第一篇：胡壮麟语言学名词解释
1.design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2.Function: the use of language to communicate, to think , etc.Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential, differentiations, just as was often the case with phonetic vs.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e.laying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, et 16.competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.21.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22.Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24.Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26.Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(e.g.
46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.48.lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is , those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called ‖contact‖ or ‖contiguous‖ assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different.59.Folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category:parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.61.concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents , such as the relation between, the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.68.surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69.c-command: one of the similarities, or of the more general features, in these two government relations, is technically called constituent command, c-command for short.70.government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis, or the starting point, of the utterance.71.communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles, which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done, by means of the interaction between one person and another..74.textual function: the use of language that provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content.76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e.to talk about things in context.80.sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82.complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely, such as male, female, absent.83.gradable antonymy: members of this kind are gradable, such as long;short, big;small, fat;thin, etc.84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, such as buy;sell, lend, borrow, above, below, etc.85.relational opposites: converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other.The shorter, better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87.superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal, for example, there are cats, dogs, pigs, etc, 88.semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, e.g.<+human> 89.compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90.selection restriction: semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take, e.g.regret requires a human subject.91.prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus, is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance, that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic: also predicate calculus, which studies the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory: language(sound, word, syntax, etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It assumes a ―recognition lexicon‖ in which each word is represented by a full and independent ‖recognition element‖.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully activated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97.Frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98.inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition, from something someone has said, and so on.It includes things that, while not following logically, are implied, in an ordinary sense, e.g.in a specific context.99.immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.100.language perception: language awareness of things through the physical senses, esp, sight.101.language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research, which studies the understanding of language.102.language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.103.language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.104.lexical ambiguity: ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings: e.g.that of I saw a bat, where a bat might refer to an animal or, among others, stable tennis bat.105.macroproposition: general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106.modular: which a assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107.parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents, traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.108.propositions: whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109.psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholinguistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind, and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow with empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word).110.psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar, etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed, in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars, to criteria of simplicity, elegance, and internal consistency.111.schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112.story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113.writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing development.114.communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc.governing the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsky’s concept of competence, in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.115.gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is‖genden difference‖
116.linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e.language determines thought.117.linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118.linguistic sexism: many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120.sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.121.variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics, which studies the relationship between speakers’ social starts and phonological variations.122.performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as opposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123.constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.124.locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.Namely.the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.125.illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126.perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.127.conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128.entailment: relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other: e.g.‖ Mary is running‖ entails, among other things, ‖Mary is not standing still‖.129.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-entail.130.communicative principle of relevance: every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131.relevance: a property that any utterance, or a proposition that it communicates, must, in the nature of communication, necessarily have.132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale, i.e.Make your contribution necessary(G.Relation, Quantity2, Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133.division of pragmatic labor: the use of a marked creatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarked(simpler, less ‖effortful‖)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134.constraints on Horn scales: the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135.third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event.137.direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140.narrator’s representation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summary of a longer piece of discourse, and therefore even more backgrounded than indirect speech representation would be.141.narrator‖srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example, she considered his unpunctuality.142.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example, she thought that he would be late.143.Fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144.narrator’s representation of thought acts: a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.145.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example, she thought that he would be late.146.Fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147.narrator’s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.148.Free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech, e.g.He was bound to be late.149.direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..150.computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard, printer, screen, disk drives, programs, etc.151.computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.152.computer linguistics: a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language.153.Call: computer-assisted language learning(call), refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154.programmed instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct students into appropriate lessons, material, etc.155.local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom, lab, or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156.CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quick access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157.machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158.concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word, sequence of words.Or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word, usually in a context, which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.159.annotation: if corpora is said to be annotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information，160.annotation: if corpora is said to be annotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.161.informational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately, applied to the type of activity discussed in this volume.An information retrieval system does not inform(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162.document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships, between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information, such as document representatives, for the purpose of information retrieval.163.precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.164.recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.165.applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc 166.communicative competence: as defined by Hymes, the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167.syllabus: the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experiences.168.interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language, i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.169.transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures, negative transfer of inference occurs and results in errors.170.validity: the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure.There are four kinds of validity, i.e.content validity, construct validity, empirical validity, and face validity.171.rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of reliability, i.e.stability reliability, and equivalence reliability.172.hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features, in terms of both frequency, i.e.over passing the speakers of higher social status, and overshooting the target, i.e.extending the use of a form in a linguistic environment where it is not expected to occur, For example，pronouncing ideas as [ai’dier], extending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an environment where it’s not supposed to occur.173.discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology, syntax and lexis.174.integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology, syntax and lexis.
第二篇：胡壮麟语言学名词解释
1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics，anthropological linguistics,et 16.competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23． Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
第三篇：[语言学]胡壮麟版《语言学教程》名词解释
胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表 第一章
phonology音系学 grammar语法学 morphology形态学 syntax句法学 lexicology词汇学
general linguistics普通语言学 theoretical linguistics理论语言学 historical linguistics历史语言学 descriptive linguistics描写语言学 empirical linguistics经验语言学 dialectology方言学 anthropology人类学 stylistics文体学 signifier能指 signified所指 morphs形素
morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学
syntactic categories句法范畴 syntactic classes句法类别序列 sub-structure低层结构 super-structure上层结构 open syllable开音节 closed syllable闭音节 checked syllable成阻音节 rank 等级 level层次
ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论
sing-song theory唱歌说 yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说 pooh-pooh theory感叹说 ta-ta theory模仿说
animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说
Prague school布拉格学派 Bilateral opposition双边对立 Mutilateral opposition多边对立 Proportional opposition部分对立 Isolated opposition孤立对立 Private opposition表缺对立 Graded opposition渐次对立 Equipollent opposition均等对立 Neutralizable opposition可中立对立 Constant opposition恒定对立 Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法
Meaning potential意义潜势 Conversational implicature会话含义 Deictics指示词 Presupposition预设 Speech acts言语行为 Discourse analysis话语分析 Contetualism语境论 Phatic communion寒暄交谈 Metalanguage原语言 Applied linguistics应用语言学 Nominalism唯名学派 Psychosomatics身学
第二章
trachea/windpipe气管 tip舌尖 blade舌叶/舌面 front舌前部 center舌中部 top舌顶 back舌后部 dorsum舌背 root舌跟 pharynx喉/咽腔 laryngeals喉音 laryngealization喉化音 vocal cords声带 vocal tract声腔 initiator启动部分
pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制
glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制
velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制
Adam’s apple喉结 Voiceless sound清音 Voiceless consonant请辅音 Voiced sound浊音 Voiced consonant浊辅音 Glottal stop喉塞音 Breath state呼吸状态 Voice state带音状态 Whisper state耳语状态 Closed state封闭状态 Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨 Dorsum舌背 Ejective呼气音 Glottalised stop喉塞音 Impossive内爆破音 Click/ingressive吸气音
Segmental phonology音段音系学 Segmental phonemes音段音位 Suprasegmental超音段 Non-segmental非音段 Plurisegmental复音段 Synthetic language综合型语言 Diacritic mark附加符号 Broad transcription宽式标音 Narrow transcription窄式标音 Orthoepy正音法 Orthography正字法 Etymology词源
Active articulator积极发音器官 Movable speech organ能动发音器官 Passive articulator消极发音器官 Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官 Lateral边音
Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音 Resonant共鸣音
Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音
Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音
Unilateral consonant单边辅音 Bilateral consonant双边辅音 Non-lateral非边音
Trill [r]颤音 trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音 Labal-velar唇化软腭音 Interdental齿间音 Post-dental后齿音 Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音 Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音 Palato-alveolar后齿龈音 Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音 Dorso-palatal舌背腭音 Pre-palatal前腭音 Post-palatal后腭音 Velarization软腭音化 Voicing浊音化 Devoicing清音化 Pure vowel纯元音 Diphthong二合元音 Triphthong三合元音 Diphthongization二合元音化 Monophthongization单元音化 Centring diphthong央二合元音 Closing diphthong闭二合元音 Narrow diphthong窄二合元音 Wide diphthong宽二合元音 Phonetic similarity语音相似性 Free variant自由变体 Free variation自由变异
Contiguous assimilation临近同化 Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化 Regressive assimilation逆同化 Anticipatory assimilation先行同化 Progressive assimilation顺同化 Reciprocal assimilation互相同化 Coalescent assimilation融合同化 Partial assimilation部分同化 Epenthesis插音 Primary stress主重音 Secondary stress次重音 Weak stress弱重音 Stress group重音群 Sentence stress句子重音 Contrastive stress对比重音 Lexical stress词汇重音 Word stress词重音 Lexical tone词汇声调 Nuclear tone核心声调 Tonetics声调学
Intonation contour语调升降曲线 Tone units声调单位 Intonology语调学
Multilevel phonology多层次音系学 Monosyllabic word多音节词 Polysyllabic word单音节次 Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则
第三章 词汇
liaison连音
contracted form缩写形式 frequency count词频统计 a unit of vocabulary词汇单位 a lexical item词条 a lexeme词位 hierarchy层次性 lexicogrammar词汇语法 morpheme语素
nonomorphemic words单语素词 polymorphemic words多语素词 relative uninterruptibility相对连续性 a minimum free form最小自由形式 the maximum free form最大自由形式 variable words 可变词 invariable words不变词 paradigm聚合体
grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词
lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词
closed-class words封闭类词 opened-class words开放类词 word class词类 particles小品词 pro-form代词形式 pro-adjective(so)代形容词 pro-verb(do/did)代副词 pro-adverb(so)代动词
pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词 determiners限定词 predeterminers前置限定词 central determiners中置限定词 post determiners后置限定词 ordinal number序数词 cardinal number基数词 morpheme词素 morphology形态学 free morpheme自由词素 bound morpheme黏着词素 root词根 affix词缀 stem词干
root morpheme词根语素 prefix前缀 infix中缀 suffix后缀
bound root morpheme黏着词根词素 inflectional affix屈折词缀 derivational affix派生词缀 inflectional morphemes屈折语素 derivational morphemes派生语素 word-formation构词 compound复合词
endocentric compound向心复合词 exocentric compound离心复合词 nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词
adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词
verbal compound动词性复合词
synthetic compound综合性复合词 derivation派生词 morpheme语素 phoneme音位
morphonology形态语音学 morphophomemics形态音位学 morphemic structure语素结构 phonological structure音素结构 monosyllabic单音节 polysyllabic多音节
phonological conditioned音位的限制 morphological conditioned形态的限制
coinage/invention新创词语 blending混成法 abbreviation缩写法 acronym首字母缩写法
back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法 analogical creation类比构词法 borrowing借词法 loanword借词 loanblend混合借词 loanshift转移借词 loan translation翻译借词 loss脱落 addition添加 metathesis换位 assimilation同化
contact assimilation接触性同化 contiguous assimilation临近性同化 theory of least effort省力理论 non-contiguous assimilation非临近性同化
distant assimilation远距离同化 morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化
morphological change形态变化 syntactical change句法变化 finite element有定成分 semantic change语义变化 multisemous多种意义 broadening词义扩大 narrowing词义缩小 meaning shift词义转移 class shift词性变换 folk etymology俗词源
orthographic change拼写的变化 conversion变换/变码 domain范围/领域 meaning shift意义转移
split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语 clipping截断法 metanalysis再分化 finiteness定式
proximate(this)近指代词 obviative(that)远指代词
non-productivity/unproductive非多产性
semiotics符号学
paradigmatic relations聚合关系 associative relations联想关系 syntagmatic relations组合关系 sequential relations序列关系 logogram语标 register语域
passive vocabulary消极词汇 lexis/vocabulary词汇表
第四章 句法 number数 gender性 case格 nominative主格 vocative呼格 accusative兵格 genitive属格 dative与格 ablative离格 tense 时 aspect体 perfective完成体 imperfective未完成体
concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系
government支配关系 the governor支配者 the governed被支配者 signified能指 signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship组合关系 paradigmatic relationship聚合关系 associative relationship联想关系 animate noun有生名词 the two axes两根坐标坐标轴 immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法 linear structure线性结构 hierarchical structure层级结构 construction结构体 constituent成分 substituability替换性
labeled tree diagram标签树形图 endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构
exocentric construction离心结构 subordinate construction主从结构 coordinate construction并列结构 recapitulation再现 the declarative陈述句 the interrogative疑问句 dative movement与格移位 morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则 constituent morphemes成分规则 affix hopping词缀越位 nominalization名物化 object-deletion宾语删除 subject-deletion主语删除 categories语类 lexicon词库
temporal subject表时间的主语
syntactic limitation句法限制 standard theory标准理论 trace theory语迹理论 the same index带同标志 government管辖 binding约束
a rule system规则系统 a principle system原则系统 constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制 plain English普通英语 anaphor照应语 pronominal指代语
r-expression(referential-expression)指称语
INFL(inflection)形态变化 reciprocals(each other)相互代词 accessible subject可及主语 local domain局部语域 binding domain约束语域 logophoricity主人公视角 CS(computational system)计算系统 Merger合并 move移动 theme主位 rheme述位
empty subject空主语 objective order客观顺序 subjective order主观顺序
actual sentence division实义句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子观
communicative dynamism(CD)交际动力
bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法 representative function表达功能 expressive function表情功能 appellative/vocative function称呼功能 conative function意欲功能 poetic function诗学功能 ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能 textual function语篇功能 transitivity及物性 actor动作者
mood system语气系统
the finite verbal operator限定部分 residue剩余部分 indicative直陈语气 imperative祈使语气
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）
relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程
第四章 句法
number数 gender性 case格
nominative主格 vocative呼格 accusative兵格 genitive属格 dative与格 ablative离格 tense 时 aspect体 perfective完成体 imperfective未完成体
concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系
government支配关系 the governor支配者 the governed被支配者 signified能指 signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship组合关系 paradigmatic relationship聚合关系 associative relationship联想关系 animate noun有生名词 the two axes两根坐标坐标轴 immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法 linear structure线性结构 hierarchical structure层级结构 construction结构体 constituent成分 substituability替换性
labeled tree diagram标签树形图 endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构
exocentric construction离心结构 subordinate construction主从结构 coordinate construction并列结构 recapitulation再现 the declarative陈述句 the interrogative疑问句 dative movement与格移位 morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则 constituent morphemes成分规则 affix hopping词缀越位 nominalization名物化 object-deletion宾语删除 subject-deletion主语删除 categories语类 lexicon词库
temporal subject表时间的主语 syntactic limitation句法限制 standard theory标准理论 trace theory语迹理论 the same index带同标志 government管辖 binding约束
a rule system规则系统 a principle system原则系统
constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制 plain English普通英语 anaphor照应语 pronominal指代语
r-expression(referential-expression)指称语
INFL(inflection)形态变化 reciprocals(each other)相互代词 accessible subject可及主语 local domain局部语域 binding domain约束语域 logophoricity主人公视角 CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统 Merger合并 move移动 theme主位 rheme述位
empty subject空主语 objective order客观顺序 subjective order主观顺序
actual sentence division实义句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子观
communicative dynamism(CD)交际动力
bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法 representative function表达功能 expressive function表情功能 appellative/vocative function称呼功能 conative function意欲功能 poetic function诗学功能 ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能 textual function语篇功能 transitivity及物性 actor动作者
mood system语气系统
the finite verbal operator限定部分 residue剩余部分 indicative直陈语气 imperative祈使语气
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）
relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程
empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）mentalism心灵主义 new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)
priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派 Syntactic structure(SS)早期转换句法时期
Standard theory(ST)标准理论时期 Extended Standard theory(EST)扩展的标准理论
Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论
The theory of government and binding(GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）
Minimalist program(MP)最简方案时期
Structural description结构描写式 Performance system应用系统 Modular theory模块理论 Spell-out拼写
Language faculty语言机制/官能 Mental organ心智器官
Knowledge of language 语言知识 Meaning potential 意义潜势 Context culture 文化语境 Field语场 Tenor语旨 Mode语式 pivot words轴心词 mental construct心理构念
theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学
psychological faculty心理官能 autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism类型学功能主义
extreme functionalism极端的功能主义
external functionalism外部功能主义 integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义
exceptional case marking例外格标记 specifier标定成分
fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射
two-segment category两节语类 complement domain补足语区域 minimal domain最小区域 internal domain内部区域 checking domain检验区域 sisterhood姐妹关系
minimizing chain link最小语链联结 representational system表达系统 strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件 structure-preserving principle结构保存原则
C-commanding condition成分统领条件
articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统
conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统
interface conditions中介条件 full-interpretation完全解释原则
procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则
greed句法操作自利原则
the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则
the shortest movement principle最短移位原则 primary
complement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)
secondary complement(non-referential NP)二级补语位(非定指名词短语)empty category principle空范畴原则 aspect checking特征验证 aspect feature基本体貌特征 ASPP is functional projection.ASPP 是功能投射.crossing branch交叉分支
across the board extraction抽取跨界移动
principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法
head parameter中心语参数 logical form(LF)逻辑形式 phonetic form(PF)语音形式 spell-out拼读
phonological component音韵部分 overt component显性部分 covert component隐性部分 core computation核心运算
asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制
linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理
adjunction加接 determiner限定词 concatenate联结 linearization线性化
functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设 right-branching右向分支 X’(V,N,A,P)词项
X’’=XP=Xmax是X的二阶投射结构 Y’’=指示语specifier Z’’=补述语complement IP=屈折短语inflection phrase XP=general phrase structure CHL人类语言的运算系统=computational system for human language
LCA线性对应定理=linear correspondence axiom Xmin=X0=最小投射
第四篇：语言学名词解释
胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案 Define the following terms: 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2.function: the use of language to communicate, to think ,etc.Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential, differentiations, just as was often the case with phonetic vs.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually, but not necessarily, the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e.laying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, computational linguistics.16.competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.21.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22.Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24.Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26.Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.48.lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is ,those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.”contact” or ” contiguous” assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different.59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.61.concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such as the relation between, the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.68.surface structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69.c-command: one of the similarities, or of the more general features, in these two government relations, is technically called constituent command-command for short.70.government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis, or the starting point, of the utterance.71.communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles, which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done, by means of the interaction between one person and another..74.textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content.76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e.to talk about things in context.80.sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82.complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonym are complementary to each field completely, such as male, female, absent.83.gradable antonymy: members of this kind are gradable, such as long: short, big;small, fat;thin, etc.84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonym in that the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, such as buy;sell, lend, borrow, above, below, etc.85.relational opposites: converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other.The shorter, better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87.superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal, for example, there are cats, dogs, pigs, etc, 88.semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, e.g <+human> 89.compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90.selection restriction: semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take, e.g.regret requires a human subject.91.prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus, is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance, that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic: also predicate calculus, which studies the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory: language(sound, word, syntax, etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It assumes a “recognition lexicon” in which each word is represented by a full and independent” recognition element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully activated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97.frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98.inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition, from something someone has said, and so on.It includes things that, while not following logically, are implied, in an ordinary sense, e.g.in a specific context.99.immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.100.language perception: language awareness of things through the physical senses, esp, sight.
第五篇：语言学名词解释
语言学常识----语言学名词解释
名词解释。
1、语言学：①～是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；②从方法上分为历史…、比较…、历史比较…、描写…；从研究对象上可分为个别…和普通…；③19世纪初的历史比较学标志着语言学的诞生。
2、语文学：…是为给古代文化遗产——政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。
3、小学：指我国古代传统的文学学、音韵学和训诂学,虽然我国古代没有语文学，但一般认为…属于语文学的范围。
4、训诂：是解释字义和研究它的演变的一门学科，其目的是从词义方面来解释古书的文字。
5、专语语言学：以某种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学称为…。
＊共时语言学和历时语言学：根据语言体系的稳固和变化,把语言研究分为共时的和历时的研究,共时…研究的是在特定时期内相对稳固的语言体系,如对现代汉语的研究;历时…研究的则是描写语言体系的历史演变,如对汉语发展史的研究。
＊普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。
＊历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学称为…。＊比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的叫…。
6、表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。
7、语言：是从言语中概括出来的音义结合的词汇系统和语法系统。
＊言语：是说的行为和结果。＊说话：是人们运用语言工具表达思想所产生的结果。
8、语言层级性（二层性）：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节；上层分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。
＊语言的线条性：是指在交际过程中，语言符号或者作为符号的形式的声音，只能一个跟着一个依次出现，随着时间的推移而逐渐延伸，绝不能在同一时间里说出两个符号或两个声音。
＊任意性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，音义之间交没有必然的、本质的联系，也就是它们之间的结合是不可论证的，是约定俗成的。
＊依存性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。
9、语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。
＊语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。
10、思维：是人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程。根据思维活动的不同形态可分为三种类型：直观动作思维、形象思维、抽象思维。
11、社会：指生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文体传统的人类共同体，即一般所说的部落、部族和民族。
＊社会现象：指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。
12、符号：是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。
＊语言符号：又是由音义结合构成的，代表或指称现实现象的符号。
13、组合关系：词和词组合起来的语言链条关系叫…。
＊聚合关系：在语言链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的词具有某种相同的作用,它们自然地聚集成群,这种关系叫…。
14、语音：是由人类器官发出的能载负一定意义的声音；是人们赖以实现信息交际过程的物质材料。
15、音素：人类语言从音质角度划分的最小的语音单位。
音标：记录音素的标写符号。
国际音标：由《国际语音协会》1888年8月制订公布,被各国语言工作者采用的,不带民族特色的记录语音的语音符号。
16、基音·陪音：声音大都是由许多频率不同的纯音构成的复合波，其中频率最低的那个纯音叫基音，其它叫陪音。
乐音·噪音：基音的频率和陪音的频率之间总是保持一种整数倍的比例关系的声音，它的波形总是有规律的叫乐音；不具备整数倍关系，波形不规则的叫噪音。
共振峰：一个音的陪音经过共振腔时,一部分引起共振腔里空气的共振,从而得到强化的一簇陪音聚集而成的高峰叫…。
16、主动发音器官和被动发音器官：在发音器官中，有些如唇、舌、声带等是能够活动的叫主动～；有些如口腭等不能活动的叫被动。
17、音位：具体语言或方言里最小的能区别词的语音形式和意义的语音类型单位。音(质)段音位：以音素为材料，从音质角度来分析的音位叫…。
非音(质)段音位：有区别词的语音形式的作用的音高、音重、音长叫…。
音位体系：一种语言的音位总是以一定的方式互相独立而又互相联系，构成个完整的体系，叫…。
音位变体：属于同一音位的几个音素是这个音位的变异形式，叫…。
对立和互补：是语言里音与音之间的两种重要关系，是考察一个音素在具体语言中的作用的根据。彼此对立的音素,起着区别词的语音形式的作用；彼此相似而互补的音素，可能被语言社会当作同一个语音使用。
音位条件变体：各个音位变体出现条件受环境等条件的制约，叫…。
音位自由变体：音位之间的相互替换是自由的，没有条件限制，叫…。
18、语流音变：音位和音位组合的时候，或者由于受邻音的影响，或者由于说话时快慢、高低、强弱的不同，可能发生不同的变化，这种变化叫～。常见的～有同化、异化、弱化、脱落。
同化：语流中两个邻近的不同的音，其中一个受到另一个的影响而变得跟它相同或相近，叫…。
异化：语流中两个邻近的相同或相近的音，其中一个受到另一个的影响而变得不同或不相近，叫…。
弱化：语流中一个较强的音由于所处的地位或受邻音的影响而变成一个较弱的音，叫…。脱落：语流中有些较弱的或不重要的音在发音时丢失了，或者为了发音的方便而省去某些音，叫…。
19、音节：由音位组成的语音中最小的结构单位，也是听觉上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位。
音质：也叫音色，指声音的品质或个性。
区别特征：有区别音位的作用的发音特征叫～。
元音舌位图：四个极点围成一个四边形叫…，变更口腔的形状所能发出的绝大部分元音都在这个图的范围之内。
四呼：韵母按开头的元音发音口形可分为…。齐口呼：以/ i/为主要元音或介音；合口呼：以/u/为主要元音或介音；撮口呼：以/y /为主要元音或介音；开口呼：没有韵头而以/a o e /为韵母的主要元音。
20、语（词）素：语言中音义结合的最小单位，是不能独立运用的构词要素。
词：语言中能独立运用的最小单位。
词汇：一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定用语的总汇叫—…
基本词汇：词汇体系中，标志着与人们世世代代的日常生活有密切关系的事物的词以及表示事物关系的常用虚词的总汇叫…；…是词汇中的主要部分，具有常用性、稳固性、能产性等特点。
一般词汇：词汇中基本词汇以外的词构成…，其特点是变化迅速。缺少历史稳固性。词根：词的核心部分，词的意义主要是由它体现出来的。（词根和词缀叫构词语素）词干：一个词除去词尾的部分叫做…。
词缀：只能粘附在词根上构成新词的语素，它本身不能单独构成词。
词尾（变词语素）：加在词的末尾，只能改变一个词的形式，而不能构成新词。词组：实词与实词之间具有直接联系的相对独立的词群叫…。
句群：是由句子与句子组成的，具有相对独立性和完整性的，语法中的最大单位。单纯词：由一个词根语素（有的语言里加上词尾）构成的词叫…。
合成词：由两个或两个以上的构词语素组成的词叫…
复合词：词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的合成词叫…。
派生词：由词根语素和词缀组合起来构成的词叫…。
组合的递归性：因为语法的组合结构一层套一层，所以同样的结构规则尽可以重复使用而不致造成结构上的混乱叫…。
独体字和合体字：只有一个构字成分的字是独体字；有两个或两个以上构字成分的字是合体字。
通用--专用词：不受语体限制，能在各种语体通行无阻的词叫通用词；专用于不同语体的词叫专用词。
表情--非表情词：只指称事物、表达概念,并不附带说者对词所代表的事物的态度叫非表情词；附带说者态度的叫表情词。
21、语法意义：由词的语法关系产生的意义叫…。
词汇意义：由人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价，叫…。理性意义：以现实现象为基础，不涉及人们主观态度的词义，叫…。
本义：词的有历史可查的最初的意义叫…，它是产生其他意义的基础。
基本意义：词在语言长期使用中所固定下来的、最常见、最主要的意义叫…。
派生意义：由本义衍生出来的意义叫…。
隐喻和换喻：引申的两种方式。隐喻建立在两个意义所反映的现实现象的某种相似的基础上；换喻的基础是两类现实现象之间存在着某种联系。
转义：以词的本义来比喻另一事物，因而双转生出另一种意义，这就叫…。
单义词和多义词：一个词的意义可以只概括反映某一类现实现象，也可概括反映相互有联系的几类现象，前者叫单义词，后者叫多义词。
同义词和反义词：几个声音不同而意义相同或基本相同的词叫同义词；语言中意义相反的词
叫反义词。
22、语言意义：指语言体系中所固有的意义，特点是抽象、概括、多义、相对稳定。言语意义：指在特定的交际环境中，人们在使用语言交流思想时双方所理解的特定意义和临时意义，特点是个别、单义、多变。
23、语法形式：表达语法意义的外部形式。
语法范畴：由词的变化形式所表示的意义方面的聚合叫…。
语法方式：把表达语法意义的语法形式概括成的类别叫～。
24、语法：是词法和句法的汇集，包含词的构形、构词规则和词组合成句、名组合成句群的规则。
构词法：指在词根基础上按一这的构词规则创造新词的方法。
构形法：指以一个词为中心的多种变形来表示某种语法意义的方法。
24、词类：具体说是具有相同语法功能的一类词的集合，抽象地说是一组分布环境的总和。形态(词形变化)：同一个词与不同的词组合就不同的变化，这些不同的变化形成一个聚合叫…。
内部屈折：指词内部的语音形式的变化。
25、显性意义：通过词形变化、辅助词和词序所反映出来的各种语法关系叫～,分为陈述、支配、修饰、平行关系。
隐性意义：指隐藏在显性意义后面的各种语法关系，通常表现为“施事—动作和动作—施事”等关系。
26、上限结构和下限结构：单句与单句组合成复合句叫上限结构；下限结构即单句，包括非主谓句和主谓句，人称句和非人称句，名词句、动词句和形容词句。
27、直接成分：句子分析中，每一层中直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法单位的两个组成成分叫…。
句子成分分析法：从句法结构的关系意义出发，对句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫～，即用各种方法标出基本成分（主语、谓语、宾语）和次要成分（状语、补语）。
直接成分分析法：是对句法结构组合形式层次性的分析,把句子的各个部分不断地一分为二,直到不能再切为止。
28、孤立语：又叫词根语，缺乏词形变化；特点是词序严格、虚词重要、复合词多、派生词少；以汉语为代表。
粘着语：有丰富的词形变化，通过词本身形式的变化表示各种语法关系的语言；日语、为其代表。
屈折语：以词形变化作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言；特点是有丰富的词形变化来表示词与词之间的关系；以俄语、英语为代表。
复综语：又叫编插语，突出特点是分不出词和句子。词和句子合二为一，一个词的构成部分同时又是另一个词的组成部分，许多个成分互相编插组合在一起，难分你我。
29、句法同义和句法多义：几种句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义，叫句法同义；同一个句式所表示的几种不同的结构意义，叫句法多义。
30、语境：指使用语言时的环境。分为狭义和广义两种：狭义指书面语的上下文或口语的前言后语所形成的言语环境；后者是指言语表达时的具体环境（既可指具体场合、也可指社会环境）。
义素：对词的一个义项的语义特征进行分析以后得到的最小的语义单位。
义项：一个词往往有几个意义，每一个意义就是一个义项，在词典中表现为一个条目。义场：由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。
31、文字：标记语言的书写符号体系。
字母：拼音文字的最小书写单位。
表音文字：标记语言声音的文字叫…。
意音文字：同时兼采表意、表音两种方法的造字法。
象形文字：是记事图画简化的结果，是标记语言中词的初期的文字体系。
表意文字：通过图形或符号的组合来表达词或词素的意义的文字体系叫…。
自源文字：指从创立文字起就独立发展起来的文字。
借源文字：指借用或参照其他文字的形体或体系而建立起来的亭子。
32、社会变体：不同社会集团在言表达方式上的差异叫…，是言语社团的一种标志。风格变体：语言因使用场合的不同而表现出不同的的变异叫…。
社会方言：社会内部不同年龄、性别、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的一些变异叫…。
地域方言（方言）：是全民语言在不同地域上的分支。
亲属语言：从同一种语言分化出来的几种独立的语言，彼此有同源关系，叫…。
谱系分类：根据语言的亲属关系对语言所作的分类叫～；按亲属关系的亲疏远近分为语族、语支、语群。
34、意译词：用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成新词，把外语时某个词意义移植进来叫…。仿译词：用本族语言的材料逐一翻译原词的语素,不但把它的意义，而且把它的内部构成形式也转植过来叫…。
35、语言的融合：随着不同民族的接触或融合而产生的一种语言现象，指一种语言排挤和替代其他语言而成为不同民族的共同交际工具叫…。
语言分化：语言在发展过程中，一种语言逐渐分化成几种语言的状态叫…。
语言整化：指语言在发展过程中，几种语言或几种语言因素逐渐接近、统一起来叫…。语言混合：语言的语音系统和语义系统是几种言的混合，这种现象叫…。
36、共同语：又叫“通语”，它是一个民族或部族内部共同使用的语言。
民族交际语：在多民族的国家里，各民族间共同使用的语言叫…。
国际交际语：不同国家间由于交际的需要，选择一种或数种语言作为共同使用的交际工具，在国际会议上确定的不同国家间共同使用的语言叫…。
世界语：由波兰医生柴门霍夫在1887年创造的一种国际辅助语。
双语：指被融合民族的成员一般会讲两种语言：本族语和在融合中占优势的那种语言。洋径浜（皮钦语）：指当地人在和外来商人、水手、传教士等打交道的过程中一种变了形的外语。
混合语（克里奥耳语）：在一定条件下，洋泾浜也可能被社会采用为主要的交际工具，由孩子们作为母语来学习，洋泾浜就变成了…。
37、尖音和团音：汉语音韵学、方言学经常运用的两个术语；舌面前塞擦音、擦音与齐、撮二呼的组合叫团音；舌尖前塞擦音、擦音与齐、撮二呼的组合叫尖音；
历史比较法：根据语音对应关系，比较方言或亲属语言之间的差别来拟测原始“母语”的方法叫…。
类推：语法中有齐整划一的趋势和抗拒这种趋势的矛盾，前者是语法演变中经常起作用的力量叫～…
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