Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others.A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。如果一个在职同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言语的抑郁情绪。
A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned.与拍档或者爱人的关系陷入残酷竞争之中，会让我们感到背叛和背弃。
A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery.We never fully adapt to hostile relationships, they invidiously contaminate our wellbeing, squatting inside our minds as unresolved, destructive ruminations.与父母孩子之间的关系缺乏同情心和无私关心，那么这会造成隔阂生产痛苦。我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康，长久留存在我们心里，会让人陷入无以解决的恶性心理困境。
When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法，就是直面难题，挽救关系，或者学着继续前进。
Step 3: Share第三步：分享
If I have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved my wellbeing, I would like to share them with you.如果我发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有极大帮助的话，我很想说出来同你们一起分享。
Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1.What's the happiness formula according to the passage? The formula refer to H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make)2.Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.3.How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud，wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors．
4.Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others． 5.What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? What you call do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness．
3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships，which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4．如果这种坏情绪长时问留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind，it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression．
5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.B．英译汉
There are many benefits to being happy．Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more．They also tend to volunteer more，be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne” or genuine smiles．What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious．幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。
According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis，authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends，family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future．More specifically，they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life．全球畅销书《关联》饷作者詹姆斯•福勒和尼古拉斯•克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25％。
Similar effects are seen in co—resident spouses(8 per cent happier)；siblings who live within a-mile of each other(14 per cent)；and next-door neighbours(34 per cent)．What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact(due to physical proximity)than on deep social connections．Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace．具有同样效果的还有同居配偶(幸福感提升8％)、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14％)和邻居(34％)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度(与地域邻近相关)，而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。
So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family(for example，by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous)．Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them．Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious．那么，为什么幸福能够传染?一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气(例如，提供实际的帮助。或在经济上慷慨解囊)。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
2.City Design城市设计
When I'm being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn't help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。
The world's cities are in trouble.In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day.全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正继不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。
The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。
In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergence of a new urbanism.针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。
In just a few years, many cities banned the parking of cars on sidewalks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-based rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees, and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods.在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。
The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。
Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars.现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。
Cars promise mobility.But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city.汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。
After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。
Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increasing urban mobility by moving away from the car.基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。
Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars.让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。
A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human.In order to avoid this disaster, we'd better start designing sustainable cities.挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的—全是机械没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1.What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?(He takes)a bus． 2.According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? Cars not only do harm to people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam．
3.What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean? Design cities for people not(for)cars．
4.Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas? Because people depend largely on cars．
5.How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all Cars(mechanism)no human． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1.随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。The demand for Cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2.生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3.预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车（fuel-cell vehicles）投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012.4.如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.5.全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world's population is now city-dwellers(is now living in cities).B．英译汉．
Once at a supermarket，I read a thought-provoking sign at the check—out counter.It said the store was using only plastic bags．The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn't biodegradable：Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport，SO the store．Believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic．It got me thinking further．Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times，or until they start falling apart，you have really done a good thing．You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets．Instead of purchasing plastic trash bags．有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。
3.Population人口
A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet.在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。
The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。
So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”.那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢?这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。
You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades.但是，我们并没有这样做!反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。
We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share earth with us.我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What can be learnt about the population growth at present? It continues to increase／grow at its present rate．
2．According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? Death Control 3．What is the doctors' job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive．
4．Why isn't there enough land to support human beings? Because the world's land has already been taken up occupied by the ever-increasing population．
5．In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as_____.nonrenewable 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1.亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29％。Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world's land area． 2.人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain．
3.我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.4.我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds．
5.中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。The development of modem industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational(mobility)and population mobility．
B．英译汉 A report，based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations，suggests that by mid-century, humanity's demand on nature will be twice the biosphere's productive capacity．At this level of ecological deficit，exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real．一份以联合国所作的经济和火口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示。到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。
Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now．Population size changes slowly, and human-made capitalvibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she's reached a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a touch-screen keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard.其它开发人员正在研究“触觉”反馈的升级技术，它们不但可用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，也可以用来进行感情交流，并且有可能很快就能使触摸屏具有真空键盘的触觉。
And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands.对于那些更喜欢使用手机键盘的人来说，即便传统的键盘也将能发挥与触摸指令相对应的功能。
Software developers set to work on multi-touch applications.Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on the phone.But multi-touch developers have largely focused on games.软件开发人员开始研发多触摸应用软件。例如，有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹奏虚拟乐器。但是，多触点开发人员主要以开发游戏为主。
Haptic technology already has many non-mobile applications.In videogames, for instance, it can give gamers the sensation of actually steering a car they're controlling on the screen.触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到了广泛应用。例如，在视频游戏当中，它可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真的在驾驶他们所控制的荧屏赛车。
In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them.在医疗培训中，它可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异常真实，从而使医疗人员能更自如地操作这些仪器。
The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy, but the wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will open the door to new applications.触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，但是触觉技术手机的广泛运用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。
For now, at least, many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen.目前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并不十分感兴趣。
A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands.开发人员正在设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．Why do we say Apple's iPhone is a revolution? Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen．
2．What is the advantage of multi-touch screen? The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger．
3．What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations．
4．What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The garners feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games．
5．Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英 1．这项技术使移动通讯行业产生了突破性变革。This technology revolutionized mobile communication.2．多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一(eye-catching feature)。The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features.3．戴尔是一家跨国技术公司，总部设在德克萨斯州。Dell Inc.based in Texas, is a multinational company.4．制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.5．很多多点触控界面(interfaces)的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛地应用。Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied.B．英译汉 The keyboard，being developed by the researchers，responds normally when a letter or number is pressed．But a user could scroll down a Web page by running a finger lightly across the key board；Pressing a little harder might be the command to scroll faster or zoom in on a Page．The technology is expected to start being employed in mobile phones in 2010 or 2011．研究人员在研制这样一种键盘，当用户按下一个字母或者数字的时候，它可以作出正确的反应。用户可以通过手指轻轻地上下触摸键盘来滑动网页；如果用力稍重一点，则表明滑动得更快或者放大页面的指令。这项技术有望于2010年或者2011年运用在手机上。
9.Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活
Oil and natural gas are an important part of everyday life.Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。它们不仅使我们出行方便,它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。
Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成的，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服装、化妆品等等。
In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector(cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.)comes from fuels made from oil.在美国，交通运输系统(私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等)的运行所依赖的能源中有97％来自石油炼制的燃料。
Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternative fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol.However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用像电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是，汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。
The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products.燃料电池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。
Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for foreseeable future.所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。
In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products.在全世界的发展中地区，不论企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。
World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations.据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加至2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。
Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand.同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。
Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of total world oil consumption by 2020.在可预测的将来，石油仍将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57％。
World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020.目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会增至约76亿。
That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.这将意味着人们对石油和天燃气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．According to the text, how important is oil to our life? Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity．They can also be made into many products that we use every day．
2．What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles? They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas． 3．Can alternate energy completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future? Why? No．it can't．Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future．
4．Where in the world can we see the big increase in car ownership? In the developing world．
5．What will the increase of world population indicate? That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还是可再生的。Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air, they are renewable as well.2．许多生活日用品都是由石油制成的。Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.3．尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，在未来很长的一段时间化石燃料仍将是占据主导地位的能源。Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alternative energy, fossil fuels will remain crucially important for a long time in future.4．专家预计北京的汽车占有量将超过每千人200辆。It is estimated(projected)that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.5．在未来几十年，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需求将进一步增加。World population will continue to grow in the next few decades.This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.B．英译汉
Energy is available in many forms．Some are renewable such as gravity, which can be converted to hydroelectricity．Another renewable，such as solar energy, can be used directly to heat water and dwellings or be converted into electricity by photovoltaic methods(direct conversion)or by the production of steam using a system of mirror.Solar energy can also be employed indirectly through the force of the wind and waves(an example is the tidal-power station on the Rance in France)or by utilizing the difference in temperature between the surface and bottom of the oceans or between any two points on the Earth's crust.The latter is known as geothermal energy.能源的形式多种多样。有些能源可再生，如重力势能可转化为水电。另一种可再生能源，如太阳能可直接用于加热水和给住房供暖，也可通过光电方法（直接转化）或者利用一组反射镜系统产生蒸汽而转化成电力。太阳能也可借助风和波浪（例如法国兰斯的潮汐发电站），或者利用海底和海面或者地壳任意两点之间的温差而被间接利用。后者又被称作地热能。
Other forms of energy are nonrenewable.These include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, oil sand, oil shale and natural gas.These fuels can in fact be considered to be the product of the work of solar energy during millions of years and represent a kind of stored solar energy.其它形式的能源是不可再生的。包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油沙、油页岩和天然气。这些燃料其实可看作是经过几百万年太阳能作用的产物，是一种储存的太阳能。
10.Carbon Emissions碳排放
The taskis challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal, which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural gas.将燃料燃烧排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。
Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas, the second most common fuel used for electricity generation.在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。
In the developing world, where even new coal plants use lower grade coal and less efficient machinery, the equation is even worse.在发展中国家，情况则更糕，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。
Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green.But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment, which no one country or company seems inclined to spend.如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。
There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the United States, most in the early stages.But progress has not been promising.虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。
The European Union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe.Many have likened carbon capture's road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to putting a man on the moon.欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设l2个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。
Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its “moon landing.”挪威正在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆计划”。
Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at some level an inherently local issue.碳捕获之后面临的问题就是碳封存。碳封存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。
Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable underground site, calculate how much carbon dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way that prevents leaks and ensures safety.地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，计算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以确保安全。
A large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．In paragraph 1, what does the underlined word “so” refer to? The word “so” refers to “challenging”.2．What can be learned about carbon emission in the coal plants in developing countries? The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient．As a result，produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.3．How can the use of coal become “green”? Coal can become ‘green’ through carbon capture and storage． 4．According to the text, what has Norway been doing? Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology.5．What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at an underground site? The carbon stored at an underground site could leak，and a large leak underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．在很多以煤为主要能源的发展中国家，减少碳排放是一件极具挑战的工作。Reducing carbon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy.2．20世纪末的世界人口是20世纪六十年代的两倍。The world population by the end of the 20 century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.3．如果没有先进的技术，环境污染无法得以改善。Without advanced technology, environmental pollution could not be improved.4．过量饮食对人体带来的危害与过量饮酒带给人体的伤害一样严重。Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking.5．该公司正在就如何有效减少二氧化碳排放做一项实验性研究。The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.B．英译汉
Many chemical compounds found in the Earth's atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.”These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely．When sunlight strikes the Earth's surface，some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation(heat)．Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heal the atmosphere．Over time，the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth's surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth's surface roughly constant．地球大气中的很多化合物都具有“温室气体”效果。这些气体可使太阳的光线没有任何阻碍地进入到大气中。阳光到达地球表面时，其中的一部分会变为红外线辐射（即热量）被反射回太空。温室气体吸收这些红外辐射能量并把热量圈在大气当中。日复一日，从太阳发射到地球表面的能量与反射回太空的能量应是相等的，这样即可使地球表面的温度基本保持恒定。
Many gases exhibit these“greenhouse”properties．Some of them occur in nature(water vapor, carbon dioxide，methane，and nitrous oxide)，while others are exclusively human-made．许多气体都具备这些“温室气体”的特性。这种气体就存在于自然界中，如水蒸气、二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化物，而其它的“温室气体”则完全是人类制造的。
Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around l50 years ago．During the past 20 years，about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels．150年前开始的大规模工业化使主要温室气体的数量增加了25%。在过去的20年中，由人类活动排放的二氧化碳约75%都是由燃烧化石燃料造成的。
World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by l.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025．Much of the increase in these emissions expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies，such China and India．fuel their economic development with fossil energy．Developing countries' emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025．人们预测2010年至2025年全球二氧化碳排放将会以1.9%的年增长率增加。这其中大部分的增长将会发生在以燃烧化石能源促进经济发展的新兴经济体中，例如中国和印度。2001年至2025年这些发展中国家的碳排放将会以平均每年2.7%的比例增长，这个数字大大超过了世界的年平均增长率。
th11.Marine Pollution海洋污染
By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 9 billion.到2050年，估计世界人口可能会增加到l20亿。
Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea.The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas.其中大约有60％的人口居住在距离海洋60公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。
One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution.The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea.人类活动产生的一个重大影响是海洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是油轮事故和在海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。
Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources(including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges).虽然这些影响有一定的规模、且显而易见，但是，与其它直接和间接的海洋污染源(包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋倾泄垃圾的行为、石油生产、采矿、依业肥料和杀虫剂、热源废料和放射性排放物)相比，一系列油轮发生灾难性油泄漏而造成的海洋污染物质总量还是显得很少。
Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous “blooms” of algae in coastal waters.污水排放物和农业生产所造成的肥料污染使海岸水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。
As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water.This led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones”.这些花朵死亡和腐烂将耗尽水里的氧气，使这些地区变成了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区”。
Radioactive pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations.放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。
Radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.远在格陵兰岛西部海岸的海草里都能发现核燃料再处理所产生的放射性元索。
Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some sea foods unfit for human consumption.金属采矿、生产和加工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物的健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．Why is it difficult to support the population on fertile coastal areas by the year 2050? Because 60％ of the World's population will live within 60km of the sea．
2．How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned in the passage? What are they? There are four：marine pollution，nutrient pollution，radioactive pollution, trace metal pollution．
3．What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution? Oil pollution． 4．Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of ___.Oxygen． 5．The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by ____.Radioactive elements． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．一些污染源已经通过立法得到控制。Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation．
2．用电动车来取代汽油和柴油车可减少城市污染。Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars can free our cities from pollution.3．要从源头(at source)来规范危险化学品的生产和使用。The production and use of dangerous chemicals could be regulated at source.4．最近所发生的一切除了会造成明显可见的短期影响外，也会导致严重的长期问题。In addition to the visible short-term impacts, what has happened recently can also cause/result longer-term problems.5．污染的海岸水域引发的死亡和疾病每年要耗费全球经济128亿美元。Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US$12.8 billion a year.B．英译汉
In addition to the sewage，cities produce many tons of trash and junk each day．Bottles，garbage，plastic bags，waste paper, Cans and even junked cars make up much of this waste．Solid waste is an increasing problem．If it is dumped on land，it breeds rats，flies and mosquitoes and produces odors．One way to handle it is to make sanitary landfills．Here the trash is crushed and covered with soil．除了污水外，城市每天还要产生很多吨的垃圾及废弃物。垃圾堆里大部分东西是瓶子、残羹剩饭、塑料袋、废纸、罐头盒，甚至还有报废的汽车。固体垃圾的问题越来越大。随地倒垃圾会滋生老鼠、苍蝇和蚊子并产生臭味。有一种处理垃圾的方法就是进行卫生填埋，将垃圾压碎之后用土盖上。
12.China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术
China's unprecedented growth in recent years has come at a terrible price.中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代价换来的。
Two-thirds of its rivers and lakes are too polluted for industrial use, let alone agriculture or drinking.中国2/3的河流湖泊污染严重，无法用于工业，更别说农业或饮用了。
Just 1 in 100 of China's nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that would be considered safe in Europe.中国近6亿城市人口中只有1％的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。
At a time when arable land is in short supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many productive fields.在可耕地紧缺之际，受到污染的洪水又毁坏了大量良田。
The immensity of these troubles has produced a result that may surprise many outside China: The nation has emerged as an incubator for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in several categories.诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一个令很多国外人士感到惊讶的结果：中国逐渐成为清洁技术的培育基地，在若干领域走到了前列。
Among all countries, China is now the largest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, thanks to such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power.凭借尚德太阳能电力有限公司等本土厂商，中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。
The country is the world's second-largest market for wind turbines.中国也是全球第二大风电机组市场。In car-making, China's BYD Auto has leapfrogged global giants, launching the first mass-produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical outlet.在汽车制造方面，中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电式混合动力车。
Understanding they are in a global race, China's leaders are supporting businesses with policies and incentives.中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于是以各种政策和激励措施对企业予以扶持。
Beijing recently hiked China's auto mileage standards to a level the U.S.is not expected to reach until 2020.北京前不久将中国的汽车里程标准大幅提高到美国估计要到2020年才能达到的水平。
Beijing also says it will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020, from 16% today, on par with similar targets in Europe.Beijing's green intentions will soon be put to the test.北京还表示，到2020年，中国的可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的16％上升到23％，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。
China is in the midst of the biggest building boom in history.A study estimates that over 350 million people will migrate from the countryside into cities by 2025.中国正处于有史以来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到2025年，中国将有超过3.5亿人从农村迁入城市。
Five million buildings will be added, including 50,000 skyscrapers—equal to 10 New York Cities.中国将新增500万幢建筑，包括5万幢摩天大楼，相当于10座纽约市的规模。
And as new offices and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-hungry computers, TVs, air conditioners, and the like, sharply increasing demand for electricity, which comes mainly from coal-powered plants.随着新建办公室和房屋的成倍增长，那些耗费能源的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备到这些建筑中，这就大量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】 1．What are some of the downsides to China's growth? Rivers, 1akes and air are seriously polluted．Water and agricultural land have been poisoned．
2．According to the passage，how many people in China breathe safe air? 6 million．
3．What can be learned about Suntech Power? It is a domestic(homegrown)manufacturer of photovoltaic solar panels．
4．What are Beijing's green intentions? Beijing will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23％ by 2020．
5．What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英 1．环境污染和自然灾害是经济发展应付出的代价。Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.2．化石能源的紧缺促使很多能源公司去开发替代能源。The shortage of fossil fuels has made many energy companies develop alternative energy sources.3．丰田汽车公司已经开始大规模生产其混合动力车Prius，这在很大程度上超过了其它汽车制造大企业。Toyota Auto has begun to mass-producing its hybrid model Prius, which has leapfrogged other auto giants.4．政府通过政策激励来促使国有企业节能减排。Governments are boosting(promoting)energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.5．随着人口的成倍增长(multiply)，世界将会对能源有如饥似渴般的需求。As population multiplies, the world will become energy-hungry.B．英译汉
China's investments in renewable energy in 2009 exceeded those made by the United States for the first time．With its investments growing 50 percent in 2009，China committed $34.6 billion to wind power，solar energy and other forms of renewable energy，making it the world's biggest investor in such projects．China invested nearly double the United States' $18.6 billion，while the United Kingdom, which has a much smaller population，was the third largest investor with $11.2 billion in 2009．The study of investments by G-20 nations also found that China's installed renewable energy capacity surged to 52.5 gigawatts，putting it just behind the United States，which had 53.4 gigawatts of capacity in 2009．2009年中国在可再生能源上的投资首次超过美国。2009年中国政府为开发风电、太阳能和其它可再生资源共投资346亿美元，同比增长了50%，这也使得中国成为世界上最大的可再生能源的投资者。中国的这项投资几乎相当于美国186亿美元投资的两倍，而英国，虽然人口数量要比中国和美国小很多，但在可再生能源上的投资却排在世界第三位，他们2009年投资额为112亿。20国集团（G-20）对可再生能源投资所做的研究还表明，目前中国已安装完善的可再生能源发电总量已飞速发展到525亿瓦特，仅次于美国2009年的534亿瓦特发电总量。
China is emerging as the world's clean energy powerhouse．Having built a strong manufacturing base and export markets，China is working now to meet domestic demand by installing substantial new clean energy-generating capacity to meet ambitious renewable energy targets．Over the past six months alone，China has signed deals with American solar companies to build solar power plants that would generate 4,000 megawatts of electricity．中国已成为世界新兴的清洁能源发电站。拥有强大的生产基地和庞大的出口市场，中国目前正致力于大批安装清洁能源发电设施以满足国内对可再生能源不断增加的需求。仅仅在过去的六个月中，中国就已经和一些美国的太阳能公司签署了建造拥有4000兆瓦发电能力的太阳能发电站的协议。
13.Market Economy市场经济
There are pros and cons for command and market economies.计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。
Let's look at the command economy first.The foundation of it is that it is directed and controlled by a centralize government.首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集权的政府指导和控制。
A command economy means that the government is involved in every step.There are other downsides to a command economy.计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一步。计划经济还有其它的负面影响。
Often factories don't meet quotas, needs are underestimated, and a product could sell too quickly, and so on.工厂经常会达不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。
Basically things have to be adjusted.Production and prices might have to be increased or decreased;there might be restrictions on the number of items a person could buy.总的来说必须做出调整：产品和价格可能不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。
Now let's look at the market economy.That means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.现在我们来看一下市场经济。这意味着企业私有制而政府并不能为它们做任何决定。
Here's how it works.We'll use the example of clothing.Maybe somebody – say Jack – decides to open a company making clothes.He designs and makes them fashionable so people will want to buy and wear them.If the clothes become popular then Jack can increase the price and keep increasing it.我们用服装行业的例子来说明它的运行方式。假如某人，我们就叫他杰克，决定开一家服装制造公司。他设计和制造时尚的服装，使人们愿意购买和穿着。如果服装受欢迎，杰克会提高价格，并维持价格的攀升。
By doing this Jack can make more profit and or expand his business to make even more money.At the same time other people will have noticed how well he is doing and will start up new businesses in competition.通过这种方式，杰克可获取更大的利滑。或者通过扩展业务，创造更多的财富。与此同时，别人将注意到他做的很优秀，于是这些人将创办新的企业与杰克竞争。
This way prices will level off or even come down because people will buy the thing costing less.这样价格将稳定下来，甚至可能降低，因为人们都愿意买更便宜的衣服。
The companies will have to cut costs, and perhaps do with less profit to stay in business.In this case the market economy is the way to go.各家公司将不得不降低成本、减少利润，使自己在行业内得以生存。在这种情况下，市场经济才是正确的方向。
With a command economy the government runs everything and everybody, but with a market economy the government supposedly provides assistance only to correct problems that can't be solved by the market.在计划经济下，政府掌管每件事和每个人；而在市场经济下，政府提供帮助来解决市场不能解决的问题。
With a command economy come chronic shortages, inefficiencies.On the other hand, the market economy offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progress and prosperity.计划经济逐渐导致长期物质短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市场经济能够更大程度地带来经济增长、技术进步和社会繁荣的良机。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What is the role of government in the command economy? The economy is directed，controlled by the centralized government．
2．What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy．
3．What is the market economy? Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions．
4．Who is Jack according to the text? Jack is a virtual person who owns a company that makes clothes． 5．What does the market economy provide? The market economy provides／offers greater opportunities for economic growth，technological progress and prosperity．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
当今，经济学在商业方面起着越来越大的作用。商人们清楚地认识到研究工作的重要性，他们需要通过研究来发现什么样的条件有助予出售他们的商品，对他们的商品有什么需求，以及能够得到什么样的国际市场等等。Economics play an increasingly important part in business today.Businessmen see clearly the necessity for research.They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods, what demand there will be for their goods, what foreign markets will be available and so on.B．英译汉
Globalization is a fact of life．But we have underestimated its fragility．The problem is this．The spread of markets grow faster than the ability of societies and their political systems to adjust to them．Let alone to guide the course they take.History teaches us that such an imbalance between the economic, social and political realms can never be sustained for very long．全球化已成为无法回避的事实。但是我们低估了它的脆弱。问题就在于此，市场的快速扩展已超出了社会及其政治制度适应其发展的能力，更谈不上引导市场发展的进程。历史的经验告诉我们：这种经济、社会和政治领域的不平衡绝不会持续很久。
The industrialized countries learned that lesson in their bitter and costly encounter with the Great Depression．In order to restore social harmony and political stability, they adopted social safety nets and other measures．That insured possible successive moves towards globalization，which brought about the long-period of expansion．工业化国家在遭遇经济大萧条时付出了惨重、昂贵的代价，因此而吸取了教训。为了恢复社会和谐、政治稳定，他们采用了社会安全体系和其它一些措施，确保了不断迈向经济全球化而带来的长期市场扩张。
14.CPI消费者物价指数
If the CPI, Consumer Price Index was 2.1% in a country, what does that mean? In a nutshell, it means that consumers in that country paid 2.1% more than in the previous year for the goods and services included in the CPI basket.如果某个国家的消费者物价指数为2.l％，那意味着什么?简单地说，这意味着这个国家的消费者为消费者物价指数篮子里的商品及服务的支出比上一年多了2.1％。
Although prices of goods and services rise and fall over time, when prices change too dramatically, they can have negative effects on an economy.虽然商品和服务的价格随时间而上下波动，但是如果价格变动幅度过大，则会给经济带来负面影响。
In order to tell if an economy is experiencing inflation, deflation or stagflation, we use the CPI as a gauge of the price of goods and services.为了说明经济是否正在经历通货膨胀、通货紧缩或者是滞胀，我们把CPI作为衡量商品及服务价格的尺度。
When the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistic releases the CPI date monthly, the CPI's result are widely anticipated and watched.劳工部劳动数据统计局每月公布CPI数据的时候，很多人都期待并关注CPI结果。
Who would eagerly await the results, you might ask? Well, the CPI plays an important role for many key financial decision makers, including individual investors, the Central Banks and the Federal Reserve in the U.S.你或许会问什么人会热切地等待着这些结果?CPI对许多重要的财政决策者来说起着重要的作用，其中包括个人投资者、中央银行和美国联邦贮备银行。
The CPI helps central banks forecast the interest-rate policy and other decisions of major banks and corporations.CPI帮助中央银行预测主要银行和企业的利息政策和其它决策。
I mentioned the CPI basket before and now I want to expand on what this basket is and how we get the information.前面提到过CPI篮子，现在我想进一步说明一下这个篮子是什么，以及我们如何获取信息。
The base-year market basket, which makes up the CPI, comes from detailed expenditure information collected from surveys of thousands of families.组成CPI的基本年度市场篮子是在调查了成千上万户家庭的详细支出信息之后得出的。
The information is not randomly collected, instead, the information is gathered through interviews and diaries kept by participants who have agreed to disclose their buying habits.这些信息不是随机搜集来的，而是通过对那些愿意公开自己购买习惯的消费者所进行采访和记录中得到的信息。
The basket is divided into eight groups: food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication, and other goods and services, and includes more than 200 categories.基本篮子可分为8个组，包括了200多个种类，食品和饮料、住宅、服装、交通工具、医疗、休闲、教育和通讯以及其它商品的服务。
Finally, the prices of 80,000 items in the market basket are collected monthly from thousands of retail stores, service establishments, rental units, and doctors' offices.最后，市场篮子中的8万件物品的价格是从成千上万个零售商店、服务部门、租赁店、诊所等的每个月汇总中得来的。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What is CPI short for? Consumer Price Index．
2．What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country this year? Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3％ more than in the previous year for the goods and services．
3．What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on an economy．
4．Who are eager to await the results of the CPI? Why? Many key financial decision makers．Because the CPI plays an important role for them．
5．How is the information of the CPI basket collected? The information is collected through interviews and diaries kept by the participants．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
20世纪30年代的大萧条(Great Depression)对大部分的美国人产生了巨大的影响。工厂倒闭，工人失业，公司和银行破产，农民不能偿付贷款并失去了他们的农场，他们中的许多人只能离开家乡去寻找工作。20世纪30年代的大萧条不仅影响了美国，它把整个世界都搅乱了。The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound(serious)effect on most of the population of the United States.Factories closed and workers were out of work;businesses and banks collapsed;farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms.Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs(look for jobs).The Great Depression of 1930s didn't only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.B．英译汉
Social assistance is considered a job，which is correct．This sector, accounting for 6 percent of all jobs in this country, is made up of firms and organizations that have goals that go beyond making money．Their goal is to improve the quality and accessibility of their products in addition to increasing the quality of life of their members and employees，by educating and training them．社会援助被看作是一个职业，这是正确的。这个领域占该国所有就业机会的6%，是由一些不以盈利为目的的公司和组织构成的。他们的主要目标是通过教育和培训的方式提高他们的成员或雇员的生活质量。此外，还要提升他们的产品质量和可获性。
Many of these companies focus more specifically on helping build basic job skills in the most needy peopleand is making it possible to unleash supercomputing power on everyday tasks：analyzing a city's traffic patterns，for example，to predict where jams will crop up． 我们需要从两个方面来理解这一平台。第一个方面与处理能力及数据存储有关——这部分功能已经从个人电脑转移到了大型的中央集成数据中心。它将使数据处理形成产业化规模并使超级计算机能力可以被用于日常工作：比如，分析某个城市的交通模式，以便预测哪个地点会发生交通堵塞。
The second part lies in the billions of intelligent personal devicescapable of plugging into this centralized computing resource via the internet．That means individuals(and not just companies or governments)will be able to take advantage of these information“clouds”．第二个方面是，数十亿台智能个人设备——如智能手机、上网本——能够通过互联网接入这一集中化计算资源。这意味着，个人（而不仅仅是企业或政府）将能够利用这些信息“云”。
So where does this lead us? Two broad predictions spring to mind．0ne is that making so much information and processing power available at very low cost will produce new breakthroughs．Science，for instance，could be revolutionized，as researchers gain access to previously unimaginable amounts of data and develop ways to cross-refer between disciplines．那么，它将带领我们走向何方？我脑海中闪现了两个宽泛的预测。一个是，使人们能以非常低的成本获得如此多的信息与处理能力，将会带来新的突破。例如，科学领域可能会发生彻底的变革，因为研究人员能够获取之前难以想象的海量数据，并且研发出在各学科之间相互指引参照的方法。
The second prediction is that personal computing devices will become super smart as they are able to draw on the intelligence of the “cloud”．Already，Google is talking about adding instantaneous voice translation to its phones．第二个预测是，个人计算设备将变得超级智能，因为它们可以利用“云”的智能。谷歌已经开始讨论在其手机中加入同步语音翻译功能。
The big changes represented by these computing shifts may not be complete by the end of this decadewe won't do much about it.全球变暖或许是也或许不是21世纪的环境大危机。但不管是与否，我们都不会采取什么措施。
We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it.我们会对其争论不休，甚至作为一个国家发表一些听起来庄重的誓言来避免全球变暖。
But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.但这些誓言听起来越激动人心、越意味深长，实现它们的可能性却越小。
A1 Gore, former US Vice President, calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.美国前副总统戈尔将全球变暖称作“令人不快的真相”，似乎只要我们认识到这个真相就可以找到解决这一问题的途径。
But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, andwe can't do much about it.但是实际的真相是我们并没有足够的能力消除全球变暖；若没有重大的科技突破，我们根本无能为力。
From 2003 to 2050, the world's population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase.2003年至2050年世界人口预计将增长42％，即从64亿增长至91亿。
if energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions(mainly,CO2)will be 42% higher in 2050.如果人均消耗能源和科技水平不变，到2050年，能源消耗总量和温室气体排放将增加42％。
But that's too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy.但是这只是一个保守数字，因为社会的进步和富足意味着更多的能源消耗。
We need economic growth unless we condemn the world's poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else's living standards.经济发展是必需的，除非不再提高人们的生活水准，让世界上的贫困人口永远过贫穷的生活。
With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.但即使经济保守地发展，到2050年，能源消耗及温室气体排放也会增加一倍多。
No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom(limits on electricity usage, driving and travel)that might cut back global warming.任何政府都不会采取刚性的措施限制经济发展和个人自由(如：限制用电量、开车出行、外出旅行等)，尽管这样的措施会减缓全球变暖。
Still, politicians want to show they're “doing something” Consider the Kyoto Protocol.It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn't.But it hasn't reduced CO2 emissions, and many signatories didn't adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.但是政治家们依然想证明他们没有对全球变暖“置之不理”。“京都议定书”就是个实例。其中规定所有签约国家有权利惩罚那些非签约国。但是“京都议定书”并没有使二氧化碳的排放有所减少，况且很多签约国也并没有采取足够严厉的措施以实现2008—2010年碳排放目标。
The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology.Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.我们得出的现实的结论就是如果全球变暖是一场潜在的灾难，解决全球变暖的唯一办法是新技术。只有靠我们大力的研究和技术开发才能使我们打破对化石燃料的依赖或找到应对全球变暖的方法。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What is said about global warming in the first paragraph? Human being will not do much about global warming．
2．According to the author’s understanding, what is A1 Gore’s view on global warming? A1 Gore calls global warming an“inconvenient truth,”as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution．
3．Why will greenhouse emissions double by the year 2050? Because the world population will grow by 42％ by 2050，and as economy will grow, and so will the energy consumption and greenhouse emission． 4．In paragraph 4, the sentence “It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t.” What does the word “didn’t” refer to? “Those that didn't” here refers to“those countries that didn't join the Kyoto Protocol.5．What message does the author try to convey in the last paragraph? We must develop breakthrough technology in order to deal with the problem of global warming.【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
全球气候变暖主要是由于人们焚烧化石矿物以生成能量时所产生的二氧化碳等多种温室气体导致。全球平均气温总体看为上升趋势。进入20世纪八十年代后，全球气温明显上升。全球变暖的后果，会使全球降水量重新分配（reallocation），冰川消融，海平面上升，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。Global warming is primarily caused by the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels for energy by humans.The global average temperature is generally on a rise.We’ve seen a significant rise in global temperature since the 1980s.Global warming will result in the reallocation of global rainfall, the melting of glaciers, and the rise of see level.This will damage the balance of the ecosystem and threaten food supply and the living condition for human beings.B．英译汉
As the biggest environmental meeting in history opens in Copenhagen, the scientific case for a global agreement to fight man-made climate change remains overwhelming.The furor over alleged data manipulation, following the theft of e-mails from the University of East Anglia, has stirred up the skeptics(and shaken some scientists)but Climategate does not alter the real issue – that, despite many uncertainties, the risks of catastrophic change justify decisive global action to cut carbon emissions.在有史以来规模最大的环境会议在哥本哈根开幕之际，以科学为依据，达成一项以应对人为造成的气候变化的全球协议势在必行。英国东英吉利大学的电子邮件被盗后，引发所谓数据操纵的轰动，让怀疑者振奋，也动摇了某些科学家的观点，但“气候门”并未改变真正的议题，即尽管存在众多不确定性，但地球气候发生灾难性变化的种种风险，意味着有必要采取果断的全球行动，减少碳排放。
While political realities will not allow the negotiators to conclude a full-scale treaty in Copenhagen, they need to put in place the mechanisms to agree a binding deal next year.The conference must achieve a spirit of genuine progress – over and above the inevitable horse-trading and political fudging – which will convince not only politicians but also billions of individuals around the world that the fight against global warming is worth joining.Business planning, too, requires a predictable path to a decarbonized global economy.尽管政治现实不允许谈判者在哥本哈根达成一项全面条约，但他们需要落实相关机制，以便在明年达成一个有约束力的协定。本次会议必须超越不可避免的讨价还价和政治作势并获得实质性进展，让世界各地的政界人士乃至数十亿人相信：抗击全球变暖是一项值得投入的事业。就商业规划而言，也需要一条通向全球低碳经济的可预测的路径。
Copenhagen has to make progress on several complex issues: emissions targets for developing and developed countries;financing adaptation and mitigation in poorer nations;technology transfer arrangements;and a governance structure to ensure compliance with agreed carbon targets.It would make sense to decant the more successful outcomes of Kyoto, such as its monitoring mechanism, into a new agreement – carefully relabelled, of course, for US consumption.哥本哈根会议必须在多个复杂的问题上取得进展：针对发展中国家和发达国家的排放指标；资助较贫穷国家的适应与缓解措施；技术转让安排；以及一个管治架构，确保商定的碳排放指标得到遵守。应当传承《京都协议书》比较成功的成果，比如其监督机制，使之成为一份新的协定，当然还要经过精心的考虑措施，让美国能够接受。
20.Alternate Energies替代能源
There is a lot of energy that we can harness if we only seek to research and develop the technologies needed to do so.We can get away from the fossil fuels and the old electrical grids by turning to alternatives to these energy sources.只要我们努力去研究和开发所需技术，有很多能源都可供我们利用。我们完全可以远离化石能源和老式电网，去使用这些替代能源。
One of these alternative energy resources is wind power.Wind turbines continue to be developed that are progressively more energy efficient and less costly.这些替代能源之一就是风能。人们不断开发改进风力涡轮发电机使其更加节能也越来越便宜。
“Wind farms” have been springing up in many nations, and they have even become more strategically placed over time so that they are not jeopardizing birds as former wind turbines did.在很多国家建立起越来越多的“风电厂”。而且，考虑到以前的风力涡轮对鸟类造成了危害，人们在设置这些新的风力发电机时也更加注意了策略性。
Another alternative energy resource is the one that is most well known: solar energy.This involves the manufacturing of solar cells which gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun, and translate it into electricity or, in some cases, hot water.As with wind energy, solar energy creates absolutely zero pollution.另外一种替代能源是为大家广泛熟知的太阳能。太阳能技术需要生产太阳能电池来聚集并收集太阳光发出的能量，并将其转变成电能或有时提取热水。和风能一样，太阳能是零污染能源。
Ocean wave energy is seen by governments and investors as having enormous energy generating potential.海洋潮汐能是被很多国家和投资商看好的拥有巨大潜力的能源。
A generator in France has been in operation for many years now and is considered to be a great success, and the Irish and Scots are running experimental facilities.在法国已经有一个潮汐发电设施在运行发电，几年的运行使用证明这项技术是成功的。爱尔兰和苏格兰目前也正在测试他们的潮汐能发电设施。
Hydroelectric power has been with us for a while and where it is set up, it is a powerful generator of electricity and cleaner than a grid.水力发电已经为人类使用了相当一段时间了，水力发电厂可以产生很多电能，比电网发电要更加清洁。
However, there are certain limitations to the availability of the right places to set up a large dam.Many run-of-the-river, or small and localized, hydroelectric generators have been set up in recent times due to this limitation.但是水力发电存在一定的制约一一不是每个地方都能建造大坝，因此水力发电并不能被广泛使用。鉴于这些制约，最近，很多河床式发电厂，或者小型的水利发电设施已在兴建。
Geothermal energy is extremely abundant, since it lies directly beneath our feet, just a few miles below the earth's surface.This energy is produced by the heating of water through the actions of earth's fantastically hot molten core.地热能的储量极其丰富，因为地热能就在我们脚下，离地面只有几英里的地下。地热能是通过地球内部的高温熔岩活动将地下水加热而形成的能量。
The water turns to steam, which can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which in turn generate electricity.Great amounts of research and development should be put into geothermal energy tapping.这些被熔岩加热的水变为蒸汽，这些蒸汽可用来驱动涡轮机最终发电。我们应该对地热能的开发利用做大量的研究。
Ethanol is a gasoline substitute and is created from such things as wheat, sugarcane, grapes, strawberries, corn, and even wood chips and wood cellulose.乙醇是汽油的替代品，它是由麦予、甘蔗、葡萄、草莓、玉米、木屑和木纤维这些物质制成的。
There is controversy over this fuel with regards to its ever becoming truly economical or practical except in very localized areas, but technologies for its extraction and admixturing are continuously being refined.对于乙醇是否能成为既经济又实用而且没有地域局限性的能源仍存在很多争议，而乙醇的提取和混合的技术也正在不断地改进。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
l.What are some of the advantages of wind power? Wind power is energy-efficient and less costly and it is clean．
2.How do the solar cells work? Solar cells gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun，and translate it into electricity or hot water.3.Where in the world is ocean wave energy applied? Currently, it is used in France，Ireland and Scotland.4.How is geothermal power converted into electricity? The steam underground can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which can generate electricity.5.What is the controversy over the use of ethanol as a source of energy? The controversy is whether ethanol as a source of energy can be truly economical or practical except in very localized areas.【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
清洁能源是不排放污染物的能源，它包括核能和“可再生能源”。可再生能源是指可以通过自然现象补充的能源，如水力发电、风力发电、太阳能、生物能、海潮能这些能源。可再生能源不存在能源耗竭的可能，因此日益受到许多国家的重视，尤其是能源短缺的国家。Clean energy refers to energy sources that release zero pollutants.This includes nuclear energy and renewable energies.Renewable energy comes from natural processes that are replenished constantly, hydroelectric power, wind power, solar power, biofuels, tidal power are all renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and therefore have attracted the attention of many countries, especially those with a great shortage of energy sources.B．英译汉 The term “biomass” refers to organic matter that has stored energy through the process of photosynthesis.It exists in one form as plants and may be transferred through the food chain to animals' bodies and their wastes, all of which can be converted for everyday human use through processes such as combustion, which releases the carbon dioxide stored in the plant material.Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants.Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades, second only to hydropower in the generation of electricity.It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 15% of the world's total energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating.“生物质”是指通过光合作用储藏能量的有机物质。它既能以植物的形式存在，也可以通过食物链转化到动物的身体和粪便中，通过燃烧提供人们每日所需的能量同时释放出存在于这些物质中的二氧化碳，许多我们现在使用的生物能都来自树木、干蔬菜、庄稼残留物以及水生植物。在过去的20年中，生物能是人们最常使用的可再生能源之一，在发电方面的作用，仅次于水力发电。生物能的应用之所以如此广泛，主要是因为成本低和其自然属性。正因如此，在整个世界能源总供给中生物能就占了将近15%，而在发展中国家这一比例高达35%，主要用于烹饪（煮饭）和取暖。
There are two issues that affect the evaluation of biomass as a viable solution to our energy problem: the effects of the farming and production of biomass and the effects of the factory conversion of biomass into usable energy or electricity.There are as many environmental and economic benefits as there are detriments to each issue, which presents a difficult challenge in evaluating the potential success of biomass as an alternative fuel.For instance, the replacement of coal by biomass could result in “a considerable reduction in net carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect.” On the other hand, the use of wood and other plant material for fuel may mean deforestation.We are all aware of the problems associated with denuding forests, and widespread clear cutting can lead to groundwater contamination and irreversible erosion patterns that could literally change the structure of the world ecology.有两大因素影响着生物能是否能成为解决能源问题的切实可行的最终方案：有农耕和生物质产量的因素，还有将生物能转化成可用能源或电力的工厂的因素。就每一个因素而言都存在着许多对环境和经济带来的利益和危害。这就使人们很难将生物能作为最具潜力的替代能源。例如，生物质替代煤会大大减少导致温室效应的碳排放，但另一方面，由于使用木材和其它植物材料又会出现采伐森林现象。我们都清楚伐光树木和植物会带来什么样的问题：地下水污染、不可逆转的土壤侵蚀，这些还会导致整个世界生态系统结构的彻底改变。
21.Biofuels生物燃料
In order to understand the role of biofuels going forward, we need to look at where we are in the evolution of energy – where Edwin Drake's discovery has taken us over 150 years.为了了解生物燃料的未来走向，我们需要搞清楚我们现在正处于能源发展过程中的哪个阶段—150年前埃德温•德雷克的发现将我们带到了这个位置上。
The fact is that our world has become reliant on plentiful supplies of energy and current forecasts put us on course for a rise of anything up to 45% in demand for energy by the year 2030.事实上我们这个世界已经变得非常依赖于丰富的能源供应；目前的预测显示，到2030年我们对能量的需求将增加45％。
Meeting this demand will be tough and it will require investment of at least $1 trillion a year.满足这个需求将是很艰难的，这将需要每年至少l万亿美元的投资。
So in terms of new fuels, biofuels are the primary means of bringing secure, sustainable, low-carbon fuel to vehicles in the next two decades.因此，就新的燃料而言，生物燃料是在未来20年实现为车辆提供安全、可持续发展和低碳排放的主要手段。
Crude oil is proving to be remarkably difficult to substitute.Biofuels are the only viable contender so far.Our projections suggest biofuels should account for up to 20% of the market by 2030the “resource curse.”这样的实例极其常见，以至于人们给这种现象起了个“资源诅咒”的名字。
Resource curse applies specifically to poor countries that don't have a lot of sources of wealth to begin with, then there's a discovery of a major resourcethat suddenly becomes a major source of wealth for that country.资源诅咒这个说法尤其适合于一开始就没有什么财富的贫困国家，石油或铜或金矿等重要资源的发现使得这些资源突然成了这个国家的主要财富来源。
Theoretically the development of that resource could produce great wealth for that nation, but historically it leads to the concentration of wealth in the hands of a fewand the exclusion of the majority from any benefit.理论上讲这些资源的开发会给拥有这一资源的国家带来巨大的财富，但是历史证明这些财富却集中到了一小部分人的手中——这些人垄断着收取矿藏和石油的开采费，使得大多数人不能从这些财富中得到任何利益。
The result is repressive governments that cling to power, so they can monopolize the collection of resource wealth, and an impoverished populationoil or copper or goldnot only dripping from rusty platforms atop the delta waters, but in the water itself, in the air, which smelled of petroleum, and in the gas flares that are a scalding feature of the injured landscape.Because of a host of political and economic ills triggered by the drilling, the Niger Delta is alive not with marine life but with violencecountries with a lot of oil are lucky and rich, right?-a succession of studies show that countries dependent on natural-resource exports experience lower growth rates than countries that have nonresource economies, and they suffer greater amounts of repression and conflict too.The reasons are complex, but in general, a reliance on oil discourages investment in other industries, makes governments less responsive to the desires of citizens and fosters corruption by officials seeking and receiving funds that are not their due.An oil state is, almost by definition, a dysfunctional state.上述国家（还有其它许多国家）所遭受的损害，乃人们称为“资源诅咒”的种种症状。虽然这看起来违反直觉——拥有大量石油的国家是幸运和富裕的，不是吗？——但一系列研究表明，那些依赖自然资源出口的国家，其经济增长率低于非资源经济型的国家，同时它们也遭受更大量的镇压与冲突。造成这一切的原因很复杂，但总的来说，对石油的依赖阻碍了对其它产业的投资，使政府较少顾及国民的需求，而助长了官员中寻求并接受不正当资金的腐败行为。一个石油出产国几乎可以界定为一个功能失常的国家。
24.Company Management公司管理
Management in an organization can be in different levels.The larger the organization the more levels of management will be needed.公司管理层可以分为不同级别，公司越大，所需要的管理层级也越多。
In general, first-line managers are directly responsible for the production of goods or services.一般来说，第一线经理对商品的生产和服务直接负责。
They may be called sales managers, section heads or production supervisors, depending on the organization.根据企业的不同情况，他们可能被叫做销售经理、部门负责人或者生产监督。
Employees who report to them do the organization's basic production work–whether of goods or of services.他们的下级雇员直接进行企业中的基础的商品生产或服务工作。
This level of management is the link between the operations of each department and the rest of the organization.这一层的管理是连接部门的经营和企业的其它部门之间的环节。
First-line managers in most organizations spend little time with higher management or with people from other organizations.大多数公司的第一线经理极少花时间和高层管理人员或其他企业的人在一起。
Most of their time is spent with the people they supervise and with other first-line managers.First-line managers usually need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.他们的大部分时间都花在与他们所监督的人和其他的一线经理身上。第一线经理通常需要丰富的专业技术来指导下属并监督他们的日常工作。
As an organization grows, however, so do its problems.Some managers at larger organizations must focus on coordinating employee activities, determining which products or services to provide, and deciding how to market these products or services to customers.随着企业的不断成长，管理上就相应出现一些难题。有些大企业的经理必须集中精力来协调雇员的活动，确定生产什么产品或提供什么服务，决定如何向顾客推销这些产品和服务。
These are the problems of middle managers, who receive broad, general strategies and policies from top managers, and translate them into specific goals and plans for first-line managers to implement.这些是中层经理们所面临的问题。中层经理从高层经理那儿接受总体的和一般的规划和政策，然后把它们分解成具体的目标和计划，交给第一线经理们去实施。
Middle managers typically have titles such as department head, plant manager, and director of finance.They are responsible for directing and coordinating the activities of first-line managers.中层经理通常有这样一些头衔：比如部门主任，工厂经理和财务主任等。他们负责指导和协调第一线经理的活动。
Middle managers spend much of their time planning, organizing and leading to enable first-line managers and their subordinates to work as efficiently as possible.中层经理用大部分的时间来计划、组织、领导，以便使第一线的经理和他们的部下能够尽可能高效率地工作。
The overall direction of an organization is the responsibilities of top managers.Typical titles of top managers are chief executive officer, president, executive vice-president and so on.Top managers develop goals, policies, and strategies for the entire organization.高层经理的责任是决定一个企业的总体方向。高层经理的典型头衔是首席执行官、总裁和执行副总裁等，高层经理为整个企业制定目标、政策和战略。
They set the goals that are handed down through the hierarchy, eventually reaching each worker.他们确定企业奋斗目标，然后通过逐级下传，最终到达每个工人。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】 1.What is the main idea of this passage? The main idea of this text is the different levels of management in a company．
2.What are required of first-line managers? First-line managers need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.3.Who are the first-line managers responsible to? First-line managers are responsible to the middle managers．
4.In the sentence “These are the problems of middle managers, who receive broad, general strategies and policies from top managers and translate them into specific goals and plans for first-line managers to implement.” How do you understand the word “translate”? “Translate”here means“转化为”、“变为”。
5.At an organization, people with what titles are regarded as top managers? Chief executive officer，president，executive vice-president．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
每个企业都倾尽其力来对付如何组织企业这一问题。组织结构经常需要反映出新的战略、变化的市场条件以及创新的生产技术方面的影响。全世界的公司都在重新构造自己，以便在当今高度竞争的全球环境中更精干、更有效、更灵活。Every firm wrestles with the problem of how to organize.Reorganization often is necessary to reflect a new strategy, changing market conditions, or innovative production technology.Companies throughout the world are restructuring to become leaner, more efficient and more flexible in today’s highly competitive global environment.B．英译汉
There are many types of managers and many ways in which managerial jobs differ from each other.One difference is the scope of the activities being managed.The scope of activities performed by general managers is quite broad.经理的种类有很多,管理工作之间同样存在很大差别。其中的一个差别就是管理工作所包含的范围，公司总经理从事的管理工作的范围涉及面非常广。
Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area, such as accounting, human resources, sales, finance, marketing, or production.For example, the head of a payroll department is a functional manager.That person doesn’t determine employee salaries, as a general manager might, but makes sure that payroll checks are issued on time and in the correct amounts.Usually, functional managers have a great deal of experience and technical expertise in the detailed knowledge they have about the work being done by the people they supervise, the problems those people are likely to face, and the resources they need to perform well.职能部门经理通常管理某一专业领域的员工，如财务、人力资源、销售、金融、市场或生产等。薪酬管理部门的主任就是职能部门经理。职能部门经理不像公司总经理那样有决定员工工资多少的权利，但是他们必须确保工资准时准确发放。通常而言，职能部门经理对所管理部门的工作领域都具有丰富的经验和具体的相关知识，并且能够熟知部门员工可能会遇到的问题以及如何把本部门工作做好所需的必要资源。
General Managers are responsible for the operations of a more complex unit, such as a company.Usually they oversee the work of functional managers.General Managers must have a broad range of well-developed competencies to do their jobs well.These competencies can be learned through a combination of formal training and various job assignments, or they can be learned simply in the course of trying to adapt and survive in a chosen area.总经理负责经营一个更加复杂的实体，比如公司。通常他们监督职能部门经理的工作。总经理们必须具备多种良好的能力才能把公司管理好。这些能力可以在正规培训和不同工作实践中获取，也可以简单地在某一领域的实际拼搏中获得。
25.Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool建立多元化人才库
Widening the pool from which top employers hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go round smacks of poor timing.在工作岗位不够分配的当下，扩充人才库，以便让顶尖雇主从中招聘毕业生，颇有些不合时宜的味道。
But that is the goal that Leading London, an initiative launched by London First, the employers group, and a recruitment consultants, has set itself.但这正是雇主团体伦敦发展局与一家招聘咨询公司联合发起的“Leading London”项目为自己设定的目标。
The program aims to talent-spot students from diverse backgrounds studying at post-1992 universities(former polytechnics), and introduce them to City employers and blue-chip corporations.该项目旨在物色来自1992后大学（即过去的技术学院）不同专业的学生，再把他们介绍给伦敦金融城的雇主和一流企业。
Advocates of the program say action to promote social mobility has never been more necessary.该项目的倡导者表示，增进社会流动性的需求从未如此迫切。
When the economy was booming, employers saw under-represented groups, such as ethnic minorities, lower social income groups and women, as “hidden talent pools”.Now, however, many diversity programs are being squeezed.在经济繁荣时期，雇主将少数族裔、社会收入较低的人群、以及女性等弱势群体视为“隐藏的人才库”。而如今，许多人才多元化项目都受到挤压。
Leading London, which has been piloted by London Metropolitan University, uses a novel method to bring potential stars to the attention of the initiative's corporate sponsors.It asks tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.Leading London项目先在伦敦城市大学试点，邀请导师和在校大学生推荐那些表现出事业心和卓越领导力的大四学生，用这种新颖的方式，让潜在的杰出人才引起项目的企业赞助商的关注。
Supporters argue that diversity is about more than social justice.赞助商们认为，多元化的意义不仅仅在于社会公平。
They say companies need diversity of thought to innovate, and employing people with varied life-experiences can help businesses relate to their clients.他们表示，企业要创新，就需要多元化的思维，而雇用生活经历各不相同的员工，能帮助企业与客户良好地沟通。
“If we have a diverse client base, we should also have a diverse workforce,” says Fatimah Gilliam, director of diversity recruitment at Citigroup in New York.花旗集团纽约多元化招聘主管法蒂玛•吉列姆表示：“如果我们的客户群十分多元化，那我们也应该拥有多元化的员工队伍。”
How can businesses maximize the payback from diversity initiatives? One answer is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.企业怎样才能将多元化项目的回报最大化呢？一种办法是进行合作，分摊招聘推介活动的费用。
This arguably does more to make target groups aware of career opportunities than fragmented initiatives funded by individual employers.相对于由单个雇主资助的独立项目，这更容易让目标群发现工作机会。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What’s the goal of “Leading London”? The goal of “Leading London” is to widen the pool from which top employers hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go around.2．Who are seen as “hidden talent pools”? It refers to the under-represented groups, such as ethnic minorities, lower social income groups and women.3．What is the “novel method to bring potential stars to the attention of the initiative’s corporate sponsors”? The novel method is to ask tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.4．Why do companies need diversity? Diversity can help businesses relate to their clients since companies have diversified client base.5．How could the employers make target groups aware of career opportunities? One of the methods is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.【练习参考答案】 A．汉译英 1.企业像拧水龙头一样启动和停止项目，这种做法是错误的，因为只有持久的投资，才能建立起多元化的人才库。Businesses that turn programs on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool call only be built through sustained investment．
2.她的公司最近就发起了一项开放周（access week）活动，让伦敦一些贫困地区(deprived boroughs)的公立学校学生前来感受办公室的生活。Her firm recently launched an access week to bring state school students from deprived London boroughs into its offices．
3.一个23岁的学生16岁初到英国时，还是一个不懂英语的避难者(asylum seeker)。后来他成为了一名社区志愿者，学习会计和金融学，并荣获一等学位(first class degree)。One 23-year-old student who arrived in Britain as a 16-year-old asylum seeker and was unable to speak English，went on to become a community volunteer，studied accounting and finance，and earned himself a first class degree B．英译汉
HR policy and diversity manager at Allen & Overy, the law firm, says businesses that turn programmes on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool can only be built through sustained investment.“Coming out of the recession, we need to make sure we have the best people,” she says.安理国际律师事务所人力资源政策及多元化经理表示,那些像拧水龙头一样启动和停止项目的企业，其做法是错误的，因为只有持久的投资，才能建立起多元化的人才库。她表示：“摆脱衰退后，我们需要确保自己拥有最优秀的人才”。
Head of graduate recruitment at KPMG, a sponsor of Leading London, says finding people who excel “both on and off campus” is an important part of the scheme.Overcoming setbacks is a great “transferable skill”.毕马威(KPMG)是Leading London项目赞助商之一。该公司毕业生招聘主管表示，物色“校园内外”都表现出色的人才，是该计划的一个重要组成部分。战胜挫折是一项重要的“通用技能”
Graduate recruitment partner at Herbert Smith, the law firm, says the onus is on companies to push for high standards by asking organisers of programmes such as Leading London: “Out of every hundred candidates who enrol with you, how many are hired by target employers?”密夫律师事务所毕业生招聘合伙人表示，企业有责任高标准要求，询问Leading London之类的项目组织者：“你登记的求职者中，有百分之几被目标雇主雇用了?”
Sponsors for Educational Opportunity, a non-profit organisation that operates in the US, London and Hong Kong, works to develop interns' interpersonal skills and technical understanding to the point where they outperform their peers.非营利组织“教育的机会”的发起者们努力培养实习生的人际关系能力和技术理解力，使他们超越自己的同龄人。该组织在美国、伦敦和香港都设有分支机构。
“An internship is effectively a 10-week interview,” says executive director of SEO London.“When our interns start their internships, their industry knowledge is far higher than you would normally expect.” SEO London执行董事表示：“实习实际上就是一次为期10周的面试。我们的实习生开始实习生活时，他们的行业知识要远远高出你通常的预期”。
Last year, SEO London's partner banks, which include Goldman Sachs, Citi, JPMorgan Chase and Morgan Stanley, each took an average of 18 SEO interns(16 this year)and more than 80 per cent were offered permanent positions.去年，高盛、花旗、摩根大通和摩根士丹利等SEO London的银行合作伙伴，平均各接收了l8名SE0的实习生(今年为16名)，其中八成以上最后都得到了永久性的职位。
Employers have yet to figure out how best to co-ordinate diversity policies globally, given that different governments vary in their support for such schemes.鉴于各国政府对待此类计划的态度相去甚远，雇主们仍必须弄清楚，如何才能在全球范围内最有效地协调多元化政策。
Professor of ageing and ethnicity at the University of Central Lancashire, says some governments “don't even require firms to monitor the ethnic mix of staff”.英国中央兰开夏大学研究老龄化及种族问题教授表示，一些国家政府“甚至不要求公司调整员工的种族比例”。
The law firm Freshfields, Bruckhaus Deringer, a Leading London sponsor, has appointed a global diversity committee to attract ethnic minorities and women.“There is a need for co-ordination,” says a partner in Rome.“But, we cannot have a master plan that is implemented everywhere.”律师事务所Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer也是Leading London项目的赞助商之一。该公司已指定一家全球多元化委员会，来吸引少数族裔和女性。该公司驻罗马的合伙人表示：“企业有必要进行协作。不过，我们无法制定一项放之四海皆准的总体规划”。
26.Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀
You're in-between jobs and you want to be productive in the meantime.Here are seven ways to keep yourself busy.如果你目前正处在找工作阶段而且期望在此期间有所收获的话，下面就是一些可以让你忙碌起来的方法。
Get a short-term continuing education.Enroll in academic modules or attend seminars related to your field.参加一些短期继续教育培训。你可以报名参加模块式学术培训或与你的领域相关的学术研讨会。
For example, if you're into sales, be on the lookout for seminars that teach you how to negotiate or how to handle sales objections.You don't always have to spend just to build your skills.比如，如果你是做销售的，你就可以找一些有关如何谈判或怎样实现销售目标这样的研讨会。要知道提升技能并不一定要花钱。
Search the net for free study modules.Be on the look out for free workshops in the newspapers.Check bulletin boards and announcements.你可以在网上找到免费的学习模块，也可以在报纸上找到不收费的研讨会学习信息。布告栏和广播都是你发现这些学习信息的来源。
You'll be surprised at the wealth of educational events you can attend without having to compromise your financial situation.只要你去找，你就会发现你可以不花一分钱就能找到丰富的学习资源和机会。
Freelance.You don't need to be employed to earn a living especially if you are in the service business like writing, graphic designing, interior decorating, etc.做一名自由职业者。谋生并不一定非要找个老板，这种情况尤其适合那些从事服务行业的人群，比如：作家、绘画设计、室内装修等等。
Freelancing is also one of the best ways to market yourself.When you do projects for a lot of people, you'll widen your network of clients and possible future employers.从事自由职业还是一个推销自己的最好方式。在你为很多人做项目的同时，你也拓宽了你的客户网，说不定这些客户当中会有你将来的老板呢。
Before advertising vacancies, people usually tend to hire people whom they are already acquainted with.在发布招聘广告前，人们一般会先考虑聘用他们熟悉的人。
If you are well-liked by the people you work with and you give good value for their money, you'll be certain to get an interesting job offer when the right time comes.如果你被客户所欣赏，合作时又让他们物有所值，当合适的时机到来时，你肯定会收到一份满意的工作邀请。
Learn a new skill.Explore your talents and get into new interests.Play with your creativity.学一门新手艺。可以去开发一下你的天赋和全新的兴趣。施展你的创造力。
Learn how to make scented candles, teddy bears or do floral arrangements.The important thing is to spend your time productively and to have fun.你可以学学如何去制作香烛、泰迪熊，或学学插花。不论你做什么，重要的是把时间花得有成效、有意义。
Then, explore the possibility of going into business with your new skills.Some of the most successful ventures started out as hobbies.掌握了这门新技术之后，你就可以考虑在这一行找份工作了。要知道有一些最成功的企业就是从业余爱好开始起步的。
People who enjoy what they're doing, or those who treat work like play tend to be good at what they do.Even if you find a job later on, you can still moonlight your new skills.享受工作或把工作当成乐趣的人一般都会把工作做好。即使在将来找到了新工作，你也可以把这门新手艺当做第三职业去做。
Keep up a proactive job search.These days, it's hard to find a job.More often, you might find yourself sending a lot of applications than you are receiving replies.要不断主动地寻找工作机会。现在找工作不是一件容易的事。大多数时候你寄出去的求职信要远远多于你所收到的回复。
If that happens, don't despair.The best opportunities usually come to those who make the biggest effort.不要因此灰心，因为最好的机会永远惠顾做好最充分准备的人。
Don't tire in regularly sending applications and searching various mediums for job opportunities.也不要因不断地寄求职信和在媒体上搜索工作空缺职位而烦恼。
Search online recruitment sites.Build your portfolio and knock on company doors.You'll never know when you'll hit the mark.尝试一下招聘网站。设计自己的求职宣传册并亲自到不同的公司做一下自我推销，说不定哪一天你想要的工作就在那儿等着你呢。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1.What does “in-between jobs” in the first paragraph possible mean? It possibly means you quit your old job and are now looking for a new job．
第二篇：2015职称英语教材词汇
1.call [kɔːl]
vi.呼叫；拜访；叫牌
vt.呼叫；称呼；召集
n.电话；呼叫；要求；访问
2.space [speɪs]
n.空间；太空；距离;
vi.留间隔;
vt.隔开
3.room [ruːm;rʊm]
n.房间；空间；余地；机会；房间里所有的人;
vt.为…提供住处；租房，合住；投宿，住宿；留…住宿;
vi.居住；住宿;
n.（英）鲁姆（人名）；（俄）罗姆（人名）
4.at once
马上，立刻
5.immediate [ɪ'miːdɪət]
adj.立即的；直接的；最接近的6.identify [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ]
vt.确定；鉴定；识别，辨认出；使参与；把…看成一样 vi.确定；认同；一致;
vi.确定；认同；一致
7.name [neɪm]
n.名称，名字；姓名；名誉;
vt.命名，任命；指定；称呼；提名；叫出;
adj.姓名的；据以取名的;
n.(Name)人名；(日)滑(姓)；(英)内姆
8.occur [ə'kɜː]
vi.发生；出现；存在9.happen ['hæp(ə)n]
vi.发生；碰巧；偶然遇到
10.complete [kəm'pliːt]
adj.完整的；完全的；彻底的;
vt.完成
11.finish ['fɪnɪʃ]
vt.完成；结束；用完;
vi.结束，终止；终结;
n.结束；完美；回味（葡萄酒）
12.eventually [ɪ'ventʃʊəlɪ]
adv.最后，终于
13.finally ['faɪnəlɪ]
adv.最后；终于；决定性地
14.conversation [kɒnvə'seɪʃ(ə)n]
n.交谈，会话；社交；交往，交际；会谈；（人与计算机的）人机对话
15.talk [tɔːk]
vt.说；谈话；讨论;vi.谈话；说闲话;
n.谈话；演讲；空谈
16.attend [ə'tend]
vt.出席；上（大学等）；照料；招待；陪伴;
vi.出席；致力于；照料；照顾
17.go to
v.转到；定位
18.make up one's mind
v.下决心，决定
19.decide [dɪ'saɪd]
vt.决定；解决；判决;
vi.决定，下决心
20.now andthen
偶尔
21.occasionally [ə'keɪʒ(ə)n(ə)lɪ;ə'keɪʒ(ə)nəlɪ;ə'keɪʒən(ə)lɪ]
adv.偶尔；间或
22.find fault with
挑剔；批评；抱怨
23.criticize ['krɪtɪsaɪz]
vt.批评；评论；非难;
vi.批评；评论；苛求
24.grasp [grɑːsp]
n.抓住；理解；控制;
vt.抓住；领会;
vi.抓
25.take hold of
v.握住
26.take into account
考虑；重视；体谅
27.take into consideration
顾及；考虑到……
28.tolerate ['tɒləreɪt]
vt.忍受；默许；宽恕
29.put up with
v.忍受；容忍
30.abandon [ə'bænd(ə)n]
n.狂热；放任;
vt.遗弃；放弃
31.give up
放弃；交出
32.lately ['leɪtlɪ]
adv.近来，不久前
33.recently ['riːsntlɪ]
adv.最近；新近 34.manual ['mænjʊ(ə)l]
adj.手工的；体力的;
n.手册，指南
35.physical ['fɪzɪk(ə)l]
adj.[物] 物理的；身体的；物质的;
n.体格检查
36.harness ['hɑːnɪs]
vt.治理；套；驾驭；披上甲胄；利用;
n.马具；甲胄；挽具状带子；降落伞背带
37.utilise ['ju:tilaiz]
vt.使用（等于utilize）；利用
38.resident ['rezɪd(ə)nt]
adj.居住的；住院医师；定居的;
n.居民
39.occupant ['ɒkjʊp(ə)nt]
n.居住者；占有者
40.steadily ['stedɪlɪ]
adv.稳定地；稳固地；有规则地
41.continuously [kən'tɪnjʊəsli]
adv.连续不断地
42.remedy ['remɪdɪ]
vt.补救；治疗；纠正;
n.补救；治疗；赔偿
43.cure [kjʊə;kjɔː]
vt.治疗；治愈；使硫化；加工处理;
vi.治病；痊愈；受治疗；被硫化；被加工处理;
n.治疗；治愈；[临床] 疗法;
n.(Cure)人名；(罗)库雷；(法)屈尔；(英)丘尔；(塞)楚雷
44.draft [drɑːft]
n.汇票；草稿；选派；（尤指房间、烟囱、炉子等供暖系统中的）（小股）气流;
vt.起草；制定；征募;
vi.拟稿；绘样；作草图;
adj.初步画出或（写出）的；（设计、草图、提纲或版本）正在起草中的，草拟的；以草稿形式的；草图的
45.formulate ['fɔːmjʊleɪt]
vt.规划；用公式表示；明确地表达
46.practically ['præktɪk(ə)lɪ]
adv.实际地；几乎；事实上
47.almost ['ɔːlməʊst]
adv.差不多，几乎
48.try [traɪ]
vt.试图，努力；试验；审判；考验;
vi.尝试；努力；试验;
n.尝试；努力；试验;n.(Try)人名；(英、印尼)特里；(柬)德里
49.test [test]
n.试验；检验;
vt.试验；测试;
vi.试验；测试;
n.(Test)人名；(英)特斯特
50.rarely ['reəlɪ]
adv.很少地；难得；罕有地
51.seldom ['seldəm]
adv.很少，不常
52.readily ['redɪlɪ]
adv.容易地；乐意地；无困难地
53.willingly ['wɪlɪŋlɪ]
adv.欣然地；愿意地，乐意地
54.extract [ˈekstrækt]
vt.提取；取出；摘录；榨取;
n.汁；摘录；榨出物；选粹
55.take out
v.取出；去掉；出发；发泄；把…带出去；邀请（某人）外出；开始
56.shine [ʃaɪn]
vi.发出光；反射光，闪耀；出类拔萃，表现突出；露出；照耀；显露；出众;
vt.照射，擦亮；把…的光投向；（口）通过擦拭使…变得有光泽或光;
n.光亮，光泽；好天气；擦亮；晴天；擦皮鞋；鬼把戏或诡计;
n.（英）夏因（人名）；（日）新荣（人名）
57.polish ['pɒlɪʃ]
n.磨光，擦亮；擦亮剂；优雅，精良;
vi.擦亮，变光滑;
vt.磨光，使发亮；使完美;改进;
v.磨光；修改；润色;
adj.波兰的
58.decent ['diːs(ə)nt]
adj.正派的；得体的；相当好的59.honest ['ɒnɪst]
adj.诚实的，实在的；可靠的；坦率的60.deadly ['dedlɪ]
adj.致命的；非常的；死一般的;
adv.非常；如死一般地
61.fatal ['feɪt(ə)l]
adj.致命的；重大的；毁灭性的；命中注定的;
n.(Fatal)人名；(葡、芬)法塔尔
62.insist on
坚持，坚决要求；督促，强调
63.demand [dɪ'mɑːnd]
vt.要求；需要；查询;vi.需要；请求；查问;
n.[经] 需求；要求；需要;
n.(Demand)人名；(德)德曼德
64.harmful ['hɑːmfʊl;-f(ə)l]
adj.有害的；能造成损害的65.speed [spiːd]
vi.超速，加速；加速，迅速前行；兴隆;
n.速度，速率；迅速，快速；昌盛，繁荣;
vt.加快…的速度；使成功，使繁荣;
n.(Speed)人名；(英)斯皮德
66.velocity [vəˈlɒsəti]
n.速率，速度；周转率；迅速；高速，快速
67.physician [fɪ'zɪʃ(ə)n]
n.[医] 医师；内科医师
68.particularly [pə'tɪkjʊləlɪ]
adv.特别地，独特地；详细地，具体地；明确地，细致地
69.especially [ɪ'speʃ(ə)lɪ;e-]
adv.特别；尤其；格外
70.safe [seɪf]
adj.安全的；可靠的；平安的;
n.保险箱；冷藏室；纱橱;
n.(Safe)人名；(几)萨菲
71.secure [sɪ'kjʊə;sɪ'kjɔː]
adj.安全的；无虑的；有把握的；稳当的;
vt.保护；弄到；招致；缚住;
vi.获得安全；船抛锚；停止工作
72.branch [brɑːn(t)ʃ]
vt.分支；出现分歧;
vi.分支；出现分歧;
n.树枝，分枝；分部；支流;
n.(Branch)人名；(英)布兰奇
73.division [dɪ'vɪʒ(ə)n]
n.[数] 除法；部门；分割；师（军队）；赛区
74.abnormal [æb'nɔːml]
adj.反常的，不规则的；变态的75.unusual [ʌn'juːʒʊəl]
adj.不寻常的；与众不同的；不平常的76.abundant [ə'bʌnd(ə)nt]
adj.丰富的；充裕的；盛产
77.plentiful ['plentɪfʊl;-f(ə)l]
adj.丰富的；许多的；丰饶的78.accelerate [ək'seləreɪt]
vt.使……加快；使……增速;
vi.加速；促进；增加 79.step up
提高；增加；走近
80.accumulate [ə'kjuːmjʊleɪt]
vi.累积；积聚;
vt.积攒
81.collect [kə'lekt]
vt.收集；募捐;
vi.收集；聚集；募捐;
adv.由收件人付款地;
adj.由收件人付款的;
n.(Collect)人名；(英)科莱克特
82.allocate ['æləkeɪt]
vt.分配；拨出；使坐落于;
vi.分配；指定
83.assign [ə'saɪn]
vt.分配；指派；[计][数] 赋值;
vi.将财产过户（尤指过户给债权人）
84.childish ['tʃaɪldɪʃ]
adj.幼稚的，孩子气的
85.immature [,ɪmə'tjʊə;,ɪmə'tjɔː]
adj.不成熟的；未成熟的；粗糙的86.barren ['bær(ə)n]
adj.贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的；沉闷无趣的；空洞的;
n.荒地;
n.(Barren)人名；(西、英)巴伦
87.BARE [beə]
adj.空的；赤裸的，无遮蔽的;
vt.露出，使赤裸;
n.(Bare)人名；(英)贝尔
88.APPALLING [ə'pɔːlɪŋ]
adj.可怕的；令人震惊的;
v.使惊愕；惊吓（appal的ing形式）
89.DREADFUL ['dredfʊl;-f(ə)l]
adj.可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的90.ANYHOW ['enɪhaʊ]
adv.总之；无论如何；不管怎样
91.ANYWAY ['enɪweɪ]
adv.无论如何，不管怎样；总之
92.ATTAIN [ə'teɪn]
vt.达到，实现；获得；到达;
vi.达到；获得；到达;
n.成就
93.ACHIEVE [ə'tʃiːv]
vt.达到；完成;vi.达到目的；如愿以偿
94.CAPABILITY [keɪpə'bɪlɪtɪ]
n.才能，能力；性能，容量
95.ability [ə'bɪlɪtɪ]
n.能力，能耐；才能
96.IN CONJUNCTION
互相协调
97.together with
和；连同
98.credible ['kredɪb(ə)l]
adj.可靠的，可信的
99.CONVINCING [kən'vɪnsɪŋ]
adj.令人信服的；有说服力的;
v.使相信；使明白（convince的现在分词）
100.DILIGENT ['dɪlɪdʒ(ə)nt]
adj.勤勉的；用功的，费尽心血的;
n.(Diligent)人名；(法)迪利让
101.HARDWORKING ['hɑːd,wɜːkɪŋ]
adj.努力工作的；不辞辛劳的，苦干的;
v.努力工作（hardwork的ing形式）
102.DIVERSE [daɪ'vɜːs;'daɪvɜːs]
adj.不同的；多种多样的；变化多的103.VARIED ['veərɪd]
adj.多变的；各式各样的；杂色的;
v.改变；使多样化（vary的过去式和过去分词形式）
104.FAULTY ['fɔːltɪ;'fɒltɪ]
adj.有错误的；有缺点的105.WRONG [rɒŋ]
adv.错误地；邪恶的，不正当地;
n.坏事；不公正;
adj.错误的；失常的；不适当的;
vt.委屈；无理地对待；诽谤;
n.(Wrong)人名；(英)朗
106.GORGEOUS ['gɔːdʒəs]
adj.华丽的，灿烂的；极好的107.MAGNIFICENT [mæg'nɪfɪs(ə)nt]
adj.高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的108.PERSIST [pə'sɪst]
vi.存留，坚持；持续，固执;
vt.坚持说，反复说
109.CONTINUE [kən'tɪnjuː]
vi.继续，延续；仍旧，连续;
vt.继续说…；使…继续；使…延长
110.REGULATE ['regjʊleɪt] vt.调节，规定；控制；校准；有系统的管理
111.CONTROL [kən'trəʊl]
n.控制；管理；抑制；操纵装置;
vt.控制；管理；抑制
112.SEPARATE ['sep(ə)reɪt]
vt.使分离；使分开；使分居;
vi.分开；隔开；分居;
adj.单独的；分开的;
n.分开；抽印本
113.STANDPOINT ['stæn(d)pɒɪnt]
n.立场；观点
114.point of view
观点；见地；立场
115.touching ['tʌtʃɪŋ]
adj.动人的，令人同情的;
prep.至于，关于;
v.接触；感动（touch的ing形式）
116.MOVING ['muːvɪŋ]
adj.移动的；动人的；活动的;
v.移动（move的ing形式）
117.immense [ɪ'mens]
adj.巨大的，广大的；无边无际的；非常好的118.phone [fəʊn]
n.电话；耳机，听筒
vt.打电话
vi.打电话
119.enormous [ɪ'nɔːməs]
adj.庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的120.build up
增进，加强
121.overtake [əʊvə'teɪk]
vt.赶上；压倒；突然来袭;
vi.超车
122.pass [pɑːs]
n.及格；经过；护照；途径；传球;
vi.经过；传递；变化；终止;
vt.通过；经过；传递;
n.(Pass)人名；(英、法、德、俄)帕斯
123.advisable [əd'vaɪzəb(ə)l]
adj.明智的，可取的，适当的124.wise [waɪz]
adj.明智的；聪明的；博学的;
vt.使知道；教导;
vi.了解;n.(Wise)人名；(英)怀斯
125.puzzle ['pʌz(ə)l]
vt.使…困惑；使…为难；苦思而得出;
vi.迷惑；冥思苦想;
n.谜；难题；迷惑
126.mystery ['mɪst(ə)rɪ]
n.秘密，谜；神秘，神秘的事物；推理小说，推理剧；常作 mysteries 秘技，秘诀
127.exhibit [ɪg'zɪbɪt;eg-]
vt.展览；显示；提出（证据等）;
n.展览品；证据；展示会;
vi.展出；开展览会
128.show [ʃəʊ]
vt.显示；说明；演出；展出;
vi.显示；说明；指示;
n.显示；表演；炫耀;
n.(Show)人名；(中)邵(普通话·威妥玛)；(英)肖
129.eternal [ɪ'tɜːn(ə)l;iː-]
adj.永恒的；不朽的
130.everlasting [evə'lɑːstɪŋ]
adj.永恒的；接连不断的131.depict [dɪ'pɪkt]
vt.描述；描画
132.describe [dɪ'skraɪb]
vt.描述，形容；描绘
133.operative ['ɒp(ə)rətɪv]
adj.有效的；运转着的；从事生产劳动的;
n.侦探；技工
134.work [wɜːk]
n.工作；[物] 功；产品；操作；职业；行为；事业；工厂；著作；文学、音乐或艺术作品;
vt.使工作；操作；经营；使缓慢前进;
vi.工作；运作；起作用;
n.（英、埃塞）沃克（人名）
135.wreck [rek]
n.破坏；失事；残骸；失去健康的人;
vt.破坏；使失事；拆毁;
vi.失事；营救失事船只
136.damage ['dæmɪdʒ]
vi.损害；损毁；赔偿金;
n.损害；损毁;
vt.损害，毁坏
137.include [ɪn'kluːd]
vt.包含，包括
138.embody [ɪm'bɒdɪ;em-] vt.体现，使具体化；具体表达;
n.(Embody)人名；(英)恩博迪
139.prevent [prɪ'vent]
vt.预防，防止；阻止;
vi.妨碍，阻止
140.sensational [sen'seɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l]
adj.轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的141.exciting [ɪk'saɪtɪŋ;ek-]
adj.令人兴奋的；使人激动的;
v.激动；刺激（excite的ing形式）；唤起
142.stroll [strəʊl]
n.漫步；闲逛；巡回演出;
vi.散步；闲逛；巡回演出;
vt.散步；闲逛
143.walk [wɔːk]
n.步行，走；散步;
vt.散步；走过;
vi.走，步行；散步;
n.(Walk)人名；(德、葡)瓦尔克；(英)沃克
144.annoying [ə'nɒɪɪŋ]
adj.讨厌的；恼人的;
v.骚扰（annoy的ing形式）
145.irritating ['ɪrɪteɪtɪŋ]
adj.刺激的；气人的；使愤怒的;
v.刺激（irritate的ing形式）；激怒
146.deliberately [dɪ'lɪbərətli]
adv.故意地；谨慎地；慎重地
147.intentionally [ɪn'tɛnʃənli]
adv.故意地，有意地
148.vague [veɪg]
adj.模糊的；含糊的；不明确的；暧昧的;
n.(Vague)人名；(法)瓦格；(英)韦格
149.imprecise [ɪmprɪ'saɪs]
adj.不精确的；不严密的；不确切的150.summit ['sʌmɪt]
n.顶点；最高级会议；最高阶层;
adj.最高级的；政府首脑的151.top of the mountain
攀上山头
152.the top of the mountain
山顶
153.census ['sensəs]
vt.实施统计调查;
n.人口普查，人口调查 154.count [kaʊnt]
vt.计算；认为;
vi.计数；有价值;
n.计数；计算；伯爵;
n.(Count)人名；(法、德、南非)伯爵(欧洲贵族头衔)，康特(人名)
155.duplicate [ˈdjuːplɪkeɪt]
vt.复制；使加倍;
n.副本；复制品;
adj.复制的；二重的;
vi.复制；重复
156.copy ['kɒpɪ]
vi.复制；复印；抄袭;
vt.复制；复印；抄袭;
n.副本；一册；摹仿
157.ban [bæn]
vt.禁止，取缔;
n.禁令，禁忌;
n.(Ban)人名；(日)蕃(名)；(缅、老、柬)班；(东南亚国家华语)万；(法)邦；(中)饼(广东话·威妥玛)；(德、塞、罗、阿拉伯)巴恩；(英)班恩
158.forbid [fə'bɪd]
vt.禁止；妨碍，阻止
159.lawful ['lɔːfʊl;-f(ə)l]
adj.合法的；法定的；法律许可的160.legal ['liːg(ə)l]
adj.法律的；合法的；法定的;
n.(Legal)人名；(法)勒加尔
161.mock [mɒk]
vt.嘲弄；模仿；使…失望；使…无效;
vi.嘲弄，嘲笑;
n.嘲弄；仿制品；嘲笑对象;
adj.模拟的；假装的；伪造的;
adv.虚伪地;
n.(Mock)人名；(德、英、法、西、芬)莫克
162.laugh at
嘲笑；因…而发笑
163.motive ['məʊtɪv]
n.动机，目的；主题;
adj.发动的；成为动机的;
vt.使产生动机，激起
164.reason ['riːz(ə)n]
n.理由；理性；动机;
vi.推论；劝说;
vt.说服；推论；辩论;
n.(Reason)人名；(英)里森 165.notably ['nəʊtəblɪ]
adv.显著地；尤其
166.omit [ə(ʊ)'mɪt]
vt.省略；遗漏；删除；疏忽
167.fail [feɪl]
vi.失败，不及格；破产；缺乏；衰退;
vt.不及格；使失望；忘记；舍弃;
n.不及格;
n.(Fail)人名；(葡、捷)法伊尔；(法)法伊
168.orthodox ['ɔːθədɒks]
adj.正统的；传统的；惯常的；东正教的;
n.正统的人；正统的事物
169.conventional [kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l]
adj.符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的170.outrageous [aʊt'reɪdʒəs]
adj.粗暴的；可恶的；令人吃惊的171.unacceptable [ʌnək'septəb(ə)l]
adj.不能接受的；不受欢迎的172.scared [skeəd]
adj.害怕的;
v.使害怕（scare的过去分词）
173.frightened ['fraɪtnd]
adj.害怕的；受惊的；受恐吓的;
v.害怕；使吃惊；吓走（frighten的过去分词）
174.hail [heɪl]
n.冰雹；致敬；招呼；一阵;
vt.致敬；招呼；向...欢呼；猛发；使象下雹样落下（过去式hailed，过去分词hailed，现在分词hailing，第三人称单数hails）;
vi.招呼；下雹;
int.万岁；欢迎;
n.(Hail)人名；(阿拉伯、捷)海尔
175.acclaim [ə'kleɪm]
vt.称赞；为…喝采，向…欢呼;
n.欢呼，喝彩；称赞;
vi.欢呼，喝采
176.principal ['prɪnsəp(ə)l]
adj.主要的；资本的;
n.首长；校长；资本；当事人
177.principal organizer 178.planner ['plænə]
n.计划者，规划师;
n.(Planner)人名；(德、捷)普兰纳
179.postulate ['pɒstjʊleɪt]
vt.假定；要求；视…为理所当然;n.基本条件；假定
180.assume [ə'sjuːm]
vt.承担；假定；采取；呈现;
vi.装腔作势；多管闲事
181.extinction [ɪk'stɪŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n;ek-]
n.消失；消灭；废止
182.die out
灭绝；消失
183.abrupt [ə'brʌpt]
adj.生硬的；突然的；唐突的；陡峭的184.sudden ['sʌd(ə)n]
adj.突然的，意外的；快速的;
n.突然发生的事
185.distribute [dɪ'strɪbjuːt;'dɪstrɪbjuːt]
vt.分配；散布；分开；把…分类
186.mighty ['maɪtɪ]
adj.有力的；强有力的；有势力的;
adv.很；极；非常;
n.有势力的人
187.strong [strɒŋ]
adj.坚强的；强壮的；牢固的；擅长的;
adv.强劲地；猛烈地;
n.(Strong)人名；(英)斯特朗
188.authentic [ɔː'θentɪk]
adj.真正的，真实的；可信的189.genuine ['dʒenjʊɪn]
adj.真实的，真正的；诚恳的190.eligible ['elɪdʒɪb(ə)l]
adj.合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的;
n.合格者；适任者；有资格者
191.entitle [ɪn'taɪt(ə)l;en-]
vt.称做…；定名为…；给…称号；使…有权利
192.asserted [ə'sɝtɪd]
adj.宣称的；声称的;
v.宣称；声称（assert的过去分词）
193.stated firmly
宣称的的
194.permit [pə'mɪt]
vi.许可；允许;
vt.许可；允许;
n.许可证，执照
195.allow [ə'laʊ]
vt.允许；给予；认可;
vi.容许；考虑 196.propose [prə'pəʊz]
vt.建议；打算，计划；求婚;
vi.建议；求婚；打算
197.suggest [sə'dʒest]
vt.提议，建议；启发；使人想起；显示；暗示
198.regret [rɪ'gret]
n.遗憾；抱歉；悲叹;
vt.后悔；惋惜；哀悼;
vi.感到后悔；感到抱歉
199.sorry ['sɒrɪ]
adj.遗憾的；对不起的，抱歉的;
int.对不起，抱歉（表示委婉的拒绝等）
200.rely on
依靠，依赖
201.depend [dɪ'pend]
vi.依赖，依靠；取决于；相信，信赖
202.remove [rɪ'muːv]
vt.移动，迁移；开除；调动;
vi.移动，迁移；搬家;
n.移动；距离；搬家
203.take off
起飞；脱下；离开
204.improved [ɪm'prʊvd]
adj.改良的；改进过的;
v.改进；增加（improve的过去式和过去分词）；变得更好
205.better ['betə]
n.长辈；较好者；打赌的人（等于bettor）;
adv.更好的；更多的；较大程度地;
adj.较好的;
vt.改善；胜过;
vi.变得较好;
n.(Better)人名；(西、瑞典、德)贝特尔
206.break [breɪk]
v.打破；折断；弄坏；削弱;
vt.（使）破；打破（纪录）；（常指好天气）突变；开始;
vi.（嗓音）突变；突破；破晓；（价格）突然下跌;
n.破裂；间断；（持续一段时间的状况的）改变；间歇;
n.(Break)人名；(英)布雷克
207.beat [biːt]
vt.打；打败;
vi.打；打败；拍打；有节奏地舒张与收缩;
n.拍子；敲击；有规律的一连串敲打;
adj.筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的;
n.(Beat)人名；(德)贝亚特 208.provoke [prə'vəʊk]
vt.驱使；激怒；煽动；惹起
209.elicit [ɪ'lɪsɪt]
vt.抽出，引出；引起
210.gangster ['gæŋstə]
n.歹徒，流氓；恶棍
211.violent criminal
暴力犯
212.framework ['freɪmwɜːk]
n.框架，骨架；结构，构架
213.skeleton ['skelɪt(ə)n]
n.骨架，骨骼；纲要；骨瘦如柴的人;
adj.骨骼的；骨瘦如柴的；概略的214.hazard ['hæzəd]
vt.赌运气；冒…的危险，使遭受危险;
n.危险，冒险；冒险的事;
n.(Hazard)人名；(法)阿扎尔；(英)哈泽德
215.danger ['deɪn(d)ʒə]
n.危险；危险物，威胁;
n.(Danger)人名；(法)当热
216.lure [l(j)ʊə]
n.诱惑；饵；诱惑物;
vt.诱惑；引诱;
n.(Lure)人名；(英)卢尔
217.attraction [ə'trækʃ(ə)n]
n.吸引，吸引力；引力；吸引人的事物
218.densely ['dɛnsli]
adv.浓密地；密集地
219.compactly [kəm'pæktli]
adv.简洁地；紧密地；细密地
220.fascinate ['fæsɪneɪt]
vt.使着迷，使神魂颠倒;
vi.入迷
221.intrigue [ɪn'triːg]
n.阴谋；诡计；复杂的事；私通;
vt.用诡计取得；激起...的兴趣;
vi.私通；密谋
222.probe [prəʊb]
n.探针；调查;
vi.调查；探测;
vt.探查；用探针探测;
n.(Probe)人名；(法)普罗布
223.explore [ɪk'splɔː;ek-]
vt.探索；探测；探险;vi.探索；探测；探险
224.settle ['set(ə)l]
vi.解决；定居；沉淀；下陷;
vt.解决；安排；使…定居;
n.有背长椅;
n.(Settle)人名；(英)塞特尔
225.solve [sɒlv]
vt.解决；解答；溶解;
vi.作解答
226.tremble ['tremb(ə)l]
vi.发抖；战栗；焦虑；摇晃;
vt.使挥动；用颤抖的声音说出;
n.颤抖；战栗；摇晃
227.shake [ʃeɪk]
vt.动摇；摇动；震动；握手;
vi.动摇；摇动；发抖;
n.摇动；哆嗦
228.shocked [ʃɒkt]
adj.震惊的；震撼的;
v.使震动（shock的过去式）
229.surprised [sɚ'praɪzd]
adj.感到惊讶的，出人意料的;
v.使惊奇（surprise的过去分词形式）
230.stick to
v.坚持；粘住
231.widen ['waɪd(ə)n]
vt.放宽;
vi.变宽;
n.(Widen)人名；(德)维登
232.broaden ['brɔːd(ə)n]
vi.扩大，变阔；变宽，加宽;
vt.使扩大；使变宽
233.shabby ['ʃæbɪ]
adj.破旧的；卑鄙的；吝啬的；低劣的234.unfair [ʌn'feə]
adj.不公平的，不公正的235.uneasy [ʌn'iːzɪ]
adj.不舒服的；心神不安的；不稳定的236.anxious ['æŋ(k)ʃəs]
adj.焦虑的；担忧的；渴望的；急切的237.demolish [dɪ'mɒlɪʃ]
vt.拆除；破坏；毁坏；推翻；驳倒
238.pulldown ['pʊl,daʊn]
adj.折叠式的 239.adverse ['ædvɜːs]
adj.不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely）
240.unfavorable [ʌn'fevrəbl]
adj.不宜的；令人不快的；不顺利的241.concise [kən'saɪs]
adj.简明的，简洁的
242.compendious [kəm'pendɪəs]
adj.简明的，摘要的；简练的243.courteous ['kɜːtjəs]
adj.有礼貌的；谦恭的
244.respectful [rɪ'spek(t)fʊl;-f(ə)l]
adj.恭敬的；有礼貌的
245.invaluable [ɪn'væljʊ(ə)b(ə)l]
adj.无价的；非常贵重的246.extremely useful
非常有用
247.insane [ɪn'seɪn]
adj.疯狂的；精神病的；极愚蠢的248.crazy ['kreɪzɪ]
adj.疯狂的；狂热的，着迷的249.ingenuous [ɪn'dʒenjʊəs]
adj.天真的；坦白的；正直的；朴实的250.original [ə'rɪdʒɪn(ə)l;ɒ-]
n.原件；原作；原物；原型;
adj.原始的；最初的；独创的；新颖的251.vigorous ['vɪg(ə)rəs]
adj.有力的；精力充沛的252.healthy ['helθɪ]
adj.健康的，健全的；有益于健康的
253.abide by
遵守；信守；承担…的后果
254.bias ['baɪəs]
n.偏见；偏爱；斜纹；乖离率;
vt.使存偏见;
adj.偏斜的;
adv.偏斜地;
n.(Bias)人名；(法、德、葡、喀)比亚斯；(英)拜厄斯
255.terminate ['tɜːmɪneɪt]
vt.使终止；使结束；解雇;
vi.结束，终止；结果;
adj.结束的256.put an end to
结束；终止
第三篇：中石化职称考试习题
第一部分
通用英语（习题归类）
一、阅读理解：
(一)How to be Happy如何获得幸福 In the past two weeks 过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁.塞里格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。第一步：平和安静
Jonathon Haidit in his excellent 乔纳森.海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪音会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种时对于坠落的恐惧）。如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵得环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果需要大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得带上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。第二步：人际关系
This is the most important 这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们感觉到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂和痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法是直视难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前进。第三步：分享
If you have discovered conditions 如果你发觉生活状态或做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友分享。将有用的发现和更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极的作用。问题：
What’s the happiness formula according to the passage？The formula refers to H=S+C+V Why can we never completely adapt to„
Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.How could we make both ourselves and the „.If we need our TV,radio or music up loud,wearing headphones demonstrateasour kindness and consideration to our neighbors.Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness ofen comes from poor relationships with others.What is the positive way to face with the cruelly„
What you can to do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.（二）City Design城市设计
When I’m being driven through a city from 当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因为街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。
In response to these conditions,we are seeing 这对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤的以缓解，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。
Now government planners everywhere are experimenting 现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车涉及城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。
Based on this perspective,some cities in industrial 基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，而不是为了汽车建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。
1、What means of transportation does the author take to the He takes a bus.2、According to the first paragraph what is happening in Cars not only do harm to people’s health but but also cause heavy traffic jam.3、What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed„..Design cities for people not cars.4、Why is there an inherent conflict between the autommobile Because people depend largely on cars.5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all cars no human.（三）Population人口
A very important world problem is the increasing 在我们这个星球上那个居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。So why is this huge increase in population taking 那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听说过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。If we examine the amount of land available for
如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球的每个人都平均分一块地、我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，二当我们计算一下每个人实际可用耕地之后，就知道这个情况不容乐观。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。
Obviously,with so little land to support us,we should 显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这么做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其他矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会消耗殆尽。我们对待其他通常看做是不可再生的重要资源亦是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。
1、What can be learn about the population growth at present? It continues to increase at its present rate.2、According to the article,what contributes to the population increase? Death Control
3、What is the doctors’ job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.4、Why isn’t there engough land to support human beings? Because the world’s land has already been taken up by the ever-increasing popuiation.5、In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as ___.nonrenewable
(四)Earthquake地震
Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most
地震是人类众所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计有地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成，而不是由于地震本身。
The great majority of all earthquake occur 大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置上。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔比卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。This element of the unknown has for
几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通过分析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及检测到轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，而且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能是完全不能预料的。It is doubtful that man will ever be able 人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力还未可知。但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好的应对可能造成的破坏。
1、What are the causes of the great part of the damage and loss of life? Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides,floods,fire,disease and other ohenomena from earthquakes.2、Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world? The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses,East Indians To the Atlas Mountains.3、What fact does “element of the unknown” in paragraph 3 refer to? It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time.4、What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity? a)analyzing changes in animal behavior b)patterns of movements in the earth’s crust c)variations in the force of gravity and the earth’s magnetic field d)observation df the frequency of minor earth tremors 5、What is the author’s attitude toward the possibility of earthquake predictions? Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.（五）The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill 英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏
In the aftermath of the BP oil spill,President Obama 英国石油公司原油泄漏事件后，奥巴马总统的一次公开讲话表达出了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到“我们正在应对的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境灾难”。每天足有21万加仑的原油泄漏并污染者墨西哥湾，这使得很多人认为这次事件对环境所造成短期和长期的危害感到担忧。The oil spill could severly damage fragile 这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海滩很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海滩造成的污染事件正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上那个孵蛋的季节。
Even worse is the effect the oil spillcould have 还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是几乎不可能被处理干净的，有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地是捕渔业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。
Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish 在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98%依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、七喜和繁殖的场所。
The watets of the Gulf of Mexico are homes 墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水造成污染的时间越长，水产品食物链得污染的程度就会越大，这最终会造成大量的鱼类死亡以及水产品被严重的污染而无法食用。
1、In the first sentence “President Obama voiced the„ Voice here means “to express an idea of„”
2、How long could the damage to the ecosystem last? The damage to the ecosystem could last decades.3、How important are the wetlands to the wildlife? The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.4、Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands? Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.5、How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico? Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption.(六)Green Computers“绿色”电脑 Computer manufacturers,chipmakers and software 目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司都纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需求。一些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造企业不断扩展工艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环利用旧电脑。某些环保电子产品可能需要消费者多花些钱，但人有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差不多。
Several factors are pushing companies to be greener.有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投资者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正常是吸引那些设法节省费用的消费者。The computer industry has been working on improving 计算机工业多年来一直致力于减少能源消耗，新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环利用上来了。例如，联想集团使用的塑料中10%到25%使用回收的水瓶制造的。上个月，英特尔集团将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更多的能量就可以加快计算的速度。该公司还开发了一种叫做“远程唤醒”的技术，可以使计算机在使用者不需要通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模式。惠普开发了一个叫做自动开关的新功能，可以不再工作状态的打印机进入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快的恢复到工作模式。惠普2009年生产的个人桌面激光打印机就已经安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先是放在了制造材料商，他们生产的一块喷墨打印机就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。Experts say that keeping your old computer 专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场填埋比买台新电脑更好。
1、Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products? Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers.2、Compared to the old computer,the price of the greener machine is__.A little bit more expensive
3、From the three examples,Lenovo,Intel and HP,we can know that___.Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impression from green investors.On the other hand they are trying to appeal to people who want to save their expenses because of high energy price.4、What is the function of Auto-On/Auto-Off? It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again.5、What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean? Don’t throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.(七)Cell Phones手机
What would life look like without cell phones? 没有手机的生活会变得怎么样呢？今天畅销的手机都有MP3播放器、电视、音乐、无线相片打印等功能。手机在过去几年里的变化非常大，随着每次新产品的问世，手机商们都会再次陷入苦恼之中。该怎么创造下一代人气商品呢？制造商们该怎样做才能了解手机使用者们不久的将来真正想要的东西，并且区分畅销与滞销的产品呢？业内人士指出最受欢迎的手机具有能够简单的迎合顾客个人喜好尖端功能的手机。Manufactures believe that the success of the cell phones 制造商相信手机成功取决于高速网络的构建和开发以提供如影像或视频、音乐、高速互联网的服务。在这些网络运营的同时，业内人士正在考虑将电话、显示屏以及服务进行彻底的重新设计，使其新的功能使用简化。这些开发产品结合了一种让使用者可以代替PDA（掌上电脑）和其他装置。手机制造商确信，在不久的将来，消费者将用手机完成一切事务，从看电视到学习和学校考试。开发商们现在应当集中精力设计外形更吸引人的新手机，因为除了手机的外形、颜色或款式所引起的情绪反应外，还几乎没有别的东西对消费者多变的购买行为起到更直接的影响。
1、What are the features of today’s mobile phones? They are lasded with MP3 music players,TV,music and wireless photo printing.2、What will manufacyures face if they produce a new product? They will face a big dilemma.3、What should the most popular phones have? The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customizer for individual tastes.4、What will people do with cell phones in the future? People will use phones for everything from watching TV to syudying and writing school exams.5、Why does the writer mention “the enotional respones” in the last sentence? Because he thinks that affects customers’ buying behavior.(八)Touch Tech触屏技术
For mobile touch technology,it’s only the beginning.就移动触摸技术而言，现在只是刚刚开始。苹果公司的电话产品使移动电话行业产生了突破性变革，其便利的触摸屏技术可以便于用户浏览网络、发送短信或掌控许多新颖的应用软件。Deveiopers are working on new applications for
开发人员正致力于新“多触点”屏幕的应用软件。这些屏幕可以处理用户用多手指同时给出的指令，这也增加了这项技术被应用的可能性。其他开发人员正在研究“触觉”反馈的升级技术——即现在所应用的震动和其他物理感知技术，他们不但可以用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，也可以用来进行情感交流，并且有可能很快就能使触摸屏具有真实键盘的感觉。对于那些更喜欢使用手机键盘的人来说，即便传统的键盘也能发挥与触摸指令相对应的功能。Software developers set to work on multi-touch 软件开发人员开始研发多触点应用软件。例如，有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹奏虚拟乐器。但是多触点开发人员主要以开发游戏为主。Haptic technology already has many non-mobile 触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到广发的应用。例如，视频游戏中，他可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真的在驾驶它们所控制的荧屏赛车。在医疗培训中，他可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异常真实，从而使医疗人员更自如的操作这些仪器。触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，但是触觉技术手机的广泛应用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。
For now,at least many mobile users prefer the 目前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并不十分感兴趣。开发人员设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。
1、Why do we say Apple’s iPhone is a revolution? Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen.2、What is the advantage of multi-touch screen? The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger.3、What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations.4、What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The gamers feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games.5、Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard.（九）Fossil Fueis and Our Life 化石燃料与我们的生活
Oil and natural gas are and important part of 石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。安们不仅使我们出行方便，它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服装、化妆品等等。In the United States,97% of the energy that drives 在美国，交通运输系统（私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等）的运行所依赖的能源中有97%来自石油炼制的燃料。
Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run 虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用象电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是，汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。燃料电池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。In areas of the world that are still developing 在全世界的发展中地区，不论是企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加至2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。在可预测的将来，石油人将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57%。World population is currently around 6 billion 目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会产至约76亿。这将意味着人们对石油和天气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。
1、According to the text,how important is oil to our life? Oil and gas give us mobility,they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.They can also be made into many products that we use every day.2、What is a disadvantage of electric batterues„„
They must be changed and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.3、Can atlternate energy completely repace oil and gas„ No ,it can’t.Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.4、Where in the world can we see the big increase in„ In the developing world.5、What will the increase of world population indicate? That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels,electricity,and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.(十)Carbon Emissions碳排放
The task—in which carbon emissions are pumped 将燃料燃烧排放出二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。Under optimal current conditions,coal produces more 在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。在发展中国家，情况则更糟，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。
Without carbon capture and stotage,coal cannot be green.如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。
There are a few dozen small demonstration projects 虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。
The European Union had pledges 欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设12个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。挪威睛在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆计划”。Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide 碳捕获之后面临的问题就是碳封存。碳封存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，计算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以确保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。
1、In paragraph 1,what does the underlined word “so” The word “so” refers to “challenging”.2、What can be learn about carbon emissions The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient.As a result,produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.3、How can the use of coal become “green”? Coal can become “green” through carbon capture and storage.4、According to the text,what has Norway been doing? Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology.5、What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at„
The carbon sored at an underground site could leak,and a large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.（十一）Marine pollution海洋污染
By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population 至2050年，估计世界人口可能会增加到120亿。其中大约有60%的人口居住在距离海洋60公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。
One significant impact of human activity is marine 人类活动产生的一个重大影响是海洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是油轮事故和海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。
Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts,the total 虽然这些影响有一定的规模、且显而易见，但是，与其它直接和间接的海洋污染源（包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋倾泄垃圾的行为、石油生产、采矿、农业肥料和杀虫剂、热源废料和放射性排放物“相比，一系列油轮发生灾难性油泄漏而赞成的海洋污染物质总量还是显得很少。Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture 污水排放物和农业生产所造成的肥料污染使海岩水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。这些花朵死亡和腐烂将耗尽水里的氧气，使这些地区变成了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区“。Radioactive pollution has many causes,including 放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。远在格陵兰岛西部海岩的海草里都能发现核燃料再处理所产生的放射性元素。
Trace metal pollution from metal mining,producation 金属采矿、生产和加工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物的健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用。
1、Why is it difficult to support the population on„
Because 60% of the world’s population will live within 60km of the sea.2、How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned„
There are four:marine pollution,nutrient pollution,radioactive pollution,trace metal pollution..3、What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar„ Oil pollution.4、Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of„ Oxygen.5、The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by___ Radioactive elements.(十二)China’s Growth and theCleanEnergy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 China’s upprecedented growth in recent years has come 中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代价换来的。中国2/3的河流湖泊污染严重，无法用于工业，更别说农业或饮用了。中国近6亿城市人口中只有1%的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。在可耕地紧缺之际，受到污染的洪水又毁坏大量良田。The immensity of these troubles has prouced a result that 诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一个令很多国外人士感到惊讶的结果：中国逐渐成为清洁技术的培育基地，在若干领域走到了前列。凭借尚德太阳能电力有限公司等本土厂商，中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。中国也是全球第二大风电机组市场。在汽车制造方面，中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电式混合动力车。
Understanding they are in a global race,China’s leaders 中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于是以各咱政策和激励措施对企业予以扶持。北京前不久将中国的汽车里程标准大幅提高到美国估计要到2020年才能达到的水平。北京还表示，到2020年，中国的可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的16%上升到23%，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。中国睚处于以史以来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到2025年，中国将有超过3.5亿人从农村迁入城市。中国将新增500万幢建筑，包括5万幢摩天大楼，相当于10座纽约市的规模。随着新建办公室和房屋的成培增长，那些耗费能的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备到这些建筑中，这就大量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。
1、What are some of the downsides to China’s growth? Rivers,lakes and air seriousiy polluted.Water and agricultural land have been poisoned.2、According to the passage,how many people in„ 6 million
3、What can be learned about Suntech Power? It is a domestic manufacture of photovoltaic solar panels.4、What are Beijing’s green intentions? Beijing will boost the country’s share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020.5、What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population.(十三)Market Economy市场经济
There are pros and cons for command and
计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。
Let’s look at the command evonomy first.首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集权的政府指导和控制。计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一步。计划经济还有其它的负面影响。工厂经常会达不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。总的来说必须做出调整：产品和价格可能不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。Mow let’s look at the market economy.现在我们来看一下市场经济。这意味着企业私有制政府并不能为它们做任何决定。我们用服装行业的例子来说明它的运行方式。假如某人，我们就叫他杰克，决定开一家服装制造公司。他设计和制造时尚的服装，使人们愿意购买和穿着。如果服装受欢迎，杰克会提高价格，并维持价格的攀升。通过这种方式，杰克可获取更大的利润。或者通过扩展业务，创造更多的财富。与此同时，别人将注意到他做的很优秀，于是这些人将创办新的企业和杰克竞争。这样价格将稳定下来，甚至可能降低，因为人们都愿意买更便宜的衣服。各家公司将不得不降低成本、减少利润，使自己在行业内得以生存。在这种情况下，市场经济才是正确的方向。With a command economy the government runs 在计划经济下，政府掌管每件事和每个人；而在市场经济下，政府提供帮助来解决市场不能解决的问题。计划经济逐渐导致长期物质短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市场经济能够更大程度地带来经济增长、技术进步和社会繁荣的良机。
1、What is the roble of government in the command„
The economy is directed,controlled by the centralized government.2、What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy.3、What is the market economy? Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.4、Who is Jack according to the text? Jack is a virtusl person who owns a company yhat makes clothes.5、What does the market economy provide? The market economy provides greater opportunities for economoc growth,technological progress and prosperity.(十四)CPI消费者物价指数
If the CPI，Consumer Price Index was 2.1%...如果某个国家的消费者物价指数为2.1%，那意味着什么？简单地说，这意味着这个国家的消费者为消费者物价指数篮子里的商品及服务的支出比上一年多了2.1%。虽然商品和服务的价格随时间而上下波动，但是如果价格变动幅度过大，则会给经济带来负面影响。为了说明经济是否正在经历通货膨胀、通货紧缩或者是滞胀，我们把CPI作为衡量商品及服务价格的尺度。
When the Department of Labor’s Bureau„
劳工部劳动数据统计局每月颂CPI数据的时候，很多人都期待关注CPI结果。你或许会问什么会会热切地等待着这些结果？CPI对许多重要的财政决策者来说起着重要的作用，其中包括个人投资者、中央银行和美国联邦贮备银行。CPI帮助中央银行预测主要银行和企业的利息政策和其它决策。
I mentioned the CPI basket before and now„
前面提到过CPI篮子，现在我想进一步说明一下这个篮子是什么，以及我们如何获取信息。组成CPI的基本市场篮子是在调查了成千上万户家庭的详细支出信息之后得出的。这些信息不是随机搜集来的，而是通过对那些愿意公开自己购买习惯的消费者所进行采访和记录中得到的信息。基本篮子可分为8个组，包括了200多个种类，食品和饮料、住宅、服装、交通工具、医疗、休闲、教育和通讯以及其它商品的服务。最后，市场篮子中的8万件物品的价格是从成千上万个零售商店、服务部门、租赁店、诊所等的每个月汇总中得来的。
1、What is CPI short for? Consunmer Price Index.2、What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country„
Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3% more than in the previous year for the goods and service.3、What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on a economy.4、Who are eager to await the results of the CPI?Why? Many key finacial decision makers.Because the CPI plays an important role for them.5、How is the information of the CPI basket collected? The information is collected through interview and diaries kept by the participant.(十五)The Internet互联网
The Internet is the largest repository of information 互联网是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。网络信息资源为我们担任中种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。The most commonly used network service is 最常被使用的网络服务是电子邮件。电子邮件允许网络用户彼此传送文本消息。计算机和网络负责传递邮件，这样一来，邮件用户不必关心传递的细节，而且没有必要在同一时间或地点出现。
Before you can use the Internet, 在上网之前，你必须选择一种方法，在网络和你自己的电脑之间移动数据。这个连接可能是一个高速数据通信线路、局域网（LAN）、电话线或无线频道。大多数情况下，你可以使用一个连接到你的电话线年调制调制解调器来实现网络连接。Worldwide web(www.xiexiebang.computation and communication and also provide us all kinds of information services.3、Why do most people choose the Internet to„ Because it is the fastest and most convenient way.4、What is the most possible way you choose to „ Using a Modem attached to the telephone line.5、Why do people regard the Net as a community „
Because people can get and do whatever they want at home as more and more sustems join the Internet and more and more forms of information are available to the amount of Internet users.(十六)Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision苹果公司用ipad延续梦想 The launch of Apple’s iPad in the US is a polarising 当苹果公司在美国推出iPad时，引发了两种截然不同的反应。电视新闻会把镜头长时间对准苹果专卖店外的长队，以及苹果粉丝们是如何垂涎于这些亮丽的、吸引科技迷们的新产品。而与此同时，怀疑人士则会指出，这类多功能平板电脑以往在市场中一直遭遇惨败——而且，如果触摸屏界面真的如此具有革命性，那么苹果公司为何还打算出售供iPad外接的老式键盘呢？
To focus on issues such as these,though,would 不过，若是纠缠于这类问题，我们就抓不到这件事情的关键。无论这个新设备有多令人想往，它都决非仅仅是另一件个人高科技硬件产品。这是因为，iPad是个人电脑诞生以来，计算机领域最重要的一项新发展的延伸。如果它能够大受欢迎，就将确保苹果公司重新登上计算机业的巅峰位置。该公司先是在2007年推出iPhone，随后又在同年推出iPad Touch，它一直在改变着人们与智能便携设备接触的方式：触摸已成为人机界面，在线“应用程序商店”（App Store）则成为人们获取服务和内容的新场所。Between them,the iPone and the Touch already 摩根士丹利互联网行业分析师玛丽.米克称，iPhone与iPad Touch已经代表了有史以来发展最快的新型计算机平台。通过推出iPad，苹果公司如今又让这一平台延伸出一块广袤的新领域。其主要目的是用多功能平板设备证明了以往多家高科技公司在此领域的失败。但有iPhone作为基础，苹果平板电脑的起点高于别人。而且，即使iPad最初的销售情况不尽人意（就如iPad与iPhone最初的销售情况一样），苹果公司也至少为大批软件开发商勾勒出了一片大有潜力的新市场的轮廓，而这些软件开发者已经把自己的财富与苹果公司的技术绑在了一起。
1、What will be the television news focus after the„
The television news will focus on the long line standing in front of Apple stores,and fans who are drooling over these latest shinly objects of techno-lust.2、In what situation will Apple rebound to the very„
If the iPad becomes popular,it will help Apple rebound to the of the business.3、What changges has Apple already brough to „
Apple has been changing the way people relate to intelligent portable devices.Tough has become the interface and connected “app stores” the new place to find services and content.4、What’s Mary Meeker’s analysis to iPhone„
The iPhone and the Touch already represent the fastest-growing new computing platform in history.5、In the sentence “Tablet-style devices have proved”
It means that the table-style devices will disappear from listory.（十七）3G Technology3G技术
Cellular technoiogy has been evolving since
无线电通讯技术自其发明以来就一直在不断更新和进步。随着贝尔实验室和AT＆T公司开发了第一代无线电通讯网络，无线电通讯技术在使用便捷、声音质量以及数据传输上便开始了飞跃的发展。我们今天所熟悉的手机这个奇妙的技术是由一系列创造革新逼睐的，而且将来还会有更新的技术出现。
3G technology,the current standard in cekkuar 第三代（3G）技术，当今无线电通讯服务所使用的标准，又进一步改进了无线电通讯服务。在网络方面，它比第二代（2G）技术更加有效，容量也更大了。数据连接速度也更快，接近于宽带速度。它还可以使用户同时使用语音和数字功能。However,the march of technology goes ever forwatd 但技术是不断发展的。现在第四代技术已经初露头角。与其它几代不同，4G并不是为语音服务而是为因特网而设计的。这代技术会消除无线通讯网络中不同运营商和国家之间的不兼容性。它有超高的数据传输速度，从100Mbps最高可达到1Gbps，并可用于手机和静态计算机。
The developments in celluar technology promise 无线电通讯技术的发展给我们带来了一个未曾见过的世界范围的语音和数据通讯网络。试想一想与因特网的宽带连接，还有不论你身在何处都能听到的清晰电话对话。准备迎接4G的到来吧！
1、What contribution did Bell Lab and AT The developed the first cellular telephone networks.2、What are the advantages of 3G technology „
3G is even more efficient than 2G and allowed greater capacity on the cellular network.It also allowed much faster data connections and allowed a consumer to use both voice and data features on their phones at the same time.3、How is 4G desogned differently from the previous 4G is not designed around voice services but is designed around the Internet.4、Name the major advantages of 4G.It will do away with many of the celluar network incompatibilities between carriers and countries.It will have blazing fast data speeds.It is designed to be used with both mobile phones and more static computers.5、In the sentence “It will have blazing fast data” It means “the fastest speed can reach 1 Gbps”.(十八)Carbon Capture and Storage 碳捕获和储存
Carbon capture and storage(CCS)is a means 碳捕获和储存（CCS）是一种从大型发电厂等污染源捕获二氧化碳，并运用不同方式储存在非大气层的环境中，以减轻化石燃料排放对全球变暖影响的手段。它也可以用来描述从大气中洗涤二氧化碳的一种地球工程技术。The term carbon dioxide capture and storage 碳捕获和储存这一概念已经被用于描述以下这些生物技术，如生物碳埋藏。这是一种利用树木和浮游生特等从空气中捕获二氧化碳的生物技术。然而，碳捕获和储存现丰通常用来描述从燃烧源捕获二氧化碳的非生物过程。CCS applied to a modern conventional power 碳捕获和储存技术应用到传统发电厂可以减少约80-90%的二氧化碳排放。据政府间气候变化专门委员会估计，到2010年，在碳减排总投资中，碳捕获和储存的经济投入将达到10%至55%。
Capturing and commpressing CO2 requires much
捕获和压缩二氧化碳需要大量能源，一个应碳捕获和储存技术的燃烧电厂的燃料需求将增加25%-40%。那么新的应用碳捕获和储存的燃煤发电厂的能源和其它系统成本估计将增加21-91%。而这样的预算只适用于在碳储存地附近专门建设的碳捕获和储存发电厂：如果在现有的远离碳储存位置的发电厂采用该技术，那将更加昂贵。Storage of the CO2 is envisaged either in deep 预计会选择将二氧化碳储存在地层深处、深海、或在矿物碳酸盐中。如果在深海中储存，很有可能存在增大海洋酸度的风险。海洋酸化问题也主要起源于大气和海洋中过多的二氧化碳。
1、What is Carbon Capture and Storage? Carbon capture and storage is a method to reduce the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming by capturing carbon dioxide form large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants,and storing it away from the atmosphere by different means.2、How is carbon dioxide capture and storag defined„
It is described as biochar burial,which use trees,plankton,etc.to capture CO2 from the air.3、What is the effect of applying carbon dioxide„
It could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by appoximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS.4、Where will the captured carbon be stored? The captured carbon will be stored either in the deep geological formations,in deep ocean masses,or in the form of mineral carbons.5、What is the problem of deep ocean storage? There is a risk of greatly increasing the problem of ocean acidification,a problem that also stems from the excess of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere and oceans.（十九）Global Warming全球变暖 Global warming may or may not be
全球变暖或许是也或许不是21世纪的环境大危机。但不管是与否，我们都不会采取什么措施。我们会对其争论不休，甚至作为一个国家发表一些听起来庄重的誓言来避免全球变暖。但这些誓言听起来越激动人心、越意味深长，实现它们的可能性却越小。Al Gore,former US Vice President 美国前副总统弋尔将全球变暖称作“令人不快的真相“，似乎只要我们认识到这个真相就可以找到解决这一问题途径。但是实际的真相是我们并没有足够的能力消除全球变暖；若没有重大的科技突破，我们根本无能为力。From 2003 to 2050,the world’s population 2003年至2050年世界人员预计将增长42%，即从64亿增长至91亿。如果人均消耗能源和技术水平不变，到2050年，能源消耗总量和温室气体排放将增加42%。但是这只是一个保守数字，因为社会的进步和富足意味着更多的能源消耗。经济发展是必需的，除非不再提高人们的生活水准，让世界上的贫困人口永远过贫穷的生活。但即使经济保守地发展，到2050年，能源消耗及温室气体排放也会增加一倍多。No government will adopt rigid restrictions 任何政府都不会采取刚性的措施限制经济发展和个人自由（如：限制用电量、开车出行、外出旅行等），尽管这样的措施会减缓全球变暖。但是政治家们依然想证明他们没有对全球变暖“置之不理”。“京都议定书”就是个实例。其中规定所有签约国家有权利惩罚那些非签约国。但是“京都议定书”并没有使二氧化碳的排放有所减少，况且很多签约国也并没有采取足够严厉的措施以实现2008-2010年碳排放目标。The practical conclusion is that if global 我们得出的现实的结论就是如果全球变暖是一场潜在的灾难，解决全球变暖的唯一办法是新技术。只有靠我们大力的研究和技术开发才能使我们打破对化石燃料的依赖或找到应对全球变暖的方法。
1、What is said about global warming„
Human being will not do much about global watming.2、According to the author’s understanding,what
Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”,as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path a solution.3、Why will greenhouse emissions double by Because the world popuiation will grow by 42% by 2050,and as economy will grow,and so will the energy consumption and greenhouse emission.4、In Paragraph 4,the sentence “It allowed countries”
“Those that didn’t”here refers to “those countries that didn’t join the Kyoto Protocol.”
5、What message does the author try to convey We must develop breakthrough technology in order to deal with the problem of global warming.（二十）Alternate Energies替代能源 There is a lot of energy that we can harness 只要我们努力去研究和开发所需技术，有很多能源都可供我们利用。我们完全可以远离化石能源和老式电网，去使用这些替代能源。One of these alternative energy resource 这些替代能源之一就是风能。人们不断开发改进风力涡轮发电机使其更加节能也越来越便宜。在很多国家建立起越来越多的“风电厂”。而且，考虑到以前的风力涡轮对鸟类造成了危害，人们在设置这些新的风力发电机时也更加注意了策略性。另外一种替代能源是为大家广泛熟知的太阳能。太阳能技术需要生产太阳能电池来聚焦并收集太阳光发出的能量，并将其转变成电能或有时提取热水。和风能一样，太阳能是零污染能源。海洋潮汐能是被很多国家和投资商看好的拥有巨大潜力的能源。在法国已经有一个潮汐发电设施在运行发电，几年的运行使用证明这项技术是成功的。爱尔兰和苏格兰目前也正在测试他们的潮汐能发电设施。水力发电已经为人类使用了相当一段时间了，水力发电厂可以产生很多电能，比电网发电更加清洁。但是水力发电存在一定的制约——不是每个地方都能建造大坝，因此水力发电并不能被广泛使用。鉴于这些制约，最近，很多河床式发电厂，或者小型的水利发电设施已在兴建。地热能的储量极其丰富，因为地热能就在我们脚下，离地面只有几英里的地下。地热能是通过地热球内部的高温熔岩活动将地下水加热而形成的能量。这些被熔岩加热的水变为蒸汽，这些蒸汽可用来驱动涡轮机最终发电。我们应该对地热能的开发利用做大量的研究。乙醇是汽油的替代品，它是由麦子、甘蔗、葡萄、草莓、玉米、木屑和木纤维这些物质制成的。对于乙醇是否能成为既经济又实用而且没有地域局限性的能源仍存在很多争议，而乙醇的提取和混合的技术也正在不断地改进。
1、What are some of the advantages of wind power? Wind power is energy-efficient and less costly and it is clean.2、How do the solar cells work/? Solar cells gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun,and translate it into electricity or hot water.3、Where in the world is ocean wave energy applied? Currently,it is used in France,Irelandand Scotland.4/、How is geothermal power converted into electricity? The steam underground can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which can genergy electricity.5、What is the controversy over the use of ethanol as „
The controversy is whether ethanol as a source of energy can be economical or practical except in very localized areas.（二十一）Biofuels生物燃料
In order to understand the role of biofuels 为了了解生物燃料的未来走向，我们需要搞清楚我们现在正处于能源发展过程中的哪个阶段——150年前埃德温.德雷克的发现将我们带到了这个位置上。事实上我们这个世界已经变得非常依赖于丰富的能源供应；目前的预测显示，到2030年我们对能量的需求将增加45%。满足这个需求将是很艰难的，这将需要每年至少1万亿美元的投资。因此，就新的燃料而言，生物资料是在未来20年实现为车辆提供安全、可持续发展和低碳排放的主要手段。Crude oil is proving to be remarkably difficult 原油将是很难被取代的。到目前为止，生物燃料是唯一可行的竞争者。我们保守地估计，到2030年生物燃料将会占到高达20%的能源市场份额。Biofuels are the only transport energy 作为交通能源的替代产品，生物燃料是唯一确实出现在像“国际能源机构的低碳”450”纲要”这样的关于碳减排类的数据预测中的。当然，先进的生物燃料将作出越来越大的贡献。国际能源机构450纲要的数据预测指出，到2020年先进生物燃料将占据新的生物燃料的大多数；到2030年，将占所有生物燃料的一半份额。So biofuels have a major strategic role 因此，生物燃料在未来能源战略中将起到重大作用。我们已经开始为此努力。这将引导我们在新技术和商业模式的支持下，逐步建设一个全新的、规模庞大的行业，这是一个挑战，也是一个很大的机遇，一个我们可以将石油和天然气行业所获得的技能应用的机会。That therfore this industry,perhaps more 所以，这个行业也许比任何其它行业都更需要合作才能取得成功。最近我们已经可以清楚地看到生物燃料实际上是我们的传统核心业务的一部分。从许多方面看，生物燃料都将成为新的石油。所不同的是，它们是从鲜活的原源不断地制造出来的，而不是源于有限的化石类生物物质。生物燃料为我们提供了一个“可再生的油井”。它们不仅仅是对汽油的简单补充，而且是对我们的传统核心产品的补充。
1、What is the fact of the world energy supply？
The fact is our needs on energy will rise by up to 45% in demand for energy by the year 2030.2、What is the role of bioyuels in the next 20years? Biofuels will play a role as the primary means of bringing secure,sustainable,low-carbon fuel to vehicles in the next 20 years.3、What does ‘projections’ of IEA 450 mean„
It’s the estimated statistics for the carbon emission in IEA450.4、What does ‘our journey’refer to? ‘Our journey’refers to the journey which leads us onto a realisation that the challenge of building a whole new industry,at vast scale,with a reliance on new technology and business models.5、Why is it said that biofuels industry,perhaps„
Because it relies on new technology and business models and it also needs the skills we have built up in the oil and gas business.(二十二)Coal Chemical Industry 煤化学工业
Coal chemical industry is the industry which 煤化学工业是通过化工工艺将煤转化为气体、液体、固体燃料和化学品，生产出各种化工产品的工业。焦化、气化、液化、合成气化工这些不同的煤加工技术都属于煤化工工业。Coal gasificationis a process that converts 煤的气化是通过催化剂将煤由固体转化为气体状态的过程。煤炭气化的产品可用作燃料、化工产品原材料，也可用于发电。
Coal gasification has a history of nearly煤气化在煤化工工业中已有将近100年历史。在煤气化技术发展过程中，大多数早期煤气化都是通过将大量煤做原料经过高压转化而成的，但这种方法可持续性较差。它会导致一系列问题，如：由于能量消耗高，规模较小，煤粉资源使用效率很低，还会造成严重的环境污染。从上世纪60年代起，煤气化技术得到了显著的改进，尤其在70年代，石油危机的出现以及煤燃烧带来的环境污染问题，致使全球许多国家和研究机构对此给予了极大的关注。
The modern coal chemical industry can be 现代煤化工的工业化可以分为三个层次。首先是一次加工合成气，就是将水煤浆或干煤粉部分氧化变成合成气（一氧化碳和氢气）。水煤浆气化技术已经在中国投入工业生产。第二个层次是二次加工（合成气加工），这主要包括三个途径：酒精、碳水化合物及其它碳氧化合物的合成。酒精合成又包括甲醇、DIVIE、乙醇的合成还有乙二醇的进一步合成。第三个层次是深度加工，主要是对甲醇和下游烯烃产品进行深度加工。这也是煤化学工业的支柱。
1、How can coal be processed? Coal can be processed through carbonization,gasifiction,liquefaction,synthetic gas chemical engineering.2、What are gasified coal products used as? They can be used as fuels,as raw materials for chemical products and for electricity generation.3、What were some of the drawbacks of coal„
In the early stage,coal was converted in a very unsustainable way through using large amount of raw material.It can lead to ineffective utilization of powdered coal resources with energy consumption and small scale,and serious environment pollution etc.4、What initiated the significant progress in„
The petroleum crisis and the serious coal-burning environmental pollution.5、What are the three levels to industrialize„
The synthesis gas,synthetic gas processing and further processing.（二十三）Resource Curse资源诅咒 Many African countries are blessed with 非洲很多国家都拥有丰富的石油和矿物资源，这些丰厚的资源本可以彻底改变这些国家的经济面貌。但是以往的历史告诉我们这些资源更多倒像是个咒符而并非是个祝福。There are numerous examples of African 非洲国家中有很多这样的例子，自然资源的发现带来的是经济不稳定、冲突和环境破坏。这样的实例极其常见，以至于人们给这种现象起了个“资源诅咒”的名字。Resource curse applies specifically 资源诅咒这个说法尤其适合于一开始就没有什么财富的贫困国家，石油或铜或金矿等重要资源的发现使得这些资源突然成了这个国家的主要财富来源。Theoretically the development of that 理论上讲这些资源的开发会给拥有这一资源的国家带来巨大的财富，但是历史证明这些财富却集中到了一小部分人的手中——这些人垄断着收取矿藏和石油的开采费，使得大多数人不能从这些财富中得到任何利益。
The result is repressive government that 这样的结果导致了垄断资源开发收入的残暴强权政府和贫困人口的出现，这就将引发冲突。The reource curse is by no means 资源诅咒并不仅是非洲的特别现象，但它确实在非洲大陆引发了多次重大灾难和破坏。Government forces and armed groups 用出售资源换来的资金装备的政府部队和武装组织一直为这些资源的控制权争斗，使这些国家的暴力持续不断。
Bloody conflicts in DR Congo,Liberia 在民主刚果、利比亚、象牙海岩和塞拉利昂发生的流血冲突都是由带血的钻石交易得来的钱资助的。
As well as promoting conflict,extracting 除了暴力冲突，开采矿藏和石油还会对环境逼睐巨大破坏，尼日利亚三角洲地区有记录可查的6800起石油泄漏事件就是很好的例子。
1、What has the wealth of oil and minetal„
It has brought economic instability,conflict and environmental damage.2、What is the “resource curse”? Resource curse applies specifically to poor countries that don’t have a lot of sources of wealth to begin with,then there’s a discovery of a major resource-oil or copper or goid-that suddenly becomes a major source of wealth for that country.3、Who owns the wealth of resource in many„ Only a few of the people.4、Is the resource curse only a problem„.No ,the resource curse is by no means limited to African countries.5、What has “extracting minerals and oil”„
Many incidents of oil spills have a devastating environmental impact on Nigeria.(二十四)Company Managemment公司管理 Management in an organization can be in 公司管理层可以分为不同级别，公司越大，所需要的管理层级也越多。一般来说，第一线经理对商品的生产和服务直接负责。根据企业的不同情况，他们可能被叫做销售经理、部门负责人或者生产监督。他们的下级雇员直接进行企业中的基础的商品生产或服务工作。这一层的管理是连接部门的经营和企业的其它部门之间的环节。大多数公司的第一线经理极少花时间和高层管理人员或其他企业的人在一起。他们的大部分时间都花在与他们所监督的人和其他的一线经理身上。第一线经理通常需要丰富的专业技术来指导下属并监督他们的日常工作。
As an organization grows,however,so a 随着企业的不断成长，管理上就相应出现一些难题。有些大企业的经理必须集中精力来协调雇员的活动，确定生产什么产品或提供什么服务，决定如何向顾客推销这些产品和服务。这些是中层经理们所面临的问题。中层经理从高层经理那儿接受总体的和一般的规划和政策，然后把它们分解成具体的目标和计划，交给第一线经理们去实施。中层经理通常有这样一些头衔：比如部门主任，工厂经理和财务主任等。他们负责指导和协调第一线经理的活动。中层经理用大部分的时间来计划、组织、领导，以便使第一线的经理和他们的部下能够尽可能高效率地工作。
The overall direction of an organization 高层经理的责任是决定一个企业的总体方向。高层经理的典型头衔是首席执行官、总裁和执行副总裁等，高层经理为整个企业制定目标、政策和战略。他们确定企业奋斗目标，然后通过逐级下传，最终到达每个工人。
1、What is the main idea of the passage? The main idea of this text is the different levels of managerment in a company.2、What are required of first-line managers? Frist-lire managers need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.3、Wha are the first-line managers responsible to? First-line managers are responsible to the middle managers.4、In the sentence “These are the problems of middle” “Translate” here means “转变为”、“变为”。
5、At an organization,people with what titles Chief executive officer,president,executive vice-president.（二十五）Recruitment Drives Talent from Wide Pool人才库 Widening the pool from which top employers 在工作岗位不够分配的当下，扩充人才库，以便让顶尖雇主从中招聘毕业生，颇有些不合时宜的味道。但这正是雇主团体伦敦发展局与一家招聘咨询公司联合发起的“Leading London”项目为自己设定的目标。
The program airms to talent-spot students 该项目旨在物色严自1992年后大学（即过去的技术学院）不同专业的学生，再把他们介绍给伦敦金融城的雇主和一流企业。Advocates of the program say action to 该项目的介导者表示，增进社会流动性的需求从未如此迫切。在经济繁荣时期，雇主将少数族裔、社会收入较低的人群、以及女性等弱势群体视为“隐藏的人才库”。而如今，许多人才多元化项目都受到挤压。
Leading London ,which has been piloted Leading London项目先在伦敦城市大学试点，邀请导师和在校大学生推荐那些表现出事业心和卓越领导力的大四学生，用这种新颖的方式，让潜在的杰出人才引起项目的企业赞助商的关注。
Supporters argue that diversity is about 赞助商们认为，人才多元化的意义不仅仅在于社会公平。他们表示，企业要创新，就需要多元化的思维，而雇用生活经历各不相同的员工，能帮助企业与客户良好地沟通。花旗集团纽约多元化招聘主管法蒂玛.吉列姆表示：“如果我们的客户群十分多元化，那我们也应该拥有多元化的员工队伍”。
How can businesses maximize the payback 企业怎样才能使人才多元化项目的回报最大化呢？一种办法是进行合作，分摊招聘推介活动的费用。相对于由单个雇主资助的独立项目，这更容易让目标群发现工作机会。
1、What’s the goal of “Leading London”? The goal of “Leading London” is to widen the pool from which top employed hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go round.2、Who are seen as “hidden talent pools”? It refers to the under-represented groups,such as ethnic minorities,lower social income groups and women.3、What is the “novel method to bring potential”
The novei method is to ask tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.4、Why do companies need diversity? Diversity can help businesses relate to their clients since companies have diversified client base.5、How could the employers make target One of the methods is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.（二十六）Tips for Job Seekers 找工作的秘诀
You’re in-between jobs and you want to be 如果你目前正处在找工作阶段而且期望在此期间有所收获的话，下面就是一些可以让你忙碌起来的方法。
Get a short-term continuing education.参加一些短期继续教育培训。你可以报名参加模块式学术培训或与你的领域相关的学术研讨会。比如，如果你是做销售的，你就可以找一些有关如何谈判或怎样实现销售目标这样的研讨会。要知道提升技能并不一定要花钱。你可以在网上找到免费的学习模块，也可以在报纸上找到不收费的研讨会学习信息，布告栏和广播都是你发现这些学习信息的来源。只要你去找，你就会发现你可以不花一分钱就能找到丰富的学习资源和机会。Freelance.You don’t need to be employed 做一名自由职业者。谋生并不一定非要找个老板，这种情况尤其适合那些从事服务行业的人群，比如：作家、绘画设计、室内装修等等。从事自由职业还是一个推销自己的最好方式。在你为很多人做项目的同时，你也拓宽了你的客户网，说不定这些客户当中会有你将来的老板呢。在发布招聘之前，人们一般会先考试聘用他们熟悉的人。如果你被客户所欣赏，合作时又让他们物有所值，当合适的时机到来时，你肯定会收到一份满意的工作邀请。Learn a new skill.Explore your talents and 学一门新手艺。可以去开发一下你的天赋和全新的兴趣。施展你的创造力。你可以学学如何去制作香烛、泰迪熊，或学学插花。不论你做什么，重要的是把时间花得有成效、有意义。掌握了这门新技术之后，你就可以考虑在这一行找份工作了。要知道有一些最成功的企业就是从业余爱好开始起步的。享受工作或把工作当成乐趣的人一般都会把工作做好。即使在将来找到了新工作，你也可以把这门新手艺当做第二职业去做。Keep up a proacyive job search.要不断主动地寻找工作机会。现在找工作不是一件容易的事。大多数时候你寄出去的求职信要远远我于你所收到的回复。不要因此灰心，因为最好的机会永远惠顾做好最充分准备的人。也不要因不断地寄求职信和在媒体上搜索工作空缺职位而烦恼。尝试一下招聘网站。设计自己的求职宣传册并亲自到不同的公司做一下自我推销，说不定哪一天你想要的工作就在那儿等着你呢。
1、What does “in-between jobs” in the first„
It possibly means you quit your old job and are now looking for a new job.2、How much money does the author„ Zero.3、What does the author say the advantages„
It is one o the best ways to market yourself,because when you do projects for a lot of people,you’ll widen your network of clients and possible future employers.4、How do hobbies help people„
Some of the most successful ventures startes out as hobbies.Developing a new skill can help you enter a new job.5、How should people keep up a„
Keep sending applications and searching various mediums for job opportunities.Eearch online recruitment sites.Build your portfolio and knock on company doors.（二十七）Chinese Oil Market 中国石油市场
The wholesale oil market was opened 2006年中国石油批发市场的开放使得外国石油公司与他们的中国同行之间的合作开始发生变化。外国公司的重心从与中国公司的简单合作转变为在中国勘探和开发石油市场。他们正在中国建设自己的石油加工厂和储运站而且在不断增加他们的加油站的份额。According to the current local politcy, 根据中国现行政策，石油批发储运站的容积不能小于4000立方米。英国石油去年与广州发展实业控股集团股份有限公司合资建成了南沙油库。南沙油库是目前中国最大也是最先进的油库，它位于广东省珠江江岩。它可存储360000立方米石油，可用于存储柴油、汽油及其它化工产品。除此之外，这个油库还配有一个8万吨级码头。Apart from BP,other foreign oil 除了英国石油公司，其它外国石油巨头也正加紧在中国建设他们的油库。As a matter of fact,foreign companies 实际上，外国公司早已开始垂涎中国石油市场。早在1985年和1987年，壳牌公司就在深圳特区合资建立了两家油库。10年前，很多外国公司以合资的方式在中国建设加油加气站。目前，英国石油公司是在中国石油天然气领域投资最大的跨国企业之一，拥有总投资45亿美元、36个加油站和很多天然气合资工厂。壳牌公司在中国的总投资已经达到17亿美元，他们在中国拥有20家合资石油企业和40个加油站。
1、What is the new focus of foreign oil„
These foreign companies are changing from cooperation with Chinese companiets to exploration and development in the Chinese market.2、What is BP’s Nansha Oil Depot„
It is built to store oil,diesel oil,gasoline and other chemical products.3、In the first sentence of Paragraph 4„
“Covet” possibly mans “are attracted by„”.4、How long have foreign oil „ It’s been more than 30 years.5、What is one of the popular ways that„ To set up joint ventures.（二十八）Oil Trade石油贸易
As one might expect, the world’s three 正如人们预期的那样，世界上最大的三个消费地区，北美洲、欧洲和亚太地区都是石油进口地。其它的地区则都是石油出口地。The middle East still exports vastly more 虽然近几年其它地区的石油产量在不断增加，中东地区仍比其它地区出口更多石油。全球对于中东石油的依赖使得我们不难理解中东地理政治的重要性。There is more trade internaionally in
国际贸易中石油贸易多于其它商品贸易。不论是以贸易额、贸易品价值还是以货物运载能力为指标都是如此。每一种贸易指标都因不同原因有其稳中有降自的重要性。贸易额可以让人们清楚地了解市场供给是不足还是饱和，以及贸易基础设施是否能够满足所需的贸易量。贸易值可以使政府和经常家们确定国际贸易格局、贸易差额和贸易收支平衡。运输能力则能使船运公司确定贸易所需的船只和所走的航线。运输和贮存也在此起着重要的作用。它们不仅联系着进口商和出口商，也联系着制造商和加工商、加工商和营销商、营销商和消费者。它们之间产生的相关费用是决定世界贸易格局的主要因素。Generally,crude oil and petroleum products 一般来讲，原油和石油产品会流入可为供应商带来最高利益的市场。在所有条件都相同的情况下，石油首先会进入最近的市场，这是因为运输费用最低而且会给供应商带来最高净收入，用石油市场的专业术语来讲就是“最高净回报”。如果这个市场不能容纳所有的石油，那么剩余的石油会继续进入下一个最近的地区，以此类推，这当然会造成运输费用逐渐升高，直到所有的石油都被售出。
1、According to the text，what are America and European They are regarded as the world’s largest consuming regions.2、According to the text,what is the situation of oil The middle East still exports vast amount of oil while producition in other areas in recent years are growing.3、When a good is traded internationally, It is often measured by valume，valueand the carrying capacity.4、What is an immportant factor to determine
Transportation and storage and their associated costs.5、How is oil usually traded? Oil is usually traded to the nearest market and the next nearest and the next and so on..(二十九)How I Lost My Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人发疯的火山灰 Marooned in Helsinki by a rogue 当肆虐的冰岛火山喷发把我困在赫尔辛基时，我注意到与我有类似遭遇的同事和那些没有旅行计划的同事之间存在严重的意见分歧。对于我，这就是世界末日。对于那些安全地待在英国的同事而言，火山灰云不过是关注欧元危机和英国大选等重要事件之余的一点谈资而已。At that point,I started to muse 我开始设想一些可怕的场景。还有什么是依赖于航空的？肯尼亚的鲜花业务依赖于航空，但它对肯尼亚人的重要性要远远超过我们。没有沙拉，我们同样可以生存。但别的呢？我依赖手机，但假若手机网络在伦敦的哈克尼出现了故障，而知道如何修理的系统工程师也被困在了赫尔辛基，该怎么办？情况开始看上去比惹恼一些脾气暴躁的旅客更为严重，特别是埃亚菲亚德拉火山可能持续爆发几年。而附近矗立的另一座更大的火山卡特拉显示出了在埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发后不久也会喷发的迹象。我刚看过一幅关于冰岛9座“主火山”的地图，埃亚菲亚德拉不在其中。
Even if the ash cloud returns often, 即使火山灰云经常出现，市场经济往往也具有惊人的活力。日本神户大地震或者9.11恐怖袭击等可怕事件几乎都没有对全球经济产生持久性影响。尽管航空旅行的持续中断会损害一些行业，但其它行业会从中受益。我们会用本地蔬菜替代沙拉，企业可以将核心员工迁往别处，持有更多库存以防航空服务中断，我们会顺应环境。Or would we?In a system as complex 我们真的会吗？在一个像欧洲经济一样复杂的体系中，我们很难对某一事件所产生的影响抱有绝对信心，看看对次级抵押贷款做出的明显微小的误判所带来的损害吧。这就是纳西姆.尼古拉斯.塔雷伯对“黑天鹅”发出警告时所传递的信息。一些看似不可能但又非常重要的事件时有发生。
1、What is the different impact of For the author,it was the end of the world.But for the people who stay safely in the UK,the ash could was not a very important thing at all,comparing with the Euro crisis and British election.2、Summazrize all the categories of things
The Kenyan flower business,salads,the system engineer,the components to fix certain machines and frequent flyers.3、Why have “market economies tended”
Because other sectors would benefit if some sectors would suffer from sustained disruption to air travel.4、What does the author mean by “others would”
For example,we’d substitute local vegetables for salads,while businesses would relocate essential staff and hold more inventory to allow for disruptions.5、What does “black swans” means in the Every now and then something unlikeiy but very important happens.（三十）Project Management项目管理 Project management is the application of 项目管理就是将各种知识、技能、手段和技术应用到项目活动中，以萍踪项目的各项要求。项目管理是通过启动、计划、执行、监控和关闭这几个阶段的实施和整合来实现的。项目经理则是对实现项目目标负责的那个人。Management a project includes:identifying 管理一个项目包括以下几个部分：分析项目要求，确立清晰并可实现的目标，权衡质量、范围、时间和成本间的竞争水平，并依照行业规范和项目计划采取相应办法满足利益相关者的要求和期望。
Project managers often talk of a “triple”
项目经理们经常谈到的“三重制约”是指项目的范围、时间和成本。这三者的权衡关系到项目完成的质量。高质量项目一定是在计划的范围、时间和预算成本之内完成并达到项目要求。这三个因素间有着密切的关系，其中一个因素的改变会影响到至少其它一个因素也发生变化。项目经理的另外一项责任就是应对项目的不确定因素。项目风险就是一种不确定的事件或条件，一旦出现风险，它可能会给至少一个项目目标带来正面或负的影响。项目管理团队还对客户、组织机构和公众等这些利益相关者负有职业责任。It is important to note that many of the processes 还需要注意的一点是项目管理的很多阶段是重复发生的，这是因为在项目建设周期中需要不断地对项目进行完善。也就是说，随着项目管理团队对项目了解的增多，项目管理团队就能达到更精细化经营的水平。
1、What are the processes of project„
Initiating,planning,executing,monitoring,and controlling,and closing.2、What are the four things a project manager„
Identify the requirements;establish clear and achievable objectives;balance the competing demands for quality,scope,time and cost and adapt the specifications,plans,and approach to the different cocerns and expectations of various stakeholeders.3、What does “triple constraint” imply? “Triple Constraint” implies the project scope,time and cost.Project quality is affected by balacing these three factors.4、Who are the stakeholders to the project„
Customers ,the performing organization,and the public.5、Why are the processes of project management„
Because the project has to be progressively elaborated throughout the project’s life cycle and as a project management team learns more about a project,the team can then manage to a greater level of detail.二、英译汉
1、There are many benefits to being happy.幸福有很多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更对心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的时，为什么幸福可以传染。
According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis 全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯.福勒和尼古拉斯.格里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将来也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确的说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。
Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses 具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹（14%）和邻居（34%）。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域临近相关），而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。
So,why is happiness contagious?One reason may be 那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，活在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因是可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
2、Once at a supermarket,I read a thought-provoking 有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量的纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过了塑料带不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋所占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我做了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料带铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。
3、A report,based on United Nations projections showing
一份以联合国所做的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将成为现实。Moving towards sustainability depends on significant 想可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量的变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所做的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。
4、Our weather surely ie getting strange.天气的确越来越反常。在人们的记忆中，龙卷风似乎更加频繁、旱灾持续更久、暴雨更大、洪灾也创下纪录、在一些地区火灾史无前例。科学家告知我们，气温每升高一度，闪电数量就会增加10%。毕竟，在一些地区闪电至今仍然是引起特大火灾的主要原因。
5、An oil spill is the acidental petroleum release 原油泄漏是指由于事故导致石油泄漏到环境中的事件。在陆地上，由于原油泄漏发生在局部地区，因此其造成的影响相对来说容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏会造成大范围的石油污染并带来严重的环境危害。约有70%的海上原油泄漏的主要原因与油轮和原油输油管道有关，而海上钻井和采油活动引发的原油泄漏事件则占很小的比例。泄露三万吨以上的重大灾难性原油泄漏事故并不多见，而且近几十年来这些重大事故也在逐步减少。尽管如此，这类事故发生依然会对生态系统，尤其是海鸟和哺乳动物，造成最严重的危害，并且导致海岸地区长期环境失调，对海岸商业活动（如捕渔业和海洋生物养殖业）带来经济损失。Public concern over marine oil spills has been 公众对于海上原油泄漏事件的关注从1967年开始明显上升。较近的一次原油泄漏事故，即众所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦尔德斯”号油轮在阿拉斯加州威廉王子湾搁浅事件。这次事故对脆弱的北冰洋生态系统造成了有史以来最为严重的破坏。从那以后，国际海事组织召开了众多会议，帮助很多国家以及国际社会在处理这一问题上获得了很好的技术、政治和法律上的经验。
6、Over the last few decades,with their fast development 在过去的几十年里，西方文明在迅速发展的同时也埋下了毁灭的种子。现代的生活方式以及所依赖得科学技术悄然把人们推向极其危险的境地——来自太阳表面的等离子球将摧毁我们的电网，造成毁灭性的后果。单单想想这一大灾难就令人毛骨悚然。很难想象太阳就这么抹杀了我们含辛茹苦创造出来的大量成果。但是，这是很可能发生的。太阳表面释放着大量的等离子体——高能量粒子，一些从太阳表面逃逸，以太阳风的形式在太空中穿梭。又是太阳风携带者10亿吨的等离子球，即使一颗进入地球磁场，结果就可能是毁灭性的。
7、A group of scientists looked for many health threats 科学家们发现了手机对健康的多种危害。他们发现电磁波可以影响细胞，但是未必会对使用手机的成年人带来特别严重的危害，然而对小孩并非如此。因为他们的头骨和细胞还在生长，手机的电磁波较容易进入他们的头颅，他们的皮肤比成年人更容易吸收辐射。The hands-free phone has many benefits including the 免提式手机有很多好处，因为他使话机和头之间的距离更远，降低了电磁波的辐射强度。你不用把手机放到耳朵上通话，避免增加与电磁波的接触，只需要把手机放在膝盖上通过耳机就能与对方通话。
8、The keyboard,being developed by the researchers 研究人员在研制这样一种键盘，当用户按下一个字母或者数字的时候，它可以做出正常的反应。用户可以通过手指轻轻的上下触摸键盘来滑动网页；如果用力稍微重一点，则表明滑动的更快或者放大页面的指令。这项技术有望于2010年或2011年运用于手机上。
9、Energy is avaiable in many form.Some are renewable
能源的形式多种多样。有些能源可再生，如重力势能可转化为水电。另一种可再生能源。如太阳能可直接用于加热水和给住房供暖，也可通过光电方法（直接转化）或者利用一组反向镜系统产生蒸汽而转化成电力。太阳能也可供助风和波浪（例如不协兰斯的潮汐发电站），或者利用海底和海面或地壳任意两点之间的温差而被间接利用。后者又被称作地热能。Other forms of energy are nonrenewable.These include 其它形式的能源是不可再生的，包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油砂、油页岩和天然气。这些燃料其它可看作是经过几百万年太阳能作用的产物，是一种储存的太阳能。
10、Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s 地球大气中的很多化合物都具有“温室气体”效果。这些气体可使太阳的光弭没有任何阻碍地进入到大气中。阳光到达地球表面时，其中的一商品化会变为红外线辐射（即热量）被反射回太空。温室气体吸收这些红外辐射并把热量圈大大气当中。日复一日，从太阳发射到地球表面的能量与反射回太空的能量应是相等的，这样即可使地球表面的温度基本保持恒定。Many gases exhibit these “grennhouse” properties.许多气体都具备这些“温室气体”特征。这种气体就存在于自然界中，如水蒸气、二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化物，而其它的“温室气体”则完全是人类制造的。Levels of several important greenhouse gases 150年前开始的大规模工业化使主要温室气体的数量增加了25%。在过去的20年中，由人类活动排放的二氧化碳约75%都是由燃料化石燃料造成的。World carbon dioxide emissions are expected 人们预测2001年至2025年这些发展中国家的碳排放将会以平均每年1.9%的年增长率增加。这其中大部分的增长将会发生在以燃烧化石能源促进经济发展的新兴经济体中，例如中国和印度。2001年至2025年这些发展中国家的碳排放将会以平衡每年2.7%的比例增长，这个数字大大超过了世界的年平均增长率。
11、In addition to the sewage,cities produce many tons 除了污水外，城市每天还要产生很多吨的垃圾及废弃物。垃圾堆里大部分东西是瓶子、残羹剩饭、塑料袋、废纸、罐头盒，甚至还有报废的汽车。固体垃圾的问题越来越大。随地倒垃圾会滋生老鼠、苍蝇和蚊子并产生臭味。有一种处理垃圾的方法就是进行卫生填埋，将垃圾压碎之后用土盖上。
12、China’s investments in renewable energy in 2009 2009年中国在可再生能源上的投资首次超过了美国。2009年中国政府为开发风电、太阳能和其它可再生资源共投资346亿美元，同比增长了50%，这也使得中国成为世界上最大的可再生能源的投资者。中国的这项投资几乎相当于美国186亿美元投资的两倍。而美国，虽然人口数量要比中国和美国小很多，但在可再生能源上的投资却排在世界第三位，他们2009年的投资额为112亿美元。20国集团（G-20）对可再生资源投资所做的研究还表明，目前中国已安装完善的可再生能源发电总量已飞速发展到525亿瓦特，仅次于美国2009年534亿瓦特发电总量。
China is emerging as the wotld’s clearn energy 中国已成为世界新兴的清洁能源发电站。拥有强大的生产基地和庞大的出口市场，中国目前正致力于大批安装清洁能源发电设施以满足国内对可再生能源不断增加的需求。仅仅在过去的六个月中，中国就已经和一些美国的太阳能公司签署了建造拥有4000兆瓦发电能力的太阳能发电站的协议。
13、Globalization is a fact of life.全球化已成为无法回避的事实。但是我们低估了它的脆弱。问题就在于此，市场的快速扩展已超出了社会及其政治制度适应其发展的能力，更谈不上引导市场发展的进程了。历史经验告诉我们：这种经济、社会和政治领域的不平衡绝不会持续很久。The industrialized countries learned that lesson 工业化国家在遭遇经济大萧条时付出了惨重、昂贵的代价，因此而吸取了教训。为了恢复社会和谐、政治稳定，他们采用了社会安全体系和其它一些措施，确保了不断迈向经济全球化而带来的长期市场扩张。
14、Social assistance is considered a job 社会援助被看作是一个职业，这是正确的。这个领域占该国家所有就业机会的6%，是由一些不以盈利为目的的公司和组织构成的。他们的主要目标是通过教育和培训的方式提高他们的成员或雇埚的生活质量。此外，还要提升他们的产品质量和可获性。Many of these companies focus more specifically on 许多这样的公司把重点专门放在那些最贫困的人群上，即那些从来没有荏这的年轻人和长期失业的年长者，帮助他们培养最基本的工作技能。第二类群体主要是那些曾在传统行业中工作的人们，他们发现曾经给他们带来一定地位的那些技能已经不再被社会所需要。
15、The Internet is a giant network of computers, 互联网是由位于世界各地相互通信的计算机连接而成的巨大的计算机网络。The goal of your use of the Internet is exchanging 使用互联网的目的是交换讯息或获得信息。你只须知道你可以与互联网上的其它计算机交换讯息并将你的计算机用作远端计算机的远程终端，而网络链接的内容细节并不太重要，只要网络能工作就行。若将多台计算机连接到网络上，每台计算机须有唯一的地位，地址可以是一个文字或一个数字。例如Sam的计算机地址可以是Sam或一个数字。Although all these services can well satisfy the needs 虽然所有这些服务可以很好地满足用户对信息交换的需要，但用户仍需具备一些特不定期的条件。用户不仅要知道信息资源所处的位置，而且还要知道一些有关的操作命令。为了减轻用户寻找信息的负担，近来出现了一些方便的搜索工作，如Gopher，www.xiexiebang.communication carriers are expanding their 电信运营商们正将铜线替换为光纤电缆以扩充数据传输能力，即所谓的“带宽”。光纤电缆，通过玻璃质纤维传导光信号，与传统的铜线电缆相比，可使信号传输更快、传输容量也更大。在一些地区，运营商带将光纤电缆的客户群延伸至普通的居民中。这样可以使他们观看有线电视、录像点播，以及高速因特网服务等。Wireless telecommunications carriers are deploying 为了使自己在市场中更具竞争力，无线电信运营商们正在使用一些新技术使数据传输更加快捷、使互联网应用更加方便。有了更快连接速度，无线通讯可以传送音乐、录像、应用程序，下载其它内容并在手机上播放，还能够使用户获取大量数据。另外，随着移动技术使用的持续增加，无线通讯公司也在不断开发下一代新技术，这将使数据传输更加快捷。
18、Goverments around the world could make rapid 一份最新研究称，各国政府可通过提高能源效率，来取代雄心勃勃但代价高昂的技术解决方案，从而实现迅速且相对低成本的大规模减排。The analysis,based on data provided to 这一分析基于咨询公司麦肯锡(McKinsey)提供的数据。该项研究认为，在抗击全球变暖方面，节能汽车、节能照明和节能建筑等方式“更容易获得成功）。The McKinsey analysis says that for 麦肯锡的分析称，对美国而言，降低资料成本，将迅速抵消购买电动或混合动力汽车的前期成本，将降低车辆平衡排放量。报告估计，到2030年，通过提高车辆能效，每减排一吨二氧化碳就可节约79欧元（合119美元或合52英镑）。通过节能照明和节能建筑的方式，相应节约数字分别为50欧元和44欧元。Carbon capture and storage,a much touted 外界大肆宣扬的碳捕集和碳存储减排技术成本可能高出很多。在2015年美国，利用该技术从大气中减少一吨二氧化碳的初始费用将高达76欧元，到2030年将降至每吨39欧元。US companies should also invest in energy 如果美国公司希望得到最划算的结果，那么在从海外购买碳补偿额度之前，也应投资提高能效的项目。
19、As the biggest environmental meeting 在有史以来规模最大的环境会议在哥本哈根开幕之际，以科学为依据达成一项应对人为造成的全球变暖的协议势在必行。而英国东英吉利大学的电子邮件被盗后，引发的所谓数据的轰动，让怀疑者振奋，也动摇了某些科学家的观点。但“气候门”并未改变真正的议题，即尽管存在众多不确定性，但地球气候发生灾难性变化的种种风险，确定证明有必要采取果断的全球行动减少碳排放。
While political realities will not allow 尽管政治现实不允许谈判者在哥本哈根达成一项全面公约，但他们需要落实相关机制，以便在明年达成一个有约束力的约定。本次会议必须超越不可避免的讨价还价和政治作势并获得实质性进展，让世界各地的政界人士乃至数十亿人相信：抗击全球变暖是一项值得投入的事业。就商业规划而言，也需要一条通向全球低碳经济的可预测的路径。Copenhagen has to make progress on 哥本哈根会议必须在多个复杂的问题上取得进展：针对发展中国家和发达国家的排放指标；资助较贫穷国家的适应与缓解措施；技术转让安排；以及一个管治架构，确保商定的碳排放指标得到遵守。应当传承《京都议定书》比较成功的成果，比如其监督机制，使之成为一份新的协定，当然还要经过精心考虑措辞，让美国能够授受。20、The term “biomass”refers to organic matter “生物质”是指通过光合作用储藏能量的有机物质。它既能以植物的形式存在，也可以通过食物链转化到动物的身体和粪便中，通过燃烧提供人们每日所需的能量同时释放出存在于这些物质中的二氧化碳。许多我们现在使用的生物能都来自树木、干蔬菜、庄稼残留物以及水生植物。在过去的20年中，生物能是人们最常使用的可再生能源之一，在发电方面的作用，仅次于水力发电。生物能的应用之所以如此广泛，主要是因为成本低和其自然属性。正因如此，在整个世界能源总供给中生物能就占了这5%，而在发展中国家这一比例高达35%，主要用于烹饪（煮饭）和取暖。
There are two issues that affect the evaluation 有两大因素影响着生物能是否能成为解决能源问题的切实可行的最终方案：有农耕和生物质产量的因素，还有将生物能转化成可用能源或电力的工厂的因素。就每一个因素而言都存在着许多对环境和经济带来的利益和危害。这就使人们很难将生物作为最具潜力的替代能源。例如，生物质替代煤会大大减少导致温室效应的碳排放，但另一方面，由于使用木材和其它植物材料会出现采伐森林现象。我们都清楚伐光树木和植物会带来什么样的问题：地下水污染、不可逆转的土壤侵蚀，这些还会导致整个世界生态系统结构的彻底改变。
21、The power sector accounts for around 全球二氧化碳排放量的40%是来自电力部门。很明显，如果我们不在电力的生产和消费的方式上做出重大转变，我们无法赢得应对气候变化的战争。随着全球电力需求急剧增加，可再生能源技术必须尽快推出，为工业化国家和发展中国家提供零排放的可再生电力。Wind farms can be deployed at large 如果需要，风力发电场可以大规模建设：科学家确信在2020年之前，全球排放量必须达到峰值并将开始下降，迫切需要大量应用可再生能源来帮助实现这一目标。建立一个常规电厂需要10或12年以上，而一个大型几力发电场可在几个月之内完成。一座半竣工的风力发电场就是一个小型发电厂，当第一批涡轮机连接到电网时就可以开始发电。Wind energy is a viable alternative to
风能是一种替代燃烧产生污染的化石燃料的可靠能源——它不排放二氧化碳或其它空气污染物。在3至6个月的运行过程中，风力涡轮机已抵消了在其建设过程中的所有排放，在其持续运行的20几年中，几乎完全没有碳排放。Over 140000 wind turbines are now producing 现在全世界有超过14万台几力发电机，分布在70多个国家。其中包括欧洲、非洲、亚洲、北美、拉丁美洲和澳大利亚。许多风力发电机都可以在恶劣天气条件下，在沙漠、雪地，高海拔地区以及海上运行。风能可大规模地应用在几乎任何地方。风能总资源足够反复多次地为整个地球提供能源。
22、The coal chemical industry in China plays 煤化学工业对于中国是极其有意义的：它可以发挥中国煤炭资源丰富的优势、补充其天然气资源不足的缺陷、满足其对化工产品的需求、推动煤化学工业领域对更清洁能源发电的使用、并促进其经济的可持续性发展。
The products of the coal chemical industry 煤化学工业的主要产品包括：煤焦、气化煤、液化煤和电石（钙化碳）。经过20年的发展煤化学工业在化工领域也起着举足轻重的作用。煤化学煤业主要通过使用煤作为原料来合成两种基本产品：合成氨和甲醇。2005年，中国生产了2亿3282万吨煤焦，895万吨电石，2500万吨煤制化肥产品，约350万吨甲醇。所有这些在世界上都处于领先地位。In recent years,the coal chemical industry近年来，由于国际石油价格的飙升，煤化工的优势迅速显现出来。正因如此，煤化学工业已在中国得到广泛发展。2004年7月中国投资制度改革之后，投资项目不再需要政府特别审批，因此，在中国各个煤矿开采地区，施工规模各异的煤化工项目也应运而生。
23、Take a look at Nigeria,which has the 让我们看看尼日利亚吧，这个国家不幸拥有超过350亿桶以上的石油（主要分布于尼日尔三角洲）。去年我访问了这个国家，当我窄虎哈科特港附近长满矮小红树林的湿地时，目及之处，飞鸟几乎绝迹，石油遍地——不仅从三角洲洲水面上矗立的锈迹斑驳的钻台上滴淌下来，水中、充满石油味儿的空气中以及燃气的火焰（满目疮痍的地貌烧焦的景象）中也都是石油。由于石油钻探引发了大量的政治和经济灾难，尼日尔三角洲不再充满着海洋生物而是充斥着暴力冲突——部落武士们聚焦成一个个团伙发动了一场时断时续的针对其它部落及军队的战争。
The harms sufferered by these countries 上述国家（还有其它许多国家）所遭受的损害，乃人们称为“资源诅咒”的种种症状。——但一系列研究表明，那些依赖自然资源出口的国家，其经济增长率低于非资源经济型的国家，同时它们也遭受更大量的镇压与冲突。造成这一切的原因很复杂，但总的来说，对石油的依赖阻碍了对其它产业的投资，使政府较少顾及国民的需求，而助长了官员中寻求并接受不正当资金的腐败行为。一个石油出产国几乎可以界定为一个功能失常的国家。
24、There are many types of managers and manys 经理的种类有很多，管理工作之间两样存在很大差别。其中一个差别就是管理工作所包含的范围，公司总经理从事的管理工作的范围涉及面非常广。Functional managers supervise employees having 职能部门经理通常管理某一专业领域的员工，如财务、人力资源、销售、金融、市场或生产等。薪酬管理部门的主不是职能部门经理。职能部门不像公司总经理那样有决定员工工资多少的权利，但是他们必须确保工资准时准确发放。通常而言，职能部门经理对所管理部门的工作领域都具有丰富的经验和具体的相关知识，并且能够熟知部门员工可能会遇到的问题以及如何把本部门工作做好所需的必要资源。General managers are responsible for the 总经理负责经营一个更加复杂的实体，比如公司。通常他们监督职能部门经理的工作。总经理们必须具备多种良好的能力才能把公司管理好。这些能力可以在正规培训和不同工作实践中获取，也可以简单地在某一领域的实际拼搏中获得。
25、HR policy and diversity manager at Allen 安理国际律师事务所人力资源政策及多元化经理表示，那些像拧水龙头一样启动和停止项目的企业，其做法是错误的，因为只有持久的投资，才能建立起多元化的人才库。她表示：“摆脱衰退后，我们需要确保自己拥有最优秀的人才”。Head of graduate recruitment at KPMG, 比马威（KPMG）是Leading London项目赞助商之一。该公司毕业生招聘主管表示，物色“校园内外”都表现出色的人才，是该计划的一个重要组成部分。战胜挫折是一项重要的“通用技能”。
Graduate recrtuitment partner at Herbert 史密夫律师事务所毕业生招聘合伙人表示，企业有责任高标准要求，询问Leading London之类的项目组织者：“你登记的求职者中，有百分之几被目标雇主雇用了？” Sponsors for Educational Opportunity, 非营利组织“教育的机会”的发起者们努力培养实习生的人际关系能力和技术理解力，使他们超越自己的同龄人。该组织在美国、伦敦和香港都设有分支机构。“An internship is effectively a 10-week”
London执行董事表示：“实习实际上就是一次为期10周的面试。我们的实习生开始实习生活时，他们的行业知识要远远高出你通常的预期”。Last year,SEO LondonSEO partner banks, 去年，高盛、花旗、摩根大通和摩根士丹利等SEO London的银行合作伙伴，平均各接收了18名SEO的实习生（今年为16名），其中八成以上最后都得到了永性的职位。Employers have yet to figure out how 鉴于各国政府对待此类计划的态度相去甚远，雇主们仍必须弄清楚，如何才能在全球范围内最有效地协调多元化政策。
Professor of ageing and ethnicity at the University 英国中央兰开夏大学研究老龄化及种族问题教授表示，一些国家政府“甚至不要求公司调整员工的种族比例”。
The law firm Freshfields,Bruckhaus Deringer 律师事务所Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer也是Leading London项目的赞助商之一。该公司已指定一家全球多元化委员会，来吸引少数族裔和女性。该公司驻罗马的合伙人表示：“企业有必要进行办作。不过，我们无法制定一项放之四海皆准的总体规划”。
26、The first step towards joining our company as 如果想加入我们公司工作你要做的第一件事就是到我们公司网站上的“找工作”一栏看看是否有什么空缺职位。如果你找到了你所感兴趣的职位，你就可以在线填写申请表格。48小时之内，你会收到回执确认我们已经收到了你填写完整的申请表。在两周内，我们会通知你是否需要来参加面试。如果你的申请成功，一般都会在申请后两周之内收到面试的邀请。一般持续45分钟到一小时，采取面对面或电话谈话的方式。面试过程中，我们会就所申请职位的工作要求对你的经历进行评估。面试结束前，你可以有机会向我们提出任何你感兴趣的问题，比如工作性质、公司文化、工作环境等。如果面试成功，我们会在面试后三周后请你来参加最后的测评。最后测评一般要持续四个小时，包括几个步骤——安全讨论、情景模拟练习以及面试。最后，你有机会就你未来的职位、报酬以及福利等情况与我们进行进一步的交流。我们也会争取在这之后几天把最后的测评结果通知你。
27、As a part of its WTO commitments 作为中入世贸组织的一项承诺，中国于2005年底开放了石油零售市场。到2006年12月，中国又开放了石油批发市场，允许外国企业在中国大量销售他们的石油并与中国的国企石油公司公开竞争。外国石油企业可以在中国建立油库、运输码头，并可以创建更大规模的销售网络。为了在中国获取更大的市场份额，很多外国石油巨头已经投资扩大他们在中国的业务并筹划战略措施以增加他们的竞争优势。
28、The total monetary value of goods a nation 在一定时期内一国向国外出口商品的全部价值被称为出口贸易总额。在一定时期内一国从国外进口商品的全部价值称为进口贸易总额。在一定时期内出口额和进口额的差值就是贸易差额，它表明了某个国家进出口贸易额之间的关系。当出口额等于进口额时，该国处于贸易平衡状态。当出口额大于进口额就产生贸易盈余，即贸易顺差。反之，当出口额小于进口额时，就是贸易赤字即贸易逆差。贸易差额是衡量一个国家对外贸易状况是否有利的重要标志。
29、Economic disruption caused by airspace 即便随着冰岛火山灰消散，一些航班已恢复飞行，整个欧洲北部禁飞导致的经济破坏，昨天开始影响到全球经济的一些局部领域。An automobile company announced 一家汽车公司宣布，从今天起它将被近停在日本生产Cube小型车、Murano运行型多功能汽车和Rogue跨界车，因为在爱尔兰制造的一种传感器供应中断。德国的宝马和奥迪也表示，由于类似原因，它们将不得不让一些生产线停工。The carmaker’s problem are typical 空运不足导致的困难中，汽车制造商的问题颇为典型。空运行业在世界贸易量中所占比例极小，但集中于高价值、高时效性的零部件，如对于很多制造工序十分关键的徽处理器。Eurocontrol,the air safety
欧洲航空安全组织预计，埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖火山的灰云团漂移出法国、瑞士和意大利部分地区后，昨天在欧洲空可执行大约1.3万个航班，不到预定数量的一半。But British airspace remained largely 但英国航空管制机构NATS表示，出于对火山灰威胁的担心，英国6000米以下空域仍基本禁飞，这将影响到客运企业，包括航空公司和旅游业者，也影响那些依赖及时交付关键零部件的工业部门。
30、All projects are planned and implemented 所有项目都是在社会、经济和环境的背景下计划和实施的，因此会有意无意地产生正面或负面的影响。项目管理团队应当考虑项目所处的文化、社会、国际、政治以及自然环境。The team needs to understand how the 项目管理团队必须懂得项目与人之间是如何相互影响的。这就需要项目管理团队对于受项目影响的地区的经济状况、人口结构、教育水平、道德观、种族、宗教和其它特点有所了解，也需要了解项目涉及到的或对项目感兴趣的人群。Some team members many need to be 有一些项目管理成员还需要熟知国际、国家、地区以及当地法律法规和风俗习惯，还要了解可能对项目带来影响的政治环境。另外，还需了解诸如时差、国家与地区节假日、举行面对面会议时的一些出行要求与电话会议的后勤保障等问题。If the project will affect its physical 如果项目运行影响到自然环境，某些管理人员应当具备当地生态系统与自然地理的相关知识，即了解它们与项目之间的相互影响关系。
三、汉译英
1、吵闹的家庭的确对我们家庭不和有很大的影响。
Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑制情绪。Acolleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。
We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships,which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind,it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.6、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。
The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.7、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。
The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.8、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。
One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10000 by 2012.9、如今，个地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。These days,there is hardly a local governmengt that does not talk about plans for an eco-village,town or even city.10、全世界大约一半的人居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world’s population is now city-dwellers.11、亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。
Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world’s land area.12、人口的增长是土地必须生产更多的粮食。
The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.13、我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。
We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.14、我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.15、中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。
The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational and popuiation mobility.16、会议的准备工作正在顺利的进行。
Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly.17、科技发展在老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。
As technological advancement solves old problems,it also creates new ones.18、1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。
The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history.19、近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。In recent years,China,Japan and U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.20、地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。
Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings,dams and bridges.21、如何尽快处理墨西哥湾的原油泄漏是BP公司最为关注的问题。
How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP.22、这起事故环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。
This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage it does to the ecosystem.23、原油泄漏不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean,to make things worse,they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well.24、所有的小动物都要依靠妈妈给她们提供食物和保护。
All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection.25、南极洲是多种企鹅的家。
Antarctica is the nayural habitat for many species of penguins.26、许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。
Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing.27、绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。
Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound componets.28、今年该公司将实行公司范围内的成本削减计划。
The company will carry out its company-wide cost-cutting plan this year.29、环保慈善和良好的员工关系是该公司成长和壮大重要原因。
Environmentalism,philanthropy and good employee relations have been important factors during the growth of the company.30、绿色使用是指减少计算机和其他信息系统的能源消耗，并尽量以环保的方式来使用。Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound manner.31、如今不管男女老少几乎都使用手机。
Today almost everyone,men and women,old and young has a cell phone.32、这种新的网络联机形式能使大量的数据得以快速的传输。
The new type of internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed.33、电子邮件正在取代传真、电话、快速邮递。他缩短了科学合作者之间的距离。E-mail is starting to edge out the fax,the telephone,express mail,which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators.34、手机从发明到现在已有很长的历史，而且在技术方面有了长足的进步。
Mobile phones have come a long way since their invenyion and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology.35、快速的数据传输速度可以帮助解决网络传输量巨大增长的问题。
The high speed of data transmission can help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in the Internet.36、这项技术是移动通讯行业长生了突破性变革。This technology revolutionized mobile communication.37、多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一。
The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features.38、戴尔是一家跨国技术公司总部设在德克萨斯州。Dell Inc.based in Texas,is a multinational company.39、制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。
Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.40、很多多点触控界面的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛的应用。
Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied..41、大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还可以再生。
Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air,they are renewable as well.42、许多生活日用品都是石油制成的。
Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.43、尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，在未来很长的一段时间化石燃料仍将是占据主导地位的能源。
Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alterantive energy,fossil will remain crucially important for a long time in the future.44、专家预计北京的汽车占有量将超过每千人200辆。
It is estimated that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.45、在未来的几十年，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需求将进一步增加。
World popuiation will continue ti grow in the next few decades.This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.46、在很多以煤为主要能源的发展中国家，减少碳排放是一件极具挑战的工作。
Reducing cardon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy.47、20世纪末的世界人口是20世纪六十年代的两倍。
The world population by the end of the 20th century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.48、如果没有先进的技术，环境污染无法得以控制。
Without advanced technilogy,environmental pollution could not be improved.49、过量饮食对人体带来的危害与过量饮酒带给人体的伤害一样严重。Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking.50、该公司正在就如何减少二氧化碳排放做一项实验性研究。
The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.51、一些污染源已经通过立法得到控制。
Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation.52、用电动车来取代汽油和柴油可减少城市污染。
Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars free our cities from pollution.53、要从源头来规范危险化学品的生产和使用。
The production and use of dangerous chemicals should be regulated at source.54、最近所发生的一切除了会造成明显可见的短期影响外，也会导致严重的长期问题。In addition to the visible sgort-term impacts,what has happened recently can also cause in severe long-term problems.55、污染的海岸水域引发的死亡和疾病每年要耗费全球的经济128亿美元。
Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US$12.8 billion a year.56、环境污染和自然灾害使经济发展应付出的代价。
Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.57、化石能源的紧缺促使很多能源公司去开发替代能源。
The shortage of fossil has made many energy companies develop alternative energy soures.58、丰田汽车公司已经开始大规模生产其混合动力车，这在很大程度上超过了其他汽车制造大企业。
Toyota Auto has begun mass-producing ite hybrid model Prius,which has leapfrogged other auto giants.59、政府通过政策激励来促使国有企业节能减排。
Goverments are boosting energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.60、随着人口的成倍增长，世界将会对能源有如饥似渴般的需求。As population multiplies,the world will become energy-hungry.61、当今，经济学在商业方面起着越来越大的作用。商人们清楚的认识到研究工作的重要性，他们需要通过研究来发现什么样的条件有助于出售他们的商品，对他们的商品有什么需求，以及能够得到什么养的国际市场等等。
Economics plays an increasingiy important part in business today.Businessmen see clearly the necessity tor research.They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods,what demand there will be for their goods,what foeign markets will be available and so on.62、20世纪30年代的大萧条对大部分的美国人产生了巨大的影响。工厂倒闭，工人失业，公司和银行破产，农民不能偿付贷款并失去了他们的农场，他们中的许多人只能离开家乡去寻找工作。20世纪30年代的大萧条不仅影响了美国，它把整个世界搅乱了。
The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound effect on most of the population of the United States.Factories closed and workers out of work;business and banks collapsed;farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms.Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs.The Great Depression of the 1930s didn’t only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.63、近几年来，计算机不仅被越来越多的人运用于生产和技术领域，而且也用于日常生活。原因很简单，因为计算机比人的效率高得多。他们比人有更好的记忆力，能储存大量的信息。计算机可以做许多我们做的事情，而且做得更快、更好。他们可以在工厂里控制机器，计算出第二天的天气，甚至可以做翻译工作。
In recent years more and more people have used computers not only in production and technology,but also in everday life.the simple reason is that they are far more efficient than man.They have much better memories and can store lange amounts of information.Computers can do many of the things we do,but faster and better.they can ontrol machines in factories,work out tomorrow’s weather,and even do translation work..64、最初，iPad主要被当做一款媒体消费设备——用它来读书、看视频或翻阅带有视频以及文字和图片的新型电子杂志，要比用iPhone的效果更理想。但是，与iPhone一样，关键之处将在与人们如何接受它、使用它，以及应用程序开发者多快能找到利用其特性打造新体验的方法。人们当然有理由对它持有疑虑。它的屏幕更大，因此它可能不如智能手机那么便携；它缺少内置的键盘，因此作为一个输入设备，它可能不如PC或Mac那么有用。但iPod的9.7英寸高分辨率显示屏，将成为计算机播种梦想的下一个处女地。
Ipad used mainly as a media consumption device_a better place than the iPhone to read books,watch video,or flick through new electronic versions of magazines that offer video as well as text and pictures/But,as with iPhone,the real story will lie in how it is taken up and used-and how quickly other application developers find ways to exploit its uniqure characteristics to create new experiences.There are certainiy reasons for doubt.The larger screen may make it less portable than a smartphone,its lack of a built-in keyboard less useful as an input device than a PC or Mac.But the iPad’s 9.7 inch,high-resoluation screen is about to become the virgin territory on wich the omputer industry’s next dreams will be sketched.65、3G的全称为第三代数字通信。1995年问世的第一代数字手机只能进行语言通话；而1996年到1997年出现的第二代数字手机便增加了接收数据的功能，如接受电子邮件或网页；第三代与前两代的主要区别是在传输声音和数据的速度上的提升，它能够处理图像、音乐、视频等多种多媒体形式，提供包括网页浏览、电话会议、电子商务等多种信息服务。
3G is short for the Third Greneration Communication.The first generation of digital communcation developed in 1995 only allowed voice transmission on the phone.By 1996 and 1997,the 2G digital cellphones had a new feature that is data transmission,such as emails and access to the Internet.The biggest difference between 3G and the first two generations lies in the features that voice and data can be transmitted at a much faster speed and that photos,music,and videos can be transmitted and that it provides services like access to the Internet,teleconferencing,e-commerce and the like.66、目前，碳捕获和存储设施已经安装到其他应用程序设计的部件上。以石油公司为例，几十年来，他们已将CO2注入衰退井中以提高采收率。
Current Carbon Capture Storage facilities have been patched together with components larely designed for other applications.Oil companies,for example,have been injecting carbon dioxide into fading wells for decades in order to enhance recovery.67、一个普遍存在的问题是关于海底或地下储存安全的长期预测是非常困难和不确定的。储存的二氧化碳可能会泄露到大气中。
A general problem is that long term predictions about submarine or underground storage security are very difficult and uncertain and CO2 might leak from the storage into the atmosphere.68、全球变暖主要是由于人们焚烧化石矿物以生成能量时产生的二氧化碳等多种温室气体导致。全球平均气温总体看为上升趋势。进入20世纪八十年代后，全球气温明显上身。全球变暖的后果，会使全球降水量重新分配，冰川消融，海平面上升，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。Global warming is primarily caused by the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fueis for energy by humans.The global average temperature is generally on a rise.We’ve seen a significant rise in global temperature since the 1980s.Global warming will result in the reallocation of global rainfall,the melting of glaciers,and the rise of sea level.This will damage the balance of the ecosystem and threaten food supply and the living condition for human beings.69、清洁能源是不排放污染物的能源，它包括核能和可再生能源。可再生能源是指可以通过自然现象补充的能源，如水力发电、风力发电、太阳能、生物能、海潮能这些能源。可再生能源不存在能源耗竭的可能，因此日益受到许多国家的重视，尤其是能源短缺的国家。Clean energy refers to energy sources that release zero pollutants.This includes nuclear energy and renewable energies.Renewable energy comes from natural processes that are replenished constantly,hydroelectric power,wind power,solar power,biofuels,tidal power are all renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and therefore have attracted the attention of many countries,especially those with a great shortage of energy sources.70、生物燃料必须有四个特征。需要低成本—我们成功的基准是1美元1加仑，即每桶40-50美元。生物燃料还必须要低碳。先进的生物燃料还需要有规模效应。如果只是生产出精品类型的生物燃料，那是毫无意义的。只有大规模的生产和销售才能够改变局面。第四，先进的生物燃料从环境、社会和经济效益的角度讲，必须是可持续的。
Biofuels have to four qualities.They need to be low-cost-our benchmark for success is $1 agallon,$40-50 a barrel.They must be low-carbon.Advanced biofuels also need to be scalabe.There is no point making boutique biofuels.Only mass production and mass distribution can turn the dial.Fourth,advanced biofuels have to be sustainnable-environmentally,socially and economically.71、煤的气化在煤化工中占有重要地位，用于生产各种气体燃料，是洁净的能源，有利于提高人民生活水平和环境保护；煤气化生产的合成气是合成液体燃料等多种产品的原料。煤直接液化，可以生产人造原油和化学产品。在石油短缺时，煤的液化产品将替代目前的天然石油。
Coal gasification plays an important role in the coal chemical industry.The gasified products can be used as gaseous fuels which are clean energy sources,and which can improve people’s living standards and benefit environmental protection.The synthesis gas can be used as raw materials for many chemical products.Coal can be directly liquefied and can be converted into artificial petroleum and other chemical products.At such a petroleum-short time,liquefied coal products can replace the natual oil that we are dependent on today.72、资源诅咒是一个经济学理论，多指与矿业资源相关的经济社会问题。丰富的自然资源可能是对经济发展的诅咒而不是祝福，大多数自然资源丰富的国家比那些资源稀缺的国家发展的更慢。经济学家将原因归结为贸易条件的恶化，荷兰病或人力资源投资不足等，主要有对某种相对丰富的资源的过分依赖导致。
Resource curse is an economic theory,usually refers to a social economic problem related to the resource of minerals.Abundant natural recources may rather be a curse than a blessing.Alot of the nations with rich resourses have a much lower economic growth than countries without an abundance of resources.Economists blamed this on terrible trade conditionss,the Dutch Disease or in other words a shorstage of investment in human capital and an overdependence on the abundance of certain resources.73、每个企业都倾尽其力来对付如何组织企业这一问题。组织结构经常需要反映出新的战略、变化的市场条件以及创新的生产技术等方面的影响。全世界的公司都在重新构造自己，一边在当今高度竞争的全球环境中更精干、更有效、更灵活。
Ever firm wrestles with the problemof how to organize.Reorganization often is necessary to reflect a new strategy,changing market conditions,or innovative producation technology.Companies throughout the world are restructuring to become learn,more efficient and more flexible,in today’s highly competitive global environment.74、企业像拧水龙头一样启动和停止项目，这种做法是错误的。因为只有持久的投资，才能建立起多元化的人才库。
Businesses that turn programs on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool can only be built through sustained investment.75、她的公司最近发起了一项开放活动，让伦敦一些贫困的地区公立学校学生前来感受办公室的生活。
Her firm recentiy launched an access week to bring state school students from deprived London boroughs into its offices.76、一个23岁的学生16岁初到英国时，还是一个不懂英语的避难者。后来他成为了一名社区志愿者，学习会计和金融学，并获得了一等学位。
One 23-year-old student unable to speak English,went on to become a community volunteer,studied accounting and finance,and earned himself a first class degree.77、要想在众多应聘者中取胜，要想让你中意的企业也中意你，事先做好准备功夫是非常重要的环节。首先要从正确给自己定位做起。那么不妨给自己提出两个问题：我的兴趣是什么？我爱干什么？准备工作的第二步是做出好简历。好简历都具备一些共同的特点：简洁、真实、重点突出等。
To win over the other job applicants,and to impress the company that you are interested in,getting well-prepared is vital.First,you should well position yourself.You may ask yourself these two question:What am I interested in?And what do I love doing?The second thing you need to do is to write a good resume.Good resumes constitute these characters:concise,truth-telling and attention-grabbing.78、埃克森美孚、壳牌和英国石油等石油巨头在中国大规模建设加油站，其目的是要最大限度分享中国的巨大的成品油零售市场。据资料统计表明，中国大陆成品油消费量已经居世界第二位，在未来10年内还将以每年4.5%的速度增长。
Oil giants like ExxonMobil,Shell and BP have been building up joint-venture gas stations in China,aiming at owning a great share of the huge Chinese retail market of refined oil.Statistics show that China now ranks the second in refined oil consumption and will increase by an annual 4.5% in the next decade.79、经济复苏将大幅刺激中国这个第二大能源消耗国的燃料需求。2010年的中国原油进口记录将被再次刷新。根据数据预测显示，2010年的原油进口将增长9.1%，达到2.12亿吨，平均每天达到430万桶。与2009年的2.03亿吨相比，上涨了4%。2010年中国国内石油需求增速将恢复到金融危机之前的水平。全年的石油消费量将增长5%以上，达到1.27亿吨。Economic recovery will greatly boost the demand for fuels in China,the second largest energy consuming country in the world.Crude oil import will break a recong high in 2010.As statistics indicate,ctude oil import in 2010 will increase by 9.1%,reaching 212 million tons,and a daily 4.3 million barrels.Compared with 203 million tons in 2009,there will be an increase of 4%.And the demand for petroleum in China in 2010 will soon resume to the pre-finacial-crisis level.And the total petroleum consumption will see a 2% rise,reaching up to 427 million tons.80、我开始给我在伦敦的同事撰写邮件，指出欧洲航空旅行在多年内变得完全不可靠的微小可能性，如果是这样，那么全球经济也有微小的可能会遭遇严重打击。这可能是最近10年内最重要的事件，并非是本周第三大事件。
I started writing e-mails to my colleague in ondon pointing outthat there was a small chance that European air travel could be rendered completely unreliable for years,and if so there was a small chance of the world’s economy being dealt a shattering blow.This was potentially the biggest story of the decade rather than the third-biggest story of the week.81、随着项目的进展，预料不到的问题一定会出现。这些偶然事件会威胁到项目的进度、预算或要求。在这种情况下，项目经理必须决定怎样将项目的一个目标与另一个目标进行权衡。As the project progresses,uncertainties will emerge.These uncertainties will affect the proceeding,budget and requirement of the project..Project managers must decide,under this circumstance,how to balance one cbjective with another objective of the project.
第四篇：少儿英语教材综合介绍
哪里的少儿教材比较好？
市面上的少儿英语教材品种很多，都有各自的特色，都是属于时代的产物。我从事少儿英语教学教研工作十几年，用过不下十套教材，现将我使用的心得与大家分享一下。少儿英语教材主要分为以下几类：
第一大类：原版少儿教材 第二大类：版权类的少儿教材 第三大类: 本土的少儿英语教材
本土类的少儿英语教材就不多说了，比如什么洪恩、吉得堡、佳音、爱乐奇等，基本是剪刀加浆糊的产物。看着是很炫，但是没有课程体系，长期不出学习效果，不推荐使用！
版权类的教材主要是外研社的剑桥少儿英语，英文名字是KID’S Box，简称KB，我使用了大概6年的时间，在那个时代的确是非常不错的。风格有点类似新概念、Step By Step，英语基础知识比较全面，侧重阅读，主要靠老师讲解，比较少的游戏和对话互动的活动，课程氛围会比较死板。现在市场变化这么厉害，家长和学生的需求节节高涨，要求课程趣味性、互动性都很强，要求国际视野性，这些方面KB不能满足。去年我们全线替换成了牛津的一款少儿英语教材Everybody Up。
原版的少儿英语教材应该说是教材里面第一方队的教材，大家听得比较多的是Super Kids，3H，Backpack，LET’S Go，Everybody up等。
Super Kids简称SK，也是一套比较老的教材，引进中国有七八年的时间了，有点类似KB的风格，比较老化。
3H是一套独特的教材，主要是故事教学法编写的教材，也有七八年的时间了，市面上使用的人比较多。我在励步的时候使用的就是这套教材。这套教材的优势在于故事性比较强，但是优势即劣势，因为所有的单词、语法、阅读等的教学都依附于本单元故事的教学内容，所以很多时候很牵强，无法螺旋式上升学习。同时，故事教学过多地依赖于老师本身，老师很难驾驭，很难保证学校有一个很好的教学效果，导致学校在使用教材的时候直接跳过故事不讲，直接讲语言知识！
Backpack这套教材我看过，教材不错，但是难度比较大，主要体现在阅读和Project上。本身的体例是不错的，阅读的时效性很强，但是同样优势即劣势，很多阅读的内容出现的新闻、话题等远离现在的生活，不能很好地吸引孩子学习。Backpack的配套资源比较少，加大了老师的难度。如果老师水平特别高，学生水平也特别高，可以考虑使用！
LET’S Go在全球有20多年了，个人认为教材比较简单，之所以名气大是因为这个名字起的好，另外加上国内上海教育出版第2版，所以很多人用过。我用过1年的时间。这个教材主要还是旧，所以编写理念上有点落实，比如说现在提的CILI教学、Values教学、鹰架理论、批判性思维，这些理念在这个教材的设计中没有体现，毕竟时间太久了，就像改造老房子一样，再怎么装修，也是旧的格局，不如新的房子的整体设计！
Everybody up是牛津大学出版社沉淀100多年来少儿英语教材研发的经验，针对非母语国家突出听、说，培养英语综合运用能力为目标，编写的一套新的教材。我们学校去年9月份全部更换成这个教材，个人感觉使用起来还是比较不错，听、说的内容很多，有大量的游戏、故事、歌曲、手工等，最主要的是给我们老师的配套还是很全，有教案、课件等，基本上拿来就可以使用，减轻了教研工作，还能保证课程教学效果，这点是我们最看重的！
第五篇：职称综合推荐材料
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对池琛同志申报助理工程师资格的综合推荐意见 池琛同志，自2010年参加工作以来，在工作岗位上勤勤恳恳，兢兢业业，能全面熟练的履行职务职责，表现出了良好的职业道德和工作作风，显示了很高的业务水平管理能力，工作成果突出，目前已成为公司一线的主要业务骨干。
一、政治方面
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该同志主要负责煤矿生产管理工作、地测防治水工作，任职以来，由于基础好，业务能力强，能很快的适应熟悉并掌握工作实际情况，善于处理工作中碰到的各类问题并具有个人见解，同时具有很强的文字处理能力，是一个会想事、能办事、办成事、办好事的好员工。进入公司以来，均能圆满的完成各项工作任务。
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该同志能注重自身的修养，团结同志，积极参与党内的各种学习和活动，坚持廉洁自律，至今没有发现违纪行为。
综上所述，该同志在任职期间能认真学习，有较强的工作责任感。参加工作以来，始终从事本专业工作，已积累了丰富的专业理论及建设管理的实践经验；同时，还认真钻研业务，不断自我更新，自我积累，从而打下了系统坚实的专业基础理论和专业技术知识。在实际工作中，能独立开展各项管理工作，能结合工程实际需要，积极协调相关方面，具有很强的独立分析问题和解决问题的能力，能解决本专业专业性的技术问题，勇于创新，具有较强的业务技术管理能力。
同意推荐池琛同志机电助理工程师职称任职资格。
二〇一七年八月十日
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