1986年考研英语真题及解析

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第一篇:1986年考研英语真题及解析

1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Close Test

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and[D.Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage.Read the whole passage before making your choices.(10 points)①On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market.②For an hour or

she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and

a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had.③And then, with all the things she needed

she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour

she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.④One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look

without feeling they had to buy something.⑤Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped

before a green armchair.⑥There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours

less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” ⑦A pound a week...8 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it!⑧A voice at her shoulder made her.“Can I help you, Madam?” ⑨She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her.⑩“Oh, well, no,” she said.“I was just looking.” ○11“We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom.If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.” 1○2Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly.[276 words] 1.[A] so

[B] more

[C] else [D] another 2.[A] taking [B] making [C] fixing [D] keeping 3.[A] buy

[B] bought

[C] buying [D] to have bought 4.[A] in a way [B] by the way [C] in the way [D] on the way 5.[A] behind [B] round

[C] back [D] on 6.[A] doubted [B] wondered [C] puzzled [D] delighted 7.[A] at

[B] for

[C] with [D] in 8.[A] Why [B] When

[C] How [D] What 9.[A] jump [B] leap

[C] laugh [D] wonder 10.[A] place [B] back

[C] side [D] front

一、文章结构分析

本文记叙了一位女士一次购物的经历。

第一段总述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都进城购物。二至四段具体讲述了她某一次的购物经历。

二、试题具体分析

1.[A] so这么,那么

[B] more更多 [C] else其他的,别的 [D] another另外一个 本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配+副词用法。[快速解题]空格所在部分For an hour or 是句子的时间状语,考生要判断选项中哪个副词代入能符合这一结构并使文意通顺。…or so是固定搭配,用在数字之后,表示“…左右,…上下”,for an hour or so指“一个小时左右”,说明了时间,符合文意。因此选[A]so。

[篇章分析]文章第①句总说,交待人物(Annie)、时间(每周三下午)、地点(城镇)、活动内容(购物)。②③具体讲述活动内容:首先购买所需物品(②句),然后到家具店“橱窗购物”(③句)。句间通过On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour时间链条,in the market—up and down between the stalls—(leave the market)for the streets—furniture shop地点链条实现衔接。

[空格设置]此处考查so用作副词的一个惯用语…or so,表示约指,例句:There were 20 people or so there.那儿差不多有20个人。

[干扰项设置]其他项都是常用的副词。else用于疑问句或nothing,something,everybody等之后,如:What else did he say?他还说了些什么?or else意为“要不然,否则”,是连词词组,引导句子,如:Hurry up or else you’ll be late.快点,否则你就要迟到了。2.[A] taking [B] making [C] fixing [D] keeping 本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配。

[快速解题]空格处填入的现在分词其宾语为a sharp lookout for,与上文两个分词短语looking at…, buying…并列,都是句子谓语动词的伴随状语,共同描述人物的购物行为。lookout来自动词短语look out(留心寻觅;当心,提防),指“观察所,瞭望台(人员)”,keep a lookout(for sb/sth)为固定短语,意为“注意,留心”,它代入文中,指“敏锐地留意有时会出售的便宜货”,符合文意,因此选[D] keeping。

[篇章分析]②句较长,主干为she would walk,副词短语up and down(来回地)与介词短语between the stalls(穿梭于售货摊之间)都是walk的状语,分别表示方式与地点;looking…,buying…and keeping…三个并列的分词短语是walk…stalls的伴随动作。其中在keeping…分词短语中又含有一个that引导的定语从句修饰bargains。

[空格设置]本题考查动词短语,其中中心动词keep与宾语lookout都可设空。例句:The public should keep a lookout for symptoms of the disease.公众应当留心这种疾病的症状。[干扰项设置]其他项都是常用的简单动词,但不符合搭配。3.[A] buy

[B] bought [C] buying [D] to have bought 本题考核的知识点是:独立结构。

[快速解题]空格所在部分是“with+逻辑主语(all the things she needed)+__3__”独立结构,在句中做状语,其中she needed是省略了关系代词that的定语从句,后置修饰things,即“她需要的所有东西”。[A]buy是原形动词,不用于独立结构中。[D]to have bought是不定式的完成式,用在这里不符合文意。[B]bought和[C]buying分别为过去分词和现在分词,由于things与buy是被动的逻辑关系,因此选[B],即“她需要的所有东西都(被)买好之后”。

[篇章分析]③句主干是she would leave the market for the streets of the town,句首with…独立结构表示时间,to spend…不定式短语做目的状语。leave…for…表示“离开(某地)去……”。

[空格设置]本题考查由介词with引导的独立结构。其中逻辑主语all the things和过去分词bought之间为一个省略了关系代词的定语从句she needed,构成解答本题的最大障碍。[干扰项设置]其他项都设置为动词buy的不同形式,需要考生理清句子结构作出判断。4.[A] in a way在某种程度上,不完全地

[B] by the way顺便提一下,问一句 [C] in the way(…)以……的方式 [D] on the way即将去(或来);在路途中 本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配辨析。

[快速解题]由选项可知,空格处填入一个以way为中心名词的介词短语。根据文意,只有in the way代入文中文意通顺,即“以她最喜欢的方式再度过一小时”,因此选[C]。[篇章分析]空格部分in a way…是to spend的方式状语,其中she liked best是省略关系代词that的定语从句,后置修饰way。冒号后的现在分词短语looking in…为the way的同位语,解释说明她再度过一小时的方式。

[空格设置]way是含义丰富的简单词,也可构成许多固定搭配。它在文中取“方式,手段”的意思,如:Infectious diseases can be acquired in several ways.传染病的感染途径有几种。因它在文中后边接有定语从句,故前用定冠词the限定修饰。in the way还可构成固定搭配,意为“妨碍,挡路”,如:I left them alone, as I felt I was in the way.我让他们单独在一起,因为我觉得我碍他们的事。

[干扰项设置]干扰项中都是way的常用固定搭配。例句:In a way it was one of our biggest mistakes.从某种意义上来说,这是我们所犯最大错误之一。What’s the time, by the way?顺便问一句,几点钟了?The letter should be on its way to you.那封信该快到你那了。She stopped for breakfast on the way.她中途停下吃早点。

5.[A](look)behind朝后面看

[B](look)round环视,四处看;转过头看 [C](look)back 回首,回顾

[D](look)on旁观;把……看作;(以某种方式)看待 本题考核的知识点是:短语动词。[快速解题]空格所在部分是介词结构with a notice inviting…,做后置定语修饰a new shop,现在分词短语inviting…与notice之间是主动关系,说明通知的内容。空格处填入的副词与look构成短语动词,与walk in并列,在invite sb to do sth结构中都充当invite的宾语补足语。这部分的含义是:(商店贴出告示)邀请所有人进来并且……看看。既然是逛商店,应该是“四处看”,[B]round符合文意。

[篇章分析]④句承接上文,引出Annie一次具体的橱窗购物经历,下文都是对这次经历的具体讲述。④句通过One Wednesday,a new shop(特指时间和地点)与第一段中On Wednesday afternoons,furniture shop(泛指时间和地点)的呼应,实现语段衔接。

[空格设置]本题考查由look构成的短语动词,是常规考点。例句:People came out of their houses and looked around.人们走出家门四处查看。Let’s look round the town this afternoon.咱们今天下午游览市区吧。She looked round when she heard the noise.她听到响声,就回过头去看。[干扰项设置]其他项的副词都可与look搭配,其中look back与look on是固定短语。例句:to look back on your childhood回顾自己的童年。Passers-by simply looked on as he was attacked.他遭人袭击,路人只在一旁袖手旁观。She’s looked on as the leading authority on the subject.她被视为这门学科的主要权威。They looked on his behavior with contempt.他们对他的行为不屑一顾。

6.[A] doubted怀疑的,不能肯定的[B] wondered [C] puzzled迷惑不解的[D] delighted高兴的,愉悦的 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义。

[快速解题]空格处填入一个过去分词形式的形容词,做she的主语补足语,描述主语的状态,即当她(Annie)看到一把绿色的扶手椅时,她停下了,……。注意该句实际表示的含义是she stopped and she was。从下文我们可看出,这把椅子对Annie有吸引力,因此,此处表示的应该是她的一种积极的情绪,只有delighted符合文意。delighted也与短首句中delightful相呼应。wonder可以表示“感到诧异,惊讶”,但它常用sb wonders主动形式,其过去分词较不常见。[空格设置]本题通过考查形容词实际考查了对上下文的理解。另外,这里也涉及形容词做主语补足语的语法知识。

[干扰项设置]wonder可意为“想知道,琢磨”,常用~ about sth或接wh-从句;或指“感到惊讶”,常用~at sth或接that从句,如:She wondered at her stupidity.她没想到自己竟会这样愚蠢。它对delight构成同向干扰,但用法错误。doubted与puzzled构成对delighted的反向干扰。7.[A]at [B]for

[C]with [D]in 本题考核的知识点是:介词用法。

[快速解题]空格处填入的介词后接钱数(less than a pound)做其宾语,表示椅子的价格。能够单独使用表示价格的只有for,因此选[B]。注意at也可以表示价格,但通常与sell,price(定价)等动词连用。

[空格设置]本题考查了for的特殊用法。for可意为in exchange for sth“换取,交换”,如:Copies are available for two dollars each.两元一份。for表示交换还常与以下动词搭配:bid/charge/offer+钱数+for sth(出价,竞标/收费,要价/出价,报价)。[干扰项设置]其他项都是常用介词。at可以表示价格、比率、速度等,意为“以……,在……”,如:old books selling at ten cents each以每本一角(的价格)出售的旧书;The tickets are priced at $100 each.每张票定价为100元。with可以表示工具,意为“使用,以,借”,如:Cut it with a knife.用刀把它切开。in可以表示使用的语言、材料等,如:I paid in cash.我用现金支付的。8.[A]Why [B]When [C]How [D]What 本题考核的知识点是:感叹词。[快速解题]空格所在句子(⑦句)描述了Annie看到广告后的心理活动。空格前是省略句,是对上文(This fine chair is yours for less than)a pound a week关于椅子价格的重复;空格后是结构完整的句子,说明人物的所想。空格用逗号隔开,填入一个插入成分,独立于前后两部分的结构之外,对句意起补充说明的作用。选项是四个疑问词,可直接引导句子;但why还可以做感叹词,用于表示“惊讶、不耐烦”等,常单独使用,用逗号与其他部分隔开,符合文中用法;它代入文中,表明Annie对椅子的低价格的惊叹,符合文意,因此选[A]。其他项都不符合文中语法要求,应排除。

[空格设置]本题考查了why的熟词僻义。why基本用法是做疑问副词,询问原因。它也可充当关系副词,引导名词性从句或引导以the reason为先行词的定语从句。但它还有做感叹词的特殊用法,例句:Why, it’s easy—a child could do it!哎呀,这容易得很,连小孩子都干得了!

[干扰项设置]干扰项中都是常用的疑问词,并也都可做关联词引导从句。when是疑问副词,询问时间;或用作关系副词,引导名词性从句或定语从句,如:Sunday is the only day when I can relax.星期日是我唯一可以休息的日子。它也用做连词引导时间等状语从句,如:I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。how也是疑问副词,用以询问方式等;或做关系副词,引导名词性从句,如:Do you remember how the kids always loved going there?你记得孩子们总喜欢去那里吗?它有时也引导状语从句,相当于however,如:I’ll dress how I like in my own house.我在自己家里爱怎么穿就怎么穿。what是疑问代词,用于指物,意为“什么”;或用作关系代词,引导名词性从句,如:What you need is a good meal.你需要的是一顿美餐。what可单独使用,表示提问(没听见或没听懂时,或听到对方的话后问对方要什么),或表示惊讶或愤怒,如:‘Mummy!’ ‘What?’ ‘I’m thirsty.’“妈咪!”“什么事?”“我渴。”‘It will cost $500.’‘What?’“这东西要花500元。”“真的?” 9.[A] jump跳,跃

[B] leap跳跃,跳越 [C] laugh笑

[D] wonder想知道,琢磨 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+动词辨析。

[快速解题]空格处填入一个动词,在make sb do结构中做her的宾语补足语,说明肩膀上传来的声音使她(Annie)产生的行为。根据文意及常识,当Annie在专心致志地看广告语时,突然传来的声音应当使她“吓一跳”,而不可能是“笑”或“想”,首先排除[C],[D]两项。[A]jump及[B]leap都可指“跳”的动作,但文中显然是比喻的说法,而并不一定是真的“跳起来”,jump可指 “(因吃惊、害怕或激动而)猛地一动,突然一跳”,更符合文意,因此选[A]。

[空格设置]本题考查了常用动词jump的熟词僻义。例句:Her heart jumped when she heard the news.听到那消息她的心猛地一跳。

[干扰项设置]其他项都是常用动词且符合文中的语法要求。其中leap构成对jump的近义干扰。jump仅表示“跳”的一般动作,即离开地面或物体表面的“跳,跃”,也指“跳过,跃过”,如:to jump into the air/the last hurdle跳到空中/跨越最后一个栏杆。leap强调to jump high or a long way“跳得高或远”,如:The horse leapt a five-foot wall.那匹马跃过了一道五英尺高的墙。二者都可指“快速移动,突然移动”,leap可引申指“突然做某事”,如:leap into action。二者还都引申为“猛涨,激增”。

10.[A] place地点,位置,区域;表面的某处,身体某处;座位;地位,资格,名额 [B] back背部,后部,背面,(书等的)末尾

[C] side一边,一侧,侧面,边缘,肋;近旁,身边;一方,一派;方面 [D] front正面,前面,前部,胸部;前线,阵线;表面,外表,掩护 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+名词辨析。[快速解题]该句是说明Annie在听到有人说话后的反应:她转过头看着悄悄来到她……的店员。空格处填入一个名词,说明店员所处的相对Annie的位置。根据文意,既然是转头看(look round at),[D]“来到她前面”可首先排除;店员应该是来到顾客的“身侧”与他们交谈,[A]“来到她的位置”,[B]“来到她的背后”也不符合语境,可排除。因此[C]正确。side也与上文at her shoulder相呼应。

[空格设置]本题考查了side表示“身旁”的特殊用法。例句:keep close to my side紧挨着我。

[干扰项设置]其他项都是可以表示方位或身体部位的常用名词。全文翻译

每周三的下午安妮会乘公交车到城里的市场上去买东西。大约一个小时,她会在货摊间走来走去,查看商品,时不时买点什么,同时敏锐地留心有时有售的便宜货。然后,买全了她所需要的所有物品后,她会离开市场,到城里的街道上去,再花上一小时做她最喜欢做的事:透过家具店的橱窗往里看。

一个星期三下午,她发现一家新开的家具店,店里都是非常讨人喜欢的东西,店外贴着一张告示,邀请所有的人进去四处看看,但不必非要买什么东西。安妮在迈过门道前犹豫了一会,而几乎就在同时,她充满欣喜地在门口处一把绿色的扶手椅前停住了。椅子上有一张卡片,上面写着:每周只需花不到一磅,这把精美的椅子就是你的了。底部是非常小的字体:现金价格89.5磅。一周一磅……,嘿,她几乎可以节省每周的家用开支来为它买单,从而不会错过它!“您有什么需要的吗,女士?”从肩膀上传来的一个声音使她吓了一跳。她转过头看着悄悄来到她身边的店员。“噢,嗯,没什么,”她说,“我只是看看。”“我们的展示间里有各种各样的椅子。如果你进来看看,你会找到适合你的东西。”

安妮担心自己会被说服买并不需要的东西,匆匆离开了商店。Section II Reading Comprehension

Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)

Text 1 ①There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.②You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching.③But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.④There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments.⑤We can call these people “generalists.” ⑥And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.①The specialist understands one field;his concern is with technique and tools.②He is a “trained” man;and his educational background is properly technical or professional.③The generalist — and especially the administrator — deals with people;his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving.④He is an “educated” man;and the humanities are his strongest foundation.⑤Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.⑥And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field.⑦Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions.⑧It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.①Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you--but this is pure accident.②Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job.③At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job;it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.一、词汇

1.generalist 通才

2.humanities 人文学科

二、长难句

1.But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.句子主干为there is an increasing demand for people … people,两个people后分别接有who引导的定语从句做后置定语。翻译:但对那些一眼就能注意到很大区域、可能对任一领域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。2.And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.句子主干为these “generalists” are particularly needed,介词短语for positions in administration做状语,意为“对于管理职位而言”。两个where引导的并列定语从句做后置定语修饰先行词positions in administration,where相当于in which(=positions in administration)。第一个where从句的主干为it is their job to see that …,其中that引导宾语从句。第二个where从句的谓语为并列的结构have to plan…(have)to organize和(have)to begin。翻译:管理职位尤其需要这样的“通才”,在管理职位上“通才”的职责是:确保他人完成工作,必须为他人制定计划,组织他人的工作,发起工作且对工作做出评判。

3.It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.句子主干是It is your task to find out …and to plan your career,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式结构to find out …and to plan your career,find out后接into which引导的宾语从句,该从句也可改为which of the two kinds of jobs you fit into,之间插入的介词短语during …做时间状语。翻译:你的任务是在训练期间从两种工作中发现适合自己的那一种,并对自己的职业作出相应的规划。

三、文章结构分析 本文涉及社会人才。文章介绍了社会需要的两类人才,并对人们在工作培训期间的任务以及对待第一份工作应采取的态度提出建议。

第一段:指出在大量职业日益强调专业性的同时,社会对通才的需求也在增加,并介绍了通才的特点和主要的工作内容。

第二段:分别指出专家和通才这两类人才各自的所长、二者的关系、组织对其需求状况、并指出人们在工作培训期间的主要任务是发现自己属于哪一类人才。第三段:就人们对待第一份工作应采取的态度提出建议。

四、试题具体分析

11.There is an increasing demand for 11.(社会)对_____的需求在增加。________.[A] all round people in their own fields [A]自己所在领域内的多面手 [B] people whose job is to organize other [B] 组织他人工作的人员 people’s work

[C] generalists whose educational background [C] 具有技术或专业教育背景的通才 is either technical or professional [D] specialists whose chief concern is to [D] 主要为他人提供管理指导的专家 provide administrative guidance to others [分析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

第一段③④句指出,对“一眼即能看到很大范围,可能对任一领域都知之不多;能够看到森林而不是树木,能够做出总体判断”的人的需求在日益增加。⑤句将这一类人定义为通才。⑥句指出,管理领域尤需通才来组织他人的工作。题干和[B]选项为该部分内容的概括,people 即指通才。

[A]选项错在in their own fields。all around people 是generalist的近义替换,但文中并没有将通才的了解范围限定为自己的领域。[C]、[D]选项混淆了通才和专家的描述而形成干扰。whose educational background is either technical or professional是对专家的描述(第二段②句);whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others是对通才的描述(第一段末句)。

12.The specialist is ________.12.专家是______。[A] a man whose job is to train other people [A] 对他人进行培训者 [B] a man who has been trained in more than [B] 在不只一个领域受过培训者 one fields [C] a man who can see the forest rather than the [C] 能见森林而非树木者 trees [D] a man whose concern is mainly with [D] 关注对象主要为技术或专业问题者 technical or professional matters [分析]本题考核的知识点是:概念细节题。第二段①②句指出,专家的主要关注对象是技术和工具,他受过恰当的技术或专业教育。[D]选项是对这两句内容的概括,为正确选项。

[A]选项利用动词train作为干扰,专家是“受过培训者”而非“培训他人者”。[B]编造了文中没有的信息in more than one fields,故排除。[C]选项张冠李戴,该内容为对通才的描述。13.The administrator is ________.13.管理者是_____ [A] a “trained” man who is more a specialist [A] 更倾向于是受过良好培训的专家而非通than a generalist 才

[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the [B] 既能看到树木又能看到森林的人 forest [C] a man who is very strong in the humanities [C] 非常擅长人文学科者

[D] a man who is an “educated” specialist [D] 受过良好教育的专家 [分析] 本题考核的知识点:概念细节题。

第二段③句指出了通才,尤其是管理者的工作对象和工作内容。紧接着④句指出,人文学科是他最坚强的基石。[C]选项为④句的同义改写,为正确选项。

[A]、[D]选项反向干扰,第二段⑤句明确指出,鲜有专家能够胜任管理者。从第二段的描述可知,管理者更倾向于是通才,[B]选项偷梁换柱,将通才的特点see the forest rather than the trees改为see the trees as well as the forest。

14.During your training period, it is 14.在你的培训期间,____非常重要。important________.[A] to try to be a generalist [A] 努力成为通才 [B] to choose a profitable job [B] 选择高收益的工作 [C] to find an organization which fits you [C] 选择适合你的机构

[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a [D] 决定你是适合做专家还是通才 specialist or a generalist [分析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者观点细节题。

根据题干的时间关键词during your training period定位到第二段末句。该句指出,在培训期间,你的任务是从两类工作(two kinds of jobs)中找到适合你的一种,并作出相应的职业规划。根据上文可知,two kinds of jobs即指“专家”和“通才”。故[D]选项正确。[A]与文义不符,[B]、[C]文中未提及。15.A man’s first job ________.15.一个人的第一份工作_____。[A] is never the right job for him [A] 永远不会是适合他的工作 [B] should not be regarded as his final job [B] 不应该被看做他的最后一份工作

[C] should not be changed or people will [C] 不应更换,否则人们会对他保住工作的become suspicious of his ability to hold any job 能力产生怀疑

[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for [D] 从根本上讲是使其适合最终工作的一次his final job 机会 [分析]本题考核的知识点是:作者观点细节题

根据题干关键词first job定位到文章最后一段。该段③句指出,不要把你的第一份工作看做最后一份工作,[B]为正确选项。

该段①句指出,你的第一份工作有可能恰好是适合你的工作,[A]选项不合文义。[C]选项偷梁换柱,将②句中should not change jobs constantly改为should not change your first job,从而与原文产生意义偏差。[D]选项错在final job。③句指出,第一份工作是一个认识自己和自己工作专长的机会,而不是使自己适合最终工作的机会。

五、全文翻译

大量职业在日益强调专业性。这类职业常见于工程、生产、统计、教学领域。但对那些一眼就能注意到很大区域、可能对任一领域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。换言之,社会需要那些能够看到森林而非树木、能够做出总体判断的人。我们可以称这些人为“通才”。管理职位尤其需要这样的“通才”,在管理职位上“通才”的职责是:确保他人完成工作,必须为他人制定计划,组织他人的工作,发起工作且对工作做出评判。

专家精通某一领域;他关注的是技术和工具。他是“受过良好训练”者;他有良好的技术或专业教育背景。通才,尤其是管理者,与人打交道;他关注的是领导、规划及方向设定。他是“受过良好教育”者;人文学科是其最坚强的基石。鲜有专家能够胜任管理者。同样,优秀的通才很少同时也是某一特定领域的优秀专家。任何组织都同时需要这两种人,虽然组织不同,需求的比例亦不同。你的任务是在训练期间从两种工作中发现适合自己的那一种,并对自己的职业作出相应的规划。

你的第一份工作可能恰好是适合你的工作——但这纯属巧合。当然,你不应频繁更换工作,否则人们将怀疑你是否有能力保住一份工作。同时,你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最后一份工作;它主要是一份培训工作,一个认识自己和自己工作专长的机会。

Text 2 ①At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man.②It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain.③Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps.④Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area.⑤Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions.⑥The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America.⑦The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.①The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions.②This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.③Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia--a region rich in forest and mining industries.④Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.一、词汇

1.mighty 巨大的,非凡的2.elevation 高度

3.Antarctica 南极地区 4.Arctic 北极地区

5.drifting 漂移的6.hem sb/sth in包围,限制(某人/某事物)

7.unobstructed 无障碍的 8.refrigerated 冰冷的 9.inhabited 有人居住的 10.Alaska 阿拉斯加 11.Siberia西伯利亚

12.Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚

二、长难句

1.The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.句子的主干为The Antarctic is a continent,名词continent后为三个并列的后置定语almost as large as…,(which is)centered roughly on …和(which is)surrounded by …。

翻译:南极地区是一块面积几乎等于欧洲和澳洲之和、以南极为大致中心的大陆。其周围环绕着世界上最为广阔的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。

2.This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.句子的主干是This cold air current from the land is so forceful that …,so … that引导结果状语从句。that从句的主干是it makes the nearby seas the stormiest and renders those regions … unlivable,谓语动词make和render都接有“宾语+形容词宾补”的结构。render所接结构中,宾补unlivable提前到宾语those regions前,因为该宾语后接有较长的后置定语,即whose引导的定语从句。翻译:来自大陆的冷气流的强度足以让附近的海洋成为世界上暴风雪最为肆虐的地方,使南极区域成为无法居住的地区,而在地球另一端同样的位置却有人居住。

三、文章结构分析

本文是一篇地理方面的说明文。文章通过与北极地区做对比,介绍了南极地区的地理状况、人类对其探索程度、该地区的气候及不可居住性。

第一段:介绍南极地区的地理状况,及人类对其探索程度。第二段:介绍南极地区的气候及其不适宜居住性。

四、试题具体分析

16.The best title for this selection would be 16.本节选部分的最佳题目是______。________.[A] Iceland [A] 冰川 [B] Land of Opportunity [B] 机会的土地 [C] The Unknown Continent [C] 未知的大陆 [D] Utopia at Last [D] 最终的乌托邦 [分析] 本题考核知识点是:文章主旨题。

文章第一段介绍了人类对南极地区的探索程度以及南极地区的地理状况。第二段介绍了南极地区的气候条件,并通过与北极地区的气候条件做比指出该地区不适合居住。可见,本文是一篇介绍南极地区的文章。而文章①句说明,南极地区是一片非凡的的大陆。②至④句指出,南极地区山川的跨度和高度尚未确定、其大部分地区在我们的地图上都是空白、人们已探索的面积尚不足该大陆的百分之一,即,人类对南极大陆知之甚少。综合以上分析,[C]选项正确,The Unknown Continent 即指南极大陆。文章并非只局限于对极地冰川的介绍,排除[A]选项。文章也并未指出南极地区蕴藏着丰富的机会,排除[B]。[D]选项和文章内容相反,文中指出,南极气候不适合人类居住,而并非生活的乐土。

17.At the time this article was written, our 17.在撰写本文时,我们关于南极的知识knowledge of Antarctica was ________.____。[A] very limited [A] 非常有限 [B] vast [B] 范围很广 [C] fairly rich [C] 相当丰富 [D] nonexistent [D] 不存在 [分析]本题考核知识点:细节概括题。第一段②至④句指出,南极地区山川的跨度和高度尚未确定、其大部分地区在我们的地图上都是空白、人们已探索的面积尚不足该大陆的百分之一。[A]limited为“人们对南极了解程度”的正确概括。

18.Antarctica is bordered by the ________.18.南极地区的边缘为____。[A] Pacific Ocean [A] 太平洋 [B] Indian Ocean [B] 印度洋 [C] Atlantic Ocean [C] 大西洋 [D] All three [D] 以上三个都包括 [分析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

第一段末句指出,南极大陆被大西洋、太平洋和印度洋所包围。[D]选项正确。

19.The Antarctic is made uninhabitable 19.南极地区不适宜居住的主要原因为primarily by ________._________。[A] cold air [A] 冷空气 [B] calm seas [B]平静的大海 [C] ice [C] 冰 [D] lack of knowledge about the continent [D] 对该大陆了解的缺乏 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是:因果细节题。第二段②句指出,距北极某一距离的一些地区适宜居住,而来自大陆的强冷气流使得具南极同等距离的地区却无法居住(This cold air current …renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited)。[A]选项正确。20.According to this article ________.20.根据本文可知,______。[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent [A] 有2000人住在南极大陆

[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of [B] 有一百万人住在距南极两千英里的范the South Pole 围内

[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius [C] 以南极为中心,2000英里为半径的区of the South Pole make settlements impractical 域内的天气条件不适合居住 [D] only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica [D] 南极地区只有很少的本地人居住 [分析]本题考核知识点:细节综合题。第二段②句指出,北极的一些地区适宜居住,而来自大陆的强冷气流使南极地区却无法居住。③④句指出,在距北极2000英里的区域内,居住着一百多万人口;而在距南极同样距离的范围内,则连一棵树、一家企业、一个定居点都没有。[C]选项为对该部分内容的概述。

五、全文翻译

在世界底端存在着一片尚被冰川覆盖的、不久之前才为人所知的非凡的大陆。这是一片广阔的陆地,其山川的跨度和高度尚未确定。它的大部分地区在我们的地图上都还是空白。人类步行探索的范围尚不足其面积的百分之一。南极和北极地区存在着根本的差异。北极地区是一片被巨大的欧、亚、北美大陆所包围、被漂移的冰块所覆盖的大海。南极地区是一块面积几乎等于欧洲和澳洲之和、以南极为大致中心的大陆。其周围环绕着世界上最为广阔的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。

大陆冰盖的中心高达两英里多,因此,南极上空的空气比北极地区更冰冷。来自大陆的冷气流的强度足以让附近的海洋成为世界上暴风雪最为肆虐的地方,使南极区域成为无法居住的地区,而在地球另一端同样的位置却有人居住。因此,在距北极2000英里范围内包括大部分的阿拉斯加、西伯利亚、斯堪的纳维亚的这样一个林业和矿业丰富的地区,居住着一百多万人口。而在距南极同等距离的区域内,除了少数几家气象站外,连一棵树,一家产业、或一个定居点都没有。

Section III English-Chinese Translation Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.(21)If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.(22)If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.(23)Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.(24)Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest.They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist.If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now.I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”

(25)There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university.(26)This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.(27)He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.(28)It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.一、文章结构分析

本文强调了要为大学生提供更多课程方面的信息,从而使他们在对各门不同学科进行钻研之后,选择符合自己兴趣和能力的学科。

二、试题具体解析

21.本题考核的知识点是:主从复合句、形式主语。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件从句,主句为it is not hard to see …,可以采用顺译法,保留句子原来的顺序。主句中it为形式主语,不定式结构to see …为真正的主语。how difficult it is … abilities为see的宾语从句。从句的主干结构为how difficult it is for a student to …,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式结构to select the course,过去分词短语most suited to his interests and abilities做后置定语,修饰先行词the course。翻译该从句时应将真正的主语内容译出。

【词义确定】variety(of sth)意为“不同种类,多种式样”;suited to sth意为“合适,适当”。【翻译】如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程,我们就不难发现,对一个学生来说,要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。22.本题考核的知识点是:主从复合句、不定式结构。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件从句,主句为he will undoubtedly benefit。条件句的主干为If a student goes to university,三个并列的不定式结构做目的状语:to acquire … to enlarge … and to learn …。

【词义确定】acquire意为“获得,取得,学到”;perspective意为“看法,观点”。【翻译】如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识,为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考,那么毫无疑问,进大学对他是有好处的。23.本题考核的知识点是:固定结构、不定式结构、状语。【句子结构】该句的主干为Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere to …。注意,too … to … 结构除了用于“too + 形容词或副词+ to do sth”外,也可用于“too + 形容词+ a / an + 单数可数名词+ to do sth”。句末为较长的不定式结构to allow … 做结果状语。Atmosphere和不定式之间插入的介词短语with its time tables and disciplines做状语,根据语义,可以译为汉语的原因状语。【词义确定】restricting意为“限制的”;atmosphere意为“气氛”;allow(sb sth)意为“给予……”;assessment意为“估价,评估”。

【翻译】学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束,气氛往往令人感到过于拘束,使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。

24.本题考核的知识点是:插入语,方式状语,主语补语

【句子结构】该句的插入语部分I believe可放在句子最前面,从而看成“主谓句+宾语从句”的句型,译为:我认为……。宾语从句的主干是Most students would profit by …,介词短语by a year of …studies做方式状语,修饰profit,译为“通过/经过……”。句末especially those …是从句主语的补语,翻译时可提前跟在主语后。【词义确定】exploration意为“探测,探索”,这里根据与academic studies的搭配,译为“钻研”。all rounder意为“多面手”,根据上下文译为“全面发展的学生”。

【翻译】我认为大多数学生,尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”,经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研,将会从中获益。25.本题考核的知识点是:there be句型、后置定语

【句子结构】该句的主干结构为there be句型,即There is another side,介词短语to the question …做后置定语,修饰名词side。其中question后跟有介词短语of how to make the best use of one’s time at university做后置定语,说明其具体内容。【词义确定】side意为“方面”;介词to意为“属于,关于,对于”;make the best use of意为“充分地利用”。

【翻译】当然,关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间,还有另外一个方面。26.本题考核的知识点是:定语从句

【句子结构】该句的主干是This is the case of the student,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词student。【词义确定】case意为“情形,情况”。excel in意为“在……方面出类拔萃”;branch of learning意为“知识的一门分科”。

【翻译】某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。27.本题考核的知识点是:分词结构、名词转译为动词

【句子结构】 该句的主干为He is immediately accepted by … , and spends his three or four years becoming … , 其中谓语部分为and连接的两个动词短语,前一个是被动语态is accepted by,后一个是spend time doing sth的结构。分词结构emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of …做结果状语,由于该部分较长,可单独译成一句。句末名词从句what the rest of the world is all about做介词of的宾语。

【词义确定】the University of his choice和little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about中choice和knowledge都有动作含义,应译为“选择大学”和“了解外界”。emerge意为“露头,出现”。【翻译】他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受,再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位,但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。28.本题考核的知识点是:主语从句、条件状语从句 【句子结构】该句的主干是It therefore becomes more and more important that …,其中it为形式主语,that从句是真正的主语。主语从句中嵌套了if条件句,主语从句的主干为there will have to be much more detailed information。由于主语从句较长,可以先单独译成一句话。【翻译】因此,如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会,就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

三、全文翻译

发现有多少上大学的年轻人对将来要做什么没有任何明确的想法,将是一件有趣的事情。(21)如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程,我们就不难发现,对一个学生来说,要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。(22)如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识,为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考,那么毫无疑问,进大学对他是有好处的。(23)学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束,气氛往往令人感到过于拘束,使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。(24)我认为大多数学生,尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”,经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研,将会从中获益。他们应该有更长的时间来决定想拿什么学科的学位,以便在以后的岁月里回顾过去时不会说,“我希望自己是一名考古学家。如果我没有获得现代语言的学位,就不会成为一名翻译,但现在为时已晚。我不能回头再重新来过了。

(25)当然,关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间,还有另外一个方面。(26)某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。(27)他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受,再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位,但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。(28)因此,如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会,就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。只有这样,我们才能确保:一方面,我们不会有一帮对自己学科以外的事情完全无知的专家,另一方面,我们不会有越来越多的毕业生具备这个工作世界很少或没有需求的学科的知识。

第二篇:1988年考研英语真题及解析

1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Close Test

For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D].Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Read the whole passage before making your choice.(10 points)

①In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World.②The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia.③Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims.④They were looking for a place where they could worship God

1.⑤Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its.⑥The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620.⑦It was the middle of the stern northern winter.⑧

months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them.⑨Only the strongest of the pilgrims

that winter.⑩Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves.○11Living

began to improve in the spring of 1621.1○2There were wild vegetables.○13There were berries and fruit.○14Fish and game were plentiful.1○5Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing.1○6The colonists‟ health

with the warm weather and their better diet.1○7In the fall, they look back

the past year.○18They were both regretful and thankful.○19Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained.○20The price in human life and tragedy had been great.2○1On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future.○22A splendid harvest was

them.2○3They were ready for the second winter with confidence.2○4They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter.2○5Seven were for families, and four were for communal use.2○6 9 , they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.2○7The woods and forests became safe.○28When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists.○29At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday.○30It was their first Thanks giving Day.[328 words] 1.[A] in their own style

[B] in their own way [C] on their own

[D] of their own 2.[A] course

[B] route

[C] passage [D] channel 3.[A] Uncomfortable [B] Bad

[C] Unfavourable [D] Terrible 4.[A] passed

[B] sustained [C] survived [D] spent 5.[A] situations

[B] environments [C] conditions

[D] circumstances 6.[A] strengthened [B] regained [C] recovered [D] improved 7.[A] in

[B] of

[C] over

[D] at 8.[A] on

[B] behind

[C] for

[D] beyond 9.[A] Best of all [B] For the best [C] To their best [D] All in all 10.[A] ashore

[B] around

[C] about

[D] aboard

试题精解

一、文章结构分析

本文是一篇记叙文,讲述了“五月花号”抵达美洲新大陆的情况及感恩节的来历。

第一段交代了文章的背景:一批殖民者到达北美新大陆。①至④句介绍了“五月花号”前往美洲的原因,⑤至⑩句介绍了“五月花号”上的朝圣者在途中以及登陆后遇到的困难,○11至1○6句介绍了他们生活条件得到好转的原因及表现。第二段通过对过去的回顾与对未来的展望,叙述了朝圣者怀有感恩的心态并与当地印第安人签署友好协定,为下文感恩节的形成做了铺垫。

第三段说明了感恩节产生的直接原因:朝圣者想庆祝他们定居新家的第一年。

二、试题具体分析

1.[A] in their own style

[B] in their own way以…特有的方式 [C] on their own单独,独立地

[D] of their own自己的,本人的 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义+固定短语

[快速解题]空格处填入的短语作状语,修饰worship God,说明朝圣者前往新大陆的原因。in one‟s own way是固定搭配,意为“以…特有的方式”,代入文中意为“以他们特有的方式敬仰上帝”,符合上下文逻辑关系,为正确答案。on their own与of their own不符合文意,style虽然可以表示“方式、方法”,但该含义不用于in one‟s own…结构,应排除。

[篇章分析]①至④句是第一段的第一个层次,揭示了五月花号前往新大陆的原因。④句是一个复合句,主干为They were looking for a place,后接where引导的定语从句修饰place。[空格设置]in one‟s own way是固定短语,如:I expect she does love you in her own way.我想她的确是以她特有的方式爱你。

[干扰项设置]其他项利用常见的固定搭配设置干扰。例句:The accident happened through no fault of her own.这一事故的发生不是她本人的过错。He did it on his own.这件事他独立完成了。

2.[A] course航向,航线

[B] route路线,路途 [C] passage通道,航程

[D] channel渠道,海峡 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析

[快速解题]空格处填入的名词作lost的宾语,因此此题关键是判断那个选项可与lost搭配且符合文意。四个选项构成的动宾搭配分别表示“迷失航向”、“迷失路线”、“迷失航程”和“迷失海峡”,显然不存在后两种搭配,首先排除[C]和[D]。由于文中具体指出了是海上航行,因此排除常指“地面路线”的route,最佳答案为[A]course。[篇章分析]⑤至⑩句是第一段的第二个层次,分别介绍了朝圣者在航行中及登陆后遇到的困难。

[空格设置]course除了考生熟悉的表示“课程”的含义外,还可意为“(船或飞机的)航向,航线“,如:The plane was on/off course.飞机航向正确/偏离航向。

[干扰项设置]其他项利用其他表示“路径”的词对course形成近义干扰。例句:Which is the best route to take? 哪一条是最佳路线?This passage will take us to the other building.穿过这条通道,我们就可以到达另一座大楼。Complaints must be made through the proper channels.投诉必须通过正当途径进行。

3.[A] Uncomfortable令人不舒适的 [B] Bad令人不快的,坏的

[C] Unfavourable不利的,有害的 [D] Terrible可怕的,造成极大伤害的 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+形容词辨析 [快速解题]空格处填入的形容词做定语修饰months,意为“…的几个月”。months后面的of…介词结构也做定语后置修饰months,由of后面的一系列名词“starvation、disease、death”可知,这几个月的情况是极其严重的,因此,在四个选项中应选择表示恶劣程度最深的terrible。

[空格设置]terrible的词义和用法比较简单,本题需要考生理解上下文的具体内容做出选择。

[干扰项设置]其他项利用表示“不利的”的形容词设置干扰,考生需结合词语表达含义的程度与具体语境排除干扰。

4.[A] passed通过,经过;消磨,度过

[B] sustained维持(生命、生存)[C] survived生存;幸存,挺过,艰难度过 [D] spent花(时间),度过 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+动词辨析

[快速解题]空格所在部分意为“朝圣者中只有最为强壮的人…那个冬天”。pass常用于指无聊或等人时打发、消磨时间;spend强调以某种方式花时间,常接on sth或in doing sth来表示方式。sustain虽然含有“生存”的意思,但其后常接life或人作宾语,不符合文中用法。符合上下文意的只有survive,指“艰难挺过那个冬天”,与上一题中的terrible相呼应。[空格设置]本题借survive考查了考生对上下文的理解。例句:I can‟t survive on $40 a week.一星期40美元,我无法维持生活。

[干扰项设置]其他项是利用表示“度过”的动词对survive构成近义干扰,考生要在理解词义的基础上对单词的用法区别掌握。例句:We sang songs to pass the time.我们借唱歌消磨时间。Few planets can sustain life.能够维持生命存在的行星很少。How long did you spend on your homework? 你做家庭作业用了多长时间? 5.[A] situations情况,状况

[B] environments环境 [C] conditions环境,条件

[D] circumstances条件,状况 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+名词辨析

[快速解题]空格所在部分living 5 意为“生活…”,四个选项都含有“环境,状况”的意思,但是侧重点各有不同。situation强调特定时期和特定地点形势、局面,environments特指影响个体或事物行为或发展的环境,conditions指居住、工作或做事情的环境或条件,circumstances尤其指经济状况。由living以及下文的vegetables、berries等词可知,这里指的是人们的生活条件得到改善,符合文意的为[C]conditions.[篇章分析]○11句至○16句是第一段的第三个层次,指出了朝圣者在新的定居点生活条件得到改善的原因及表现。

[空格设置]conditions本身词义比较简单,但要求考生根据上下文语境排除干扰,作出正确判断。例句:changing economic conditions不断变化的经济状况。

[干扰项设置]其他项利用表示“环境、状况”的名词对conditions形成近义干扰。这几个词虽然含义相近,但用法上各有不同,例句如:We have all been in similar embarrassing situations.我们都遇到过类似的尴尬局面。They have created an environment in which productivity should flourish.他们创造了一种可以大大提高生产力的环境。Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.补助金根据经济状况发放。6.[A]strengthened加强,巩固

[B]regained 重新获得,恢复 [C]recovered恢复健康,康复

[D]improved 改进,改善 本题考核的知识点是:动词辨析

[快速解题]空格所在部分的主语是the colonists‟ health,此题的关键是判断哪个动词能与health搭配,并且能与上下文衔接。strengthened指“增强能力或地位等”,不能与health搭配,首先排除。regained意为“恢复”时常做及物动词,不符合文中用法,但是可以说…regained health。recovered本身即意为“恢复健康”,不需要health作主语。符合上下文语义的只有improve,在文中意为“健康得到改善”。

[篇章分析]○16句的主干部分是The colonists‟ health improved,介词with的用法比较特殊,表原因,介宾短语with…解释了health improved的原因。

[空格设置]improve的含义比较简单,但用法很丰富,可以泛指各方面的“改善、提高”,如:His quality of life has improved dramatically since the operation.手术后他的生活质量大大改善了。to improve efficiency/standards/conditions提高效率/标准;改善条件。

[干扰项设置]其他项利用考生熟悉的汉语表达法设置干扰。汉语里经常有“恢复健康、增强健康”的表达方式,考生要熟悉英汉两种语言表达方式的区别,排除干扰。例句:Her position in the party has strengthened in recent weeks.最近几个星期以来,她在党内的地位有所增强。I struggled to regain some dignity.我努力恢复自己的一点儿尊严。He‟s still recovering from his operation.手术后,他仍在恢复之中。7.[A] in

[B] of

[C] over

[D] at 本题考核的知识点是:介词搭配

[快速解题]空格处填入的介词既要与look back搭配,又要能接the past year作宾语。不存在look back in与look back of的用法,首先排除[A]和[B]。look back over与look back at都可意为“回顾”,但look back at后面接具体的时间或事物,look back over后面接特定阶段,显然文中the past year强调的是一个时间段,符合要求的是look back over,代入文中意为“回顾过去的一年”。

[篇章分析]第二段分为两个层次:1○7至○20句是对过去的回顾,2○1至○26句是对未来的展望与准备。○21句句首on the other hand表明了这种今昔对比。

[空格设置]介词over的含义和用法都很丰富,在知识运用的文章中经常出现,考生要结合具体语境掌握该词用法。

[干扰项设置]其他项利用其他可与look搭配的常用介词设置干扰,需要正确理解上下文才排除干扰。8.[A] on

[B] behind

[C] for

[D] beyond 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+介词辨析

[快速解题]空格所在部分A splendid harvest was 8 them,意为“一个大丰收…他们”。由○17句in the fall和○23句ready for the second winter可知,他们在秋天已经取得大丰收,并为第二年冬天做准备。behind意为used to say that sth is in sb‟s past,它代入文中,意为“他们身后是(秋天的)一个大丰收”,即“已经获得了丰收”。其他项与them搭配分别意为“由他们支付”、“为了他们”与“他们无法理解“,均不符合上下文语义,应排除。[篇章分析]2○1句是第二段第二个层次的总起句,指出了对未来的希望。2○2句至段末分别从食物、住所以及人际关系三方面举出了充满希望的原因。

[空格设置]本题通过behind考查了考生对文章内部时间逻辑的把握,及它本身不为考生所熟悉的含义。例句:She has ten years‟ useful experience behind her.她已有十年的经验,能派上用场。[干扰项设置]其他项都是利用常用介词设置的脱离上下文的无关干扰,联系上下文语义不难排除。

9.[A] Best of all最好的是,尤其 [B] For the best出于好意 [C] To their best

[D] All in all总的来说 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系

[快速解题]空格处填入的短语放在句首,体现句子之间的逻辑关系,此题的关键是判断空格前后部分的逻辑关系。to their best短语不存在,首先排除。上文都是讲殖民者为来年做的物质准备,○26句重在强调人际关系方面的改善,体现这种强调关系的只有best of all。[篇章分析]2○6句虽然是一个简单句,但是句子结构比较复杂,主干为they had established a treaty of friendship,句首的best of all与with..,under…,in…三个介宾短语做状语。[空格设置]逻辑关系在知识运用中的考查比重越来越大,需要考生提高语篇结构的分析能力。例句如:Best of all, we don‟t have any homework.最好的是我们没有什么家庭作业了。[干扰项设置]其他项都是利用词形设置的形近干扰。例句:I did it for the best.我是出于好意这么做的。All in all it has been a great success.总的来说,那是个巨大的成功。10.[A] ashore在岸上

[B] around周围 [C] about到处

[D] aboard在(船、车飞机)上 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+副词辨析

[快速解题]空格所在部分意为“当‘五月花号’返回英格兰的时候,没有一名殖民者…”,显然,表示“在船上”的aboard符合文章语义的衔接,为正确选项。其他三项不符合上下文,应排除。

[篇章分析]2○7○28句承接上文,总结指出殖民者生活状况好转,他们在殖民地定居下来。○29句是过渡句,指出他们想要建立一个节日庆祝新的生活,由此引出○30句感恩节的来历。[空格设置]aboard的含义和用法都比较简单,但需要根据上下文进行推断。

[干扰项设置]其他项是利用aboard的形近词设置的干扰,由于都脱离了上下文,不难排除。

三、全文翻译

1620年,一艘被命名为“五月花号”的小帆船离开伦敦驶往新大陆。“五月花号”向位于弗吉尼亚州温暖海岸的詹姆斯顿殖民地行进。船上的一百名乘客都是朝圣者,他们正在寻找一个地方,在那里他们能以自己特有的方式敬仰上帝。由于狂风和凶猛的暴风雨,“五月花号”迷失了航向。1620年12月份,这一群勇敢的殖民者最终不得不在位于马萨诸塞州岩石嶙嶙海岸的普利茅斯登陆。当时正是北方严冬时期,他们将面对的是充满了饥饿、疾病和死亡的极其可怕的几个月。朝圣者中只有最为强壮的人活过了那个冬天。许多妇女把她们少得可怜的口粮留给了自己的孩子,自己却死于饥饿。生活条件在1621年的春天开始改善:有了野菜、浆果和水果以及充足的鱼和野禽。因此,尽管缺乏狩猎、捕鱼的技巧和经验,他们也能够获得足够的新鲜肉类。由于天气变暖和饮食的改善,殖民者们的健康状况得以好转。在秋天,他们回顾了过去的一年,既遗憾又感激。最初的一百名乘客只有五十人存活了下来,人类生命的代价和和悲剧是如此巨大。另一方面,他们看到了未来的新希望。在他们身后是(秋天的)一个大丰收,他们充满自信地为第二个冬天的到来做好了准备。他们有十一所用于抵御严冬的简陋房屋,其中的七所为家庭所有,四所作为公用。最重要的是,在马萨索特酋长的监管下,他们在夏天与其印第安邻居订立了友好协定。林地和森林变安全了。那年夏天,当“五月花号”返回英格兰的时候,船上没有一名殖民者。在他们定居新家的第一年年底,这些朝圣者想以一个真正的节日来庆祝,这便是他们的第一个感恩节。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)Text 1 ①It doesn‟t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can‟t remember it.②You just waste your valuable time.③Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.①One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading.②You remember better what you read when you know why you‟re reading.①Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you.I‟m just looking”? ②Both you and she know that if you aren‟t sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.③But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you.I want a pair of sun glasses.” ④She says, “Right this way, please.” ⑤And you and she are off--both eager to look for exactly what you want.①It‟s quite the same with your studying.②If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that--nothing.③But if you do know what you want, and if you have the right book, you are almost sure to get it.④Your reasons will vary;they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”.⑤A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.①This is the way it works.②Before you start to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America.I‟m reading this article to find out.” ③Or, “I‟m going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” ④Because you know why you are reading or studying, you relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.①Reading is not one single activity.②At least two important processes go on at the same time.③As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately.④But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read.⑤You have a kind of mental conversation with the author.⑥If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree.That‟s my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier.I‟d better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered!” ⑦You don‟t just sit there taking in ideas--you do something else, and that something else is very important.①This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes.②In other words, a good reader is a critical reader.③One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions.④Facts can be checked by evidence.⑤Opinions are one‟s own personal reactions.①Another part of critical reading is judging sources.②Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.一、词汇

1.make no difference没有...作用或影响

2.specific a.明确的 3.suppose v.假设,以为,认为

4.at random随便地,任意地 5.happen to(do sth)碰巧(做某事)

6.skim v.略读 7.react to对...做出反应

8.take in接受,理解

二、长难句

1.It doesn‟t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can‟t remember it.该句的主干为It doesn‟t come as a surprise to you,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式结构to realize that …,that引导的从句做realize的宾语。宾语从句为主从复合句,句末为if引导的条件状语从句,主干为it makes no difference,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的what you read or study。

翻译:如果你不能记住你所读或者所学的东西,那你读什么或学什么就无关紧要了,这一点毫不出奇。

三、文章结构分析

这篇文章主要探讨阅读和学习中记忆的方法。文章段落分散,语言平实易懂,总体可以分为三个部分。

第一部分为第一段,提出现象:指出记忆对于阅读或学习的重要性,并且记忆需要聪明的方法。

第二部分为第二至五段,叙述帮助记忆的方法之一:有目的或有原因的阅读。以购物过程和阅读过程做类比说明,有目的或有原因的阅读可以帮助读者获得明确信息并进行良好记忆。第三部分为第六至八段,论述阅读的过程——理解内容和批判性地思考评估内容,而后者又包括区分事实与观点、评判信息来源和进行准确推理。

四、试题具体分析

11.If you cannot remember what yo

11.如果你不能记住所阅读或学习的内容,________。[A] 这毫不出奇

[B] 这意味着你没有真正学到任何东西 [C] 这意味着你没有选对阅读的书籍

[D] 你意识到这无所谓 [A] it is no surprise [B] it means you have not really learned anything [C] it means you have not chosen the right book [D] you realize it is of no importance 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:具体细节题。

第一段指出如果你不能记住你所读或所学的内容的话,就是在浪费宝贵的时间,即你没有从中学到任何东西,[B]选项正确。

[A]和[D]选项偷换概念,第一段指出,如果不能记住所读或所学的内容,那么所读或所学内容无关紧要,这一点毫不出奇,而非“不能记住所读或所学内容”不出奇或无关紧要。[C]选项无干干扰,从文中无从推知。

12.Before you start reading, it i[A] to make sure why you are reading [B] to relate the information to your purpose [C] to remember what you read [D] to choose an interesting book

12.在你开始阅读之前,有必要________。

[A] 确定你阅读的原因 [B] 将信息与目的联系起来 [C] 记住你所读的内容 [D] 选择有趣的读物

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:具体细节题。

第二段提出一种帮助记忆的可靠方法,即有目的或有原因的阅读,换句话说,就是在阅读前确定阅读的目的或原因。[A]选项正确。

[B]和[C]选项张冠李戴,它们是阅读和记忆过程中的步骤,而非阅读前的步骤。[D]选项无中生有。

13.Reading activity invo[A] only two simultaneous processes [B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically [C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions [D] mainly drawing accurate inferences

13.阅读行为包括________。[A] 仅仅两个同时发生的过程

[B] 主要是理解内容和批判性地评估内容

[C] 仅仅区分事实与观点 [D] 主要进行准确推理

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:具体细节题。由题干关键词reading activity定位到文章第六段。第六段首句指出阅读并非一项独立的行为,它包括至少两个同时发生的重要过程。③④句列出这两个过程:迅速而准确地理解内容和以自己的思维表述对所读内容的反应。[B]选项是对这两个过程的同义改写,为正确项。[A]选项以偏概全,第六段首句指出阅读行为至少包括(at least)两个同时发生的过程,而非仅仅(only)这两个过程。[C]和[D]选项张冠李戴,“区分事实与观点”和“进行正确推理”是最后两段提到的“对所阅读的内容进行思考的附加过程”的部分内容,而非阅读行为的直接过程。一般而言,带有绝对意味的限定性词语的选项(如only和merely)都不是正确项。

14.A good reader is one 14.一位好读者是________。[A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about [A] 将其所读的内容与其了解的主题相关知识联系the subject matter 起来

[B] does lots of thinking in his reading [B] 在阅读过程中进行大量思考 [C] takes a critical attitude in his reading [C] 对阅读采取批判性的态度 [D] is able to check the facts presented against what he [D] 能够将所读到的事实与已知事实核对

has already known 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:具体细节题。

由题干关键词“a good reader”定位到第七段。②句明确指出,一位好读者就是一位批判性的读者。[C]选项是这句话的同义改写,为正确项。

[A]、[B]和[D]选项以偏概全,第七、八段论述批判性阅读,指出思考阅读内容的过程包括评估内容、将所读内容与已知内容进行联系、根据自己的目的进行应用;而批判性阅读则包括区分事实与观点、评判内容来源、进行准确推理。[A]选项是思考过程中的一点;[B]选项仅提及阅读中思考这一要素,而忽略批判性阅读的其他要素;[D]选项也只提到批判性阅读中的两点,因此其他三项都不完整。

五、全文翻译

如果你不能记住你所读或者所学的东西,那你读什么或学什么就无关紧要了,这一点毫不出奇。这样不过是浪费宝贵时间罢了。不过,或许你早已发现一些聪明的方法来避免遗忘。一种帮助你记住所学内容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的阅读。如果你清楚你为何而阅读,那么你对所阅读的内容就会记得更牢靠些。当你拒绝商店售货员的帮助(“不,谢谢,我只是看看”)时,为什么售货员就转身走开了呢?这是因为你和她都知道,如果你不确定自己要什么,你也不大可能会有所收获。然而,假设你的回答是“是的,谢谢,我想买一副太阳镜。”她会回答,“好的,请这边走。”然后你和她就向“目的地”走去——都迫切地去寻找你想要的东西。这与你的学习过程非常相似。如果你随机选择了一本书,“只是看看”而不是寻找具体东西,那么你所得到的很可能是——一无所获。但是,如果你知道你想要什么,而你手头又有正确的书,那么你几乎肯定会获得你所想要的东西。你的缘由可能大不相同:阅读或学习是为了“找出更多信息”、“为了理解原因”和“为了找出方法”。一个好学生对于他所做的事情总有一个明确的目的或原因。

这就是奏效的方法。在开始学习之前,你这样告诉自己,“我想知道斯蒂芬·文森特·贝尼特为什么这样描写美国。我读这篇文章就是要找出原因。”或者“我要通读这篇文章,看看中世纪英格兰的生活到底是什么样子的。”由于你知道阅读或学习的原因,你就可以将这些信息与你的目的紧密联系,并更好地记住它。

阅读并不是一项独立的行为,期间至少两个重要过程同时发生。在阅读时,你能够迅速而又准确地理解内容,同时在对所读内容予以反应时也在表述自己的思想。你与作者进行一种精神对话。如果你口头表述你的想法的话,它们很可能是“是的,我同意,我的想法也是这样。”或是“嗯……,我以为这项纪录早就被打破了。我最好还是再查查日期。”或是“但是还要考虑一些其他的事实!”你并不只是坐在那里理解内容——你还在做其他的事情,而这些事情往往非常重要。

对所阅读的内容进行思考的附加过程包括评估这些内容、将其与已知信息相联系,并根据自身目的来进行应用。换句话说,一位好读者也是一位批判性的读者。正如你所发现的,批判性阅读的一部分就是区分事实与观点。事实可以通过证据来确认,而观点只是个人反应。批判性阅读的还包括评判来源和进行准确推理。Text 2 ①If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior.②Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes.③One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand.④Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.⑤In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen, together with movements to reduce noise.①Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise.②Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working(or sitting)in music halls where rock bands are playing.③In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels(a measure of the loudness of sound)can be considered dangerous.④Decibel values correspond to various sounds.⑤Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.⑥Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).①Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise.②If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.③The problem is noise.一、词汇

1.extent n.范围,程度

2.at hand在手边

3.stimulin(stimulus的复数形式)刺激 4.exposure n.(to sth)暴露(在…下)5.intensity n.强度,强烈

6.duration n.持续 7.frequency n.频繁,频率

8.hazard n.危险,危害 9.decibel n.分贝

10.measure n.量度 11.correspond to相应于,符合于

12.intermittent a.间歇的,断断续续的 13.vigilance n.警戒

14.detect v.检测,发现 15.rear n.后面,背后

二、长难句

1.Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.该句的主干是Thus stimuli will be considered noise,主语stimuli后接有that引导的定语从句做后置定语;谓语部分有介词短语at another time做时间状语。句末分词depending on …做条件状语。

翻译:因此,根据人们手头的工作,某些时候的刺激在另外一些时候就是噪音。

2.Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.该句的主干是Sounds may produce significant hearing loss,介词短语above about 85 decibels做后置定语,修饰主语名词sounds。插入语部分为if条件句,做条件状语,修饰谓语动词。翻译:如果呆在超过85分贝噪音环境中的时间足够长,将会造成严重的听力丧失。

3.Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.该句的主干为Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies … and whether …,其中depend upon后接有and连接的并列名词结构做介词宾语。第一个名词frequencies后接有to which引导的定语从句做后置定语;第二个为whether引导的宾语从句。

翻译:实际的听力丧失程度要看噪音的具体频率和噪音是持续性的还是间歇性的。

4.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).该句为主从复合句。主句为Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks,have effects on sth意为“对……有影响”。if引导条件从句,其主干为one is performing a watch keeping task,that引导的定语从句修饰a watch keeping task。该定语从句的主干为that(a watch keeping task)requires vigilance,in which引导的定语从句做后置定语,修饰名词vigilance。

翻译:在某些任务的工作过程中,噪声会造成意想不到的危害。例如,一个人正执行一件需要高度警惕的观察工作,负责检测某种弱信号(如,观察雷达屏幕上飞行器的出现)。5.If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件状语从句,句子主干为you may have noticed that …and that …,其宾语由and连接的两个that引导的宾语从句构成。

翻译:如果你坐在喷气式飞机的后部,首先你会注意到进行谈话是多么困难,最终,你不得不提高音量来抵消噪音的影响。

三、文章结构分析

这篇文章主要探讨噪音对人类及其行为的有害影响。文章主题明确,层次清晰,总体结构为总分结构,可以分为两个部分。第一部分为总(第一段):提出噪音现象,给出噪音定义,并指出人们开始关注噪音对人类行为的影响。

第二部分为分(第二、三和四段):论述噪音对人类及其行为的有害影响。第二段指出噪音会造成人类听力的部分或完全丧失。第三段指出噪音会对某些工作执行造成意想不到的危害。第四段指出噪音会对人际交流造成不良影响。

四、试题具体分析

15.Noise differs from sound15.噪音与声音的不同之处在于噪音是________。[A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done [A] 干扰人们工作的声音

[B] it is a special type of loud sound [B] 一种特别类型的大音量的声音 [C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities [C] 在大城市中通常难以避免 [D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter [D] 其定义可以比声音的定义更加准确

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:具体细节题。

众所周知,噪音是声音的一种。文章首段给出了噪音的两种定义,一种是人们的通俗定义,噪音是人们不想听到的声音;另一种是较为准确的科学定义,噪音是与当前任务无关的声音,即干扰人们工作的声音。[A]选项是第二种定义的同义改写,为正确项。

[B]选项以偏概全,音量大是噪音的特点之一,但并非噪音的唯一特点。[C]和[D]选项利用文中出现词语large city、define和precisely捏造无关干扰。

16.One of the harmful effects of noise on hu16.噪音对人类工作的有害影响之一是________。[A] it reduces one‟s sensitivity [A] 降低人们的敏感性 [B] it renders the victim helpless [B] 使受害者感到无助 [C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music [C] 剥夺人们享受音乐的快乐 [D] it drowns out conversations at worksites [D] 淹没人们在工作地点的对话

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:具体细节题。

第二、三和四段论述噪音对人类的有害影响。第三段指出噪音会干扰某些任务的执行,该段以一项需要高度警惕的观察工作(如监测雷达屏幕上飞行器的出现)为例暗示噪音会分散观察者的注意力,即降低人们的敏感性,[A]选项正确。

[B]和[C]选项从文中无从推知。[D]选项利用第四段“噪音对人际交流产生不良影响”进行干扰,但文中指出人们会根据噪音音量来提高自己说话的音量,而不是对话完全被噪音淹没。

17.The purpose of this pas[A] to define the effects of noise on human behavior [B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution [C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss [D] to tell the difference between noise and sound

17.这篇文章的目的是________。[A] 确定噪音对人类行为的影响 [B] 警告人们噪音污染的危险 [C] 提供如何避免听力丧失的建议 [D] 叙述噪音与声音之间的差异

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:文章主旨题。

这篇文章采取总分结构探讨噪音对人类及其行为的影响。第一段为总,提出噪音现象以及人们对噪音对人类行为的影响的关注。第二、三和四段为分,论述噪音对人类行为的具体影响,包括造成人类听力部分或完全丧失、影响工作任务的执行、阻碍人际交流。[A]选项是文章内容的总体概括,为正确项。

[B]和[D]选项以偏概全,[B]仅能概括文章第二段部分内容,即噪音会造成听力丧失(噪音污染的危险之一);[D]仅提及第一段噪音定义的部分内容,两者都不能完全概括全篇内容。[C]选项无中生有,文章第二段提及噪音会造成听力丧失,但作者并未就此提出任何建议。

五、全文翻译

如果你居住在一个大城市,对噪音问题就再熟悉不过了,然而,因为关注它的一些有害影响,你可能没有意识到它对人们行为举止的影响程度。虽然每个人都或多或少知道噪音是什么(即人们不想听到的声音),但是最好是从科学目的角度来为其更准确地下定义。其中的一种定义是:噪音是与当前任务无关的声音。因此,根据人们手头的工作,某些时候的刺激在另外一些时候就是噪音。最近几年,人们对噪音对人类行为的影响产生极大兴趣,诸如“噪音污染”的概念也随之出现,同时出现的还有减少噪音的种种行动。置身于嘈杂环境无疑能造成听力的部分或完全丧失,这要看噪声的强度、持续时间和频率构成。目前许多工作都存在噪音危害,如工作在工厂中或喷气机的周围、驾驶农场拖拉机、在演奏摇滚乐的音乐厅中工作(或仅仅身处其中)。一般来说,持续呆在超过80分贝(判断声音大小的度量)的噪音环境中被认为是危险的。分贝的大小和各种声音的大小一致。如果呆在超过85分贝噪音环境中的时间足够长,将会造成严重的听力丧失。实际的听力丧失程度要看噪音的具体频率和噪音是持续性的还是间歇性的。

在某些任务的工作过程中,噪声会造成意想不到的危害。例如,一个人正执行一件需要高度警惕的观察工作,负责检测某种弱信号(如,观察雷达屏幕上飞行器的出现)。噪音对人际交流也会产生不良影响。如果你坐在喷气式飞机的后部,首先你会注意到进行谈话是多么困难,最终,你不得不提高音量来抵消噪音的影响。噪音就是问题的根源。

Text 3 ①The traditional belief that a woman‟s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.②It is said that it is a woman‟s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children.③Thus a woman‟s whole period of childbearing may occur within five years.④Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases.⑤Thus, even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years.①It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home.②That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing.③Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.④Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins.⑤Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week.⑥The new man-made fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.①Apart from women‟s own happiness, the needs of the community must be considered.②Modern society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions and other kinds of work.③There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of the occupations followed by women.④It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.⑤The training, it is true, will help her in duties as a mother, but if she continued to work, her service would be more widely useful.⑥Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffed by women, many of them married.⑦While here the question of training is not so important, industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work.一、词汇

1.maintain v.维持,保养

2.compulsory a.义务的 3.cease v.停止

4.drudgery n.苦差事,苦工 5.laundry n.要洗的衣服,洗衣

6.fiber n.纤维

二、长难句

1.The traditional belief that a woman‟s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.该句主干为The traditional belief …can hardly be reasonably maintained,主语名词belief后接有两个that连接的从句做同位语。

翻译:传统观念认为女性属于家庭而非外出工作,但这一观念已经不再适用于当今情况。2.Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.该句主干为Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry,“名词the latest models +分词being entirely automatic and able to”构成的独立主格结构做结果状语。翻译:洗衣机承担了洗衣这一苦差事,最新型的全自动洗衣机可以在几分钟之内清洗并甩干大量衣物。

3.It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.该句主干为It is extremely wasteful to,it为形式主语,不定式结构为真正的主语。不定式结构中又有不定式结构only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry and be lost forever…做结果状语。

翻译:社会花费大量时间与财力培养合格教师或护士,而她们工作一两年之后便结婚,从此便不再工作,这是多大的浪费啊!

三、文章结构分析

这篇文章探讨女性位置的归属。作者从传统观念切入,从女性照顾和教育孩子的职责、承担家庭事务和参与社会工作三个角度进行分析,指出女性除了照顾家庭之外还应该在社会上工作,即女性不单属于家庭,也属于社会。

第一段开门见山,提出主题:女性的归属。传统观念认为女性属于家庭,天职是照顾孩子。随后作者从职责角度分析女性归属不再仅限于家庭,原因在于:一是家庭规模变小,二是女性生育期限减小,三是女性教育孩子时间缩短。

第二段从家庭角度进行分析:现代家庭设备(家用电器、冷冻食品、人造纤维、成装等)的发展大大减轻女性在家庭中的负担与劳动量。第三段从社会角度进行分析:现代社会的良好运行需要女性的贡献。以护士与教师两大职业以及工业和贸易中女性的重要性为例指出女性对社会发展不可或缺。

四、试题具体分析

18.The author holds that ________.18.作者认为________。[A] the right place for all women, married or otherwise, is [A] 不论已婚与否,所有女性的正确位置都属于the home, not elsewhere 家庭而非其他地方 [B] all married women should have some occupation outside the home [C] a married woman should give first priority to her duties as a mother [D] it is desirable for uneducated married women to stay at home and take care of the family

[B] 所有已婚女性都应该在家庭之外有一份职

[C] 已婚女性应当以母亲的责任为重 [D] 没有接受教育的已婚女性应当留在家中照

顾家庭

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:作者观点题。

文章第一段首句指出传统观念认为女性属于家庭而不应外出工作,但这一观念已经不再适用于当今社会。随后作者从女性照顾和教育孩子的职责、承担家庭事务和参与社会工作三个角度展开分析论述,说明女性的归属不再仅限于家庭,她们应当外出工作,为社会做出自己的贡献,而社会也需要她们的贡献。[B]选项正确。

[A]、[C]和[D]选项反向干扰,这三者都是传统观念,而不是作者的观点。

19.A house-proud woman ________.[A] would devote her whole life to her family [B] would take her own happiness and that of her family as her chief concern [C] would still need some special training at public expense to help her in her duties as a housewife [D] would take full advantage of modern household appliances

19.以家庭为重的女性________。[A] 把她的整个生活都奉献给家庭 [B] 把自己与其家庭的幸福放在首位 [C] 还需要社会支付费用来接受特殊培训以实

现其作为家庭主妇的责任 [D] 应当充分利用现代家庭设备 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:具体细节题。

由题干关键词“house-proud woman”定位到文章第二段。第二段①句指出有些人认为以家庭为重的女性在家中总有很多事情可做。但接下来作者指出,现代家庭设备(洗衣机、电冰箱、罐装的冷冻食品、简便购物、人造纤维和成装)的发展大大减轻了女性在家庭中的劳动量,而女性应该充分利用这些条件,[D]选项正确。

[A]选项常识干扰,这属于传统观念,并非文章中作者所论述的观点。[B]和[C]选项利用文中出现词语women’s own happiness、training at public expense和help her in duties as a mother进行干扰,[B]选项从文中无从推知,[C]选项是作者反对的观念,作者认为女性应当利用自己所接受的培训为社会做出贡献,而非仅为实现家庭角色。

20.According to the author, modern society ________.[A] can operate just as well even without women participation [B] has been greatly hampered in its development by the shortage of women nurses and women teachers [C] cannot operate properly without the contribution of women [D] will be seriously affected by the continuing shortage of working women in heavy industries and international trade

20.作者认为现代社会________。[A] 即使没有女性参与其中也能很好地运行 [B] 由于缺乏女性护士与教师而大大阻碍了

其发展

[C] 没有女性的贡献而无法良好运行 [D] 将继续受到重工业与国际贸易中女性工

作人员短缺的严重影响

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是:作者观点题。第三段②句明确指出,如果没有女性在各个职业领域所做出的贡献,现代社会将无法良好运行,[C]选项正确。

[A]选项反向干扰。[B]选项以偏概全,第三段仅是利用护士与教师两大职业中女性的重要性说明女性对于社会发展不可或缺。[D]选项过度引申,首先文中提到的是工业与贸易两大领域,并未具体到重工业与国际贸易;其次最后一段末句所提出的是一种假设的现象,而并非事实。

五、全文翻译

传统观念认为女性属于家庭而非外出工作,但这一观念已经不再适用于当今情况。人们认为照顾孩子是女性的天职,但是如今的家庭规模变小,孩子之间的年龄仅相差一两岁,这样女性生育孩子的整个期限也不过五年。此外,由于孩子在五六岁时开始接受义务教育,女性作为其子女主要教育者的角色也随之终止。因此,即使我们都赞同女性在孩子入学之前应当留在家中照顾他们,这段时间最长也不过十年。

有人可以辩解说,以家庭为重的女性在家庭中总有很多事情要做。这或许是事实,但是很显然,女性没必要花一辈子时间来做饭、打扫和缝缝补补。洗衣机承担了洗衣这一苦差事,最新型的全自动洗衣机可以在几分钟之内清洗并甩干大量衣物。电冰箱可以长时间存储食物,并且现在很多冷冻食物都是罐装,方便获取。购物已经不是每日必做的事情,你可以在一天之内完成一周的采购。新型的人造纤维比自然纤维更耐穿,这大大减少了缝缝补补的需要,而成装既价格便宜又货源充足。除了女性本身的幸福之外,社会的需要也必须纳入考虑之中。如果没有女性在职业领域和其他各种工作中的贡献,现代社会无法良好运行。护士与教师领域人才短缺,而这只是两种女性主导的职业。社会花费大量时间与财力培养合格教师或护士,而她们工作一两年之后便结婚,从此便不再工作,这是多大的浪费啊!确实,这种培训会帮助她们做一个更好的妈妈,但是如果她们继续工作,她们的服务将为社会带来更多的利益。很多工厂与商店的工作人员也是女性,大多数都是已婚者。尽管培训在这种情况下不是主要问题,但是如果已婚女性不再工作的话,工业和贸易就会遭遇人员短缺的窘境。

Section III English-Chinese Translation

Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)

Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient.Stylishly dressed, the firm‟s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease.The company was pleased:(21)Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance.David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique.(22)Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women.The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven‟t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women.Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new.For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education.But today no job seems off-limits.Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes.(23)These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do--but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women‟s fields”? All kinds.(24)“I don‟t know of any definite answers I‟d be comfortable with,” explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women.Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker.(25)“I found that work very interesting.” he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical.I wasn‟t really interested in becoming a doctor.” Thirty-five-year-old David King, an out-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent.(26)In other words, men enter “female” jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work.But similarities often end there.Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous.As a group, their work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues, and they are frequently treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact.The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue.Most men don‟t want to be receptionists, nurses, secretaries or sewing workers.Put simply, these are not generally considered very masculine jobs.(27)To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.“There was kidding in the beginning,” recalls Ormont.“Kids coming from school ask what I am, and when I say „A nurse,‟ they laugh at me.I just smile and say, „You know, there are female doctors, too.‟”

Still, there are encouraging signs.Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses.Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male.(28)Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women — or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It‟s probably coming--but not very soon.一、试题结构分析

本文第一至三段指出男性正在从事越来越多传统上由女性承担的工作,而且这些变化影响着长期存在的有关男性和女性工作的传统观念。第四至六段分析指出男性从事女性工作的动机和其他找工作的动机一样:出于个人的兴趣或经济上需要的考虑。第七、八段指出问题仍然存在:从事传统女性工作的男性仍然很少,而且会惹人笑话。第九段以小学教师和男护士人数增加为例说明仍然有令人鼓舞的迹象,并展望未来从事传统女性职业的男性会和女性一样多。

二、试题具体解析

21.本题考核的知识点是:定语从句。【句子结构】该句的主干为this was a person,who引导的定语从句做后置定语,修饰person。副词clearly为插入语,用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。【词义确定】take pride in意为“以...为豪”。considerable意为“相当的,可观的”。【翻译】显然,他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。22.本题考核的知识点是:方式状语从句。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句,句首为Just as引导的方式状语从句。【词义确定】necessarily意为“必然,必定”。automatically意为“自动地”。【翻译】正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样,所有秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。

23.本题考核的知识点是:并列分句,定语从句。

【句子结构】 该句由but连接的两个并列分句构成。前一分句的主干为These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions,名词短语the types of work后接有省略关系代词的定语从句(that)men and women can do。后一分句的主干为they also produce some undeniable problems for the men,who引导的定语从句做后置定语,修饰名词men。【词义确定】long-standing意为“长期存在的”。undeniable意为“不可否认的”。【翻译】这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法,但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说,无疑也带来一些问题。24.本题考核的知识点是:定语从句。

【句子结构】该句的主干为I don‟t know of any definite answers,名词answers后接有省略关系代词的定语从句(that)I‟d be comfortable with。【词义确定】know of意为“知道,听说”。

【翻译】我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。25.本题考核的知识点是:宾语从句,时间状语从句。

【句子结构】该句是主从复合句,宾语从句由直接引语构成。该从句是and连接的两个并列分句:I found that work very interesting and it just seemed natural for me to …。第二个分句中含有when引导的时间状语从句。

【词义确定】out of the service意为“退职(役)”。go into意为“从事”。

【翻译】他回忆说:“我觉得那种工作十分有趣,当我退役时,对我来说,去干某种医务工作,似乎是极其自然的。

26.本题考核的知识点是:介词短语表原因,定语从句

【句子结构】该句主干为men enter “female” jobs,介词短语out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity …做状语,表示“出于……的原因”。that引导的定语从句做后置定语,修饰名词短语personal interest and economic necessity。【词义确定】necessity意为“需要,必需品,必然”。motivate意为“激发,给予动机”。【翻译】换句话说,男人干起了“女人干的”工作,其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样,既出于个人的兴趣,也出于经济上需要的考虑。27.本题考核的知识点是:并列分句。

【句子结构】该句的主语和表语都是不定式构成。【词义确定】line of work意为“职业”。invite意为“招致(尤指坏事)”。ridicule意为“嘲笑,愚弄”。

【翻译】选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。28.本题考核的知识点是:并列分句。【句子结构】该句的主干为Can we anticipate a day,两个when引导的定语从句做后置定语,修饰名词a day,具体说明什么样的一天。【词义确定】mix意为“混合”。raise eyebrows意为“扬起眉毛;怀疑、吃惊的表情”。【翻译】我们是否能预见到这么一天:那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时,人们不会再感到吃惊?

三、全文翻译

坐在一家纽约公司前台后面的接待员非常有效率。

这家公司穿着入时的新职员接电话时有着悦耳的声音和自然的魅力,这使客户感到自在。公司非常满意:(21)显然,他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。接待员大卫·金不同寻常,但绝非独特。(22)正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样,所有秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。在以女性为主导的领域男性的数量仍然很少,他们也没有像进入以男性为主的领域的女性那样常常得到关注。但是男性正在从事越来越多传统上由女性承担的工作。

严格来讲,这不是新现象。过去几十年中,男性已经悄悄地进入护理、社会工作和基础教育等领域。但是,如今没有什么工作似乎是超出范围的。男性也在办公室准备咖啡、在飞机上准备食物。(23)这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法,但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说,无疑也带来一些问题。什么样的男性冒险进入这些所谓的“女性领域”呢?各种各样的男性。(24)“我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案”,威尔斯利大学女性研究中心的约瑟芬·普莱克博士解释说。

比如,在一家波士顿医院工作的30岁护士萨姆·沃蒙特从事护理工作,因为军队曾训练他成为医务工作者。(25)他回忆说:“我觉得那种工作十分有趣,当我退役时,对我来说,去干某种医务工作,似乎是极其自然的。我对于成为医生并不真的感兴趣。”三十五岁的大卫·金是一位失业的演员,他找了一份接待员的工作,因为他很难在百老汇得到合适的角色,却需要支付房租。

(26)换句话说,男人干起了“女人干的”工作,其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样,既出于个人的兴趣,也出于经济上需要的考虑。但是相似性也仅此而已。承担女性主导的工作的男性是很明显的。他们这个群体的工作历史在大部分方面与其女性同事不同。他们经常从那些在职业上有接触的人那里得到不同的待遇。问题自然产生了:为什么仍然有99个女秘书,而只有1个男秘书?还有一个更严重的问题。大部分男性不想成为接待员、护士、秘书或缝纫工。简单的说,这些工作通常不被认为是男性化的工作。(27)选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。

沃蒙特回忆说:“最初只是开玩笑。从学校来的孩子们问我是谁,当我说“是护士”,他们都嘲笑我。我只是笑着说“知道吗,也有女医生”。但是仍然令人鼓舞的迹象。多年前,小学教师和男护士一样稀有。如今,六个小学老师中至少有一个是男性。(28)我们是否能预见到这么一天:那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时,人们不会再感到吃惊?

第三篇:2002年考研英语真题及解析

2002

二、试题具体解析

21.要使自己的幽默让人发笑,你应当 _。[A] 利用不同类型的听众 [B] 取笑杂乱无章的人

[答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。

本题考查的是局部信息,考生关键要理解第一段。该段首句指出,如果你想在谈话中用幽默使人发笑,你就必须知道如何辨别共同的经历和共同的问题。接着作者又对此进行了解释,即:你的幽默必须与听众相关,显示你是他们中的一员,或你理解他们的处境并赞成他们的观点。作者在第三句得出结论,即“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different(针对不同的听众,谈及不同的问题)”。由此可知,C选项恰好是对该段中心的概括,为正确答案。

A选项虽然在某种程度上谈到了“不同的听众”的重要性,但没有接着阐述听众不同应该怎样做,而且它出现了文中没有的内容:利用听众。B选项是该段最后举例说明的内容,if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。但这只是用来论证“听众不同问题不同”这个论点的一个具体个案,缺乏普遍性,无法由此而得出取笑他们就总会使幽默起作用的结论,因此不能选。D选项就是该段第二句谈到的in sympathy with their point of view,但是它仅仅是“对不同的人谈不同的问题”这个中心论点的部分解释,不具备完整性和概括性。

答题技巧:本题要求考生透过字里行间去把握段落主题句。注意主题句一般是观点而非描写、说明或事实。段落中除了表观点的主题句外,其他的内容一般起说明或论证作用,并且,主题句大都具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点。22.从那个关于医生的笑话里推出护士对医生的看法是他们____。

[A] 对新来的人没有礼貌

[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

本题考查考生概括理解具体例子的能力,考生关键要把握作者通过举例手法所表达的观点。作者在第二段讲述了一则嘲笑医生的笑话。笑话中上帝的动作rush to grab 和stomp over都表明了上帝的傲慢和目中无人,而圣彼德的话“但是有时他认为自己是一名医生”表明医生也有同样的特点,即无礼、傲慢、自以为像上帝一样。由此可知,B选项为正确答案。

A选项不是笑话中暗示的医生的普遍特点,我们无法从笑话中得出医生对所有新来的人都不礼貌。而C选项和D选项都没有嘲笑他们的意味,因此也不对。

23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A] have benefited many people [B] are the focus of public attention [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor [D] have often been the laughing stock 23.从文中可以推出,公共服务____。

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

本题要求考生根据第三段的内容去推测最后一句的含义。文章第三段指出,如果谈话者是听话者中的一分子,就可以用双方共同的经历作为幽默的素材,否则,这样做就不合适。最后指出,这时如果拿公共服务行业作为替罪羊(scapegoats)去评论,你就会处于安全境地。这就说明即使对不同的听众也可以以它们为笑料,也就是说它们是大家经常谈论的笑料。因此D选项为正确答案。C 选项恰与原文意思相悖。A 选项未提到,因为当作笑料并非就是带来利益。B选项似乎也有道理,但是他的针对性不如D选项。

24.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories

should be delivered.[A] 给许多人带来利益 [B] 是公众注意的焦点 [C] 不适合作为幽默的笑料

[D] 经常是大家的笑料

[B] 非常在乎自己上帝般的角色 [C] 享有某些特权 [D] 用午餐时都很忙

[C] 对不同的人谈不同的问题 [D] 对你的听众表示同情 [A] in well-worded language [B] as awkwardly as possible [C] in exaggerated statements [D] as casually as possible 24.为了达到预期的效果,幽默故事应该以____方式讲述。

[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。

[A] 话语措辞得当; [B] 尽可能地不自然; [C] 用夸张的词语; [D] 尽可能自然。本题要求考生理解第四段的主题思想。文章第四段指出,如果在讲述幽默时感到有些不自然,就必须加以练习,使之变得更自然。你可以加入一些随便的、看上去是即兴(off-the-cuff)的话,用轻松的、自然的方式把它说出来。让听众发笑的通常是讲述幽默的过程,因此应该放慢语速,再加上一些表情,这些都在告诉人们你在讲述笑话。从该段的一些关键词natural,relaxed,unforced和light-hearted等,都可看出D选项才是讲幽默故事的正确方法。

A选项是文中未出现的内容;B选项与文章内容相悖;C选项是在第五段中谈到搜集幽默素材时应该留意的内容之一,只是列举,同样不具有概括性,因而不能入选 25.这篇文章最好的标题是。

[A] 有效地使用幽默 [B] 各种各样的幽默[C] 在谈话中添加幽默[D] 不同的幽默策

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。

本题考的是对全文的理解,是总括题,要求考生综合各段主题找出全文的主旨。文章第一至三段谈的是选择恰当的幽默话题,以求实现幽默效果;第四段谈论的是自然随意的幽默,可以达到幽默效果;第五段建议人们留意幽默,并指出了幽默可能存在的地方,也就是实现幽默的一些策略方法。因此可知,A选项是全文都在谈论的论点,为正确的答案。

B选项不符合文章的主要内容,因为文中并未举出幽默有哪些种类。C选项也不是全文探讨的问题。D选项只是最后一段间接涉及的一些内容,如:对一句常言进行歪曲,玩弄语言文字或情景,夸大其词或是故意地轻描淡写等以求实现幽默的效果,因此无法概括全篇。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)identify(v.)认出,识别;鉴定;identification(n.)识别,身份证明,简写成ID。

(2)sympathy(n.)同情,同感;be in~with sb./sth.同意,赞同。如:We are all in~with your proposals.sym-前缀表示“相同的”;anti-表示“相反的”,如:antipathy反感。

(3)address(v.)与„说话,向„致辞,演说;从事,忙于

(4)alternatively(ad.)作为选择,或者;这个词在写作中常用来引导另外一个平行的观点或意见;alternative(a./n.)二者择一(的),选择性(的)

(5)convention(n.)大会,协定,习俗,惯例;conventional(a.)

(6)accommodations(n.)住处,住所;座位,车厢;适应;便利的设备,有帮助的事物(7)St.Peter 圣彼德,St.是Saint的缩写,是人们对耶稣基督的尊称。(8)stomp(n./v.)跺脚,践踏,重踏

(9)passing(a.)经过的,短暂的,匆匆的,随便的,偶然的,及格的

(10)notorious(a.)声名狼藉的,臭名昭著的;notorious是一个贬义词。表示“名气很大”的贬义词还有infamous。褒义词很多,如:famous,well-known,renowned等。

(11)resent(v.)愤恨,怨恨,对„感觉不愉快;resentment(n.)(12)disparaging(a.)蔑视的,轻视的,毁谤的

(13)scapegoat(n.)替罪羊。记住goat,与“羊”有关的词语还有black sheep害群之马。

(14)understatement(n.)一种修辞手法,故意的轻描淡写;under-前缀表示“未达,未满,不足”,如:undertreatment处理不足或不力,underestimate,underripe不成熟的。(15)turn about转变,改变意见,转身,反复思考

五、全文翻译

如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑,你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。你的幽默必须与听众有关,向他们表明你是他们中的一员,或者你了解他们的处境并同情他们的观点。(长难句①)根据谈话对象的不同,问题也有所不同。(佳句①)如果你在和一群经理谈话,你就可以评论他们秘书紊乱的工作方法;相反,如果你在和一群秘书谈话,你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板。(佳句②)

下面举一个例子,它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好,因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。(长难句②)一个人到了天堂,由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善,然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时,突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只见这人挤到了队伍的前头,抓起他的食物,噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊?”新来的人问圣彼得,“哦,那是上帝,”他回答说,“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。”

如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员,你就有条件去了解你们所共有的经历和问题,你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。(长难句③)而对于其他听众,你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默,因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。(长难句④)但如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊,那你就会很安全。

如果你在幽默时感到很别扭,你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话,你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑,因此说慢一些,并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一 种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。

留意幽默,它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功,就放弃”,或者是调侃词藻和场景;寻求夸大其词和轻描淡写;考虑一下你的谈话,选出一些词汇和句子,对它们反复琢磨,并注入一些幽默。

二、试题具体解析

26.人类智慧最初表现在。[A]使用机器去创作科幻小说 [B]制造业中机器的广泛使用 [C]发明工具去处理困难和危险的工作 [D]精英们对危险、乏味的工作的灵巧处理  [答案]C [解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。本题是个局部题,考查考生是否看懂了第一段。题干中的initially与原文的the dawn对应。该段第一句指出“自从人类开始有了创造力,就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理一些危险、乏味、繁重或者是讨厌的工作”。C选项是对此句的恰当改写:the invention of tools与devised ever more cunning tools对应,for difficult and dangerous work与to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty对应,因此它是正确答案。A选项是文章中没有的内容,其中的干扰词science fiction 只在第一段末尾提到,“如果说科学家还没有创造出机械版的科幻小说,他们也已经接近这个目标了”,这里只是通过打比方来形容科学家创造的机器工具越来越灵巧,和科幻小说一样神奇。B选项是智慧的表现,但却不是人类智慧的最初表现。D选项谈的是文中没有的“精英人物”。

27.第二段第一行中的“gizmo”在句中可能的意思是____。[A] 程序[B] 专家[C] 设备[D] 生物

[答案]C [解析]本题考核的知识点是:词义题。

本题考查学生从上下文猜测词义的能力。文章第二段第一句指出“现代世界充斥着越来越多聪明的gizmos,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力”,由此可知gizmos的特点是:普遍存在和节省劳力。下文提到的“工厂的机器人”、“银行的自动柜员机”、“地铁的机器人司机”、“医院做手术的机器人系统”对“gizmos”进一步举例说明,由此可猜出gizmos指的是“机器、设备或装置”,C选项正确。其他三个选项都不在本文讨论的对象范围之内。

28. 根据文章,现在超出人类能力范围的是制造能_____的机器人。

robot that can___.[A] 完成类似于做大脑手术这样需要高技术的任务[B]与人进行口头交流 [C]有一点点常识 [D]独立地对变化的世界做出反应

[答案]D

[解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。文章第三段首句指出“机器人若要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够自己做些决定,这样的目标为我们提出了一个真正的挑战”;接着在第二句里作者谈到此项挑战之所以艰巨的原因是:“尽管我们知道如何让机器人处理一个具体的错误,但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”。由此可知,机器人目前还必须在人的操控下工作,它还不能独立适应不断变化的外部环境。D选项是对原句‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world的改写,为正确答案。

A和B选项均在第二段提及(医院做手术的机器人和自动取款机),可见这样的机器人是人能够造出来的。C选项不正确,因为第三段指出的“但是我们不能给他们足够的‘常识’去与动态世界进行可靠的交流”说明目前的机器人还是有一点点常识的。

29.除了能够节省劳力外,机器人还能_____。[A] 自己做些决定 B] 在人的干预下处理一些错误[C] 改善工厂的环境[D] 开发人类创造性

[答案]B

[解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。文章第三段(翻译见上一题)说明当前阶段机器人只能在较多的人工监控下运行,可以处理具体的错误但不能独立地做决定,因此只有B选项的内容是机器人可以做的,排除A选项。文章提到工厂的机器人是用于节省人类劳动力,而不是改善环境的,排除C选项;D选项本末倒置,应该是人类创造力推动了机器人的发明

30.作者以猴子为例想要说明机器人_____。[A] 有望被用来复制人脑的内部结构

[B] 能够立即感知不正常的现象[C] 在聚焦相关信息方面远不如人脑

[D] 最好在一个被控制的环境下使用

[答案]C

[解析]本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。本题表面上是考查例证写作的意图,实际上却考查了对文章最后一段的理解。该段的主题句是首句:研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也更复杂。接下来作者通过对机器人和人脑的比较来说明段落主题,“机器人能够在人工控制的工厂环境下识别机器控制面板上不到一毫米的误差;但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即把注意力集中到婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上”。该段末句既对前面比较论证部分的目的进行说明,又重申了主题:世界上最先进的机器人也无法和人脑相比。可见文中举猴子的例子只是为了说明人脑的复杂性。四个选项中只有C选项说明机器人不如人脑,符合题意。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)dawn(n.)黎明,拂晓,开端,起始;(v.)破晓,开始出现,变得(为人)明白;文中取其比喻意,相当于appearance(出现),又如:The war was ended and they looked forward to the dawn of happy days.(战争结束了,他们期待着幸福日子的来临)。

(2)ingenuity(n.)智巧,精巧的设计,创造力;ingenious(a.)灵敏的,聪明的,有发明天才的;genuine(a.)真实的,真正的,诚恳的

(3)cunning(a.)聪明的,[美]漂亮的,可爱的;[英]狡猾的,巧妙的;该词一般为贬义,但在文中是中性的,含贬义的近义词有:sly,shrewd(4)nasty(a.)令人不愉快的,讨厌的,肮脏的,险恶的

(5)compulsion强迫,强制;难以抗拒的冲动,禁不住要做的事,如:Drinking is a ~ with her.(她忍不住要喝酒)

(6)robotics机器人学,关于建造和使用机器人的技术。-ics后缀表示“学科”,如:physics,aesthetics(美学)

(7)confer(v.)授予,赠予,赋予,协商,~sth.on sb.;conference(n.)会议

(8)hum(v.)(动物等)发出嗡嗡声;哼哼声;活跃,忙碌,~to(随着„而忙碌)

(9)terminal(n.)终点,终端;极限;(a.)末端的,极限的,定期的Automatic Teller Machine指“自动取款机”。

(10)miniaturization(n.)小型化,mini“小的”,-ize“化”-ation 名词后缀

(11)submillimeter(n.)小于毫米的,sub“小于,低于,在„之下”,mill“千分之一”,meter是“米”

(12)dynamic(a.)动力的,有活力的;动态的;dynamics(n.)动力学;dynamite(n.)炸药

(13)panel(n.)面板,嵌板;座谈小组;全体陪审员(14)fraction(n.)破片,小部分,片段,分数(15)instantaneously(ad.)瞬间地,即刻地;突如其来地;instantaneous(a.);instant(a.)立即的,直接的,紧迫的

(16)neuroscientists(n.)神经科学家,neuro-神经

(系统)的,neuroscience神经科学

(17)本文出现了和计算机相关的词汇,如:artificial intelligence 人工智能,在电脑上模拟人智慧的科学,transistor circuits晶体管电路,microprocessors微处理器。同类词汇还有:assembler 汇编程序,batch processing 成批处理,binary digit 二进制位,buffer storage 缓冲存储器,cybernetics 控制论,data processing 数据处理,flow chart 流程图,latency time 等待时间等等。

五 全文翻译

自从人类开始有了创造力,就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者是讨厌的工作。这样一种驱动力导致了机器人学的诞生,即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学。如果说科学家还没有实现科幻小说中对机器的幻想,他们也已经很接近这个目标了(长难句①)。

由此引起的结果是,现代世界充斥着越来越多的智能仪器,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力(长难句②)。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人组装臂的节奏声;我们的银行业务完成于自动柜员机旁,完成业务后,它们还会用机器语言礼貌地感谢我们;我们的地铁车由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶。(佳句①)由于电子器件和微型机械仪器的不断缩小,现在已出现了机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术,其精确性远远超过熟练的医生仅用他们的双手所达到的水平(长难句③)。

但是要想让机器人进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够独立地作一些决定。这些是真正具有挑战性的目标。(长难句④)“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去处理一个特定的错误,”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说,“但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”。

实际上对真正的人工智能的探索己经取得了各种不同的成果。虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时侯仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展使人们相信它们在2010年能够复制人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员己经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年(长难句⑤)。

在试图建造思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也更复杂(长难句⑥)。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够在机器控制面板上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上(长难句⑦)。世界上最先进的计算机系统也不达不到这种能力。神经学科学家至今仍然不知道我们人类是怎样做到这一点的。31.最近石油价格上涨的主要原因是

[A] 全球性通货膨胀 [B] 石油供应量下降

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

[C] 经济快速增长; [D] 伊拉克暂停石油出口。

第一段明确指出“自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升至约26美元一桶”,因此B选项为正确答案。

A选项是第一段提到的前两次油价暴涨造成的后果,而非原因。C选项和D选项是第二段提到的进一步推动油价上涨的原因,而非主要原因。

答题技巧:题干中如果有找出主要原因之类的提法,说明原文中肯定有不止一个原因,命题意图是检查考生能否从众多信息中抓住主要信息。

32.从文中可以推出,在什么情况下,石油零售价格会大幅上涨? [A] 原油价格上涨 [B] 商品价格上涨

[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

文章第三段指出,原油价格只占汽油零售价格的一小部分,其大部分(在欧洲高达五分之四)是税收,因此原油价格的变动对汽油价格影响不大。由此可知,影响汽油价格的主要因素是税收。D选项为正确答案,而不是A选项。B选项是前两次石油涨价产生的结果(第1段第4句);而C选项文中未提及。

答题技巧:命题目的是检查考生能否通过文章所给事实推出二者的潜在关系。对于此题,需要考生准确把握price的具体所指,方能正确解题。

33. 在《经济展望》中的文章估计在发达国家。[A] 重工业消耗更多能源

[B] 收入的损失来自原油价格的波动

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

根据“rich countries”可断定答案大抵在第四段,原文为“Rich economies”。文中提到,“国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计,如果油价持续一年维持在每桶22美元左右,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出增加GDP的0.25%~0.5%”。这个数据表明影响不是很大,因此D选项为正确答案。

B选项和C选项文中没有提及,A选项和题干不能构成因果关系。34.从课文中,可以得出的结论是。[A] 现在的油价暴涨并不可怕 [B] 通货膨胀与油价暴涨无关 [答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

文章一开始提出最近石油价格大幅上涨,接下来阐述这次油价上涨不会造成经济衰退的原因:(1)原油价格只占汽油价格的一小部分;(2)发达国家对石油的依赖性不如从前;(3)此次油价上涨并不在商品总价格上涨和全球需求旺盛这种大环境中发生。因此,综合全文得出的结论是A选项。

B选项与文中通货膨胀是石油危机的结果相悖(第1段第4句)。C选项(第4段第2句)和D选项(第4段最后一句)都是文中的事实细节,并非综合全文而得到的结论。

[C] 能源储备可以抑制油价

[D] 原油价格上涨导致重工业的萎缩

[C] 制造业受到严重冲击 [D] 油价变化队GDP没有很大影响

[C] 消费上涨 [D] 石油税上涨 35.作者对“油价上涨”所持的态度为 A] 乐观 [B] 敏感[C] 悲伤[D] 害怕

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。

作者大篇幅地给出理由说明这次油价上涨的后果不会很严重。第三段谈到,“我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重”,最后一段第一句话又谈到“另一个不应该因为油价上升而失眠的原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下”。可见A选项表达了作者的真正态度。

四、核心词汇与佳句赏析

(1)conservation(n.)保护;保存;保护区(2)conserve(v.)保存

(3)crude(a.)天然的;未加工的;粗制的;粗鲁的(4)doom(n.)毁灭,灭亡

(5)energy intensive(a.)能源密集型的(6)gloom(n.)黑暗,阴暗(7)hemisphere(n.)半球,半球体

(8)quadruple(a.)四倍的;quadri= quadru前缀,表示“四”,如:quadruple 四倍的;quadrilingual 能用四种语言的

(9)squeeze(v.)压榨,挤,挤榨

(10)swing(v.)摇摆,摆动,回转,回旋;(n.)秋千,摇摆,摆动

五、全文翻译

过去经济衰落的坏日子是否会重来?自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到到约26美元一桶。这次近三倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979-1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌,当时的油价分别是涨了四倍和近三倍。(长难句①)前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率以及全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢?(佳句①)

本周伊拉克暂停石油出口,这使油价又一次上扬。强劲的经济增长势头,随着北半球冬季的到来,有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。(长难句②)

然而,我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会象20世纪70年代那么严重。与70年代相比,现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的分额要小。在欧洲,税金在汽油零售价的比例高达五分之四,因此,即使原油价格发生很大的波动,汽油价格所受的影响也不会象过去那么显著。

发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前,因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性降低,这些都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油,比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国内生产总值(以目前价格计算)中,每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计,如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,这也只会使发达国家的石油进口支出上增加GDP的0.25—0.5个百分点。(长难句③)这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的四分之一。另一方面,进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业,消耗能量更大,因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。(长难句④)

另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。(长难句⑤)世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比,总体上没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70%,而1979年也上升了近30%。36.从前三段中,我们可以知道。

[A] 医生曾经用增加药物剂量的方法控制病人的疼痛 [B] 医生帮助病人结束生命仍是不合法的

[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

[C] 最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人结束生命 [D] 病人没有法律赋予的权力去自杀

这是一道总括性的题,需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。选项B是文章第二段首句的改写。该句提到,法院在判决中承认医生协助病人结束生命不是宪法赋予的权利。选项中的“illegal”对应文中“no constitutional right”,“doctors to help the dying end their lives”对应“physician-assisted suicide”。

选项A的时间与原文不符。“used to do”意为“过去常常做„„事情(但是现在不做了)”,而文章第三段提到,近年来医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量的吗啡去控制临死病人(terminally ill patients)的痛苦进行辩护。选项C与原文意思相反。第二段首句明确提出,法院实际上对这种“双重效果”的医疗原则表示了支持(in effect supported the medical principle)。选项D在文中未提及,原文只提到医生没有宪法赋予的权利去协助病人结束生命。

答题技巧:这种跨段落的细节题,正确选项一般是对原文中某语句的改写或替换,错误选项则与原文意义相悖或无关。37.按照课文,下列哪个观点是正确的? [A] 如果医生冒病人死亡的风险,他将被认为有罪。[B] 现代医学一直在帮助那些临死病人进行无痛康复。

[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

本题也是总括性的题目,信息比较分散。文章第二段和第三段分别提到:法院对“双重效果”的医疗原则表示支持,而近年来医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量吗啡进行辩护。按照逻辑推理,法院支持原则,医生利用原则做某事,那么法院应该支持这件事。因此,选项C为正确答案。

选项A与原文意思相反。“hold sb.(to be)a/n.”意为“认为、相信某人怎样”,如:I hold the parents responsible for their children’s behavior.第五段谈到,外科手术中,医生虽然冒了病人死亡的风险,但是我们不把这种情况下的死亡称作他杀,因为医生并非有意要杀死病人,即医生没有责任。选项B与原文不符。第六段提到,引起病人绝望的原因恰恰是现代医学一直只能延长他们死亡前的肉体痛苦。选项D与原文意思相反。第五段中健康法律系主任通过外科手术的例子说明,意图是决定医生所开的药物合不合法的关键,其含义是只要意图是好的,即使出现坏的结果也是可以接受的。38.根据NAS的报告,临终关怀的问题之一是。[A] 延长的医疗程序 [B] 对病痛处理不力

[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

根据关键字“NAS报告”和“临终关怀”定位第七段。全国科学院发布的报告中明确提到了临终关怀的两个问题:(1)undertreatment of pain(对病痛不进行足够的处理);(2)the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”(大胆使用“无效和强制的医疗程序去延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严)”。因此选项B是提到的问题之一。A和D选项是干扰项,A选项中的prolonged、medical procedures是原文中出现的词汇,D选项中的insufficient和undertreatment近义,但它们都只是词语的重新组合,含义上和原文有出入。C项中的“systematic”意为“planned in advance and done with malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有预谋的、蓄意的)。如:a systematic attempt to ruin one’s reputation(蓄意破坏某人的名誉)。39.第七段第二行出现的aggressive的含义是什么? [A] 大胆的。[B] 有害的。[C] 粗心的。[D]不顾一切的。

[C] 蓄意的药物滥用 [D] 医院护理不足

[C] 法院判决,医生可以开大剂量镇痛药。[D] 医生开出的药是否合法不再取决于他们的意图。

[答案] B

[解析]本题考核的知识点是:词义题。

原文谈到的是一种使用“无效和强制的医疗程序去延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严”的做法,考生需判断哪个形容词可以替代aggressive来描述这种行为。“aggressive”这个词用于褒义时,意为“强有力的、坚持己见的”,用于贬义时,意为“攻击性的、不顾后果的”。选项A“Bold”用于贬义时意为“大胆的、冒失的、失慎的”,意义最接近。

知识点补充:介词of可用于两个名词(短语)之间,前者形容后者,如:He’s got the devil of temper(devil形容temper);Where’s that fool of a receptionist?(fool 形容receptionist)。同样,这里的aggressive use 用来形容ineffectual and forced medical procedures。

40.乔治·安纳斯认为在以下哪一种情况下,医生应该受到制裁? [A] 不能胜任管理病人的工作。[B] 给病人的药物超量。[C] 减少病人的药物剂量。[D] 延长病人不必要的痛苦

[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

在最后一段中安纳斯明确指出,painful deaths(病人痛苦的死亡)should result in license suspension(应该使那些对此漠不关心的医生受到惩罚,吊销执照),因此选项D“延长病人不必要的痛苦”是医生受制裁的原因。

选项A太泛,不一定是指的是无视病人痛苦这一方面。文章第五段提到,安纳斯认为只要医生开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的,就没有违法,而不存在药量多少的问题。因此,可以排除选项B和C。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)physician-assisted这个词语的构词法是名词+|过去分词=复合形容词,它相当于assisted by physician(由医生协助的),类似的词有:weather-beaten饱经风霜的 state-owned国有的

(2)implications(n.)暗示,隐含义,牵连,推论;imply(v.)暗示,暗指;意味,包含;implicative(a.)含蓄的, 连带的

(3)shield(n.)盾,防护物;(v.)保护,遮蔽。Shield...from...: 保护„免受„(的侵害),如:shield his eyes from the sun(4)homicide(n.)杀人(者),词根cide意为“杀”,如:suicide自杀,patricide弑父,matricide弑父(5)undertreatment(a.)处理不足或不力。Under-前缀意为“未达,未满,不足”,如:underripe不够成熟的(6)ineffectual(a.)无效的,不起作用的。与ineffective意思相近但是有所区别,ineffectual强调“不起作用”,而ineffective强调“工作效率低”。

(7)hospice(n.)收容所, 济贫院

(8)initiatives(n.)首创精神,主动(权),动机;(a.)起始的,初步的,自发的(9)presumptively(ad.)据推测,可据以推定,可认为是

(10)suspension(n.)悬,吊,悬挂物;悬而未决;保留,中止,暂停,吊销,停职,停学 suspend(v.)suspensive(a.)

五、全文翻译

最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀问题的裁决,对于医学界寻求减轻病危者的痛苦,具有重要的意义。

尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了 “双效”的医疗原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施的目的是想达到好效果,这个行为就是可以被允许的。(长难句①)

近年来,医生们一直在借用这项原则,为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由,尽管他们知道,不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。

蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则将保护一些医生,他们直到现在还坚持说,在大量药物可能加速病人死亡的情况下,他们总不能给病人开足够的药来帮助他们止痛。(长难句②)

波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为,只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药,那么即使此药会加速病人的死亡,医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术,”他说,“尽管医生冒着病人死亡的危险,我们也不能称那些死亡为谋杀,因为医生并没有想杀死病人。假定你是一名医生,只要你的目的不是让病人自杀,你就可以去冒你病人自杀的风险。”

另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。(佳句①)就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周,全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告《临近死亡:完善临终护理》。报告确定了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序”,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让病人临终时痛苦不堪。(长难句③)

医疗行业正在采取措施,让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训,测试各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识,为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例,以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人的临终痛苦。(佳句②)

安纳斯说,在坚持让善意的医疗动机转化成更好的护理方面,律师可以发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人不必遭受的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷”,甚至构成“蓄意虐待病人”。(长难句④)他说,行医执照颁发机构“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡可以被认为是由于医生治疗不当造成的,应当吊销其行医执照”。

第四篇:2002年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)

2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 ththe 20 century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in 8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage

increasing.They were thought of, like people, generations, with the distance between generations much 16.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live.The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications.“Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.[A]between [B]before [C]since [D]later 2.[A]after [B]by [C]during [D]until 3.[A]means [B]method [C]medium [D]measure 4.[A]process [B]company [C]light [D]form 5.[A]gathered [B]speeded [C]worked [D]picked 6.[A]on [B]out [C]over [D]off 7.[A]of [B]for [C]beyond [D]into 8.[A]concept [B]dimension [C]effect [D]perspective 9.[A]indeed [B]hence [C]however [D]therefore 10.[A]brought [B]followed [C]stimulated [D]characterized 11.[A]unless [B]since [C]lest [D]although 12.[A]apparent [B]desirable [C]negative [D]plausible

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13.[A]institutional [B]universal [C]fundamental [D]instrumental 14.[A]ability [B]capability [C]capacity [D]faculty 15.[A]by means of [B]in terms of [C]with regard to[D]in line with 16.[A]deeper [B]fewer [C]nearer [D]smaller 17.[A]context [B]range [C]scope [D]territory 18.[A]regarded [B]impressed [C]influenced [D]effected 19.[A]competitive [B]controversial [C]distracting [D]irrational 20.[A]above [B]upon [C]against [D]with

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?” the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”

If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes the

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audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work, you should.[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience [B] make fun of the disorganized people [C] address different problems to different people [D] show sympathy for your listeners 22.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are.[A] impolite to new arrivals [B] very conscious of their godlike role [C] entitled to some privileges [D] very busy even during lunch hours 23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A] have benefited many people [B] are the focus of public attention [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor [D] have often been the laughing stock 24.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered.[A] in well-worded language [B] as awkwardly as possible [C] in exaggerated statements [D] as casually as possible 25.The best title for the text may be.[A] Use Humor Effectively [B] Various Kinds of Humor [C] Add Humor to Speech [D] Different Humor Strategies

Text 2 

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the

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transaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”

Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word “gizmos”(line 1, paragraph 2)most probably means.

[A] programs[B] experts [C] devices  [D] creatures 28.According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can.[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally. [C] have a little common sense.

[D] respond independently to a changing world.

29.Besides reducing human labor, robots can also.

[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention. [C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27

30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.

[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3 

Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980.On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______ [A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27

32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises.[B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises.[D] oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.

[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.

[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now.[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.[A]optimistic.[B]sensitive.[C]gloomy.[D]scared.Text 4

The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,” he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the

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National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that.[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide 37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text? [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain [C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care 39.Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph 7)? [A] Bold.[B] Harmful.[C] Careless.[D] Desperate 40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[A] manage their patients incompetently [B] give patients more medicine than needed [C] reduce drug dosages for their patients [D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

Part B Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

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Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.(41)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.(42)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.(43)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.(44)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning “values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?(45)Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing

46.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

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An American girl in traditional Chinese costume(服装)

第一部分 英语知识应用试题解析

一、文章总体分析

本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。文章第一段从早期的通信革命入手,指出在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情,特别是通信革命加快了步伐。第二段接着提到20世纪计算机的出现极大地改变了这一进程。第三段指出随着计算机的发展,我们步入了一个信息社会。在计算机影响下,通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式,也影响了我们的思考和感知方式。在结尾部分,文章提到,当然,关于这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面的影响是利大于弊还是弊大于利,还存在争议。

二、试题具体解析

1.[A] between在„当中,在空间、位置或时间的中间

[B] before在此之前早些时候,在„前面 [C] since自从„以后,以前 [D] later 后来,稍后,随后 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:时间副词的用法辨析。

解此题关键看两个方面,一是理解文章第一句话的含义:人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。二是注意转折连词yet的用法,yet一般标志着接下来的内容与前面的内容出现了较大的不同,如:She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.(她说她会迟到,但她却准时到达了)。文中第二句话结构非常简单,主语和谓语都无法体现与第一句话的强烈对照,这时只能通过空格里填入的时间状语来体现了,因此这个时间副词应与第一句话中的时间状语in the 20th century和 in the 15th and 16th centuries相呼应并对照。接下来关键看这个时间副词表示的是哪个时间段,15、16世纪之前,20世纪之后还是两者之间。其实我们从下文中的the 19th century也可以推断出正确答案是between,即“然而,在这两个时段之间却发生了很多事情”。

2.[A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until

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[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:固定句型。

空格所在的句子是一个强调句型:it was + 时间状语 + that。四个选项中能与not搭配的只有until,not until表示“直到„„才„„”,整个句意是“直到十九世纪,报纸才成为电子时代到来前主要的„„”。如:It was not until the afternoon that he begun to tackle the problem.(直到下午他才开始解决问题)。

知识点补充:在这种强调状语的结构中,表示状语的成分可以是单词、词组或句子。强调句子时可以是主语从句、宾语从句或状语从句。如:It was at an evening party that I first met her.(强调地点状语);It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.(强调原因状语从句,引导词只能用because,不能用since,as或why);It is what you will do that is essential.(强调主语从句)。

3.[A] means方式,方法,手段 [B] method方法

[C] medium(表达或传播的)媒介 [D] measure措施,步骤,方法

[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。

本题相关部分是the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book,其中in the wake of 意为“紧跟„之后,接踵而来”,如:Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.(那场旱灾过后,疾病肆虐)。因此整个句子的含义是“报纸继宣传册和书之后成为电子时代到来前主要的__ 3_ _”从句意来看,空格处填入的名词应概括newspaper、pamphlet和book的共同特点,根据常识,报纸、宣传册和图书都只能是传播信息的媒介(medium),而不是方法或措施。Medium可特指“大众传播手段,包括报纸、杂志、广播或电视等”,如:Commercial television is a medium for advertising.(商业电视是一种广告媒介)。

词汇补充:注意means和medium都可以表示借以成就某事或达到某目的人或物。means(单复数同形)可以指人或物,其含义为“手段”或“工具”。这个词不仅用于具体的东西,也可以用于抽象的意念。如:Thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech(一个人的思想能够借助于语言传递给另一个人);medium 的含义是“媒介,手段”,通过它能完成、传输或转移某种事物的东西:如:Air is a medium of sound.(空气是声音传播的媒体)。

method 所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序,也可以指抽象概念“条理”,如:To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television.(为此,科学家还要设计出使用雷达和水下电视的方法);measures表示“手段,策略,为达到目的采取的行动,权宜之计”,如:They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.(他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施)。

4.[A](in the)process(of)在„„过程中

[B](in the)company(of)在„„陪伴下,与„„同时出现 [C](in the)light(of)按照,根据 [D](in the)form(of)以„„的形式 [答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 介词短语辨析。

文章相关部分是newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical,从结构上来看,现在分词结构following in the wake of 和介词短语in the 4 of 是并列成分,都做主句的伴随状语,newspaper,pamphlet and book,periodical也是三个平

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行的部分,它们之间的关系是通过in the wake of和in the 4 of两个部分来体现的。分词结构following in the wake of„意为“随着宣传册和书的出现以后”,体现了时间上的先后。因此空格处的动词构成的短语应既需要与分词结构表并列含义,又需要体现newspaper和periodical之间的时间关系。四个选项从意义上来看,只有B符合。

5.[A] gathered(up)收集,蜷缩,概括

[B] speeded(up)加速

[C] worked(up)逐步建立,逐步发展,逐步引起,整理 [D] picked(up)拾起,染上,学到,整理,收听到,好转 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词短语辨析。

本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与up搭配,构成短语动词,且符合文意。该动作的发出者是前面的主语communication revolution。根据语义,恰当选项是speeded up,表示“通信革命加速发展”。文中所在句子用了强调结构It was during the same time that,强调时间状语19世纪,表明在这一时期不但报纸成为主要媒介,而且通信革命也取得了重大的成果:运输业、铁路、电报、电话、无线电、电影都在发展。

知识点补充:与up搭配组成的短语动词还包括:beat up(毒打),choke up(说不出话),dress up(盛装),end up(结束),hold up(阻止,妨碍),mix up(混淆),play up(强调),sign up(签约),take up(从事),wash up(洗餐具)等。

例句补充:The child gathered up his toys and put them away.(孩子把他的玩具收拾起来放好);I worked up this business from nothing.(我在一无所有的情况下把这个事业逐步发展起来的,或,我白手起家);Trade has been slack for the past six months, but it is now picking up.(过去六个月里商业一直很萧条,但现在情况正在好转)。

6.[A](lead)on引导,率领„„继续前进 [B](lead)out开始,领舞伴起舞

[C] over不与lead搭配

[D](lead)off(begin)开始 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:短语动词搭配 + 副词词义辨析。事实上本题和下一个题目可以一起解答。因为第六空和第七空是所在句子整体中不可分割的两个部分。考生首先需判断选项中哪个副词可以与lead和through搭配。首先排除over,它不能与lead搭配。从结构上看,空格所在部分中的beginning with„和leading„都是现在分词状语成分,说明通信革命是怎样加速发展的:开始于运输和铁路,接着通过电报、电话、收音机和电影的发展,直到二十世纪的汽车和飞机。四个选项只有副词on可以表示“继续,向前”的含义,用在句子中强调“电报、电话、收音机和电影行业推动通信革命的继续发展”。

7.[A] of „的,属于„的;有关„的

[B] for 为了;代表;以„为目的地;因为

[C] beyond 超出(理解、范围、眼界)之上 [D] into进入„之内;成为„状态 [答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词用法辨析。

根据上一题的分析,句子空格处需要一个介词和前面的begin with,lead on through一起来表达通信革命发展的全过程。选项中只有into符合,而且它和前面的leading相呼应,表达“进入20世纪的汽车和飞机时代”。

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8. [A] concept 观念,概念

[B] dimension 长度,宽度,高度,尺寸,大小 [C](in)effect实际上,事实上,简直是

[D](in)perspective正确地、如实的(观察事物)[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义 + 介词短语搭配。

本题要求考生判断哪个名词和介词in搭配构成副词短语。空格所在句子是Not everyone sees that process in 8(并不是每个人都„地看待这个过程)。首先排除concept和dimension,它们一般不和in搭配,即使搭配了,所表达的含义“在观念上看待这个过程”和“在尺度上看待这个过程”也不符合文意。in effect为固定搭配,如:They have no formal contract, but he is, in effect, her manager.(他们之间没有正式合同,但他实际上是她的经理),但它在文中能表达的含义“实际上看待这个过程”也不符合逻辑;只有in perspective放入句中,表示“并不是每一个人都能正确地看待这一问题”。

知识点补充:in perspective和in one’s right perspective都是固定搭配,都表示“正确、如实地(观察事物)”,如:see problems in their right perspective(如实地看待问题)。

另外,该句中,代词everyone与not搭配使用,表部分否定,意思是“不是每个人”。类似的代词或副词还有all,both,every,everyday,everybody,many,everything,entirely,absolutely,always,completely,often,wholly等,它们和not一起表达出“并非都是,不是每个都是”的含义。如:Both of them are not my brothers.(他们两个不全是我的兄弟)。I do not remember all those formulas.(这些公式我并非全都记得)。

9.[A] indeed实际上,确实(表强调)[B] hence因此,所以,(表因果关系)

[C] however然而,(表转折关系)[D] therefore因此,(表因果关系)[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。

从结构上看,空格所在句子是一个it做形式主语的完整的主语从句It is generally recognized that the introduction of the computer radically changed the process。空格由两个逗号隔开,在主语从句中是插入语。从四个选项看,这里需填入一个逻辑连接词,表明这个句子和其前文之间的逻辑关系。

从语义上看,第一段主要论述在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情,如:报纸等媒介的出现和通信革命的发展。第二段一、二句综合指出正确看待这个过程很重要。从空格所在这一句开始,文章提出“计算机的出现极大地改变了这个进程”,可以判断这里的逻辑关系为转折。选项中只有however表转折。

知识点补充:像however这类逻辑连接副词在句中的位置可以是句首、句中或句尾,而当在用于句中时,与句子其他部分既可用逗号也可用分号隔开,如:①However, not everybody agreed.②The visitor came to the door;however, it was too late for him to get in.③The composition is all right;there is room for improvement, however.10.[A] brought带来

[B] followed跟随

[C] stimulated刺激, 激励

[D] characterized表现„„的特色,刻画的„„性格 [答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:过去分词辨析。

空格所在部分 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s

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是插入成分,插在了that引导的主语从句的主语the introduction of the computer和谓语radically changed之间,修饰从句的主语。从选项可看出空格处将填入过去分词,考生关键要判断主语“计算机在20世纪早期问世”和插入成分“集成电路在20世纪60年代发明”之间是什么联系,显然这两件事是时间先后关系。从词义上来看,只有follow表示时间先后关系,符合题意。本题最具干扰的选项是brought,但考生注意20世纪初期出现的电脑不可能由比它还晚(20世纪60年代)出现的集成电路所带来。

11.[A] unless除非,(引导条件状语从句)[B] since自„„以来,既然,(引导时间、原因状语从句)

[C] lest惟恐,以免,(引导条件状语从句)[D] although虽然,尽管,(引导让步状语从句)

[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。

在做本题之前,先做第12题比较好。空格前文提到,计算机的出现大大改变了这种进程,接着空格下文又说它对媒体的影响没有立即见效。显然,这里的逻辑关系为让步。四个选项中,只有although符合要求,意为“极大地改变了这一进程。虽然对媒体的影响并没有立即见效。”

12.[A] apparent明显的

[B] desirable值得要的,合意的,令人想要的,悦人心意的 [C] negative否定的,消极的,负的,阴性的 [D] plausible似是而非的 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。

空格所在句子是its impact on the media was not immediately 12,其中its指代的是the computer’s。首先排除plausible,因为我们不能说“影响不是立即似是而非的”。其次,根据上下文的逻辑,考生可推出虽然计算机的影响很大,但这个影响不是一蹴而就的,它刚出现时应该没有像现在这样得到这么广泛的使用,因此它对媒体的影响不是立刻就很明显的(apparent)。desirable更强调主观上的愿望,如:a home computer with many desirable features.(有许多理想性能的家庭计算机)。但计算机的影响不是我们主观上能决定的。

13.[A] institutional惯例的;公共机构的,社会事业性质的

[B] universal全体的,普通的,大众化的 [C] fundamental基础的,根本的,必要的

[D] instrumental起作用的,有助于,一般做表语 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义 + 形容词词义辨析。

从结构上来看,空格所在句子中的代词they指代前面的computers,逗号后的and连接了两个并列句子,即上句的smaller and more powerful与下文的personal as well as 13 相对应。上句的smaller和powerful在含义上有转折,意为“虽然越来越小却越来越强”,因此空格所填入的词也应与personal相对照。如果从字面上理解personal,它的含义是“私人的、个人的”,universal可以是它的反义词,但universal多做定语,强调“普遍性”,如;universal interest(普遍感兴趣),而且它在文中表达的含义“不仅被普遍使用,也被个人使用”也不符合逻辑;只有institutional与personal 相对应,指出“电脑不再仅仅是团体而且也成了个人使用的工具”,符合文意。

例句补充:Technical innovation is instrumental in improving the qualities of

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products.(技术革新有助于提高产品的质量)

14.[A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。

从结构上看,空格所在句子是with引导的分词独立结构:with display(逻辑主语)becoming sharper(现在分词结构)and storage 14(逻辑主语)increasing(现在分词),来修饰前面的主句做状语。从语义上看,“计算机也成了个人工具,是随着其显示效果(display)越来越清晰(sharper)和存储„的提高”,因此空格和storage搭配后应指“(计算机的)存储能力”。考生关键要判断哪个名词能与storage搭配。四个选项都可以表示“能力”,但只有capacity可以指承受力或容纳力,和storage是固定搭配,表“存储能力”。例如:The hall has a seating capacity of 200 people(大厅可容纳200人)。

知识点补充:ability指去做某件事情的能力(精神的或生理的),如children’s ability to learn(孩子们的学习能力);capability强调生长、发展或成功的一种潜能。如:The little girl has great capability as a singer and should be trained.(这个小女孩很有当歌手的才能,应该加以训练);faculty指内在的、天生的力量或能力,如:the faculty to learn languages(学语言的能力)。

15.[A] by means of用„,依靠„,通过„

[B] in terms of按照,在„方面,从„角度 [C] with regard to关于

[D] in line with符合,和„一致 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词短语辨析。

空格所在句子是They were thought of, like people, 15 generations,其中主语they指的仍然是computers,插入语意为“像人一样”,谓语是被动语态形式were thought of,指“被考虑,被想”,可见,空格和generations(一代人,世代,衍生代)一起做状语,修饰谓语,说明电脑是怎样被看待考虑的。因此考生重点要区分A、B选项,A 选项by means of强调“用某种方式或手段”,而B选项in terms of可以强调用某个字眼、措辞及它所传达的概念,如:Give the answer in terms of a percentage.(用百分比来回答)。根据文意,“计算机与人一样,都可以按照代(generations)来划分”,这里使用generation更多地是借用这个词和它的概念,因此正确选项为B。

例句补充:Thoughts are expressed by means of words.(思想用词汇来表达);The work is not very profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it.(这个工作从钱的角度来说不是非常有利可图,但我从中获得了宝贵经验);He would make no concession in regard to his own rights.(他在关于自己权利的方面不会作出让步);That isn’t in line with my ideas at all.(那和我的想法根本不一致)。

16.[A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配。

本题要求考生判断哪个形容词的比较级可以修饰the distance。选项中只有smaller可以,表示“距离减小”。注意,英文中不能用near形容distance来表达“距离近”,而只用small或big这类的词来形容距离的远近。许多考生选择了A或C,是因为受到了中文思维的影响,觉得距离可以是深浅和远近。

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17.[A] context(事情发生的)环境,背景 [B] range山脉;(种类变化的)范围,幅度; 射程

[C] scope(处理,研究事物的)范围;(做某事物的)机会, 余地 [D] territory领土, 版图 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。

空格所在句子是一个强调句型It was within the computer age that„,其大意是:正是在这个计算机时代,“信息社会”开始被广泛用来描述我们现在所生活的„„。information society描述的当然是society,因此考生关键要判断哪个选项和society属于同一语义范畴,显然我们不能说society是“范围(range/scope)”或“领土(territory)”,而只能说是一种“环境或背景(context)”。

18.[A] regarded看待,把„作为,尊敬,涉及 [B] impressed留下印象,盖印

[C] influenced 影响 [D] effected产生,招致,实现 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。

空格所在句子是The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,因此考生需判断哪个动词可以描述句子主语“通信革命”对宾语“我们的工作和休闲方式以及对时间和空间的思考和感知方式”所做的动作。显然influenced是正确选项,句意为“通信革命影响了我们的众多方式”,其他三个选项和work和leisure搭配后从语义上都讲不通。

例句补充:I have always regarded him highly.(我总把他看得很高);I wrote down whatever impressed me during the journey.(我记下旅行过程中使我感动的所有事物);The new manager effected several changes in the company.(新来的经理在公司里促成了好几次改革)。

19.[A] competitive竞争的 [B] controversial有争议的

[C] distracting注意力不集中的 [D] irrational无理性的,不合理的 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+ 形容词词义辨析。

本题要求考生判断哪个形容词可与view搭配,并符合文意。首先排除distracting,它不和view搭配。其次,从转折连词but可知空格所在部分there have been 19 view表示的意思和前文相反。前文指出“通信革命影响了我们工作、休闲及思考和感知的方式”,空格所在句子指出“但是关于其在经济、政治、社会和文化上的含义的看法却„”。此外,从下文中的benefits和harmful的对比以及最后一句的And generalizations have proved difficult(现在形成统一的看法还有困难)也可以知道,人们对这个通信革命影响的看法是褒贬不一的,因此,该看法是有争议的(controversial),而不是竞争的(competitive)或不合理的(irrational)。

20.[A] above 在„上,超出 [B] upon 在„上

[C] against 对照,对比,与„相反 [D] with 和„,同„在一起 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配。解答本题,考生关键要知道weigh sth.against sth.或sth.is weighed against sth.是固定搭配,意为“权衡,斟酌”,如:weigh one plan against another(比较一计划与另一计划的优劣)。空格所在句子的含义是“把利益和产生的弊端进行了权衡”。

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三、全文翻译

人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。然而,在这两个时段之间发生了很多事情。正如前面所讲的,直到十九世纪,报纸才继宣传册和书之后,伴随着期刊的出现,成为电子时代到来前主要的传播手段。在同一时间,通信革命也加快了步伐,先从运输和铁路开始,紧接着是电报、电话、收音机和电影,直到二十世纪的汽车和飞机。

并不是每一个人都能正确地看待(通信革命发展)这一进程,但这一点非常重要。然而,人们普遍认识到二十世纪初期计算机的出现,及随后六十年代集成电路的发明,在极大程度上改变了这一进程,虽然它对媒体的影响并没有立即见效。随着时间的推移,计算机变得越来越小,功能却更加强。它们不仅被单位,也被个人使用。计算机的图像显示变得更加清晰,储存容量也在增加。它们被看作和人一样,可以分成几代。每一代的距离也在缩小。正是在计算机时代,“信息社会”这个词语开始被广泛地用于描述我们现实的生活环境。通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式,同时也改变了我们对时间和空间的思考和感知方式。但对这一革命在经济、政治、社会和文化上的含义,人们还有争议。人们把利益和产生的弊端进行了权衡,但很难得出一个概括性的结论。

第二部分 阅读理解试题解析

Part A

第一篇

一、文章结构总体分析

本文是关于幽默的一篇说明文,旨在教会读者如何使用幽默。文章从三个层次讲述使用幽默时应该注意的问题,并多次举例说明。

第一段:第一句话是主题句,说明为了达到幽默的效果,必须知道如何识别听话者共有的经历和问题,针对不同的听众谈不同的幽默话题。该段主要使用说理的论证手段。

第二段:举例证明上面的观点。

第三段:推理说明为什么第一段提出的方法会达到幽默的效果。

第四段:谈论幽默很重要的一个方面是注意练习,让它显得自然随意。第五段:举例说明获得幽默的重要方法——主动寻找幽默。

二、试题具体解析

21.To make your humor work, you 21.要使自己的幽默让人发笑,你应当

should._。[A] take advantage of different kinds of [A] 利用不同类型的听众

audience [B] make fun of the disorganized people [B] 取笑杂乱无章的人 [C] address different problems to [C] 对不同的人谈不同的问题

different people [D] show sympathy for your listeners [D] 对你的听众表示同情 [答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。

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本题考查的是局部信息,考生关键要理解第一段。该段首句指出,如果你想在谈话中用幽默使人发笑,你就必须知道如何辨别共同的经历和共同的问题。接着作者又对此进行了解释,即:你的幽默必须与听众相关,显示你是他们中的一员,或你理解他们的处境并赞成他们的观点。作者在第三句得出结论,即“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different(针对不同的听众,谈及不同的问题)”。由此可知,C选项恰好是对该段中心的概括,为正确答案。

A选项虽然在某种程度上谈到了“不同的听众”的重要性,但没有接着阐述听众不同应该怎样做,而且它出现了文中没有的内容:利用听众。B选项是该段最后举例说明的内容,if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。但这只是用来论证“听众不同问题不同”这个论点的一个具体个案,缺乏普遍性,无法由此而得出取笑他们就总会使幽默起作用的结论,因此不能选。D选项就是该段第二句谈到的in sympathy with their point of view,但是它仅仅是“对不同的人谈不同的问题”这个中心论点的部分解释,不具备完整性和概括性。

答题技巧:本题要求考生透过字里行间去把握段落主题句。注意主题句一般是观点而非描写、说明或事实。段落中除了表观点的主题句外,其他的内容一般起说明或论证作用,并且,主题句大都具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点。22.The joke about doctors implies that, 22.从那个关于医生的笑话里推出护士对in the eyes of nurses, they 医生的看法是他们____。are.[A] impolite to new arrivals [A] 对新来的人没有礼貌 [B] very conscious of their godlike role [B] 非常在乎自己上帝般的角色 [C] entitled to some privileges [C] 享有某些特权 [D] very busy even during lunch hours [D] 用午餐时都很忙[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。本题考查考生概括理解具体例子的能力,考生关键要把握作者通过举例手法所表达的观点。作者在第二段讲述了一则嘲笑医生的笑话。笑话中上帝的动作rush to grab 和stomp over都表明了上帝的傲慢和目中无人,而圣彼德的话“但是有时他认为自己是一名医生”表明医生也有同样的特点,即无礼、傲慢、自以为像上帝一样。由此可知,B选项为正确答案。

A选项不是笑话中暗示的医生的普遍特点,我们无法从笑话中得出医生对所有新来的人都不礼貌。而C选项和D选项都没有嘲笑他们的意味,因此也不对。23.It can be inferred from the text that 23.从文中可以推出,公共服务____。

public services.[A] have benefited many people [A] 给许多人带来利益 [B] are the focus of public attention [B] 是公众注意的焦点 [C] are an inappropriate subject for [C] 不适合作为幽默的笑料

humor [D] have often been the laughing stock [D] 经常是大家的笑料[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

本题要求考生根据第三段的内容去推测最后一句的含义。文章第三段指出,如果谈话者是听话者中的一分子,就可以用双方共同的经历作为幽默的素材,否则,这样做就不合适。

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最后指出,这时如果拿公共服务行业作为替罪羊(scapegoats)去评论,你就会处于安全境地。这就说明即使对不同的听众也可以以它们为笑料,也就是说它们是大家经常谈论的笑料。因此D选项为正确答案。C 选项恰与原文意思相悖。A 选项未提到,因为当作笑料并非就是带来利益。B选项似乎也有道理,但是他的针对性不如D选项。24.To achieve the desired result, 24.为了达到预期的效果,幽默故事应该以humorous stories should be ____方式讲述。delivered.[A] in well-worded language [A] 话语措辞得当; [B] as awkwardly as possible [B] 尽可能地不自然; [C] in exaggerated statements [C] 用夸张的词语; [D] as casually as possible [D] 尽可能自然。[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。本题要求考生理解第四段的主题思想。文章第四段指出,如果在讲述幽默时感到有些不自然,就必须加以练习,使之变得更自然。你可以加入一些随便的、看上去是即兴(off-the-cuff)的话,用轻松的、自然的方式把它说出来。让听众发笑的通常是讲述幽默的过程,因此应该放慢语速,再加上一些表情,这些都在告诉人们你在讲述笑话。从该段的一些关键词natural,relaxed,unforced和light-hearted等,都可看出D选项才是讲幽默故事的正确方法。

A选项是文中未出现的内容;B选项与文章内容相悖;C选项是在第五段中谈到搜集幽默素材时应该留意的内容之一,只是列举,同样不具有概括性,因而不能入选。

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25.The best title for the text may be.25.这篇文章最好的标题是。

[A] Use Humor Effectively [A] 有效地使用幽默 [B] Various Kinds of Humor [B] 各种各样的幽默 [C] Add Humor to Speech [C] 在谈话中添加幽默 [D] Different Humor Strategies [D] 不同的幽默策

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。

本题考的是对全文的理解,是总括题,要求考生综合各段主题找出全文的主旨。文章第一至三段谈的是选择恰当的幽默话题,以求实现幽默效果;第四段谈论的是自然随意的幽默,可以达到幽默效果;第五段建议人们留意幽默,并指出了幽默可能存在的地方,也就是实现幽默的一些策略方法。因此可知,A选项是全文都在谈论的论点,为正确的答案。

B选项不符合文章的主要内容,因为文中并未举出幽默有哪些种类。C选项也不是全文探讨的问题。D选项只是最后一段间接涉及的一些内容,如:对一句常言进行歪曲,玩弄语言文字或情景,夸大其词或是故意地轻描淡写等以求实现幽默的效果,因此无法概括全篇。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析:

① Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point if view.本句主干是Your humor must be...and should help to show...,不定式to show后是两个that 引导的宾语从句:that you are one of the them以及that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view,中间用or连接。

② Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.该句的主干是:Here is an example of a story,example 后是非限定性定语从句which I heard...做定语;story 后是限制性定语从句which works well做定语,其中又含有一个原因状语从句because...。work意思是“起作用,有效”。如:How long does a sleeping pill take to work? 安眠药要多长时间才起作用?

③ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.该句子有多重结构。第一重是,句首if引导的条件从句和主句构成主从复合句。if从句充当主句的条件状语,主句由两个并列的分句构成:you will be...and it’ll be appropriate....。第二重是,if从句中的group后接有一个限定性定语从句which you are addressing做定语,主句中前一个分句中不定式的宾语the experiences and problems 后接which 引导的定语从句做定语,后一分句的结构是it’ll be appropriate for sb.to do sth....。

be in a position to do sth.意思是“由于客观或主观条件”可能做某事。如:He is in a position to marry.他有条件结婚。passing 意思是:粗略的,随便的,仓促的。如:a passing mention 顺便提及。

④ With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will

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resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.句中as 引导的是原因状语从句,will在这里是情态动词,表示某种推测。cut in with sth.意思是“以„„插入”。

佳句赏析:

① Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.这就是我们常说的“因人而异”的英文版说法。

② If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.两个if条件从句的并列、talking to和addressing、refer to和comment on的替换以及disorganized的重复,使该句子变化中有重复,动中有静。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)identify(v.)认出,识别;鉴定;identification(n.)识别,身份证明,简写成ID。

(2)sympathy(n.)同情,同感;be in~with sb./sth.同意,赞同。如:We are all in~with your proposals.sym-前缀表示“相同的”;anti-表示“相反的”,如:antipathy反感。

(3)address(v.)与„说话,向„致辞,演说;从事,忙于(4)alternatively(ad.)作为选择,或者;这个词在写作中常用来引导另外一个平行的观点或意见;alternative(a./n.)二者择一(的),选择性(的)

(5)convention(n.)大会,协定,习俗,惯例;conventional(a.)(6)accommodations(n.)住处,住所;座位,车厢;适应;便利的设备,有帮助的事物

(7)St.Peter 圣彼德,St.是Saint的缩写,是人们对耶稣基督的尊称。(8)stomp(n./v.)跺脚,践踏,重踏

(9)passing(a.)经过的,短暂的,匆匆的,随便的,偶然的,及格的

(10)notorious(a.)声名狼藉的,臭名昭著的;notorious是一个贬义词。表示“名气很大”的贬义词还有infamous。褒义词很多,如:famous,well-known,renowned等。(11)resent(v.)愤恨,怨恨,对„感觉不愉快;resentment(n.)(12)disparaging(a.)蔑视的,轻视的,毁谤的

(13)scapegoat(n.)替罪羊。记住goat,与“羊”有关的词语还有black sheep害群之马。

(14)understatement(n.)一种修辞手法,故意的轻描淡写;under-前缀表示“未达,未满,不足”,如:undertreatment处理不足或不力,underestimate,underripe不成熟的。(15)turn about转变,改变意见,转身,反复思考

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五、全文翻译

如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑,你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。你的幽默必须与听众有关,向他们表明你是他们中的一员,或者你了解他们的处境并同情他们的观点。(长难句①)根据谈话对象的不同,问题也有所不同。(佳句①)如果你在和一群经理谈话,你就可以评论他们秘书紊乱的工作方法;相反,如果你在和一群秘书谈话,你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板。(佳句②)

下面举一个例子,它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好,因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。(长难句②)一个人到了天堂,由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善,然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时,突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只见这人挤到了队伍的前头,抓起他的食物,噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊?”新来的人问圣彼得,“哦,那是上帝,”他回答说,“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。”

如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员,你就有条件去了解你们所共有的经历和问题,你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。(长难句③)而对于其他听众,你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默,因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。(长难句④)但如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊,那你就会很安全。

如果你在幽默时感到很别扭,你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话,你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑,因此说慢一些,并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。

留意幽默,它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功,就放弃”,或者是调侃词藻和场景;寻求夸大其词和轻描淡写;考虑一下你的谈话,选出一些词汇和句子,对它们反复琢磨,并注入一些幽默。

第二篇

一、文章结构总体分析

本文是一篇关于机器人科技发展的文章。文章首先介绍机器人科技发展取得的成果,接着谈到它的局限性,即机器人和人类在智能上的差距。

第一、二段:指出自从人类开始有了创造力,就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具去处理那些危险的、困难的工作,其结果是机器充斥了人类的生活并节省了许多劳动力。

第三至五段:指出机器人如果要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它必须能够独立地解决问题,但是这是一个艰巨的任务。目前研究人员已经将机器人模仿人脑活动的预想向后推迟了数十年,甚至数百年,因为人脑在迅速变化的环境中的高聚焦能力是机器人无法做到的。

二、试题具体解析

26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated 26.人类智慧最初表现在。

in.[A]the use of machines to produce science [A]使用机器去创作科幻小说

fiction [B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing [B]制造业中机器的广泛使用

industry

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[C]the invention of tools for difficult and [C]发明工具去处理困难和危险

dangerous work 的工作

[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of [D]精英们对危险、乏味的工作

dangerous and boring work 的灵巧处理  [答案]C [解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。本题是个局部题,考查考生是否看懂了第一段。题干中的initially与原文的the dawn对应。该段第一句指出“自从人类开始有了创造力,就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理一些危险、乏味、繁重或者是讨厌的工作”。C选项是对此句的恰当改写:the invention of tools与devised ever more cunning tools对应,for difficult and dangerous work与to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty对应,因此它是正确答案。A选项是文章中没有的内容,其中的干扰词science fiction 只在第一段末尾提到,“如果说科学家还没有创造出机械版的科幻小说,他们也已经接近这个目标了”,这里只是通过打比方来形容科学家创造的机器工具越来越灵巧,和科幻小说一样神奇。B选项是智慧的表现,但却不是人类智慧的最初表现。D选项谈的是文中没有的“精英人物”。27.The word “gizmos”(line 1, 27.第二段第一行中的“gizmo”在句中

paragraph 2)most probably means.可能的意思是____。[A] programs [A] 程序 [B]experts [B] 专家 [C]devices [D]creatures

[C] 设备 [D] 生物

[答案]C [解析]本题考核的知识点是:词义题。本题考查学生从上下文猜测词义的能力。文章第二段第一句指出“现代世界充斥着越来越多聪明的gizmos,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力”,由此可知gizmos的特点是:普遍存在和节省劳力。下文提到的“工厂的机器人”、“银行的自动柜员机”、“地铁的机器人司机”、“医院做手术的机器人系统”对“gizmos”进一步举例说明,由此可猜出gizmos指的是“机器、设备或装置”,C选项正确。其他三个选项都不在本文讨论的对象范围之内。

28.According to the text, what is 28. 根据文章,现在超出人类能力范围的是 beyond man’s ability now is to design a 制造能_____的机器人。robot that can___.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing [A] 完成类似于做大脑手术这样需

brain surgery 要高技术的任务 [B]interact with human beings verbally [B]与人进行口头交流 [C]have a little common sense [C]有一点点常识

[D]respond independently to a changing world [D]独立地对变化的世界做出反应

[答案]D [解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。文章第三段首句指出“机器人若要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够自己做些决定,这样的目标为我们提出了一个真正的挑战”;接着在第二句里作者谈到此项挑战之所以艰巨的原因是:“尽管我们知道如何让机器人处理一个具体的错误,但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”。由此可知,机器人目前还必须在人的操控下工作,它还不能独立适应不断变化的外部

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环境。D选项是对原句‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world的改写,为正确答案。

A和B选项均在第二段提及(医院做手术的机器人和自动取款机),可见这样的机器人是人能够造出来的。C选项不正确,因为第三段指出的“但是我们不能给他们足够的‘常识’去与动态世界进行可靠的交流”说明目前的机器人还是有一点点常识的。

29.Besides reducing human labor, robots can 29.除了能够节省劳力外,机器人

also.还能_____。[A]make a few decisions for themselves [A] 自己做些决定

[B]deal with some errors with human intervention [B] 在人的干预下处理一些错误 [C]improve factory environments [C] 改善工厂的环境 [D]cultivate human creativity [D] 开发人类创造性

[答案]B [解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

文章第三段(翻译见上一题)说明当前阶段机器人只能在较多的人工监控下运行,可以处理具体的错误但不能独立地做决定,因此只有B选项的内容是机器人可以做的,排除A选项。文章提到工厂的机器人是用于节省人类劳动力,而不是改善环境的,排除C选项;D选项本末倒置,应该是人类创造力推动了机器人的发明。

30.The author uses the example of a monkey to 30.作者以猴子为例想要说明机

argue that robots are.器人_____。

[A]expected to copy human brain in internal [A] 有望被用来复制人脑的内部结构

structure [B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately[B] 能够立即感知不正常的现象

[C]far less able than human brain in focusing [C] 在聚焦相关信息方面远不如人脑

on relevant information [D]best used in a controlled environment [D] 最好在一个被控制的环境下使用

[答案]C [解析]本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。本题表面上是考查例证写作的意图,实际上却考查了对文章最后一段的理解。该段的主题句是首句:研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也更复杂。接下来作者通过对机器人和人脑的比较来说明段落主题,“机器人能够在人工控制的工厂环境下识别机器控制面板上不到一毫米的误差;但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即把注意力集中到婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上”。该段末句既对前面比较论证部分的目的进行说明,又重申了主题:世界上最先进的机器人也无法和人脑相比。可见文中举猴子的例子只是为了说明人脑的复杂性。四个选项中只有C选项说明机器人不如人脑,符合题意。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析: ① And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句。注意其中词汇的用法。从句中have yet to表否定,意为“尚未,还不得不”;the mechanical version of science fiction是“机械版的科幻小说”,也就是指科幻小说中的梦想在机器人上的实现;主句中的come close是“走近”,而不是come to a close(结束,完成)。

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② As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.该句子的主干是the modern world is populated by intelligent gizmos,宾语gizmos后是两个whose引导的定语从句做定语:whose presence„but whose universal existence„。

③ And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.该句的主干是there are robot systems,systems后是that引导的定语从句,破折号后面的部分用来补充说明submillimeter accuracy。句首介词短语thanks to(由于,多亏„)引导原因状语。

④ But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句,句首but表示对上一段内容的转折。主句的主干是they will have to operate...and be able to make decisions...。破折号后是一个补充说明成分,修饰整个主句,其中goals指的是前面主句的两个并列谓语动作,后面还有that引导的定语从句。If从句中be to do结构表示一种愿望,可译为“要想„”,又如:If you are to succeed you must be patient and persistent.(要想成功,就必须有耐心,有毅力),这种结构还可以表示安排(They are to marry next week.)、命令(You are to be back by 10 o’clock.)、禁止(Children are not to smoke.)等。

⑤ Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.该句子的特点是状语修饰成分较长。从despite开始一直到2010都是句子的让步状语,意为“尽管„”,其中含有关系副词when引导的定语从句限定时间名词the 1960s and 1970s。句子的主干是researchers have begun to extend that forecast。a spell of意思是“一段时间”,It appeared that意思是“似乎,好像”,如:It appears that you have known the news.(你好像已经知道这个消息了)。

⑥ What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.该句中的特点是插入语的使用。句子主干是What they found is that...,主语和be动词间的插入成分是介词in+现在分词结构做状语。be动词后是that引导的表语从句,该从句其实是两个句子的糅合,即nerve cells are much more talented than previously imagined和human perception is far more complicated than previously imagined,句子通过破折号的方式把两个句子共同的部分省略掉了。

⑦ But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.该句子关键要把握其结构上对几个动词的处理:the human mind can glimpse...and

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disregard..., focusing on„or„”,前两个动词由and连接,做主句的谓语,第三个动词focus on变为分词结构做结果状语。glimpse接的宾语是由定语从句修饰的中心名词98 percent,focus on接的宾语是由连词or连接的两个并列成分:the monkey or the single suspicious face。

佳句赏析:

Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.排比句的运用通过罗列反映出我们现在的生活里到处都有机器人的影子。拟人手法的使用赋予了机器人很多人的特质,生动地表现出他们和人的相似性,如:robot arms,automated teller terminals thank us with politeness,tireless robo-drivers。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)dawn(n.)黎明,拂晓,开端,起始;(v.)破晓,开始出现,变得(为人)明白;文中取其比喻意,相当于appearance(出现),又如:The war was ended and they looked forward to the dawn of happy days.(战争结束了,他们期待着幸福日子的来临)。

(2)ingenuity(n.)智巧,精巧的设计,创造力;ingenious(a.)灵敏的,聪明的,有发明天才的;genuine(a.)真实的,真正的,诚恳的

(3)cunning(a.)聪明的,[美]漂亮的,可爱的;[英]狡猾的,巧妙的;该词一般为贬义,但在文中是中性的,含贬义的近义词有:sly,shrewd(4)nasty(a.)令人不愉快的,讨厌的,肮脏的,险恶的

(5)compulsion强迫,强制;难以抗拒的冲动,禁不住要做的事,如:Drinking is a ~ with her.(她忍不住要喝酒)

(6)robotics机器人学,关于建造和使用机器人的技术。-ics后缀表示“学科”,如:physics,aesthetics(美学)

(7)confer(v.)授予,赠予,赋予,协商,~sth.on sb.;conference(n.)会议(8)hum(v.)(动物等)发出嗡嗡声;哼哼声;活跃,忙碌,~to(随着„而忙碌)(9)terminal(n.)终点,终端;极限;(a.)末端的,极限的,定期的Automatic Teller Machine指“自动取款机”。

(10)miniaturization(n.)小型化,mini“小的”,-ize“化”-ation 名词后缀(11)submillimeter(n.)小于毫米的,sub“小于,低于,在„之下”,mill“千分之一”,meter是“米”

(12)dynamic(a.)动力的,有活力的;动态的;dynamics(n.)动力学;dynamite(n.)炸药

(13)panel(n.)面板,嵌板;座谈小组;全体陪审员(14)fraction(n.)破片,小部分,片段,分数

(15)instantaneously(ad.)瞬间地,即刻地;突如其来地;instantaneous(a.);instant(a.)立即的,直接的,紧迫的

(16)neuroscientists(n.)神经科学家,neuro-神经(系统)的,neuroscience神经科学

(17)本文出现了和计算机相关的词汇,如:artificial intelligence 人工智能,在电脑上模拟人智慧的科学,transistor circuits晶体管电路,microprocessors微处理器。同类词汇还有:assembler 汇编程序,batch processing 成批处理,binary digit 二进制位,buffer storage 缓冲存储器,cybernetics 控制论,data processing 数据处理,flow

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chart 流程图,latency time 等待时间等等。

五 全文翻译

自从人类开始有了创造力,就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者是讨厌的工作。这样一种驱动力导致了机器人学的诞生,即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学。如果说科学家还没有实现科幻小说中对机器的幻想,他们也已经很接近这个目标了(长难句①)。

由此引起的结果是,现代世界充斥着越来越多的智能仪器,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力(长难句②)。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人组装臂的节奏声;我们的银行业务完成于自动柜员机旁,完成业务后,它们还会用机器语言礼貌地感谢我们;我们的地铁车由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶。(佳句①)由于电子器件和微型机械仪器的不断缩小,现在已出现了机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术,其精确性远远超过熟练的医生仅用他们的双手所达到的水平(长难句③)。

但是要想让机器人进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够独立地作一些决定。这些是真正具有挑战性的目标。(长难句④)“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去处理一个特定的错误,”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说,“但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”。

实际上对真正的人工智能的探索己经取得了各种不同的成果。虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时侯仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展使人们相信它们在2010年能够复制人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员己经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年(长难句⑤)。

在试图建造思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也更复杂(长难句⑥)。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够在机器控制面板上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上(长难句⑦)。世界上最先进的计算机系统也不达不到这种能力。神经学科学家至今仍然不知道我们人类是怎样做到这一点的。

第三篇

一、文章结构总体分析

这是一篇关于油价上涨对全球经济影响的文章。文章主要分析了油价上涨不会造成全球经济衰退的原因。文章前两段为引子(引起读者的兴趣并交待背景),第三段给出作者观点,紧接着用三个理由对其观点加以支持。

第一段:以提问和数据两种方式提出作者关注的问题:这次石油价格上涨会不会像前两次一样造成经济衰退?以便引起读者的兴趣。

第二段:补充说明油价上涨的另外两个因素,交代所讨论问题的背景。

第三段:第一句话为全文的中心思想,也是对第一段提出问题的回答,即:不会导致经济滑坡,接着给出一个理由——原油仅占汽油价格的一小部分。

第四段:给出支持作者论点的第二个理由:大国经济对石油的依赖性不大。本段主要使用数据进行论证。

第五段:不会导致经济滑坡的第三个理由:没有整体的物价上涨为大背景。论证中使用70年代的情况作为参照与现在的情况进行比较。

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二、试题具体解析31.The main reason for the latest rise 31.最近石油价格上涨的主要原因是 of oil price is [A] global inflation [A] 全球性通货膨胀 [B] reduction in supply [B] 石油供应量下降 [C] fast growth in economy [C] 经济快速增长; [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports [D] 伊拉克暂停石油出口。[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。第一段明确指出“自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升至约26美元一桶”,因此B选项为正确答案。

A选项是第一段提到的前两次油价暴涨造成的后果,而非原因。C选项和D选项是第二段提到的进一步推动油价上涨的原因,而非主要原因。

答题技巧:题干中如果有找出主要原因之类的提法,说明原文中肯定有不止一个原因,命题意图是检查考生能否从众多信息中抓住主要信息。

32. It can be inferred from the text that 32.从文中可以推出,在什么情况下,石the retail price of petrol will go up 油零售价格会大幅上涨? dramatically if [A] price of crude rises [A] 原油价格上涨 [B] commodity prices rise [B] 商品价格上涨 [C] consumption rises [C] 消费上涨 [D] oil taxes rise [D] 石油税上涨

[答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

文章第三段指出,原油价格只占汽油零售价格的一小部分,其大部分(在欧洲高达五分之四)是税收,因此原油价格的变动对汽油价格影响不大。由此可知,影响汽油价格的主要因素是税收。D选项为正确答案,而不是A选项。B选项是前两次石油涨价产生的结果(第1段第4句);而C选项文中未提及。

答题技巧:命题目的是检查考生能否通过文章所给事实推出二者的潜在关系。对于此题,需要考生准确把握price的具体所指,方能正确解题。 33. The estimates in Economic Outlook 33. 在《经济展望》中的文章估计在发达show that in rich countries.国家。[A] heavy industry becomes more energy [A] 重工业消耗更多能源

intensive [B] income loss mainly results from [B] 收入的损失来自原油价格的波动

fluctuating crude oil prices [C] manufacturing industry has been [C] 制造业受到严重冲击

seriously squeezed [D] oil price changes have no [D] 油价变化队GDP没有很大影响

significant impact on GDP [答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。

根据“rich countries”可断定答案大抵在第四段,原文为“Rich economies”。文中

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提到,“国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计,如果油价持续一年维持在每桶22美元左右,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出增加GDP的0.25%~0.5%”。这个数据表明影响不是很大,因此D选项为正确答案。

B选项和C选项文中没有提及,A选项和题干不能构成因果关系。34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that 34.从课文中,可以得出的结论是.。[A] oil price shocks are less shocking now [A] 现在的油价暴涨并不可怕 [B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price [B] 通货膨胀与油价暴涨无关

shocks

[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil [C] 能源储备可以抑制油价

prices [D] the price rise of crude leads to the [D] 原油价格上涨导致重工业的

shrinking of heavy industry 萎缩

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章一开始提出最近石油价格大幅上涨,接下来阐述这次油价上涨不会造成经济衰退的原因:(1)原油价格只占汽油价格的一小部分;(2)发达国家对石油的依赖性不如从前;(3)此次油价上涨并不在商品总价格上涨和全球需求旺盛这种大环境中发生。因此,综合全文得出的结论是A选项。

B选项与文中通货膨胀是石油危机的结果相悖(第1段第4句)。C选项(第4段第2句)和D选项(第4段最后一句)都是文中的事实细节,并非综合全文而得到的结论。

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35.From the text we can see that the writer 35.作者对“油价上涨”所持的态度为 seems.[A] optimistic [A] 乐观 [B] sensitive [B] 敏感 [C] gloomy [C] 悲伤 [D] scared [D] 害怕

[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。

作者大篇幅地给出理由说明这次油价上涨的后果不会很严重。第三段谈到,“我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重”,最后一段第一句话又谈到“另一个不应该因为油价上升而失眠的原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下”。可见A选项表达了作者的真正态度。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析: ① This near tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979~1980, when they also almost tripled.句子主干是This near tripling of oil prices...calls up...memories of the 1973...and 1979~1980...其中of oil prices 修饰前面的tripling,of the 1973和1979~1980修饰memories。1973以及1979~1980后面又分别跟了两个when引导的定语从句对时间进行修饰。

② Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.该句主语Strengthening economic growth和谓语could push之间放入一个时间状语作插入成分,用逗号与主句隔开。

③ The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%~0.5% of GDP.句子主干是The OECD estimates...that...,that后是宾语从句,在这个从句中又含有一个if引导的条件状语,主语是this,指的就是这个条件句,谓语是would increase„,compared with $13 in 1998是一个状语。

④On the other hand, oil importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.句子主干是oil importing emerging economies...have become...and so could be...;其中在主语和第一个谓语后放入一个which引导的定语从句修饰主语作插入成分。

⑤One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excess demand.句子主干是...reason...is that...。not to lose sleep over „是reason的后置定语。that 引导的表语从句比较复杂,其中包括一个形容词短语unlike„做状语,主语it指的是前文提到的the rise in oil prices。

知识点补充:lose sleep over意思是“因„而失眠”;occurred against the background 29

of...意思是“发生在„的背景下”。

佳句赏析:

So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? 句中的gloom and doom用了尾韵的修辞方法,很有节奏感。

四、核心词汇与佳句赏析

(1)conservation(n.)保护;保存;保护区(2)conserve(v.)保存

(3)crude(a.)天然的;未加工的;粗制的;粗鲁的(4)doom(n.)毁灭,灭亡

(5)energy intensive(a.)能源密集型的(6)gloom(n.)黑暗,阴暗

(7)hemisphere(n.)半球,半球体

(8)quadruple(a.)四倍的;quadri= quadru前缀,表示“四”,如:quadruple 四倍的;quadrilingual 能用四种语言的

(9)squeeze(v.)压榨,挤,挤榨

(10)swing(v.)摇摆,摆动,回转,回旋;(n.)秋千,摇摆,摆动

五、全文翻译

过去经济衰落的坏日子是否会重来?自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到到约26美元一桶。这次近三倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979-1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌,当时的油价分别是涨了四倍和近三倍。(长难句①)前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率以及全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢?(佳句①)

本周伊拉克暂停石油出口,这使油价又一次上扬。强劲的经济增长势头,随着北半球冬季的到来,有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。(长难句②)

然而,我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会象20世纪70年代那么严重。与70年代相比,现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的分额要小。在欧洲,税金在汽油零售价的比例高达五分之四,因此,即使原油价格发生很大的波动,汽油价格所受的影响也不会象过去那么显著。

发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前,因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性降低,这些都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油,比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国内生产总值(以目前价格计算)中,每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计,如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,这也只会使发达国家的石油进口支出上增加GDP的0.25—0.5个百分点。(长难句③)这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的四分之一。另一方面,进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业,消耗能量更大,因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。(长难句④)

另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。(长难句⑤)世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比,总体上没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70%,而1979年也上升了近30%。

第四篇

一、文章结构总体分析

本文讲述的是美国法律和医学界对于医生协助病人结束生命这一医疗措施的支持态度。这篇文章理解起来的困难在于段落数量较多以及意群分散,有时同一意群的内容分为两段论述。

第一、二段:从语意上讲实际是一个段落,第一段只有一句话,指出最高法院的裁决对医生协助病人结束生命这一现象的重要性,第二段推理证明为什么重要。

第三段:首先指出医生协助病人结束生命这一现象并不是新鲜事物,进而引用南希•杜勒尔的话说明最高法院的裁决产生的影响在于保护医生。

第四段:依然使用引证的方法说明第三段“保护医生”的论点。

第五、六段:从语意上讲又是一个段落,第五段是主题句,说明该裁决的另一个推动因素,即,病人不愿忍受死亡的折磨。第六段使用典型事例对此进行论证。

第七段:第一句为主题句,说明对此医学界采取的行动。第八段:采用引证法说明律师可以起关键作用。

二、试题具体解析

36.From the first three paragraphs, we 36.从前三段中,我们可以知道。

learn that.[A] doctors used to increase drug [A] 医生曾经用增加药物剂量的方法控制dosages to control their patients’ 病人的疼痛 pain [B] it is still illegal for doctors to [B] 医生帮助病人结束生命仍是不合法的

help the dying end their lives [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes [C] 最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人结束physician-assisted suicide 生命 [D] patients have no constitutional [D] 病人没有法律赋予的权力去自杀

right to commit suicide [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。这是一道总括性的题,需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。选项B是文章第二段首句的改写。该句提到,法院在判决中承认医生协助病人结束生命不是宪法赋予的权利。选项中的“illegal”对应文中“no constitutional right”,“doctors to help the dying end their lives”对应“physician-assisted suicide”。

选项A的时间与原文不符。“used to do”意为“过去常常做„„事情(但是现在不做了)”,而文章第三段提到,近年来医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量的吗啡去控制临死病人(terminally ill patients)的痛苦进行辩护。选项C与原文意思相反。第二段首句明确提出,法院实际上对这种“双重效果”的医疗原则表示了支持(in effect supported the medical principle)。选项D在文中未提及,原文只提到医生没有宪法赋予的权利去协助病人结束生命。

答题技巧:这种跨段落的细节题,正确选项一般是对原文中某语句的改写或替换,错误选项则与原文意义相悖或无关。

37.Which of the following statements 37.按照课文,下列哪个观点是正确的? its true according to the text?

[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they [A] 如果医生冒病人死亡的风险,他将被认

risk their patients’death.为有罪。[B] Modern medicine has assisted [B] 现代医学一直在帮助那些临死病人进terminally ill patients in painless 行无痛康复。recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage [C] 法院判决,医生可以开大剂量镇痛药。

pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer [D] 医生开出的药是否合法不再取决于他justified by his intentions.们的意图。

[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

本题也是总括性的题目,信息比较分散。文章第二段和第三段分别提到:法院对“双重效果”的医疗原则表示支持,而近年来医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量吗啡进行辩护。按照逻辑推理,法院支持原则,医生利用原则做某事,那么法院应该支持这件事。因此,选项C为正确答案。

选项A与原文意思相反。“hold sb.(to be)a/n.”意为“认为、相信某人怎样”,如:I hold the parents responsible for their children’s behavior.第五段谈到,外科手术中,医生虽然冒了病人死亡的风险,但是我们不把这种情况下的死亡称作他杀,因为医生并非有意要杀死病人,即医生没有责任。选项B与原文不符。第六段提到,引起病人绝望的原因恰恰是现代医学一直只能延长他们死亡前的肉体痛苦。选项D与原文意思相反。第五段中健康法律系主任通过外科手术的例子说明,意图是决定医生所开的药物合不合法的关键,其含义是只要意图是好的,即使出现坏的结果也是可以接受的。38.According to the NAS’s report, one 38.根据NAS的报告,临终关怀的问题之一of the problems in end-of-life care 是。is.[A]prolonged medical procedures [A] 延长的医疗程序 [B]inadequate treatment of pain [B] 对病痛处理不力 [C]systematic drug abuse [C] 蓄意的药物滥用 [D]insufficient hospital care [D] 医院护理不足[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

根据关键字“NAS报告”和“临终关怀”定位第七段。全国科学院发布的报告中明确提到了临终关怀的两个问题:(1)undertreatment of pain(对病痛不进行足够的处理);(2)the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”(大胆使用“无效和强制的医疗程序去延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严)”。因此选项B是提到的问题之一。A和D选项是干扰项,A选项中的prolonged、medical procedures是原文中出现的词汇,D选项中的insufficient和undertreatment近义,但它们都只是词语的重新组合,含义上和原文有出入。C项中的“systematic”意为“planned in advance and done with malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有预谋的、蓄意的)。如:a systematic attempt to ruin one’s reputation(蓄意破坏某人的名誉)。39.Which of the following best defines 39.第七段第二行出现的aggressive的含the word “aggressive”(line 2, 义是什么? paragraph 7)?

[A] Bold.[A] 大胆的。[B] Harmful.[B] 有害的。[C] Careless.[C] 粗心的。[D] Desperate.[D] 不顾一切的。[答案] B

[解析]本题考核的知识点是:词义题。原文谈到的是一种使用“无效和强制的医疗程序去延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严”的做法,考生需判断哪个形容词可以替代aggressive来描述这种行为。“aggressive”这个词用于褒义时,意为“强有力的、坚持己见的”,用于贬义时,意为“攻击性的、不顾后果的”。选项A“Bold”用于贬义时意为“大胆的、冒失的、失慎的”,意义最接近。

知识点补充:介词of可用于两个名词(短语)之间,前者形容后者,如:He’s got the devil of temper(devil形容temper);Where’s that fool of a receptionist?(fool 形容receptionist)。同样,这里的aggressive use 用来形容ineffectual and forced medical procedures。

40.George Annas would probably agree that 40.乔治·安纳斯认为在以下哪一种情 doctors should be punished if they 况下,医生应该受到制裁? [A] manage their patients incompetently.[A] 不能胜任管理病人的工作。[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.[B] 给病人的药物超量。[B] give patients more medicine than needed.[C] 减少病人的药物剂量。[D] prolong the needless suffering of the [D] 延长病人不必要的痛苦

patients.[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

在最后一段中安纳斯明确指出,painful deaths(病人痛苦的死亡)should result in license suspension(应该使那些对此漠不关心的医生受到惩罚,吊销执照),因此选项D“延长病人不必要的痛苦”是医生受制裁的原因。

选项A太泛,不一定是指的是无视病人痛苦这一方面。文章第五段提到,安纳斯认为只要医生开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的,就没有违法,而不存在药量多少的问题。因此,可以排除选项B和C。

三、文章长难句分析和佳句赏析

长难句分析:

①Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.这是个一句话的段落,其中心结构是the Court supported the medical principle,Although引导的分句与后面构成转折关系。a centuries-old moral principle...good effect是对the medical principle of “double effect”进行解释说明的同位语,其主干是principle holding that an action...is permissible。

②Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”

该句的基本结构是Nancy Dubler contends that the principle will shield doctors,who引导的定语从句修饰doctors。注意insist后面有接虚拟语气和非虚拟语气两种用法。前者意为“坚持要求、坚持认为”,如:I insisted that you(should)take immediate action to put this right,后者意为“坚持说、固执声称”,如:She insisted that she was innocent.这里应该取第二种意思。

另外在新闻报道体裁的文章中引用某专家的言论,多采用这种句式结构,即人名+职位+动词(contend, maintain,hold,believe等)+that引导的宾语从句。本文在第四段和第五段就两次出现。

③It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.该句子的主干是It identifies...as...,identify接的宾语是由and连接的两个of短语:undertreatment of pain和aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures,其中第二个of的宾语后紧跟着一个定语从句做定语。

④“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.该句的主干是physicians seem unconcerned with the pain...to the extent that...,pain后面由一个省略了关系代词的定语从句修饰,needlessly and predictably意为“既没有必要又不可避免”。extend后也接了一个that引导的定语从句。

佳句赏析:

①On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.On another level是全文的分界点,起着切换话题的作用。fueled in part by运用暗喻的修辞手法,形象地描述了后面的现象对这场争论起到推波助澜的作用。

②The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing 34

and treating pain at the end of life.该句将四个to引导的不定式结构并列,使句式显得整齐而具有气势。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)physician-assisted这个词语的构词法是名词+|过去分词=复合形容词,它相当于assisted by physician(由医生协助的),类似的词有:weather-beaten饱经风霜的 state-owned国有的

(2)implications(n.)暗示,隐含义,牵连,推论;imply(v.)暗示,暗指;意味,包含;implicative(a.)含蓄的, 连带的

(3)shield(n.)盾,防护物;(v.)保护,遮蔽。Shield...from...: 保护„免受„(的侵害),如:shield his eyes from the sun(4)homicide(n.)杀人(者),词根cide意为“杀”,如:suicide自杀,patricide弑父,matricide弑父

(5)undertreatment(a.)处理不足或不力。Under-前缀意为“未达,未满,不足”,如:underripe不够成熟的

(6)ineffectual(a.)无效的,不起作用的。与ineffective意思相近但是有所区别,ineffectual强调“不起作用”,而ineffective强调“工作效率低”。

(7)hospice(n.)收容所, 济贫院

(8)initiatives(n.)首创精神,主动(权),动机;(a.)起始的,初步的,自发的(9)presumptively(ad.)据推测,可据以推定,可认为是

(10)suspension(n.)悬,吊,悬挂物;悬而未决;保留,中止,暂停,吊销,停职,停学 suspend(v.)suspensive(a.)

五、全文翻译

最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀问题的裁决,对于医学界寻求减轻病危者的痛苦,具有重要的意义。

尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了 “双效”的医疗原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施的目的是想达到好效果,这个行为就是可以被允许的。(长难句①)

近年来,医生们一直在借用这项原则,为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由,尽管他们知道,不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。

蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则将保护一些医生,他们直到现在还坚持说,在大量药物可能加速病人死亡的情况下,他们总不能给病人开足够的药来帮助他们止痛。(长难句②)

波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为,只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药,那么即使此药会加速病人的死亡,医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术,”他说,“尽管医生冒着病人死亡的危险,我们也不能称那些死亡为谋杀,因为医生并没有想杀死病人。假定你是一名医生,只要你的目的不是让病人自杀,你就可以去冒你病人自杀的风险。”

另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。(佳句①)就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周,全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告《临近死亡:完善临终护理》。报告确定了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序”,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让病 35

人临终时痛苦不堪。(长难句③)

医疗行业正在采取措施,让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训,测试各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识,为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例,以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人的临终痛苦。(佳句②)

安纳斯说,在坚持让善意的医疗动机转化成更好的护理方面,律师可以发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人不必遭受的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷”,甚至构成“蓄意虐待病人”。(长难句④)他说,行医执照颁发机构“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡可以被认为是由于医生治疗不当造成的,应当吊销其行医执照”。

Part B

翻译试题解析

一、试题总体分析

本文主要讲的是行为科学的建立。人类的行为问题只能由行为科学去解决,然而行为科学发展缓慢,部分原因是传统意义上的行为科学多数情况下还是从心态等方面而不是从环境中寻找行为的根源,环境的重要作用刚刚被承认并开始成为研究对象,而传统理解又根深蒂固,只有当这些问题得以解决之后,行为科学才能得以发展。

与往年相同,本的翻译试题首先要求考生进行语法分析,梳理句子结构。2002年试题的句子结构并不十分复杂,但是翻译时需要小心谨慎,因为里面有一些词汇的意思不是考生在词汇表中记忆的词义,而需要根据上下文,做出相应的调整,才能确定在本上下文中搭配恰当的词义,如果仅停留在英汉词义对译的层面上,译出的句子肯定比较生硬蹩脚,有时甚至不知所云。通过对考生试卷的抽查,发现部分考生对词汇的掌握仅停留在英汉词义对译的层次;语法分析能力差,句子结构梳理不清;有些英文句子理解到了,但由于中文表达能力非常有限,结果翻译出来的句子逻辑混乱,自然得分很低。因此,考生如果要想翻译得高分,应培养好扎实的语言(中、英文)基本功。

二、试题具体解析(41)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义选择、固定搭配trace „ to „、表语从句。

这是一个简单句,主干为:One difficulty is that „。that引导的表语从句中主语all由一个of引导名词性从句 what is called behavioral science 修饰;谓语是continues;最后的states of mind, feelings...and so on 都是做trace„to„中介词to的宾语。

词汇:what is called behavioral science在句中不能译为“被称为行为的科学”;continue to原意为“继续„”,但是此处译成“继续”不特别贴切,在这里的意思其实是“仍然,依然”,动词应译成副词;trace 做动词,trace sth.(back)to sth.的意思是find the origin of sth.“找到„的根源”为固定搭配。state of mind 意为“心态”;trait意为“特征”;human nature 意为“人性”。

译文:难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方

面去寻找行为的根源。

(42)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词带不定式、对仗结构、被动语态的译法。

这是一个主从复合句,句子主干为The behavioral sciences have been slow to „ partly because„ and partly because „。slow to change是形容词带不定式,译成“发展缓慢”。主句是由两个partly because形成对仗结构,都引导原因状语从句,可译作“部分原因是„„”,“部分由于„„”。两个状语从句都是被动语态,但都可译成主动语态。两个从句内容相互对照,可以对照理解:other kinds of explanations(其他的解释)是相对于前一从句中的the explanatory items(用来解释的依据)说的;directly observed(直接观察到)和hard to find(难以找到)意思上也基本相对。

词汇:the explanatory items直译是“解释性的项目”,但在这是指“解释行为的项目”,应该根据上下文需要补上“行为”这一层意思。

译文:行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

(43)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义的引申、被动语态的译法。

这个句子是由and 连接的两个简单句构成的。前一个句子为被动语态,其主干是the role „ was formulated„。the role由of...和in...两个介词短语修饰,only a little...ago是时间状语,汉语中状语的位置是主句之前或谓语动词之前。后一个句子主干为the selective role of „ in „ is only beginning to be „。主语role由形容词selective和of the environment in...individual修饰,in...表示“在„方面”。两个分句都是被动语态,但被动语态不一定全要译成“被”,因为中文许多情况下主动态可以表示被动。此外还有“得以„„”,“为„„所”等方法可以选择。

词汇:role的一个意思是“角色”,这里使用的是另外一个词义“作用”,两个句子的主语的结构都是the role of A in B,of 和in都修饰the role,意思是“A在B方面的作用”。formulate 的意思是to create sth.in a precise form(阐明);a little more than a hundred years意为“一百多年”;shape 做动词的意思是“塑造”。

译文:自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

(44)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:代词指代、定语从句的译法。

这是一个由and 连接的并列句。前一句中是主系表结构:They are the possessions of „;后一句也是主系表结构:they are essential to „。前一分句中考查主语指代问题,本题两个分句的主语都是they,它们的上文是:Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty。They是复数,因此可以推断它们不是指代difficulty,而是指代freedom和dignity。possessions意为“拥有的东西”,在这可转译成动词“拥有”。此处括号(self-governing)的作用是解释autonomous(自治的,自主的,自我管理的)这个词,37

两词意思基本一样,译时只用一个即可。

后一分句中,practices 由in which...achievements修饰。定语从句中是被动语态,主语是a person,谓语是is held...和(is)given。按照汉语习惯,可以分别处理为:“一个人应该对自己的行为负责”和“一个人因„受到表扬、给予肯定”。

词汇: held不能翻译成“持、握”,它在这里是“认为”的意思。再如:Many people hold the opinion that the Government should take measures to stop terrorism.(许多人认为政府应当采取措施去制止恐怖主义),文中is held responsible for„可以意译为“要求一个人对„„负责”;give credit for意为“因„„而受到表扬”;practices的意思很多,如“练习,实践”等,在这里,它的意思是thing done regularly;habit or custom,即“习惯,做法”,在翻译中由于这些“做法”的具体内容的出现,“做法”这个词可以被省略。essential意为“对„„必不可少”,即“是„的必要条件”,或“是„必不可少的前提”。

技巧:考研中经常考查代词指代,包括they,it,that,this等等。这些代词给理解造成了困难,是一个难点。其实这些代词基本上都不难在上下文中找到答案,它们基本上都指前文出现的某人或某物(this较为特殊,还可以指紧接的下文)。考生一般根据代词的单复数和题目的意思就可以找到指代对象。

译文:自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

(45)Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:省略句、正面意思反面表达、代词指代。本句是一个并列句,由and连接,前半句由于时间状语until提前,主句进行倒装。until意为“直到”,直译是“在这些问题得到解决之前,技术将继续„„”,这种说法不符合中文习惯,它适合从反面表达:“如果这些问题得不到解决,技术将„„”。注意被动语态are resolved按照汉语习惯可以译成“得到解决”。

and后是一省略句,其难点在于确定代词it的指代内容。it 经常指代前文的单数名词或不可数名词(词组),也经常指代前文的某件事情,某个情况。本文中就是最后一种用法,it指的就是前文a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected这件事情。

with做状语一般表示伴随。这一分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构,不成一个完整的句子。其实,省略句一般是与前句的相同成分才会被省略,前一句的谓语部分是:will continue to be rejected。所以后一分句补充完整是:with the rejection of the technology of behavior, the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.。当然这里with it也可简单译为“随之”,但是只有真正了解句子之后才能正确翻译。

词汇:technology of behavior要根据文章内容适当加词,译为“研究行为的技术手段”。

译文:(如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

三、参考译文 几乎我们所有的问题都涉及到人类行为,这些问题不能单纯依靠物理学和生物技术就得以解决。我们需要的是一门行为技术,但是发展行为技术需要科学为基础,在这方面,我们一直滞后。(41)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度使用类似的方法,而且当它们放弃这些方法后才得以向前发展。(42)行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似

乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境固然重要,但是它的作用依然不很清楚。环境并不起强迫或促进的作用,它进行的是选择,这种功能发现和分析起来都很困难。(43)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而,随着有机体和环境之间的相互作用逐渐为人们所了解,一度被认为是由思维、感情、性格产生的影响现在被追溯到人们可以理解的环境上去了,因而,建立行为技术也就成为了可能。然而,除非行为技术取代科学出现之前形成的传统观念,否则它无法解决我们的问题,而这些传统观念已经根深蒂固。自由和尊严就能说明困难程度。(44)它们是传统理论定义的自主人拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学分析把中心从责任和成就转向了环境。这也引发了关于“价值”的问题。谁来使用这一技术,又要达到何种目的?

(45)(如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

第三部分 写作试题解析

一、审题谋篇

本题为图画,是命题加提纲式写作。

与往年的图画加提纲式写作相比,2002年考题给出了题目“Cultures—National and International”。对于考生这是不应忽略的审题重点之一。首先,由题目可看出,本文关键字为“文化”,修饰词为“National”和“International”再加上图片的标题是“An American Girl in Traditional Chinese Costume”,由此可以得出本文的立意应该是文化交流。这种交流反映了两方面的情况:一方面是中国文化对世界文化的渗透,中国源远流长的文化本身是世界文化财产的一部分,中国的腾飞无疑使中国文化这颗世界文化中的瑰宝更加耀眼。另一方面是世界对中国文化的了解与接受。瑰宝自然是吸引人的,世界人民渴望了解中国。由此,当外国人身着中式服装,体验中国文化时,那种欣喜与满意自然也在情理之中。

另外,事实上,考研的考题通常是有着某种社会意义的。2001年中国发生的几件大事确实使世界对中国刮目相看,如奥运申办成功,中国加入世界贸易组织等。这些确实加强了世界了解中国的渴望。加之中国经济腾飞,中国要走出去,外国要走进来,这种国际间的交流已成定局。有了以上想法,作文中心就已确定。

文章可以遵循大纲写成两段,也可以分为三段。第一段描写图画并指出图画所反映的现象,即:中国文化被许多外国人接受和认可。第二段主要对这一现象做出评论,可以集中于讨论这种现象产生的原因。在这一段中,可以用一些表示“导致、引起”意思的词汇,例如: “bring about, give rise to, cause, lead to, bring forth, make happen”等等。考生可以根据实际情况决定是否增加一个第三段,该段属于发挥,写法考生应该比较熟悉,既可以谈自己的看法,也可预测一下这种现象将来发展的趋势。

二、参考范文

Cultures—National and International This unique picture shows an American girl in traditional Chinese costume.The jeweled headdress,beaded necklace and earrings with tassels,and silk attire with 39

ribbons characterize the traditional costume of Chinese minority nationality girls.The costume adds oriental charm to her beauty.Her radiant smile is as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress China has recently made.Like this American girl who shows a special interest in Chinese costumes, more and more foreigners have begun to understand and accept the Chinese culture.Obviously,we can deduce from this picture that with the development of China,the increasing charm of Chinese tradition appeals to more and more foreigners who come to China.On the one hand,it highlights the glamour of our culture—now universally accepted as the invaluable treasure of all human beings.Attracted by the splendid Chinese culture,now many a foreigner floods into China to study or to work.On the other hand,it reflects our great achievements.When China was then engulfed in poverty,backwardness,corruption and foreign invasion,who cared about the culture associated with the pigtailed coolies? But during the last two decades one can hardly ignore the rapid progress of China.Three months after China won the right to host their first Olympics in 2008,China capped the most significant year in its sporting history when the national soccer team reached the World Cup finals for the first time.How can one resist being appealed to such an energetic country with a long and colorful culture!It goes without saying that culture exchange does good to people in many ways.Firstly, it effectively reduces the misunderstanding between people from different cultures.Moreover, this kind exchange has mutual benefits to people from different cultures because it enables them to learn from each other.As a result, culture exchange has become more and more common in our life.三、范文点评 文章结构:

从结构上看,范文首先对提纲做出适当调整,分为三段。每段段首出现主题句,点明该段主要思想,每段内部层次清晰。第一段段首为该段主题句,中间对图画进行描写,段尾从图画中得出全文的主题。第二段段首为该段主题句,进而用On the one hand 和On the other hand 分两个方面进行论证。第三段是进一步的发挥,段首提出作者观点,并在段尾对全文做出总结。

语言亮点: 1.jeweled:“镶珠宝的”,与下面的beaded(珠子串成的)属于同一种用法,为名词加ed构成形容词。类似的用法还有:bearded有胡须的,haired有毛发的,windowed有窗的。

2.characterize:“是„的特点;以„为特征”。例如:High GDP increase rate characterizes the overall economic development of China in the past ten years.(国内生产总值高增长率是过去十年中国整体经济发展的特点)。

3.minority nationality:“少数民族”。4.oriental:“东方的”。例如:The Oriental Pearl Tower(东方明珠电视塔);Shanghai is an oriental metropolis(上海是一个东方大都会)。

5.radiant:“容光焕发的,喜气洋洋的”,例如:The bride was radiant(with joy).她(因高兴)而精神焕发。

6.as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress:as much „ as„ 40

“和„一样,如同„”。例如:Protecting the environment is as much the government’s responsibility as every citizen’s duty.(保护环境既是政府的职责,同样也是每个公民的责任)。tribute to意思为“对„的称赞”。

7.deduce:推论,可替换的词语还有:conclude。8.appeal to:“向„上诉”或“吸引”。例如:Video games are increasingly appealing to teenagers.(电子游戏越来越吸引青少年)。

9.highlight:“使„显著,使„突出;强调„”。例如:Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.(石油产量的下降使日益增加的经济困难更加突出了)。

10.universally:“普遍”。如:It is a universally accepted principle that „。11.invaluable treasure:“无价之宝”。例如:Health is an invaluable blessing.(健康是无价之宝)。

12.many a foreigner:“很多外国人”。many a加名词单数相当于该名词的复数形式,是古英语的遗留痕迹。

13.flood into:“涌入”。例如:Many migrant workers flood into cities.(很多农民工涌入城市)。类似能够表达“大量而来”含义的还有:swarm into(蜂拥而入),pour into(如潮水般涌入)flow into,rush into等。如:Hundreds of people rush into cities,especially big cities.They come for better jobs and better education,for better medical care,and for commerce and trade.(成百上千的人涌入城市尤其是大城市里,为了得到更好的工作或教育,得到更好的医疗保健,也为了开展商业贸易活动)。

14.engulf:“吞没,淹没”,如:An almost unbearable loneliness engulfed her.(她陷入了一种几乎难以忍耐的寂寞)。类似含义的词有:overwhelm,submerge,immerse等,如:The whole nation was immersed in a festival atmosphere.(全国沉浸在节日的气氛中)。

15.care about:“在乎,在意”。16.be associated with:“与„连在一起”。例如:Many foreigners still associate China with backwardness.(很多外国人还把中国和落后连在一起)。

17.host:“举办”,近义词为sponsor, stage。18.cap:“完成,使圆满结束”,如:This week’s summit capped months of intensive negotiations between the two governments.(这个星期的最高级会议圆满结束了两国政府间几个月来深入细致的谈判)。

19.It goes without saying:“不言而喻,显然”。It goes without saying that children should not be exposed to too much violence on TV.(显然,不能让孩子们看电视上太多的暴力节目)。如:类似的表达有:it is taken for granted,needless to say,it is obvious that等。

20.does good to:“对„有好处”,同义词有benefit。21.mutual:相互之间的。如mutual dependence(相互依靠),mutual understanding(相互了解)。

22.enable:使能够。例如:Education enables one to broaden the horizon of knowledge.(教育可以拓展人的知识)。

四、写作误区 篇章结构误区:

在对图画描述部分,考生存在两个极端。一是描述非常简单,只是一句话代过,例如 41

This is an American girl in traditional Chinese costume.,接着就开始发表议论。这样的问题出现很可能是考生词汇量太小,写作功底太薄,面对这样一个图片形式的描述无从下笔。有些考生也只写出了几个简单句子,如:The girl is laughing.The girl is wearing beautiful hat and clothes.She is happy.另一个极端是局限于画面的具体内容,就事论事,用很大的篇幅来描写画面中服饰的细节。实际上在适当的描述后考生应当展开主题,按照题目的要求从“文化”这一概念入手。同样,文章也不应当写成中美或中西文化的对比。

语言表达错误: ①用词错误:

We should develop China’s economic, and lead our country to a rich, strong nation.(We should develop China’s economy, and make our country thriving and prosperous)

②主谓搭配:

The picture shows an American girl who wearing the traditional Chinese costume.(The picture shows an American girl who wears the traditional Chinese costume.)

③句子不完整: The importance of cultural communication just to let more foreigners know China.(The cultural communication is to let more foreigners know China.)

④不间断句子:

China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture.(As China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture.)⑤句子结构混乱:

The way of people to do things will become similar if they communicate more with people belong to other cultures.(The way in which people do things will become similar if they communicate more with people who belong to other cultures.)

⑥中式英语:

The girl very likes Chinese culture.(The girl likes Chinese culture very much.)

第五篇:2001年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)

2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Cloze Test

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the

of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995.Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.[A]as to [B]for instance [C]in particular [D]such as 2.[A]tightening [B]intensifying [C]focusing [D]fastening 3.[A]sketch [B]rough [C]preliminary [D]draft 4.[A]illogical [B]illegal [C]improbable [D]improper 5.[A]publicity [B]penalty [C]popularity [D]peculiarity 6.[A]since [B]if [C]before [D]as 7.[A]sided [B]shared [C]complied [D]agreed 8.[A]present [B]offer [C]manifest [D]indicate 9.[A]Release [B]Publication [C]Printing [D]Exposure

10.[A]storm [B]rage [C]flare [D]flash 11.[A]translation [B]interpretation [C]exhibition [D]demonstration

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12.[A]better than [B]other than [C]rather than [D]sooner than 13.[A]changes [B]makes [C]sets [D]turns 14.[A]binding [B]convincing [C]restraining [D]sustaining 15.[A]authorized [B]credited [C]entitled [D]qualified 16.[A]with [B]to [C]from [D]by 17.[A]impact [B]incident [C]inference [D]issue 18.[A]stated [B]remarked [C]said [D]told 19.[A]what [B]when [C]which [D]that 20.[A]assure [B]confide [C]ensure [D]guarantee

Part II Reading Comprehension

Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)

Passage 1 Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units,one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right;but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional

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geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry 22.We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 23.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 24.The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies

Passage 2 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business

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to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together.As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now? The Americans.I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25.Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible for [C] the world must guard against [D] considered positive today 26.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials [B] can bring foreign funds [C] can soon wipe out world poverty [D] connects people all over the world 27.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _______.[A] providing financial support overseas [B] preventing foreign capital’s control [C] building industrial infrastructure [D] accepting foreign investment 28.It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically

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[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants [C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern [D] how much control it has over foreign corporations

Passage 3 Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each day’s events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers.In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one.Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29.What is the passage mainly about? [A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27

[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory [C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial 31.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle [C] world outlook [D] educational background 32.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem [B] tendency to hire annoying reporters [C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting [D] prejudice in matters of race and gender

Passage 4 The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?” There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms.This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers.As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty.Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the

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pace of technical progress.On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast.In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched.A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry.Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S.vs.Microsoft case ?

33.What is the typical trend of businesses today? [A] to take in more foreign funds.[B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger.[D] to trade with more countries.34.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______ [A] the greater customer demands.[B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity.[D] the increase of the world's wealth.35.From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers [B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs [C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous [D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 36.Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective [C] pessimistic [D] biased

Passage 5 When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once

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enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend.Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives;there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap;there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1? [A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____ [A] enables her to realize her dream [B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life [C] prompts her to abandon her high social status [D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine 39.“Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything [C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism 40.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S.as a result of _____ [A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit [C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situation

Part III English-Chinese Translation

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into

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Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)

In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.42)Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.43)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links.“By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says.44)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”

Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted.However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible.But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.45)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Section V Writing

46.Directions:

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Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第一部分 英语知识应运试题解析

一、文章总体分析

本文是一篇报道性的文章,介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后,政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。文章第一段介绍了政府的反应:要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬,结果导致被告数罪并罚,被判十项无期徒刑。结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。

二、试题具体解析

1.[A] as to关于,至于 [B] for instance举例

[C] in particular特别地 [D] such as例如

[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。

解答该题时,考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系,前者泛指“一些著名的案件”,后者是一个具体的案件,即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”,可见两者是例证关系。因此,所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像„„

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一样”的连接词。首先排除as to和in particular。for instance(或for example)可表示“举例”,但放在句中多为插入语,且后面不可直接加宾语。如:Here in Chicago, for instance, the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.(比如在芝加哥,运动正在迅猛发展)。选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语,表达“例如„,象这种的”的含义。

首段第一句话的结构比较复杂,中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers(政府要禁止报界付钱给证人),现在分词结构seeking to buy up...Rosemary West 做后置定语,用来修饰newspapers,意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。过去分词结构involved in也是后置定语,用来修饰people。整个句子的含义是:政府要禁止报界付钱给涉及一些要案(诸如审判露丝玛莉·韦斯特案)的证人以图收买他们的举动。

2.[A] tightening收紧,加紧,使„严格 [B] intensifying加强,强化

[C] focusing集中 [D] fastening扣紧,扎牢 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配 + 动词词义辨析。

本题的四个选项虽然都是动名词,但实际上考核的是能与controls搭配的中心动词。首先排除focus和fasten,focus意为“把注意力等集中在„”,如:You must try to focus your mind on work and study.(你应该努力把思想集中在工作和学习上)文章第一段只提到政府要禁止付款收买证人的这种做法,并没有涉及其它方面的情况,也就无所谓“集中法律控制”了。fasten表“扣紧,扎牢”的含义时多接具体名词,如:fasten our seat belts(系紧安全带),不适用于抽象名词control。intensify侧重于强调数量、活动、情感的增加或增强,不和control搭配,如:The press has intensified its scrutiny of the candidate’s background.(新闻界已加强了对侯选人的背景调查);只有tighten与legal control搭配,表示“加强法律控制”。

知识点补充:常与control构成的搭配还有:gain/ take/lose/seize ~ of,have/hold ~ over, offer~,set up ~。

3.[A] sketch略图,草稿,梗概 [B] rough概略的,不完善、未完成的

[C] preliminary初步的,预备的 [D] draft草稿,草案,草图 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配。

本题要求考生判断哪个选项与bill搭配。draft bill是法律中的一个固定搭配,意为“草案,(提交议会讨论的)法案”;其他三个选项虽然不与bill搭配,但都可以表示类似于“初步的,不完整的,简略的”的含义,sketch的搭配有sketch map(略图、示意图),sketch plan(草拟计划);rough的搭配有a rough drawing(草图);preliminary强调“初步的”,如:a preliminary examination(初试)。

4.[A] illogical不符合逻辑的 [B] illegal非法的

[C] improbable不大可能发生的 [D] improper不适当的,不正确的 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。

空格所在部分是that引导的定语从句that will propose making payments to witnesses 4,修饰先行词bill,说明是怎样一种法案。其中从句的宾语是一个复合结构making payment to witness __4__,(使给证人支付报酬的行为„),解此题时,考生关键要判断这个草案在对待收买证人的问题上的态度是怎样的。

文章第一句提到“政府要禁止报界收买一些要案的证人的举动”,第二段首句紧接着提

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到“为了加强对报界的控制,大法官埃尔温勋爵将要提出这个法案”。从逻辑上讲,政府和大法官的行为应该是一致的。那么大法官提出法律草案的目的也是反对报界收买证人的做法。illegal强调不符合法律规定,符合题意。其他三个选项都不符合语义,illogical强调不合逻辑,如:Sometimes illogical behaviors may result in a great invention.(有时不合逻辑的做法可能会导致伟大的发明);improbable指可能性很小,如:It is improbable that she will go.(她不大可能会走);improper表示“不得体”,若用在本题中,语气太弱,如:an act improper to the occasion(不合时宜的行为)。

5.[A] publicity公开,公诸于众 [B] penalty处罚,罚款

[C] popularity普遍,流行 [D] peculiarity特性,怪癖 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语义搭配。空格所在部分是:a bill that will propose „and will strictly control the amount of _ 5__ that can be given to a case。从结构上看,空格处填入的名词,既是control的宾语,又是that引导的定语从句修饰的先行词,即符合give sth.to a case的搭配。符合这两个要求的只有选项A.publicity,give publicity to sth.(宣扬/公布某事)为常用搭配。整个句子大意为:草案提议对报界付款给证人的做法定为非法,并严格控制案件的公开程度。

词汇补充:the penalty for speeding(超速罚款);enjoy/win general popularity(受欢迎);One of the peculiarities of his behavior is that he shouts instead of talking.(他的一种怪癖是说话总爱高声嚷)。

6.[A] since 自„以后,自„以来 [B] if 如果,要是,即使

[C] before 在„之前,[D] as 当„之时,与„一样 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 逻辑推理。本题需要考生判断空格处应填入什么连词来连接这两个动作:“严格限制案件的公开程度”和“审判开始”。根据上下文逻辑推理,政府之所以要禁止报界付钱给案件的证人,是因为新闻界要把这些证人的观点公诸于众,这些观点难免夹杂个人的因素,而司法要求的是公正,不能因为这些观点影响案件的审理。因此要严格控制的应该是案件在审理开始“之前”(before)就过分公开。

7.[A] sided(with)与(某人)站在同一边,同意某人的观点

[B] shared(with)与„„分享

[C] complied(with)遵守,服从 [D] agreed(with)同意 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配 + 动词短语语义辨析。

本题考查了动词与with sth.的搭配。四个选项都能与with搭配,关键是看哪个能与后面的宾语a committee report(委员会的报告)搭配。先排除选项B和C,因为我们不能说“分享报告”或“遵守报告”。而side with后一般连接“某人”,如:He sided with the conservatives in Congress.(他在国会中支持保守派)。只有agreed with合适,意为“埃尔温勋爵阐明自己赞同委员会今年的报告”。

例句补充:He shared the story with us.(他给我们讲了这个故事);The patient complied with the physician’s orders.(病人遵从医生的嘱咐)。

8.[A] present赠与,提交 [B] offer提供,给予

[C] manifest表明,证明 [D] indicate显示,暗示

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[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。本题空格处再次考查了动词与control的搭配。根据上下文,这里指的应是埃尔温勋爵批评报界收买证人,随意公开案件的情况,自我约束力度不够。四个选项中,manifest和indicate的含义明显不符合文意。offer属于使用非常广泛的词语,当表示“给”的含义时等于give,它放入文中,表达的含义是:自我约束(self-regulation)不能提供足够的监控。present一般指正式的呈递,如:The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.(委员会将于下星期提出调查报告)。

例句补充:He doesn’t manifest much interest in his studies.(他对学业没多大兴趣);The symptoms indicate immediate surgery.(症状表明需要立即做外科手术)。

9.[A] Release释放,放松 [B] Publication发表,公之于众

[C] Printing印刷,打印,出版 [D] Exposure暴露,揭露 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。空格所在句子指出,“这封信的„在两天后发生了”。四个选项中,Release有“准许发表,发布”的意思,但它强调的是经过努力才得以发表,多用于消息(发布)、影片或者书籍(发行);若用printing表示“两天后把信打印出来”显然不对;exposure多指“暴露或揭露一些不好的事情,如违法或犯罪行为”,如:exposure of graft in the government.(对政府贪污的揭露);因此正确答案是publication,表达的含义是“两天后,这封信便公布于众”。

10.[A](a)storm(of)一阵猛烈的(感情或激动)的爆发;一阵** [B](a)rage(of)一阵(狂怒)

[C](a)flare(of)一阵(怒气)[D](a)flash(of)突然闪现(的东西)[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:固定搭配 + 名词词义辨析。

空格所在部分是:Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest,这里描述了媒体抗议的程度。从结构上来看,填入的名词应与“media protest”搭配。从文意来看,其含义应是“(引起了)一片(媒体的抗议)”。storm 可以与a„of的形式搭配,表示“一阵猛烈的情感爆发或一阵**”,如:a storm of tears(泪如雨下),a storm of protest(一阵/片猛烈的抗议)。

rage也表示“暴怒、大怒”,但是搭配形式只能是a rage,如:be in a rage,flew into a rage(勃然大怒);flare在a„of搭配中仅表示“一阵怒气”,它不和media protest搭配,如:a flare of temper(大发雷霆),a flare of resentment(一阵怒气);flash表示突然闪现的东西,如:a flash of hope(一线希望),a flash of wit(灵光一现)等。因此用a storm of修饰media protest形象地描绘了媒体抗议的激烈程度。

11.[A] translation翻译,转换 [B] interpretation口译,解释,解释权

[C] exhibition展览,显示 [D] demonstration示范,实证 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。本题考查哪个名词能和privacy controls搭配,从意义上来看,只有 interpretation 符合题意。“the interpretation of privacy controls”意为“隐私控制的解释权”。注意translation和interpretation及各自的动词形式都是近义词,可以表示“翻译”,但表示“解释、阐释(语言以外的东西)”之义时不能用translate,只能用interpret,相当于

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explain,如:How can I interpreted his behavior?(我怎么解释他的行为)。

12.[A] better than好过,胜于 [B] other than不同于;除了

[C] rather than是„而不是,与其„毋宁 [D] sooner than快于,早于 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词短语辨析。

本题空格前后连接的是两个介词短语(left)to judges(留给法官)与(left)to Parliament(留给国会),它们描述的对象都是interpretation of private controls,显然两者在意义上是不能共存的,只能选其一。因此空格处要填入一个含有选择意义的词。先排除better than和sooner than,前者表达程度比较,后者反映速度比较。other than表达选择概念时可意为“不同于”,如:The result was quite other than we had expected.(结果和我们预期的不同),但是根据上下文,“把隐私控制的解释权留给法官不同于留给国会”本身就是客观事实,不至于会引起媒体的一片抗议,因此可推知rather than最恰当,意为“是„而不是”,如:These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.(这双鞋子是舒服而不是好看)。文中意思为“把隐私控制的解释权留给法官而不留给国会”。

13.[A] changes改变,变革,改造 [B] makes 制造,安排,使(成为)„

[C] sets致使,使(某人)做某事 [D] turns(使)转动,翻转,(使)变质

[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词用法。

本题所在句子的结构是which引导的一个非限制性定语从句,从句的主语是which指代的the Human Rights Bill。从本题和下一题的选项可看出两个空格应分别填入动词和形容词。那么从句的基本结构应是:动词+宾语(the European Convention on Human Rights)+形容词(宾语补足语)。由此可见,所选的动词应能接宾补。从语法上来看,四个选项中,make常接形容词做宾语补足语,如:made her position clear(使她的地位明朗化);set也可以接宾语补足语,但宾补一般是现在分词、不定式或介词短语,很少用形容词,只有:set the boy right(纠正孩子的错误),a good rest will set you right(休息将使你的精神得到恢复),set the prisoners free(把囚犯释放出来),set your hat straight(把帽子带正)等情况。因此make为正确答案,放入空格意为“使《欧洲人权公约》在法律上„”。

14.[A] binding有约束力的 [B] convincing具有说服力的

[C] restraining抑制的,遏制的 [D] sustaining持续的,支持的 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。

从上一题的分析可知,空格填入的形容词做make复合结构的宾补:make the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14。其次根据上下文,the Human Rights Bill„laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families(人权法案规定每一个人都„隐私权,公众人物可以走上法庭去保护自己和他们的家人),因此从《人权法案》的具体内容看,它对《欧洲人权公约》的影响应该是使其在法律上有约束力(binding),而不仅仅是“具有说服力”,更不是“具有说服力”或“抑制的”。因此A选项符合题意。

15.[A] authorized 被授权 [B] credited 把„归于,认为属于„

[C] entitled 有资格,能胜任 [D] qualified有权„,有资格„ [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配 + to的用法。

空格所在部分的搭配是be +过去分词+to sth.,其中to是介词。四个选项中,be authorized to do sth.意为“被授权„„”,其中to是不定式符号,不是介词,如:She was

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authorized by her partner to negotiate with the dealer.(她的合伙人授权她与经销商谈判);be credited to sth.意为“把„归于某人或某物,认为属于„„”,如:Superpowers are credited to the big stone.(人们认为这块大石头有超能),该词组虽然在语法上可行,但在文中表达的意思是“把每个人归于隐私”显然逻辑不通;be qualified to do sth.意为“有资格,能胜任”,但其中的to不是介词,是不定式符号,后面要接动词原形,如:He is qualified to teach English.(他有资格教英语)。符合题意的be entitled to sth.是个固定搭配,意为“有权„„,有资格„„”,如:He is entitled to the pension.(他有权领取养老金)。

16.[A] with和,带着,以„方式,由„负责 [B] to向,直到,靠着„,伴随

[C] from从„(时间),离开,因为 [D] by在附近,经,依据,通过 [答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词的用法。

本题考查哪个介词可以与in safe hands(安然无恙)搭配。空格所在句子是Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges(新闻自由由法官掌握将安然无恙),介词中只有with可表达“由„掌握,由„负责”的含义,例句:I shall leave the child with you.(我将把这孩子交给你)。

17.[A] impact冲撞,冲击,影响 [B] incident事件,事变

[C] inference推断,结论 [D] issue 问题,争论点 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 名词词义辨析。

本题要求考生判断“自West被判十次无期徒刑后,付款给证人的做法成为了什么”。首先考生需知道West和前面提到的the trial of Rosemary West联系起来,这个事件的影响很大,政府和法官都意识到要严格控制报界付款给证人的行为。由此可以推断出付款给证人的做法应该成为颇有争议的问题(issue),而不只是一个事件(incident),或推断(inference),或冲击(impact)。虽然impact也有“影响”的含义,但和不定冠词搭配只能是have/make a great impact on sth.,例句:This book had a great impact on its readers.(这本书对读者有很大的影响)。

18.[A] stated陈述,表明 [B] remarked陈述,发言,评论

[C] said说 [D] told告诉 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词用法辨析。

本题所在部分是Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments,其谓语动词是被动语态的复合结构:be +过去分词+ to have done sth.。适用这个结构的只有said和told,但be told to have done sth.意为“被告知做过某事”,不符合句意。正确答案只有C,be said to have done sth.意为“据说做过某事”,本句可译为:据说多达19个证人因向报社讲述他们的故事而获得报酬。

19.[A] what 关系代词 [B] when关系副词

[C] which 关系代词 [D] that关系代词 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:同位语从句中的关系代词。

空格后面部分是concerns的同位语,表明其具体内容。选项中能引导同位语从句的关系代词只有that。注意:同位语从句本来应该直接跟在先行词concerns后面,但因为从句太长,会显得头重脚轻,所以放在了后面,达到句子平衡的效果。

知识点补充:同位语从句接在名词后,对名词作进一步解释,说明其具体内容。这类名

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词包括:belief(相信),conclusion(结论),decision(决定),doubt(怀疑),evidence(证据),fact(事实),hope(希望),idea(想法),information(消息),news(消息),probability(可能),problem(问题),rumor(传闻),suggestion(建议),truth(真理)等等。20.[A] assure确保,保证 [B] confide吐露,倾诉,托付

[C] ensure确保,使确信 [D] guarantee保证,承诺 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。guilty verdicts意为“(陪审团的)定罪决定”。空格所在句子意为:证人被鼓励在法庭上夸大事实,目的就为了„定罪。考生需判断哪个动词可以与guilty verdicts搭配。assure后面一般接人,表示消除别人的疑虑,如:I can assure you of its quality.(我可以向您保证它的质量)。confide接sth.时,意为“吐露(内幕),托付”,如:He confided his troubles to a friend.(他向朋友倾诉烦恼事),confide my property to your care.(把我的财产托付你保管)。显然这两个含义都不符合文意。guarantee接sth.时意为“担保„质量,保证,落实”等,当含义是“保证”时多接褒义的名词,如:guarantee a good crop(保证了好收成);ensure意为“保证,担保,使„一定得到”,强调对某行为有把握,根据文意,证人的目的就是想确保让被告得到定罪,因此ensure最符合句意。

三、全文翻译

政府要禁止报界付钱给涉及一些要案的证人以图收买他们的举动。审判露丝玛莉·韦斯特案就是这样的一起案子。

为了加强对报界的法律控制,大法官埃尔温勋爵将要提出一个法案的草案。这一法案将提议把报界付款给证人的做法定为非法,并且,法案还严格对案件在开庭前的公开程度加以限制。

在给下院媒体选择委员会主席格拉德·考夫曼的一封信中,埃尔温勋爵说他同意该委员会今年的报告。该报告指出对媒体的自我约束没有实施足够的监控。当埃尔温勋爵说对于欧洲立法中所包含的关于隐私权的控制的解释权将留给法官而不是国会时,他的这一作法遭到了媒体的一片抗议。两天后,这封信便公布于众。

大法官说《人权法案》的引入使《欧洲人权公约》在英国具有了法律约束力。它规定每个人都享有个人隐私权,公众人物可以走上法庭去保护自己和家人的权利。

“新闻自由由法官掌握将安然无恙”,他说道。

自韦斯特在1995年被判处十项无期徒刑后,给证人付报酬的做法就成了颇有争议的问题。据说多达十九个证人因向报社讲述他们的经历而获得报酬。这引起了人们的关注:证人为了确保法庭给被告定罪,可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大事实。

第三部分 阅读理解试题解析

第一篇

一、文章结构总体分析

这是一篇论述科学发展的专业化和职业化的文章。全文客观地描述这一过程,并且以英国地质学的发展为例说明专业化发展导致专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越来越明显。

第一段:科学知识的积累导致知识的进一步分类和分化,即专业化发展。与专业化发展

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同时并存的另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

第二段:专业化的发展给业余研究者的进入带来了困难,这种趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出。

第三、四段指出:以英国地质学研究为例,说明专业人员和业余人员之间分化越来越明显。而这种专业化和职业化的分化过程早在19世纪英国的地质学领域就已经开始形成。

二、试题具体解析

21.The growth of specialisation in the 21.19世纪专业化的发展在____科

19th century might be more clearly seen 学领域更为显见。in sciences such as ____.[A] sociology and chemistry [A] 社会学、化学 [B] physics and psychology [B] 物理学、心理学 [C] sociology and psychology [C] 社会学、心理学 [D] physics and chemistry [D] 物理学、化学

[答案]D [解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题 + 常识。文章第二段最后两句话指出,“19世纪专业化的发展要求时间更长、内容更复杂的培训,这使得非专业研究人员面临越来越大的困难。这个趋势在以数学训练或实验室训练为基础的科学领域显得更为突出。”四个选项中涉及社会学、化学、物理学、心理学四个学科。根据常识,物理学、化学与地质学都是以数学和实验室培训为基础的科学,而社会学和心理学则不是。比较四个选项只有D选项“物理和化学”是正确答案。

22.We can infer from the passage that ____.22.从文中,我们可以推断出_____。[A] there is little distinction between [A] 专业化和职业化过程几乎没有区别

specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals [B] 业余研究者可以在某些科学领

in some areas of science 域与专业研究者相匹敌

[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs [C] 专业人员倾向于欢迎业余人员加入

into the scientific community 他们的科学团体

[D] amateurs have national academic societies[D] 非专业研究人员拥有全国性的学术 but no local ones 机构,但是没有地方性的机构 [答案]B [解析]本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章第一段最后两句指出,“专业化仅仅是科学领域内影响交流过程的一系列相关科学发展的现象之一,另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。”由此可知,专业化和职业化是两个不同的过程,因而可排除A选项;第二段最后一句指出“专业化的发展给业余研究者的进入带来了困难,这种趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出”,其暗含的意思是在另外一些领域非专业人员可以和专业人员去竞争,B选项表达了此意,是正确答案。在此基础上,第三段更是举出英国地质学研究的例子来说明专业人员与非专业人员出现的越来越明显的分化,因此C选项明显错误;D选项与第三段最后一句“业余人员有两种选择:或者呆在地方研究团体中,或者以另外一种方式在全国范围内联合”不符。

23.The author writes of the development 23.作者提到地质学发展的目的是为了

of geology to demonstrate.说明___.[A] the process of specialisation and [A] 职业化和专业化形成的过程

professionalisation

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[B] the hardship of amateurs in [B] 业余研究者在科学研究中碰到的困难

scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific [C] 科技出版物出版方针的变化

publications [D] the discrimination of professionals [D] 专业研究者对业余研究者的歧视

against amateurs [答案]A [解析]本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。作者在第二段末句提到,业余研究者很难进入专业领域的趋势可以通过英国地质学发展的例子很好地来说明。第三段谈到英国地质学研究中出版标准的变化、专业和业余人员的不同研究方式、业余人员在专业刊物上发表论文的困难及专业和业余两种不同的刊物和学会的形成。可见,作者举例的目的是描述职业化和专业化形成的过程,A选项正确。

B选项和C选项都是第三段提到的职业化和专业化发展过程中的具体表现,并不是例子旨在说明的问题。D选项文中未明确提出。

24.The direct reason for specialisation is 24.造成专业化的直接原因_____?

.[A]the development in communication [A]交流的发展 [B]the growth of professionalisation [B]职业化的发展 [C]the expansion of scientific knowledge [C]科学知识的扩展 [D]the splitting up of academic societies [D]学术团体的分裂

[答案]C [解析]本题考核的知识点是:细节题 第一段第一句指出,“专业化过程可以看作是对科学知识不断积累问题的反映”,其中response to与题干中的direct reason对应,因此C选项正确。文中提到A选项受专业化过程影响(一段末句),B选项是与专业化发展并存的现象,D选项是专业化发展造成的结果,因此都不是专业化的直接原因。

三、文章长难句解析与佳句赏析

长难句分析: ① Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.句子主干是the word“amateur”does carry a connotation,后面是that引导的同位语从句,从句的主干是:the person is not fully integrated into and not fully share,其中包含了两个并列谓语。

② The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.句子主干是The trend was obvious in...and can be illustrated in terms of...。science后接过去分词based on做定语。In terms of“以„观点/方式,就„而说”。

③ A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.句子主干是A comparison reveals not simply...but also...,并列连词not only„but

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also连接两个并列宾语emphasis和definition,宾语后都接有介词短语做定语。

④ The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.句子主干是The result has been to make entrance harder for amateurs, a result„。逗号后面部分a result相当于the result has been a result,a result后是that引导的定语从句,其中存在两套被动结构,一是a result has been reinforced by the introduction of refereeing,另一套是 first the introduction of refereeing first by „and then by„。make sth.harder for sb.意为“使某事对于某人来说更难了”;referee原义为“当裁判,裁决”,句中意为“(出版)评审制度”。

佳句赏析: Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right;but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.该句由but连接两个分句,前后两个不同的时间状语表现了一种对比。结构严谨,对比鲜明,给人一目了然之感。

四、词汇注释

(1)specialisation(n.)专业化;specialize(v.)(in)专攻,专门研究,使专用于;specialized(a.)专门的,专科的

(2)accumulation(n.)积累,积聚(物);accumulate(v.)

(3)split(v./n.)裂开,劈开;分裂,分离;split up(使)分裂;(使)分离;分成(小组);[美俚]吵架;离婚

(4)professionalisation(n.)职业化;professionalize(v.)(使)职业化/专业化;professional(a.)专业的, 职业的(n.)自由职业者,专业人员

(5)clear-cut(a.)明确的,清晰的(6)amateur(n.)业余爱好者;外行(a.)业余的;非职业的;外行的amateurship(n.)业余者的资格或身份amateurish(a.)业余的,非职业的,不熟练的amateurismn.(n.)业余性,非职业的作为

(7)connotation(n.)含义,内涵,隐含意义;言外之意(8)integrate(v.)(into,with)(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起,(使)合并;integration(n.)综合;integrative(a.)综合的,一体化的

(9)participation(n.)参与,参加;participate(v.)(in)参加,参与;分享,分担;participator(n.)参与者,合作者;participatory(a.)供人分享的

(10)primacy(n.)首位,首要,首席

(11)in one’s own right凭本身的权利(能力、实力,资格)(12)reinforce(v.)加强,增援,增加,强化

(13)referee(v.)审阅,鉴定;裁判,仲裁(n.)仲裁人,调解人,[体]裁判员(14)reckon(v.)认为,估计;指望,想要;测算,依靠 ~ as认为,视为,把„看作

五、全文翻译

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专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细化成小单元,人们能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

在科学领域内,专业人员与业余人员之间没有绝对的区分:任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确有含义:那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体,特别是,他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。(长难句①)19世纪的专业化的发展,以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求,对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。这一趋势在以数学训练或实验室训练为基础的科学领域里自然表现得最为突出,英国地质学的发展可以说明这一问题(长难句②)。

把英国最近一个半世纪的地质学刊物作一比较,人们发现,不仅研究的重要性越来越受到强调,而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断地发生变化(长难句③)。因此,在19世纪,局部的地质学研究本身就代表了一种有价值的科研;而到了20世纪,局部的研究只有在包含或考虑到更广阔的地质面貌时才越来越被专业人员接受(佳句)。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。结果是,业余人员更难在专业地质刊物上发表论文。这种结果因为评审制度的引入表现得更突出。开始是19世纪国家级杂志的引入,后来是20世纪数家地方地质杂志的引入(长难句④)。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来,形成一两个全国性的团体,而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中,要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中己经开始形成,但是它的效果却延迟到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而,从科学这个整体来看,I9世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。

第二篇

一、文章结构总体分析

本文主要讨论因特网在信息时代的重要性及如何利用外资帮助贫困国家搞好第三次电子基础建设。作者从“数字化分界”(digital divide)的概念入手,谈及互联网对消除数字化分界的作用,最后呼吁贫困国家积极引用外资普及互联网。

文章从意群上讲,主要为两个部分:前两段是一个意群,后两段是另一个意群。第一段:前半部分提出很多人对于数字化分界的出现比较担忧,但是作者认为情况还是令人乐观的。段落最后一句为主题句。

第二段:结构为总—分—总,第一句为主题句,中间部分说理论证,倒数第二句话进行总结。该段从技术角度证明数字化分界会缩小。本段最后一句话实际是下一段的主题句,即互联网可以用来摆脱贫困。

第三、四段:要想充分利用互联网,就要积极利用外资。无论是在第二次基础建设浪潮中的美国,还是现在第三次电子基础建设浪潮(指电子产业设施,如:互联网)中的贫困国家,外资引进同样十分重要。该段落使用说理和例证两种论证方法。

二、试题具体解析

25.Digital divide is something.25.数字化分界是。[A] getting worse because of the [A] 差异因为互联网而(变恶化)加大

Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible [B] 应该由富裕国家负责

for

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[C] the world must guard against [C] 全世界应该警惕 [D] considered positive today [D] 信息差现在被认为是积极的因素[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

本题要求考生把握作者对数字化分界的基本态度和观点。关键是对文章第一句话的理解。该句提到,今天所谓的数字化分界正在被高度重视。接下来作者提到,他和妻子20年前就在讲演中谈到这种隐约出现的危险(looming danger),这里的danger当然是指前面提到的“the digital divide”,即数字化分界。既然是危险,当然要警惕。因此C选项为正确答案。A选项与文章第二段谈到利用“technological reasons”即“Internet”可以缩小数字化分界相矛盾;无论从首段对数字化分界的定义中或是下面对缩小数字化分界的论述中,都可知D选项与作者的态度相反。文中没有提及这一现象是谁造成,由谁负责,因此B选项不对。

词汇补充:loom隐现,迫近,常令人生畏,如:An enormous shape looms in the distance, out of the darkness.26.Governments attach importance to the 26.政府重视互联网是因为。

Internet because it.[A] offers economic potentials [A] 提供经济潜能 [B] can bring foreign funds [B] 互联网可以带来海外投资 [C] can soon wipe out world poverty [C] 能很快消灭贫困 [D] connects people all over the world [D] 它将世界连成一片[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:因果关系题。

本题要求考生弄清各种因果关系。通过题干关键词“Governments”和“Internet”定位到第二段。该段提到,随着互联网越来越趋于商业化,普及上网(universalize access)符合商家的利益,因为网络会给他们带来更多的潜在顾客。因此,各国政府惟恐落后于形势,都想普及上网(spread Internet access)。可见,政府关心的是互联网带来的经济利益。因此,A选项为正确答案。

B选项因果颠倒。全文第四段重点谈到利用外资可以发展互联网。C选项“不切实际。虽然作者提到了互联网可能是战胜贫困的工具,但是这仅仅是一种潜力,把这种力量转化为现实还取决于很多因素。D选项只能是互联网的一种功能,但不是政府关注的直接原因。27.The writer mentioned the case of the 27.作者提及美国的例子是要证明

United States to justify the policy 的政策是正确的。of.[A] providing financial support [A] 向海外提供资金援助

overseas [B] preventing foreign capital’s [B] 防止外资的控制

control [C] building industrial infrastructure [C] 建立工业基础设施 [D] accepting foreign investment [D] 接受外资

[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。本题要求考生辨析作者的写作目的。例证的写作手法通常采用论点—例子,例子—论点,或论点—例子—重申论点的形式,因此考生要到例子前后去寻找该论据所要说明的论点是什么。在最后一段的例子中作者介绍了美国在第二次基础设施浪潮期间是如何利用外资搞好基

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础建设的。在举例之前,作者建议贫困国家应该抛弃认为外国投资是对本国主权入侵的陈腐观点。举例之后,作者更直接指出,哪个国家利用外资多(The more foreign capital),哪个国家就将更富裕(the better off)。D选项正是作者举这个例子要提倡的。A选项与文意相反;B选项是作者建议人们不要担心的;C选项是例子中谈到的事实,但不是作者想要说明的问题。

28.It seems that now a country’s economy 28.现在一个国家的经济很大程度上似乎

depends much on.取决于。

[A] how well-developed it is electronically [A] 其电子工业发展的程度 [B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants [B] 它是否反对外来移民

[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial [C] 它是否采用美国的产业模式

pattern [D] how much control it has over foreign [D] 它在多大程度上控制着外企

corporations [答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:引申推理题。

文章最后一段提到现在第三次电子基础建设浪潮(Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure)中哪个国家接受的外资越多就越富有,言外之意是利用外资进行电子基础建设才是富有与否的关键。这足以说明A选项 “其电子工业发展的程度”对于一个国家经济发展的重要作用。

B选项和D选项的内容文中根本未提到。作者谈到美国,只是作为一个引用外资建设基础设施的成功范例,而不是提倡完全效仿它的模式。所以C选项也不对。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析: ①As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.该句子的主句是it is in the interest of sb to do sth.(做某事符合某人的利益),前面是As引导的状语从句表伴随:随着„,破折号后面的一句话是对主句的解释。

②To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.该句结构并不复杂,关键注意其中的几个介词短语的使用,get over克服,从„„中恢复过来;with respect to,涉及、提到或关于某事物。主句前是to引导的目的状语从句。

③The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.该句中有一个比较级的固定结构the more„the more,表示“越„„越„„”,which引导的定语从句解释前面的Third Wave infrastructure。

佳句赏析: ①And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.句中may well+动词原形结构相当于have good reason to,意为“理应,有足够的理由”。如:He may well be proud of his son.(他大可以以他的儿子为荣)。该句子用这个结构来强调“网络完全可以成为最有力的工具来战胜世界贫困”。

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②Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.Might/may(as)well +动词原形结构常常用来建议或劝说某人采取某种活动,有时相当于had better,译为“还不如,不妨”。如:Students that still have some problem with this lesson might well ask me after class.(那些对这篇课文仍然有问题的同学不如课后再问一下我)。该句中作者建议那些抱有偏见的人不妨研究一下美国基础设施建设的历史。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)attention做“注意力”讲是不可数名词,和它构成的动宾搭配在含义上主要分为两类:一是“(某事)引起(某人的)注意”,如:attract/ arrest/ call /catch/draw / get /invite one’s attention to sth.,engage one’s attention;二是“(某人)注意(某事)”concentrate attention upon/on sth.,devote/turn/give attention to sth,此外,divert attention from sth(转移注意力)

(2)digital divide数字化分界;digital(a.)数字的,信息的;divide(n.):分界线,分水岭,差异

(3)lecture(n./v.)演讲,讲课,~to somebody on something;教训,谴责(4)commercialize(v.)商业化;-ize后缀意为“„化”,如:universalize普遍化。(5)access(n.)通道,访问,接近,接近权,享用权,have/gain/get/obtain access to sth.,(v.)存取,接近,得到,了解;accessible(a.)易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的, 可理解的;inaccessible(a.)无法接近的,不能达到的,难懂的

(6)combat(n./v.)搏斗,斗争,~ poverty 对抗贫困,也可用defeat poverty。(7)impoverished(a.)贫穷的,词根-pover-意为“贫穷”,impoverish:使贫穷(8)anti-colonial(a.)反殖民主义的,anti-前缀表示“反,抗”,如:antibody抗生素;antislavery反奴隶制

(9)sovereignty(n.)主权(国家),君主,词根-reign-意为“统治, 支配”。(10)infrastructure(n.)基础设施,前缀infra-表示“下,低”,如:infrared红外线(低于红线),infrasound亚音速(低于音速)。

五、全文翻译

今天,人们正在高度重视所谓数字化分界——世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异。这个差异确实存在,我和我妻子20年前就曾就当时出现的这种临近的危险做过演讲。然而,那时还不太明显的是一些抵制数字化分界的、新的积极因素。现在我们是完全有理由感到乐观的。

一些技术上的因素使我们有理由期望数字化分界会缩小。随着互联网的日趋商业化,普及上网对商家是有利的——毕竟,上网人数越多,潜在的客户就越多(长难句①)。越来越多的政府,惟恐自己的国家落后,纷纷推广互联网的普及。未来一二十年之内,全球将有一二十亿人加入互联网。因此,我认为在未来的数年中,数字化分界将缩小而不会变大。那是好消息,因为互联网完全可以成为我们战胜所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具(佳句①)。

当然,使用互联网不是惟一战胜贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的惟一工具,但它却有巨大的潜力。

要想利用互联网这一工具,某些贫困国家必须克服对外国投资所持的过时了的反殖民主义偏见(长难句②)。那些认为外国投资是侵犯本国主权的国家不妨研究一下美国的基础设施(社会的基本结构基础)建设历史(佳句②)。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时,http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27

缺乏必要的资金,因此美国的第二次浪潮基础设施建设,包括公路、港口、高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用国外资金建造的。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金,美洲移民建造。想想看,现在谁拥有这一切?美国人。我想,在这件事上,像巴西或其他任何地方同样也该这样。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施建设(今天主要指电子基础设施)的外国资金越多,那么你的情况就越好(长难句③)。这并不是说卑躬屈膝,任人愚弄,也不是对外国公司不加控制。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性,这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。

第三篇

一、文章结构分析

这是一篇关于美国新闻媒体遭受不信任危机的文章。文章介绍了一个针对此不信任危机而开展的调查,并阐述造成这一危机的原因,也是调查失败的原因。文章前两段交待了背景,第三段首先给出主题,在下面的三段中,逐步深入地追寻其背后的深层次原因,最后两段进行总结。整篇文章的论证方法主要是说理。

第一段:第一句以疑问句的形式提出问题,并指出该调查的目的。第二段:直接指出该调查的结果不令人满意。第三段:第一句为主题句——对媒体不信任是由于深层次原因。本段中“in other words”说明本段的论证方法是典型的说理。

第四段:进一步举例说明上段提到的新闻“标准模式”与普通人的生活相距甚远。第五段:进一步指出这种差距是由于新闻界人士的生活态度导致的。第六段:对文章观点进行总结。第七段:指出这一趋势的危害。

二、试题具体解析

29.What is the passage mainly about? 29.文章主要谈论 内容。[A]Needs of the readers all over the [A]世界各地读者的需要

world.[B]Causes of the public disappointment [B]造成公众对报纸失望的原因

about newspapers.[C]Origins of the declining newspaper [C]造成报业衰败的根源

industry.[D]Aims of a journalism credibility [D]一个新闻可信度调查项目的目的

project.[答案] B

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。文章首段就是主题段。第一句提出本文的主旨问题“为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西?”这就是整个文章要回答的问题,也是以疑问句形式出现的文章主题,是主旨问题的一个改写。因而B选项为答案。选项中的disappointment是原文中distrust的近义词。

A选项与文章谈的新闻遭受的信任危机无关,并非文章主要内容。文章只有最后第一段首句提到报业是一个日趋衰败的行业,但是未对衰败原因进行探究,所以C选项不对。D选项仅仅在第二段提及这一项目的内容和发现,属于细节内容,而非主题内容。

答题技巧:答主旨类型的题目关键是找到主题段(一般为首段)或其他各段的主题句(一

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般为首句)。一般而言,主题段包含文章主题思想。如无主题段,则找到各段的主题句加以归纳和总结,便可得出文章中心。

30.The results of the journalism 30.新闻可信度调查项目的结果是。

credibility project turned out to be.[A]quite trustworthy [A]相当可信 [B]somewhat contradictory [B]有点矛盾 [C]very illuminating [C]很有启发 [D]rather superficial [D]相当肤浅 [答案] D

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。第二段涉及该调查的结果。该段指出“这次新闻机构可信度的调查计划只得出一些极其肤浅的结论(low-level findings)诸如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。”因此 D选项是正确答案,答案中的superficial是原文low-level的近义词。其他三个选项文中均未提及,也无法推导出。

答题技巧:对于这类形容词的选项,考生首先可以判断这些词哪些是褒义,哪些是贬义,以便缩小范围。例如,本题中考生如果先确定作者对于该发现的态度为否定的话,就可以把答案首先确定到B、D两个选项内,接下来需要考虑的问题就是“矛盾”还是“肤浅”。31.The basic problem of journalists as 31.作者指出的记者们存在的基本问题是他pointed out by the writer lies in 们的。their.[A]working attitude [A]工作态度 [B]conventional lifestyle [B]传统生活方式 [C]world outlook [C]世界观 [D]educational background [D]教育背景 [答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。第六段指出,“读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源不是„„,而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞(the daily clash of world views)”。因此,C选项为正确答案。

A选项文中未提及。B选项和D选项应该属于记者和读者不同的两个方面,但仅是表面现象,不是问题的根本说在。

32.Despite its efforts, the newspaper 32.尽管新闻界付出了努力,仍然不能满足 industry still cannot satisfy the 读者的需要是由于。readers owing to its.[A]failure to realize its real problem [A]没有认识到真正的问题所在 [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters [B]往往雇用令人厌烦的记者 [C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting [C]可能进行失真的报道 [D]prejudice in matters of race and gender[D]有种族和性别偏[答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

最后一段谈到新闻业为此做出的种种努力,如“出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目、探究为什么顾客们恼火以及为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻”;接着用but话锋一转,指出他们没有做到的方面,即“但是它似乎从来就没有回过头去注意文化方面和阶级方面的偏见,而

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这正是很多以前的顾客抱怨的内容”。由此可以总结得出,他们的问题就是没有对症下药。因此A选项是正确答案。

B选项、C选项都是表面现象,和D选项均与该段最后一句“这个项目现在还只是单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工”的事实不符。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析:

① Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.句子主干是...this project has turned out to be...findings...。about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是宾语findings的补语成分;后接过去分词combined引导的伴随状语,其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的补语。

② Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each day’s events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.这两句生动地介绍了新闻界的工作方式。两句各自含有一个定语从句,第一句中的定语从句为into which they plug each day’s events,修饰前面的中心名词into which they plug each day’s events,后一句中的定语从句由that引导,修饰前面的a conventional story line。

知识点补充:“plug sth.into sth.”意为“塞入、插入”;“story line”指“叙述故事的线路、套路”;“culture”在这指“某群体或民族的风俗、人文现象、社会惯例”,如: enterprise culture.(企业文化)。

③ If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.此句为虚拟语气,主要结构为:If it did, it would open up...and look for...。其中在由and连接的两个并列谓语,插入成分now focused narrowly on race and gender为过去分词形式的后置定语,修饰program。第二个谓语结构中,宾语reporters后面有一个who引导的定语从句。

佳句赏析:

Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.句子中are more likely to...and...are less likely to...后都跟了三个不定式做补语,前后对应,结构严谨,给人一种层次美。

四、词汇注释

(1)alien(a.)(to)不相容的;(from)相异的;(n.)外侨;外星人(2)diversity(n.)差异;多样性;不同(3)get round to 找时间做,开始考虑

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(4)head-scratching(a.)困惑的,令人挠头的(5)metropolitan(a.)大城市的;宗主国的(6)random(a.)随机的,随意的;(n.)随机,随意(7)symposium(n.)讨论会,专题报告会;专题论文集(8)template(n.)模式,样板

五、全文翻译

为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个痛苦问题。该组织正深深陷入一个长期的自我剖析过程中,即,一个称为新闻可信度的调查项目。

遗憾的是,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。(长难句①)

但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界,并把每天发生的事件套入这一模式即可。换言之,在媒体的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式,为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述套路。(长难句②)

新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节,这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远。在最近一次调查中,问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中,然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话,问他们同样的问题。

结果表明,与其他美国人相比,新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区,有女佣,有奔驰车,炒股,而不大可能去教堂,参加志愿服务,扎根某个社区。(佳句)

记者们往往属于广义的社会和文化精英的一个部分,因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英的传统价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任,其根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧,而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。

这对任何一个行业来说,都是一个句有破坏力的形势,对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个有很多麻烦的行业,却不断地雇佣观点总使客户恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目,去探究为什么顾客们生气,而大量流失。但它似乎从来就没回过头来去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目(这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工),进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的记者。(长难句③)

第四篇

一、文章结构总体分析

本文是关于企业兼并与收购的一篇文章。作者从目前的兼并与收购浪潮现象着手,分析其产生的原因及带来的影响。

第一段:首句提出世界正在经历一场兼并与收购浪潮,段尾以问句的方式提出文章主题:这种兼并是否会演变成一种无法控制的反竞争力量?

第二段:用数据证明了企业合并形式之一,即跨国公司贸易的增长。第三段:解释了造成企业合并现象的原因。

第四段:分析了合并热潮的影响,认为它没有给消费和技术进步带来危害,还有可能使世界财富增长。该段论证中既进行推理也使用了例证。

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第五段:第一句为本段主题,即:人们对这种兼并还需要加以注意。论证中使用较多反意疑问句以加强语气。

二、试题具体解析

33.What is the typical trend of 33.当今企业发展的主要趋势是 ?

businesses today? [A] To take in more foreign funds.[A] 吸收更多外资 [B] To invest more abroad.[B] 更多地向海外投资 [C] To combine and become bigger.[C] 合并并且变得更庞大 [D] To trade with more countries.[D] 与更多国家做生意 [答案] C

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。文章第一段就指出,当今企业界出现的一个现象,即整个世界正在经历一场前所未有的(ever witnessed)兼并与收购浪潮(wave of mergers and acquisitions,或M&A wave)。这一并购之风从异常活跃的美国到达欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力(unsurpassed might)影响到新兴经济国家。接着第二段谈到跨国公司在世界范围内贸易的迅猛增长。因此,C选项即文中多次提到的mergers and acquisitions,是当今企业发展的主要趋势。其他三项都不符文意。

答题技巧:命题者的意图在于考核考生能否把握该段段落主旨句为首句,并且理解句中关键字眼mergers and acquisitions的意义。34.According to the author, one of the 34.按照作者观点,推动合并和收购浪潮的driving forces behind M&A wave 动力之一是。is.[A] the greater customer demands [A] 顾客更大的需求 [B] a surplus supply for the market [B] 对市场的供给过分充裕 [C] a growing productivity [C] 日益增长的生产率 [D] the increase of the world’s wealth [D] 世界财富的增长 [答案] A

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。第三段剖析造成并购潮流的重要原因。它们和导致经济全球化过程的因素是一样的,如:交通运输成本的日趋下降、贸易和投资壁垒的降低和扩大了的市场以满足需要扩大运作而方能满足顾客的需求。显然,A选项即为上面提到的三个因素之一,为正确答案。B选项即市场供应过剩,应该是企业缩小生产的原因。其他C和D两项在文中均没有提及。35.From paragraph 4 we can infer 35.从第4段中,可以推断出。

that.[A] the increasing concentration is [A] 日益增长的合并浪潮肯定会损害顾客certain to hurt consumers 的利益 [B] WorldCom serves as a good example of [B] 世界通信公司是关于合并并且利弊兼both benefits and costs 有的一个很好的例子 [C] the costs of the globalization [C] 全球化过程成本巨大

process are enormous [D] the Standard Oil trust might have [D] 标准石油联合公司可能对竞争形成过threatened competition 威胁 [答案] D

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[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。第四段首句提到,关于目前合并浪潮一定会带来利或弊的例子还不多见。第二句接着指出,但是目前数家石油公司的合并,是否会再次对竞争造成威胁却难以预料;100年前美国的标准石油联合公司(Standard Oil trust)被解散,就是因为当时人们担心它会对竞争构成威胁。由此可以推知D选项为正确答案。

从该段的电信业和汽车工业的例子可知,企业合并没有带来价格上涨或阻碍技术进步,因而消费者的利益也未受损害。所以A选项与本段最后一句话不符。文中举了世界通信公司的例子(本段第3句)只是说明合并并没有带来坏处,而不是B选项。C选项在文中根本未涉及。

36.Toward the new business wave, the 36.作者对新出现的企业合并浪潮

writer’s attitude can he 的态度是。said to be.[A] optimistic [A] 乐观的 [B] objective [B] 客观的 [C] pessimistic [C] 悲观的 [D] biased [D] 有偏见的

[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。

在第三段最后两句中,作者明确指出“所有这些(推动合并的因素)对消费者来说都是有益而无害。随着生产力的提高,世界的财富亦随之增长。”第四段作者举例说明合并没有给消费和技术进步带来危害。到了第五段,作者开始提醒人们要避免它带来的不利影响。可见,作者提到合并浪潮可能产生的正反两方面的影响,就事论事,并且列举大量数字和事实进行说明。所以作者的态度应该是客观的,因此B选项为正确答案。

知识点补充:作者在文中一般使用带有褒贬色彩的词汇(尤其是形容词和动词),或者引用专业和权威人士的话去表明自己的态度。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析:

① International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.该句主干为International affiliates account for„,其中“that”引导的是一个定语从句,修饰“economies”。

知识点补充:“affiliates”指世界各地的分公司;“account for”意为“是„„的原因”、“导致,引起”或“占„„比例”;“economies”用的是复数形式,指的是各个国家经济领域的各行各业。

② I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.该句主干是“I believe that”加上一个较长的宾语从句。从句中,主干为the most important forces„are the same that „,that引导一个定语从句,修饰前面的the same。冒号后的成分一般是起解释的作用,这里列举原因。

知识点补充:“forces behind”和“underlie”意思相同,都表达“造成„的原因”。③ Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could

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re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.该句主干是“It is hard to imagine that...”。第一个that引导imagine的宾语从句。宾语从句中又含有一个that引导的定语从句,修饰“competition”,定语从句中包含一个由“when”引导的时间状语。Standard Oil trust指美国石油托拉斯,它像现在的微软公司因为有垄断之嫌而被迫解体。

佳句赏析:

① The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.该句运用暗喻的修辞手法,形象地使用wave一词描述全球企业兼并的大趋势。

② This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.该句运用两层并列形式的结构,达到较强的语境效果。over the role和over the ultimate stability的并列是第一层,role后面的两个of是第二层并列。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)affiliate(n./v.)分公司,附属机构;使附属于(2)detrimental(a.)不利的。~ to...对„„不利的

(3)hyperactive(a.)极其活跃的;hyper是一词缀,常与形容词或名词结合,意为“过度的”,如:hypercritical 吹毛求疵的

(4)infringement(n.)侵害

(5)megamerger(n.)大型合并;mega-是一词缀,意为“大,强”,如megacity 特大城市

(6)merger(n.)合并,归并;acquisition获得,收购(7)take upon oneself承担

(8)warn against告诫、提防(不要做某事);warn sb.of sth.提醒某人某事

五、全文翻译

世界正在经历一场从未见过的巨大的并购浪潮。(佳句①)这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人看着这个浪潮,忧虑着:“企业合并的浪潮会不会产生一种无法控制的反竞争力量?”

无疑,大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。目前,这个数字上升到25%,并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并欢迎外资的国家的经济中,国际分公司在国民生产中形成一个快速增长的部门。(长难句①)例如,在阿根廷,经过90年代初的改革之后,跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%。这个现象使得人们非常担忧小型企业,民族资本的作用,也使得人们对世界经济的最终稳定产生了忧虑。(佳句②)

我认为,推动这次巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量,就是运输与通讯费用的降低,贸易与投资障碍的减少,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求的生产的扩大。(长难句②)所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害。随着生产力的提高,世界的财富也就增长了。

目前这场合并浪潮的利与弊并无多少实例。但是很难想象当今的几个石油公司的合并能够重新造成100年前美国标准石油公司被解散时人们担心它对竞争造成的威胁。(长难句 30

③)通讯公司的合并,如世界通讯公司,似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格,或者滞缓了技术进步的速度。在汽车行业,合并也同样在增加,看看戴姆勒与克莱斯勒,雷诺与尼桑,但仿佛消费者并未受到伤害。

但是事实仍然是,合并运动必须受到严密监视。几星期以前,格林斯潘对银行业的大规模合并发出了警告。如果如此巨大的银行出现,谁来充当最终的借贷者,发挥监督、管理和运作的作用?当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严格时,跨国公司会不会把它们的产业从一个地方转到另一个地方?在事情将影响所有国家的情况下,一个国家是否应该独自担负起“保护竞争”的责任,如美国政府诉讼微软公司的案件?

第五篇

一、文章结构总体分析

本文是一篇关于美国人追求简朴生活这一潮流的散文。作者以第一人称的笔调叙述了自身生活态度和方式的转变经历,进而谈及整个美国的情形及剖析这股潮流的成因。从写作特点来说是一篇夹叙夹议的文章,叙述部分(前三段)是一个引子,为后面的议论作铺垫。

前三段:作者通过对自己生活方式转变的总结,进而讲述当初辞职的初衷以及现在作者的生活,并总结自己生活变化带来的益处和感悟。

第四段:段首指出这种生活方式在美国成为一个潮流,并列举一些实例说明其普遍性。第五、六段:探讨美国和英国这一趋势的成因,并总结这种生活方式的实质就是认识到自己的局限性。

二、试题具体解析

37.Which of the following is true 37.按照第一段,下列哪个是个说法是正according to paragraph 1? 确的? [A] Full-time employment is a new [A] 全职工作是一种新的国际时尚。

international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by [B] 作者因环境所迫而辞职。

circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping [C] “平级调动”意味着退出全日制工作。

out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to [D] 作者太想多花点时间和家人在一起了。

spend more time with her family.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

本题考查考生对细节的理解,包括读懂每句话的含义,及弄清前因后果和事实。文章第一段第二句讲到,“一次工作的平级调动(a lateral move)伤害了我的自尊,阻碍了我在工作上的升迁,这促使我放弃了相对体面的(high profile)工作生涯”。可见,作者辞职是有外因的。B选项“作者因环境所迫而辞职”与该事实相符,是正确答案。

A选项与原文相矛盾。第一句说的是我辞去全职工作(quit my full time employment)使我成为国际时尚的一分子,而不是做全职工作。C选项错误地把“A lateral move”理解为放弃全职工作。lateral原意是“横向的”,这里指“平级之间的”。第一段末句提到,为了掩饰(cover)辞职的真正原因,我找了一个“想多花些时间和家人在一起”的借口,因此D选项是托词而不是事实。

38.The writer’s experiment shows that 38.作者的经历表明“放慢生活节奏”

downshifting.是。[A] enables her to realize her dream [A] 使她能够实现梦想

[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life [B] 使作者形成了一种新的生活哲学 [C] prompts her to abandon her high social [C] 促使她放弃了较高的社会地位

status

[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She [D] 使她接受了《女性》杂志的观点magazine [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。

本题仍然考查考生对细节的理解,要求考生从作者的经历去分析其生活态度前后的转变,关键在于把握第二段末句“transform from...into...”的结构。作者在第二段谈到,“经过约两年半的时间并发表了两部小说以后,我那被美国人称之为‘放慢生活节奏’的生活经历,却将我反复用的借口(指第一段最后一句掩饰辞职原因的话)转化为实实在在的事实。我已经从一个‘拥有一切’(having it all)生活哲学的积极倡导者(这是过去七年里Linda Kelsey一直在《她》杂志上鼓吹的生活方式),变成一个知足常乐(settle for a bit of everything)的女人”。可见B选项正确,因为她从这次生活经历中有了重新认识,形成了新的人生观。

从文章内容可知,“放慢生活节奏”并不是作者原有的梦想,而是当初迫不得已的选择,只是后来她意外发现自己喜欢上了这种生活方式,所以A选项不对。C选项是最初的平级调动带来的结果,而非放慢生活节奏的结果。D选项恰恰与文中事实相反,实际结果是抛弃而非接受。

39.“Juggling one’s life” probably 39.“Juggling one’s life”有可能意味means living a life characterized 着过 的生活。by.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [A] 不追求物质利益的生话方式 [B] a bit of everything [B] 任何东西都有一点就行 [C] extreme stress [C] 极度紧张 [D] anti-consumerism [D] 反消费主义

[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。本题考查考生通过上下文猜测词义的能力。考生关键要通过对第三段首句复杂的句子结构的分析(见长难句③),知道“Juggling one’s life”即是“downshifting”的反面。在这个句子中,作者把“Juggling one’s life”和“downshifting”对立起来进行比较,因此前者应该指与“放慢生活节奏”相反的“工作压力大、忙忙碌碌的生活”。下文第二句话中的四个并列名词短语“12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on ‘quality time’”(一天工作12小时、每件事情都有最后的期限、公务上争权夺利带来的可怕压力以及因为时间有限连做母亲也得“高效率”)对该短语进行了进一步解释。显然只有C选项是对这些特征的高度概括。注意第四段首句提到的A选项、第二段提到的B选项和第四段第二句谈到的D选项的内容都是“downshifting”的特征。

词汇补充:politics原意多指“政治事件、政治生活、政治活动”,也可指“一个群体或组织内部为争夺权利和利益的斗争”如:Church politics 教会的明争暗斗。40.According to the passage, 40.根据课文,“放慢生活节奏”在美国出downshifting emerged in the US as a 现是_ 的结果。

result of.[A] the quick pace of modern life [A] 快节奏的现代生活 [B] man’s adventurous spirit [B] 人们的冒险精神 [C] man’s search for mythical [C] 人们对神秘的生活体验的追求

experiences [D] the economic situation [D] 经济形势[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:因果关系题。本题考查考生理解具体细节的能力。第五段首句指出,美国的这一趋势开始是对经济衰退的一种反映(a reaction to the economic decline),所以D选项“经济形势”是这种生活方式产生的原因。其它三个选项在文中都未提及。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析: ①A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.该句是由although连接含转折语气的两个分句:A lateral move prompted me to abandon my career和I covered my exit。前一分句的主语A lateral move由that引导的定语从句修饰;后一个分句中用了in the manner of(以„的方式)和by claiming两个结构做谓语covered的方式状语。

②I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.该句子的特点是定语修饰成分较多。句子主干是I have been transformed from a advocate...into a woman...,advocate后接of短语做定语,woman后接who引导的定语从句做定语。preached by...分词结构用做philosophy的定语。having it all指“拥有一切”,是一种享乐主义;settle for a bit of everything中的settle意为“安定、定局”,整个短语指“什么都只要一点”,即“很容易满足”。

③I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.该句子结构较复杂,有多重结构。第一重是主句的主干I have discovered...that...,that引导宾语从句:abandoning...and making„brings with it far greater rewards,其中主语由并列的动名词结构构成;第二重结构是:that前的插入语是个省略倒装句,as代替主句的谓语discover,其正常顺序应是perhaps Kelsey will discover after...;that后宾语从句中含有一个比较结构„brings greater rewards than„。Juggling one’s life中“juggle”原意为“耍把戏”,短语里借用它暗含的“忙个不停”的意思,表示“忙忙碌碌地生活”。

④While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late-80s—and is still 33

linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.该句子的特点是while引导两个分句形成对照,前一分句的主干是in America the trend started as a reaction and is still linked to the politics;后一分句的主干是in Britain we have different reasons;破折号之间的插入语是前一分句的时间状语;逗号间的插入语at least among„是后一分句的状语。

⑤For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.该句子的主干中含有一个具有比较意义的结构downshifting is not so much a search...as a personal recognition(与其说是追求,不如说是个人认识)。句首介词结构For the women„做句子的状语,表示“对于„来说”,两个破折号之间的两个并列的动名词短语growing„and risking„是对前面名词the mythical good life的解释。

佳句赏析:

①When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.“When...it never occurred to me that...”结构可以表达在过去某个时间里没法预料到后来要发生的事情。如:Nobody can really expect his future.When Steven Doglas worked as a salesman in a shoes-shop of a small town, it never occurred to him that he might become a superstar three years later.②My experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.该句子中tired excuse使用了英语中的一种修辞格,叫“转移形容词”,即形容词形式上修饰事物,实际上用来修饰人所具有的某种品质、性质或状况。这种修辞格的使用使句子具有修辞效果,简洁而地道。类似的用法有:sleepless night(不眠之夜),wise decision(明智的决定),respectful distance(敬而远之),word by painful word(一字一字吃力地)smiling words(微笑着交谈)。句子中tired excuse指的是作者声称“累了想陪陪家人”来作为辞职的借口。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1)it occurred to sb.that„ /it occurred to sb.to do sth.某人想到某事,如:It occurred to her that she might adopt homeless child.(她突然想到可以收养一个孤儿);Didn’t it occur to you to close the window.(你就没有想到要关窗户吗?)。

(2)prompt(v.)促使,鼓动(n.)提示, 付款期限(a.)敏捷的, 迅速的, 即时的(3)profile(n.)剖面,侧面,外形,轮廓;态度,姿态,对公众暴露的程度(degree of exposure to public notice),能见度,如:keep a low profile保持低姿态

(4)downshift(v.)原意指减低汽车的档,这里指“放慢生活节奏”。文中出现的downshifting是它的动名词形式,downshifter指的是选择这种生活的人

(5)preach(v.)传教,宣讲;宣扬,鼓吹(6)resignation(n.)辞职(书);放弃,顺从;resign(v.)辞职;听任(7)doctrine(n.)教条,学说,主义

(8)anticonsumerism(n.)反消费主义。Anti-前缀意为“反,防”;-ism后缀意为 34

“„主义”。如:antiwar反战的,anti-colonial反殖民主义的,materialism唯物主义,adventurism冒险主义

(9)drop out退学,脱离,不参与,[美俚](因对传统的道德观和价值观不再抱幻想而)退出习俗社会,逃避现实

(10)redundancy(n.)冗余;redundant(a.)多余的(11)mythical(a.)神话的,虚构的;myth:(n.)神话,虚构的故事

(12)本文词汇的特点是复合词的使用,包括(1)副词+过去分词=复合形容词,文中出现了much-publicized多次公开宣称的 well-established稳定存在的,类似的词有:well-informed消息灵通的,much-needed非常需要的;(2)动词+副词=名词,文中出现了build-up增大,类似的词有:put-off推迟,get-together联欢会,check-up检查;(3)名词+名词=复合名词,文中出现了self-help自助,cling-filum(粘附+薄膜)保鲜膜,类似的词有:book review书评,traffic light街灯

五、全文翻译

当我决定辞去自己的全日制工作时决没有想到,自己竟成了一种新的国际性潮流的一分子(佳句①)。一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心,并阻断了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业,然而,我却像面子扫尽的政府部长那样,掩饰地说“我想与家人更多地呆在一起”(长难句①)。

奇怪的是,大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后,我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的尝试,却使我所谓的累了的借口变成了现实(佳句②)。我已从一个“获得一切”哲学(琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的)的狂热支持者,变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人(长难句②)。

我已经发现(由于压力过大,凯茜已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务,在这之后她也许会有同样发现),放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学,转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报,比金钱和社会地位更有价值(长难句③)。什么也说服不了我回到过去那种凯尔茜所宣扬的、我也曾自得其乐的生活中去:每天12小时的工作日,压得人喘不过气来的最后期限,可怕而紧张的办公室里的争权夺利,以及在“最佳时期”做父母受到限制。

在美国,摆脱忙碌,转而过一种简单、不太物质化的生活已成明确趋势。具有讽刺意味的是,“放慢生活节奏”——在美国也称“自愿简单化”——甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的新领域。对于那些想过简单生活的人来说,有许多很畅销的帮你轻松生活的自助书籍;有各种像《守财奴简报》这样的简讯,给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子,从回收保鲜膜到自制肥皂;甚至还有一些帮助团体,帮助有些人按90年代中期逃避社会现实的人的生活方式去生活。

在美国,这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——现在这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联;而在英国,至少在我所认识的愿意简化生活的中产阶级中,却有着不同的缘由去寻求使自己的生活简单化(长难句④)。

对我们这一代女性来说,整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活——自己种有机蔬菜以及冒险成为像有机蔬菜一样简单淳朴的人——倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限(长难句⑤)。

第三部分 翻译试题解析

一、试题总体分析

这篇文章主要展望了科学技术给人类未来生活可能带来的各种变化,未来学家对科学突破性进展日期的预测,以及某些技术进步可能带来的社会问题。

2001翻译试题难度适中,考点涉及了词义确定、非谓语结构以及从句的翻译。就此,考生可以总结出,词义确定和句子结构是翻译必考的项目。词义确定要求考生根据上下文和搭配的要求,确定某个特定词在本句中的意思以及翻译后选择的汉语表达,而这个意思往往不是考生在平时记忆的单词词义,可能是某个偏僻的词义、引伸义,甚至在该上下文中才有的、没有在词典中确定下来的意思。因此特别提醒考生不要字对字地翻译,而要在上下文中确定具体单词的意思,正如一句话说得好:“There is no meaning except in the context.”(只有在上下文中才有词义)。

二、试题具体解析

(41)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句的翻译、过去分词做定语、词义确定。句子的主干是there be 句型的将来时,译成“将会出现„„,将有„„”。hosted by robots是过去分词作后置定语修饰chat shows,由于不太长,翻译时可以前置做定语。pollution monitors(污染监控器)后面接的定语从句that will disable...offend并不是起修饰限定作用,翻译时不能把它前置做定语,此从句实际是说 pollution monitors 的功能,译时可独立成句。定语从句中包含一个when 引导的时间状语从句。

词汇:chat shows即是近年来在我国也广为流行的电视谈话节目;host做名词为“(男)主持人”,做动词是“主持”;offend本意是“冒犯,侵犯”,在这里根据上下文,意思应当是“违规”,进而可译为(汽车)“污染超标”;disable的意思也应当根据上下文确定为“使(汽车)无法运转”。

译文:届时,将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。

(42)Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:意译、介词结构作后置定语、rather than的译法。整个句子实际上由四个分句并列组成,由逗号和and 连接,但是最后一句从意思上看实际是一句总结性的话。第一分句中,equipped with personality chips是过去分词做定语修饰dolls;第二句是一个被动语态,其中主要结构为be regarded as „ rather than „,意思为“被看作是„„而不是„„”,该句中with in-built personalities这一介词结构作computers的后置定语;第三句如果直译成“休闲将在气味电视机前面”不太贴切,尤其作为书面语不合适,考生可以加入“休闲”这一动作的发出者,将该句译成:人们将在气味电视机前休闲,或译成:休闲将在气味电视机前面进行;第四句中,考生需要注意时态为将来完成时。

词汇:computers后的with结构是“带有、具有”的意思;in-built意为“内在的,内置的”,rather than表示否定,此结构翻译题中就已经数次出现。

译文:儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就要来到了。

(43)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:多重复合句的译法。

该句子是复杂的复合句,其结构可以分三层。第一层是句子主语是Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers „ to „,不定式引导目的状语,第二层在目的状语中,宾语calendar后有that引导的定语从句,第三层结构为that引导的定语从句中,宾语the latest dates后又有一个when引导的定语从句,注意不要误以为时状语从句。这样的三层复合结构形成了环环相套的定语从句链,关键在于考生需要把这个链条打断,也就是进行断句,考生可以在that处断句。

词汇:piece together意为“汇集”;the latest dates意为“最近的日期”;key breakthroughs意为“重大突破”。

译文:皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

(44)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”

[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句。

Pearson points out属插入语成分,主句为主表结构that is the start,它实际上也是point out 的宾语内容。主语that 是代词,指前两句中提到的电脑与人之间连接的突破。引号中的是Pearson所说的话。it 指代紧跟它的integration(一体化)。that will ultimately...century是修饰the process of integration 的定语从句,由于定语太长,不适宜在中文中做前置定语,只能另起一句,用重复先行词的办法,或把定语从句译作并列句。

译文:皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

(45)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:so „ that结构、词义确定。

这个句子的主干是home appliances will become so...that...,“so „ that „”结构的意思是“如此„„以至„„”。that 后接的是结果状语从句,从句的主语是controlling and operating them;them指的是主语home appliances;从句的谓语是will result in,breakout of...是in的介词宾语。此处的破折号起解释作用,解释a new psychological disorder的内容。

词汇:smart 意为“巧妙的,(人)聪明的”,但是在这里需要结合上下文理解为“智能化的”;breakout 一般译为“爆发”,但是与心理疾病或心理紊乱(a psychological disorder)搭配不合适,所以意译为“引起,引发”;同理kitchen rage亦不可直译为“厨房暴怒”,尽量与心理疾病的用词挂钩,译为“厨房狂躁症”。

译文:家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

三、参考译文

在未来不到三十年的时间里,特列克星号的全息舱面就会成为现实。大脑神经系统和计 37

算机之间的直接连接还会创造出全方位感受虚拟环境,使电影《全部回忆》中展示的虚拟假期成为可能。

(41)届时,将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。(42)儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就要来到了。

依BT的未来学家亚恩·皮尔森做出的预见,这些都属于新世纪头几十年发展计划之列,届时,超级计算机将急剧加速各个生活领域的发展。

(43)皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。一些最大的进展将在医学领城,包括人预期寿命的延长和数十种人造器官,这些将在现在到2024年之间陆续实现。

皮尔森还预言,在计算机与人的连接上会有一个重大突破。他说:“通过直接与我们的神经系统相连,计算机可以知道我们的感觉,并且,我们希望,它可以模仿感觉,这样,我们就能够发展全方位感知环境,就像电影《全部回忆》中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面。”(44)但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

通过研究,皮尔逊能够预言大多数突破的发生时间。然而,对于何时能够进行超光速旅行,何时人类克隆技术能够得以完善,何时可以进行时间旅行,却依然没有预见。但他的确预见技术进步引起的社会问题。比如,到2010年,住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将引发问题;仿真机器人意味着人类可能无法区分同类朋友和这些机器人伙伴。(45)家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

第四部分 写作试题解析

一、审题谋篇

本题命题形式为漫画加提纲式写作。提纲有三点要求:(1)描述画面的寓意,此处考生要注意symbolic meaning(比喻义);(2)举一个具体的例子对主题加以论证;(3)对于如何献爱心给出你的建议。

首先,审题时考生要抓住关键词。漫画加提纲式写作中,漫画中的字,特别是漫画的题目可谓是一字千金,千万不可放过。本题的漫画中出现“爱心是一盏灯,在越黑暗的地方越明亮”一句话,该句最突出的词是“爱心”,后半句话指出最需要爱心的环境——“黑暗中”,也就是说别人有困难的地方。因此漫画旨在提倡为需要帮助的人或地方献出爱心。

其次,考生需要看清题目要求。要求指出文章应点明漫画所示内涵,并应举出具体事例,在此前提下提出自己对献爱心的建议。由此可见,文章中既要联系社会举例,又要给出自己的评论,所以命题所测试的中心内容为描述加议论。

考生可以在坚守三段论基础上采用叙议结合的方法:第一段需围绕图画展开,将图画中所有信息描述清楚,点出漫画所示内涵。第二段要针对主题举具体的例子,由本题中心可知,举的例子应体现两要素:“爱心”和“需要”。第三段应在联系实际,突出中心的基础上,提出具体建议。

二、参考范文

As can be seen from this vivid picture, like a light, love means much more to 38

those who are in great difficulty than to those who live in comforts.Love, as illustrated in the picture,is just like the oil lamp,which certainly shines brighter in the dark.In other words,the darker the place is,the more precious the light will be.Love is somewhat the same: it is most needed by those who are in urgent need of help and considered most precious in most difficult situations.Therefore, as people living in the modern society, we all should contribute our love to those needy people.I can exemplify this conclusion with the Poverty Alleviation Project.It is known to all that the Chinese government has been calling for people participating in the project.Obviously, the expression of love can be best demonstrated by helping the poor in some backward regions.Therefore, many college students choose to work in these regions upon graduation.It is in these places that they are most needed and their knowledge can be made best use of.The best way to show our love,in my opinion,is to follow the above mentioned example, giving love to the people during the hours of darkness.So when we see someone in difficulty or in distress,don’t hesitate to offer our hands.I believe the relationship between people will be more harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.Let’s do as a famous saying goes:Ask not what others can do for you;ask what you can do for others.三、范文点评 文章结构:

本文思路清晰,重点突出。首段开篇点题,接着,考生清晰地阐述了灯光的象征意义,段尾再次概括全文的主题,段落几个部分相互呼应。第二段中,考生举出一个既有深度(崇高性),又有广度(社会性)的例子——扶贫工程,并在段尾总结论证论点:要在别人困难的时候献爱心。第三段,作者提出具体建议,最后提出号召,并以流行语点睛。

语言亮点:

1.vivid:形象的,生动的。副词为vividly。

2.in great difficulty和in comforts:两个介词结构意思相反,形成对仗。3.illustrate:(用插图或图画)说明,阐明。例如:The cartoon illustrates a profound principle in life.(这幅画揭示了一个深刻的人生哲理)

4.the darker „the more precious„:这里使用的是the more „ the more „结构,例如:The faster our country’s industry develops, the more efforts we should spare in protecting the environment.(工业发展越快,我们越应该花精力保护环境)。

5.precious:珍贵的,宝贵的。如:Time is precious.(时间很宝贵)。

6.contribute:对„做贡献,名词形式是contribution,如:make a contribution。7.exemplify:用例子说明,例证。例如:This story exemplifies what I just said.(这个故事正好说明了我刚才说的话)。类似用法有:illustrate, serve as an example。

8.participate in:参加,类似的用法有:take part, join in, partake, get involved。9.demonstrate:表现,表明,证明。例如:This cartoon demonstrates a widespread phenomenon in society.(这幅画表现了社会上的一个普遍现象)。

10.upon graduation:upon后加名词,可表示“„的时候”。如:Upon seeing their child make achievements, the parents are always as joyful as anything.(当看到自己的孩子取得成绩,父母总是高兴得不得了)

11.It is„that(who)„:常引导结构强调句,it is后接句子中被强调的部分,它可以是状语、主语、宾语或宾与补足语,但不可以是表语、谓语动词和让步状语从句或对比状语从句。若强调的是人,用关系代词who,其它都用that。如:It is with the development of technology and population growth, the amount and range of materials used has increased at an alarming rate.(正是随着技术的发展和人口的增长,使用材料的数量和范围也都在以惊人的速度增长)。在写作中让句型保持多样化可以给文章增加不少色彩和可读性,强调句就是一个很好的选择,它使句子简洁而有力度。

12.follow the above mentioned example:follow example表示“模仿„”;above mentioned的意思是“上面提及的”。

13.offer our hands:“帮助”,类似的表达有:help out, extend a hand, lend a hand, give assistance。

14.harmonious:“和睦的”,该词常形容family或relations。

15.Ask not what others can do for you;ask what you can do for others:不要问别人能为你做什么,而问你能为别人做什么。该句来自于美国总统肯尼迪的名言:“Ask not what your nation can do for you;ask what you can do for your nation.”(不要问你的国家能为你做什么,而要问你能为你的国家做什么)。能够在作文中恰当地用上名言的考生恐怕不会太多,但是一旦用上就会引起阅卷老师的注意,得高分的可能性也就越大。因此考生平时可注意加强这方面的准备。如:The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them.(在这个世界上取得成功的人,都努力去寻找他们想要的机会,如果找不到时,他们就自己创造机会。——英国著名作家萧伯纳)

四、写作误区 篇章结构误区:

首先,考生应当看清题目要求。一看到油灯,有的考生就按照固定思维,想当然地认为文章中心是赞扬“春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡炬成灰泪始干”的人民教师,结果写成了一篇教师颂。指导语中虽说明了“Everyone has his/her own understanding of love”,但图画上已经明确给出了主题:“爱心是一盏灯,在越黑暗的地方越明亮”,也就是说爱心在最需要它的地方显得最有价值。而有的考生花了大量笔墨赞美爱,包括爱情、友情、亲情等,论述“love is noblest feeling”,有的考生则联想到社会上的黑暗面,对缺乏“爱心”的人进行一番批判。以上都是由于审题不慎而造成的跑题。其次作文要求中规定要举一个例子说明问题。因此,考生所举的例子应当具体并且具有代表性。不可泛泛而谈,也不可虚构一些不切实际的例子。本文要想写得有深度,很大程度上由例子的深度和广度决定。因此,要想得高分,例子至关重要,应具有广阔的社会性,如“希望工程”、“长江抗洪”、“扶贫计划”、帮助下岗职工再就业等等。

语言表达错误: ①词性错误:

Our world will bright if everyone shows love to others.(Our world will become bright if everyone shows love to others.)

②搭配不当:

Although the light is weak, it plays a great effect which will make people more firmly than before.(Although the light is weak, it has a great effect which will make people more firm than before.)

③代词不一致:

When every one devotes some love to the world, you will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.(When every one gives his share of love to the world, he will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.)

④介词错误:

I was greatly worried my future life.(I was greatly worried about my future life.)

⑤非谓语结构错误:

The best way show love is to help those need help in their life.(The best way to show love is to help those needing / who need help in their life.)

⑥累赘:

For those people who still live very poor lives, the help from other people can give them light and hope to improve their lives.(Poor people can get light and hope from others’ help to improve their lives.)

⑦综合性错误:

Even if the government gives more money to help children in poor areas, the rate of them are helped is still very low.(Even if the government appropriates more money to help children in poor areas, the number of those who can be helped is still very small.41

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