美国人常用的1500个单词 考研资料共享 搜集整理,学习资料 考研资料共享

第一篇：美国人常用的1500个单词 考研资料共享 搜集整理,学习资料 考研资料共享

美国人常用的1500个单词

（考研资料共享 搜集整理，学习资料 考研资料共享）

a or an [(1)one;(2)any;(3)each] Would you give me a sheet of paper?(1)A triangle has three sides.(2)He comes to see his grandmother once a week.(3)able [having the power to do something] Are you able to speak English?

about

[(1)almost;(2)of or having a relation to] He completed about half of his work.(1)We talk about the weather.(2)

above [at a higher place] His head was above the water.accept

[to agree to receive] Please accept my thanks.accident

[(1)something that happens by chance or mistake;(2)an unplanned event] She was injured in the accident.(1)We met again by accident after seventeen years had passed.(2)

accuse

[(1)to say a person is responsible for an act or crime;(2)to make a statement against someone] Her friend accused her of breaking his heart.(1)The lawyer accused the suspect of lying.(2)

across

[(1)from side to side;(2)to the other side] The box was ten centimeters across.(1)The dog ran across the road.(2)act

[to do something] He acted immediately to stop the fight.activist [one who seeks change through action] The activist worked hard to change the law.actor [someone acting in a play or show] That actor frightened me.add [(1)to put(something)with another to make it larger;(2)to say more] Please add my name to the list.(1)She told him to leave, but added that she would like to see him again.(2)

administration [the executive part of a government, usually headed by a president or prime minister] The new administration starts work in January.admit

[(1)to accept;(2)to express one's guilt or responsibility] When was the country admitted to the United Nations?(1)He admitted that what he did was wrong.(2)adult [a grown person] Only an adult can sign the document.advise [to help with information, knowledge or ideas in making a decision] Did you advise him to leave?

affect

[(1)to influence；(2)to produce an effect on] A lack of sleep affected the singer's performance.(1)Mr.Nutley's belief in my talent greatly affected my life.(2)

afraid [feeling fear] I am afraid of guns.after [(1)later;(2)behind] She arrived after the lesson started.(1)In the alphabet, B is after A.(2)

again [(1)another time;(2)as before] Sam played the song again.(1)I found my book in the same place again.(2)

against [(1)opposed to;(2)not agreeing with something] They marched against the war.(1)He agreed to most of the plan, but was against starting it now.(2)age [how old a person or thing is] The legal age for voting is eighteen.agency

[an organization that is part of a larger group] UNICEF is an agency of the United Nations.aggression [(1)an attack against a person or country;(2)the violation of a country's borders] The surprise attack was an act of aggression.(1)The country committed aggression when it crossed the border of the other country.(2)ago [(1)of time past;(2)before now] He was my friend long ago.(1)I saw her two years ago.(2)

agree [(1)to have the same belief as someone;(2)to be willing to do something] We agree about politics.(1)Both sides agree to meet again next week.(2)

agriculture [farming] John studied agriculture because he wanted to be a farmer.aid [(1)to help;(2)to support;(3)help, assistance] He offered to aid the victims of the fire.(1)Did you give money to aid the Democratic or the Republican candidate?(2)Congress voted to provide aid to the flood victims.(3)aim [(1)to point a gun at;(2)a goal or purpose] You cannot hit the target if you do not aim the gun.(1)The aim of the reformers is to improve government.(2)air [the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that we breathe] The air is clean in the mountains.air force [a military organization using airplanes] The air force wants more airplanes and missiles.airplane [a vehicle with wings that flies] I flew home on an airplane.airport [a place where airplanes take off and land] The airplane landed at the airport in Washington.album [a collection of recorded music] He recorded the song from an old record album.alcohol [a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used as a drug or in industrial products] The man fell because he drank too much alcohol.alive [(1)having life;(2)not dead] The flowers become alive in the spring.(1)The accident victim was seriously injured but is still alive.(2)all [(1)everything;(2)everyone;(3)the complete amount] She ate all that she wanted.(1)All were invited to speak on the proposal.(2)She spent all her money for a new car.(3)ally

[a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose] Britain is a military ally of the United States.almost [a little less than completely] My dog is almost five years old.alone [separated from others] Some people enjoy eating alone.along [near or on] We walked along the road.already [(1)before now;(2)even now] She was already there when we arrived.(1)It is already too late to take the train.(2)also [(1)added to;(2)too] Please bring me the fish dinner and coffee, and also some water.(1)She said she also wanted to go home.(2)

although [even if it is true that] Although he was tired, he kept walking.always [(1)at all times;(2)every time] This street is always busy.(1)We always study together.(2)

ambassador

[a nation's highest diplomatic representative(to another government)] Foreign ambassadors live in the capital city.amend [to add to or to change(a proposal or law)] The committee refused to amend its proposal.ammunition [the bullets or shells fired from guns] They could not fight without ammunition.among [in or part of(a group)] She was among the students who left the school.amount [the number, size or weight of anything] The doctor gave him only a small amount of medicine.anarchy [(1)a lack of order;(2)lawlessness] The peaceful protests blocked the streets and produced anarchy.(1)Anarchy resulted when the city could not stop the riots.(2)

ancestor [a family member from the past] My ancestors came from Switzerland in 1742.ancient [(1)very old;(2)long ago] Scientists discovered the ancient knife in a cave.(1)They read the Iliad while studying ancient Greece.(2)and

[(1)also;(2)in addition to;(3)with] My dog likes to run and jump.(1)Five and three equal eight.(2)Do you like rice and black beans?(3)

anger [a strong emotion against someone or something] The protester's voice was full of anger.animal [a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat] The kangaroo is a strange animal.anniversary [a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in the past] When is your wedding anniversary?

announce [(1)to make known publicly;(2)to declare officially] Who announced the VOA news last night?(1)The president announced a tax cut.(2)

another [(1)one more;（2）a different one] May I have another kiss?(1)Let's do this another way.(2)answer [(1)a statement produced by a question;(2)to make a statement after being asked a question] That was my final answer.(1)She answered the question with a smile.(2)any [one or more of no special kind] I do not have any plans to leave town.apologize [to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one accepts responsibility] Do not apologize for someone else's mistake.appeal [(1)to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision;(2)to call on somebody for help] I have appealed the decision to a higher court.(1)The aid organization appealed for more food and water for flood victims.(2)

appear [(1)to show oneself;(2)to come into sight;(3)to seem] The actor appeared on television for the first time.(1)The ship appeared as the fog lifted.(2)The farmer appeared to be very tired.(3)

appoint [(1)to name;(2)to choose] The owner appointed John to head the new business.(1)The president can appoint a judge to the new court.(2)

approve [(1)to agree with;(2)to agree to support] The bank approved my loan.(1)I approve of your proposal.(2)

archeology [the scientific study of past human life and activities] He studied archeology in college.area [any place or part of it] My friend lives in this area.argue [(1)to offer reasons for or against something;(2)to dispute;(3)to disagree] The President argued for more aid to schools.(1)They argued all day but could not find agreement.(2)George and Al love to argue about politics.(3)arms [(1)military equipment;(2)weapons] The rebels got most of their arms by taking them from soldiers.(1)We are very concerned about the spread of nuclear arms.(2)

army [military ground forces] The army fights on the ground.around [on every side(of)] She drove around in her new car.arrest [(1)to seize a person for legal action;(2)to take as a prisoner] The judge ordered police to arrest him because he refused to come to court.(1)The police arrested the violent demonstrators.(2)

arrive [to come to a place, especially at the end of a trip] The president arrived in Tokyo for an official visit.art [expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings, music, writing or statues] Much of the art included paintings stolen during World War II.artillery [big guns] Artillery destroyed most of the buildings in the town.as [(1)equally;(2)when;(3)while] The wild fire spread as fast as the wind behind it.(1)As he heard the gunshot, he looked at his watch and saw it was almost five o'clock.(2)

He watched the animal as it ran across the field.(3)ash

[the part left after something burns] Only ashes were left when the fire passed.ask [(1)to question;(2)to say something is wanted] We ask the teacher questions every day.(1)The candidate asked the people for their votes.(2)

assist [to help] The doctor asked the medical student to assist him.astronaut [a person who travels in space] Astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.astronomy [the scientific study of stars and the universe] I study astronomy because I like to look at stars.asylum [political protection given by a government to a person from another country] The refugee asked for political asylum.at [(1)in or near;(2)where;(3)when] She saw the bear at the edge of the forest.(1)Look at the bear.(2)We must go home at noon.(3)

atmosphere [the gases surrounding any star or planet] The atmosphere of Venus is mostly water and carbon dioxide.attach [(1)to tie together;(2)to connect] Please attach this name card to your coat.(1)He attached himself to our group.(2)

attack [(1)a violent attempt to damage, injure or kill;(2)to start a fight]

The war started with a rebel attack on government troops at Charleston, South Carolina.(1)Several men attacked him on the street.(2)

attempt [(1)to work toward something;(2)to try;(3)to make an effort] He attempted to change his life one step at a time.(1)Do not attempt to drive through the flood waters.(2)You will never write your book if you do not attempt it.(3)

attend [to be present at] The president will attend the meeting.automobile [(1)a vehicle with wheels used to carry people;(2)a car] Is a bus an automobile?(1)Who invented the automobile?(2)

autumn [the time of the year between summer and winter] The trees of autumn are bright red and yellow.average [(1)something(a number)representing the middle;(2)common;(3)normal] The average of daily high temperatures in Washington in January is zero degrees, Celsius.(1)The average amount spent for lunch was two dollars.(2)John is an average student.(3)

avoid [to stay away from] Avoid meat and milk products to prevent a heart attack.awake [not sleeping] The storm kept everyone awake for hours.award [an honor or prize for an act or service] Last night, we saw the movie that won the best picture award.away [not near] The old man came from far away, but his home is here now. baby [a newly born creature] Mary had a baby last night.back [(1)the part behind the front;(2)the other way from forward] The writer's picture is on the back of the book.(1)She stopped walking away and looked back at me.(2)bad [(1)wrong;(2)acting against the law;(3)not good] Bill made a bad decision.(1)The prisoner was a bad man for most of his life.(2)The water was dirty and had a bad taste.(3)

balance [to make two sides or forces equal] I balanced my budget by not spending more than I earned.ball [something round] The earth is shaped like a ball.balloon [a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas lighter than air] Many hot air balloons race in New Mexico each year.ballot [a piece of paper used for voting] I was asked to count the ballots and announce the winner.ban [(1)to not permit;(2)to stop;(3)an official restriction] Running is banned at our swimming pool.(1)The curfew bans all night time travel.(2)The protestors called for a ban on smoking in public buildings.(3)bank [an organization that keeps and lends money] The man said he robbed banks because that is where the money is.bar [to prevent or block] He was barred from competing in the games because he used illegal drugs.barrier [anything that blocks or makes an action difficult] The voting rights law removes most racial barriers to voting.base [(1)a military center;(2)to establish as a fact] My brother is at a military training base.(1)Her research was based on experiments.(2)

battle [a fight between opposing armed forces] Southern forces won the battle but lost the war.be [(1)to live;(2)to happen;(3)to exist] The man is very sick and will not be here much longer.(1)The wedding will be soon.(2)Washington, D.C., has been the capital for 200 years.(3)

beat

[to hit again and again] The prison guards denied they beat the prisoner.beauty [that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit] All fell silent at the beauty of the mountains.because [for the reason that]

He left because he was sick.become [to come to be] When did he become sick? bed [a sleeping place] The bed was so hard that I could not sleep.before [earlier] Bill ate before he went to work.begin [(1)to do the first part of an action;(2)to start] He began to laugh when he saw me.(1)A long walk begins with one step.(2)

behind [(1)at the back of;(2)in back of] Our fastest runner was far behind the leader.(1)I live behind that hill.(2)

believe [(1)to think;(2)to feel sure of;(3)to accept as true;(4)to trust] I believe it may rain tonight.(1)Jim believes his friend is a good writer.(2)The lawyer believed the suspect's statement.(3)We believe in God.(4)

bell [an instrument that makes a musical sound] Jim says he likes the sound of a church bell.belong [(1)to be owned by;(2)to be a member of] That book belongs to my sister.(1)My brother belongs to the Boy Scouts.(2)

below [lower than] The temperature outside is below freezing.best [the most good] All of our singers are good but Lisa is best.betray [(1)to turn against;(2)to be false to] The spy betrayed his country.(1)The boy betrayed his mother's trust in him.(2)

better [more good than] Zach is a better baseball player than Al.between [(1)in the space or time that separates;(2)from one to the other] I would like to meet with you between two and three o'clock.(1)Secret talks between the two nations produced an agreement.(2)big [(1)of great size;(2)not small] Texas is a big state.(1)Melissa was a big baby.(2)bill [a legislative proposal] To become law, a bill must be approved by both houses of Congress and signed by the President.biology [the scientific study of life or living things in all their forms] My school requires one year of study each of biology, physics and chemistry.bird [a creature that flies] I watched the bird fly away until I could no longer see it.bite [to cut with the teeth] My dog sounds aggressive but he will not bite you.black [(1)dark;(2)having the color like that of the night sky] I first saw him on a black and stormy night.(1)The doctor arrived in a big black car.(2)

blame [(1)to accuse;(2)to hold responsible] The police blamed him for the crime.(1)Don't blame me for your bad decision.(2)

blanket [a cloth cover used to keep warm] The flood refugees needed food and warm blankets.bleed [to lose blood] Do you know how to stop your nose from bleeding?

blind [not able to see] Being blind did not keep him from becoming a famous singer.block [(1)to stop something from being done;(2)to prevent movement] He blocked any attempt to become friends.(1)A truck accident blocked the road for an hour.(2)

blood [red fluid in the body] A blood test is usually part of a yearly medical examination.blow [to move with force, as in air] The wind blows the autumn leaves.blue [having the color like that of a clear sky] My son has blue eyes.boat [something built to travel on water that carries people or goods] I like to fish from a boat.body [(1)all of a person or animal;(2)the remains of a person or animal] Exercise can improve anyone's body.(1)Police found five bodies buried beneath the house.(2)boil [to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot] Boil one cup of water, add frozen vegetables and cook for five minutes.bomb [(1)a device that explodes with great force;(2)to attack or destroy with bombs] The bomb exploded outside the building.(1)The warplanes bombed enemy missile launchers.(2)bone [the hard material in the body] The girl broke a bone in her wrist when she fell.book [a long written work for reading] The professor has written six books about East Asia.border [a dividing line between nations] Many new factories have been built across the border in Mexico.(be)born [(1)to come to life;(2)to come into existence] When were you born?(1)The American Revolution was born in Massachusetts.(2)

borrow [to take as a loan] The bank refused to let me borrow any more money.both [not just one of two, but the two together] Both of us were educated at the University of Virginia.bottle [a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid] He drank the last bottle of water.bottom [the lowest part of something] The damaged submarine is still at the bottom of the ocean.box [something to put things into] Put the old books in that box.boy [a young male person] The boys played together after school.boycott [to refuse to take part in or deal with] The farm workers union called for a boycott of vegetables picked by foreign workers.brain [the control center of thought, emotions and body activity of all creatures] Scientists continue to discover new information about the chemistry of the brain.brave [having no fear] Leaving home was a brave decision.bread [a food made from grain] We have bread at every meal.break [(1)to divide into parts by force;(2)to destroy] The glass broke into many pieces.(1)Years of hard work broke his health, but it did not break his spirit.(2)

breathe [to take air into the body and let it out again] Breathe deeply before you begin your speech.bridge [a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so people and vehicles can cross from one side to the other] The city needs a new bridge across the river.brief [(1)short;(2)not long] Many people wish to speak, so please keep your comments brief.(1)The car slowed down briefly, then speeded up.(2)

bright [(1)giving much light;(2)strong and clear in color] Bright sunlight hurts my eyes.(1)The new grass is bright green.(2)

bring [to come with something] Sam will bring Tracy to the party.broadcast [(1)to send information, stories or music by radio or television;(2)a radio or television program] VOA broadcasts the news in Special English.(1)

The Special English broadcast can be heard almost everywhere.(2)

brother [a male with the same father or mother as another person] I have three brothers, but no sisters.brown [having the color like that of coffee] Richard has brown hair and brown eyes.budget [a spending plan] Congress decided to add money to the education budget.build [to join materials together to make something] Tim plans to build a house for his dog.building [anything built for use as a house, factory, office, school, store or place of entertainment] My office is in that building next to the hotel.bullet [a small piece of metal shot from a gun] The bullet hit the exact center of the target.burn [(1)to be on fire;(2)to destroy or damage by fire] The candles burned brightly enough for me to read the book.(1)The wildfire burned much of the forest.(2)burst [to break open suddenly] The dam burst and sent a wall of water rushing down the valley.bury [to put into the ground and cover with earth] Where do you think they buried the treasure? bus [a public vehicle to carry people] Ride the A-17 bus to 4th and Independence Avenue.business [(1)one's work;(2)buying and selling to earn money;(3)trade] My business is writing radio programs.(1)The Internet is creating many new markets for business.(2)I have done business with that company for many years.(3)busy [(1)doing something;(2)very active] Are you busy now?(1)George was very busy this morning with an emergency case.(2)but [(1)however;(2)other than;(3)yet] She knew who called but I did not know.(1)The boy ate nothing but candy.(2)Jean was tired but she could not get to sleep.(3)buy [to get by paying something, usually money] Where did Lila buy those great clothes?

by [(1)near;at;(2)next to;(3)from;(4)not later than] Please sit here by me.(1)They walked by the river.(2)They performed a play by William Shakespeare.(3)Her mother said that she had to be home by midnight.(4)

cabinet [a group of ministers that helps lead a government] The President meets every week with his cabinet.call [(1)to give a name to;(2)to ask for or request] I call myself John.(1)They called for an end to the fighting.(2)calm [(1)quiet;(2)peaceful;(3)opposite of tense] The calm crowd waited for the president to speak.The city was calm after two days of rioting.Can you remain calm in a tense situation?(3)

camera [a device for taking pictures] Your camera takes very good pictures.camp [a place with temporary housing] The refugee camp provides temporary shelter, food and medical care.campaign [(1)a competition by opposing political candidates seeking support from voters;(2)a connected series of military actions during a war] Presidential campaigns are much too long and cost too much.(1)The Allied campaigns won the war in Europe and Asia.(2)can [(1)to be able to;(2)to have the right to;(3)a container used to hold liquid or food, usually made of metal] The two sides can meet on Tuesday.(1)I can live anywhere I wish in this country because that is my right.(2)I bought three cans of vegetables at the food store.(3)

cancel [(1)to end;(2)to stop] Who cancelled the agreement?(1)Mary cancelled her plans to have a party next week.(2)

cancer [a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts of the body] Scientists continue to find better ways to treat many kinds of cancer.candidate [a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor] Each political party has nominated a candidate for president.capital [(1)the official center of a government;(2)the city where a country's government is] The capital of the government is in Washington.(1)Washington is the capital of the United States.(2)

capitalism [an economic system in which the production of most goods and services is owned and operated for profit by private citizens or companies] In the United States, capitalism has produced the world's strongest economy.capture [(1)to make a person or animal a prisoner;(2)to seize or take by force;(3)to get control of] Police captured the terrorist before he could explode the bomb.(1)Rebel forces captured the city.(2)Democrats won the election and captured control of Congress.(3)car [(1)a vehicle with wheels used to carry people;(2)an automobile;(3)a part of a train] Electric street cars were replaced with buses many years ago.(1)Fred's and Martha's new car will carry six people.(2)That train has 57 flat cars and 12 box cars.(3)

care [(1)to like;(2)to protect;(3)to feel worry or interest] Jim told Laura that he cared for her and would like to see her again.(1)His mother told him to take care of his younger brother.(2)Would you care if I borrowed your car?(3)

careful [(1)acting safely;(2)with much thought] Please be careful when you drive.(1)He was careful to choose exactly the right words.(2)

carry [to take something or someone from one place to another] Would you carry this bag for me, please?

case(court)[a legal action] The judge will call your case next.case(medical)[an incident of disease] There was only one case of chicken pox at the school.cat [a small animal that often lives with humans] My cat climbed that tree and is afraid to come down.catch [(1)to seize after a chase;(2)to stop and seize with the hands] He runs so fast that no one can catch him.(1)Catch the ball and throw it back to me.(2)

cause [(1)to make happen;(2)the thing or person that produces a result] Too much rain caused the flood.(1)The cause of the flood was too much rain.(2)

ceasefire [a halt in fighting, usually by agreement] The ceasefire stopped the fighting.celebrate [to honor a person or event with special activities] I think we should have a party to celebrate your birthday.center [(1)the middle of something;(2)the place in the middle;(3)a place that is the main point of an activity] There was a hole in the center of the target.(1)The chair sat at the center of the room.(2)The experts checked the nuclear center for radiation leaks.(3)

century [one hundred years] This is the first year of the 21st century.ceremony [an act or series of acts done in a special way established by tradition] The new president took the oath of office at the inaugural ceremony in front of the capitol.chairman [a person leading a meeting or an organized group] The party chairman led the meeting.champion [(1)the best;(2)the winner] John is a champion swimmer.(1)The New York Yankees were the champions of professional baseball in the first year of the new century.(2)

chance [a possibility of winning or losing or that something will happen] We have a good chance of getting home before dark.change [(1)to make different;(2)to become different] Will you change your decision?(1)His voice changed last year.(2)

charge [(1)to accuse someone of something, usually a crime;(2)a statement in which someone is accused of something] She was charged with stealing a car.(1)The charge was false.(2)

chase [to run or go after someone or something] The dog chased the cat around the house.cheat [(1)to get by a trick;(2)to steal from] He cheated on the history examination.(1)The dishonest lawyer became rich by cheating the people that he represented.(2)

cheer [to shout approval or praise] The crowd cheered every time their team scored.chemicals [(1)elements found in nature or made by people;(2)substances used in the science of chemistry] Oxygen and hydrogen are the chemicals that form water.(1)Do you read the list of chemicals listed in the foods you eat?(2)

chemistry [the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how they act under different conditions, and how they form other substances] How many years did you study chemistry?

chief [(1)the head or leader of a group;(2)leading;(3)most important] Mr.Thompson is the new chief of our tax office.(1)The chief cause of lung cancer is smoking.(2)The chief reason he got the job was his experience with tax issues.(3)child [(1)a baby;(2)a boy or girl] The child was born with the disease.(1)Every child, boy or girl, should have an equal chance to succeed.(2)

children [more than one child] Sixty children were chosen to go to a camp in the mountains.choose [to decide between two or more] You may choose one meat and three vegetables from the lunch list.circle [a closed shape that has all its points equally distant from the center, like an “O”] The settlers put their wagons in a circle to defend against the attack.citizen [a person who is a member of a country by birth or by law] Every citizen is expected to vote.city [any important large town] I lived in a small town as a child, but now I live in a city.civilian [not military] Many civilians were killed in the attack on the town.civil rights

[the political, economic and social rights given equally to all people of a nation] The law protects the civil rights of all citizens.claim [to say something as a fact] He claimed that his opponent lied about his activities as a student leader.clash [(1)a battle;(2)to fight or oppose] Ten protesters were injured in the clash with police.(1)Angry farmers blocked roads and clashed with soldiers.(2)

clean [(1)to make pure;(2)free from dirt or harmful substances]

Please clean your room.(1)Too many people around the world do not have clean water to drink.(2)clear [(1)easy to see or see through;(2)easily understood] Clear water is not always safe to drink.(1)He won the debate because his arguments were clear to almost everyone.(2)

clergy [a body of officials within a religious organization] Many in the clergy supported the reforms proposed by the rebels.climate [the normal weather conditions of a place] Many retired people like to spend the winter in the warm climate of Florida.climb [to go up or down something by using the feet and sometimes the hands] The firemen climbed ladders to rescue people living above the ground floor.clock [a device that measures and shows time] I was late for work because my clock stopped.close [(1)to make something not open;(2)near to] Please close the window before you come to bed.(1)Stay close to me in this big crowd.(2)cloth [a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and other substances] I feel cooler in summer when I wear shirts made of cotton cloth.clothes [what people wear] Be sure to bring enough clothes for two weeks.cloud [a mass of fog high in the sky] Clouds like those usually mean rain will come soon.coal [a solid black substance used as fuel] Much of our electricity is produced by plants that burn coal as fuel.coalition [forces, groups or nations joined together] The country is led by a coalition government of three parties.coast [land on the edge of the ocean] The storm caused high waves and flooding along much of the Atlantic coast.coffee [a drink made from the plant of the same name] People in Seattle drink lots of coffee.cold [(1)not warm;(2)having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature] The water is too cold for swimming.(1)This has been a cold winter, with much ice and snow.(2)

collect [(1)to bring or gather together in one place;(2)to demand and receive] The driver collected the children after school and brought them home.(1)Your employer collects taxes for the government every time you are paid.(2)

college [a small university] Have you decided where you will attend college?

colony [land controlled by another country or government] Hong Kong is no longer a British colony.color [the different effects of light on the eye, making blue, red, brown, black, yellow and others] I love the bright colors of the autumn leaves.combine [to mix or bring together] The new organization combines radio and television broadcasting.come [(1)to move toward;(2)to arrive] Jan is coming home for the holidays.(1)The two sides came together on a settlement after long and detailed negotiations.(2)

command [(1)to order;(2)to have power over something] The general commanded the army to move against the enemy.(1)The President commands all the military forces.(2)

comment [(1)to say something about;(2)to express an opinion about something] Mr.President, please comment about the increased number of terrorist attacks.(1)He commented about the writers who criticized his new book.(2)

committee [a group of people given special work] The committee met three times to decide who should get the special award.common [(1)usual;(2)same for all] He liked to call himself a common man.(1)The allies united for a common purpose: to win the war.(2)

communicate [(1)to tell;(2)to give or exchange information] The chairman communicated that he was not happy with the proposed agreement.(1)Because we communicate well, we understand each other's situation.(2)

community [a group of people living together in one place or area] Our community includes people from many other countries.company [a business organized for trade, industrial or other purposes] My friend started an Internet company to repair and sell old musical instruments.compare [to examine what is different or similar] We urge you to compare the price and quality of our products with those of our competitors.compete [to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others] The Internet lets companies compete almost anywhere in the world.complete [(1)having all parts;(2)ended or finished] I have a complete set of recordings by the Beatles.(1)We completed all the work yesterday.(2)

complex [(1)of or having many parts that are difficult to understand;(2)not simple]

The trade agreement is the result of some very complex negotiations.(1)It may seem simple, but it is really complex.(2)

compromise [the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to accept less than first demanded] Compromise may not be possible in that dispute.computer [an electronic machine for storing and organizing information, and for communicating with others] Computers are a necessary tool for managing a business.concern [(1)interest, worry;(2)to fear] The president expressed concern about the continuing violence.(1)He said he is especially concerned that the fighting will spread to other countries.(2)

condemn [to say a person or action is wrong or bad]

The senators condemned the man for refusing to answer their questions.condition

[(1)something declared necessary to complete an agreement;(2)a person's health] The conditions for his resignation included a ten million dollar payment.(1)The doctor said the examination showed that Gary was in excellent condition.(2)

conference [a meeting] I seemed to spend my days going from one conference to another.confirm [(1)to approve;(2)to say that something is true] The senate confirmed the appointment of the new Agriculture Secretary.(1)The candidate confirmed the report that he was ending his campaign.(2)

conflict [(1)a fight;(2)a battle, especially a long one]

We had a conflict about politics.(1)The long conflict finally ended with a ceasefire, not a peace treaty.(2)

congratulate [to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck] I congratulate you for getting the highest score on the history test.Congress [(1)the organization of people elected to make the laws of the United States(the House of Representatives and the Senate);(2)a similar organization in other countries] The President's party did not win control of either house of Congress.(1)Five members of Mexico's Congress are in Washington to discuss trade issues.(2)

connect [(1)to join one thing to another;(2)to unite;(3)to link] If you connect this wire to the red one, the green light will turn on.(1)The two streams connect to form a river that flows through Greenlow City.(2)The policeman said the two crimes are connected.(3)

conservative [one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change] William is a conservative about social issues.consider [(1)to give thought to;(2)to think about carefully] Jack is considering what to give Amy for her birthday.(1)The head of my office said he would consider my ideas for a more effective sales campaign.(2)

constitution [the written general laws and ideas that form a nation's system of government] How do the laws provide for making changes in the constitution?

contain [(1)to hold;(2)to include] The bottle contains one quart of milk.(1)＊one liquid quart = 0.9463 liter（米）

The paint in that old house contains a dangerous amount of lead.(2)

container [a box, bottle or can used to hold something] More juice is sold in plastic containers than in glass bottles.continent [any of the seven great land areas of the world] Did you know that long ago all the continents were joined together? continue [to go on doing or being] The governor said he would continue to fight for justice.control [(1)to direct;(2)to have power over] Who controls the daily work of the company.(1)The chairman of the transportation committee controls all the spending for transportation projects.(2)

convention [a large meeting for a special purpose] Political parties hold conventions to choose presidential and vice presidential candidates.cook [to heat food before eating it] Helen will cook spaghetti with meat sauce tonight.cool [almost cold] My coffee is cool.Would you warm it for me, please?

cooperate [to act or work together] If we cooperate on this work, we will finish more quickly.copy [(1)to make something exactly like another;(2)something made to look exactly like another] Joseph can copy that document for us.(1)This copy is so bad I cannot read it.(2)corn [a food grain] Scientists are worried because genetically-changed corn got into food supplies for people.correct [(1)true;(2)free from mistakes;(3)to change to what is right] That is the correct date of the election.(1)That sales agreement is correct.(2)Did you correct that script?(3)cost [(1)the price or value of something;(2)to be valued at] The cost of the book is five dollars.(1)The book costs five dollars.(2)

cotton [a material made from a plant of the same name] Most clothes are made of cotton.count [to speak or add numbers] Her child learned to count by watching Sesame Street on television.country [(1)a nation;(2)the territory of a nation;(3)land away from cities] English is one of the languages of his country.(1)Much of the country in the West is desert.(2)My family had a farmhouse in the country, not too far from the city.(3)

court [(1)where trials take place;(2)where judges make decisions about law] We have to give evidence in court today.(1)The appeals court is considering mistakes made in his trial.(2)

cover [(1)to put something over a person or thing;(2)anything that is put over a person or thing] Please cover the food left from dinner.(1)Put your name on the front cover of your book.(2)cow [a farm animal used for its milk] He must pump the milk from his cows every morning and evening.crash [(1)to fall violently;(2)to hit with great force] The airplane crashed into the mountain.(1)The two cars crashed into each other.(2)

create [(1)to make;(2)to give life or form to] She created a beautiful poem.(1)The Declaration of Independence says all men are created equal.(2)

creature [(1)any living being;(2)any animal or human] A microscope can show a great many living creatures in a drop of water.(1)People are learning how to live peacefully with other creatures.(2)

credit [an agreement that payments will be made at a later time] With this card I can use credit to buy things today and pay for them next month.crew [a group of people working together] Ten members of the ship's crew were injured by the explosion.crime [an act that violates a law] Telling a lie to the court is a crime.criminal [a person who is responsible for a crime] The organization tries to find jobs for criminals released from prison.crisis [(1)an extremely important time when something may become much better or worse;(2)a dangerous situation] During a middle age crisis, people often make changes in their life.(1)The Cuban missile crisis in the 1960s almost caused a nuclear war.(2)

criticize [(1)to say what is wrong with something or someone;(2)to condemn;(3)to judge] His teacher criticized him for not completing his report.(1)The judge criticized the man for his evil acts and sentenced him to spend twenty years in prison.(2)Her editor asked her to criticize a new book about ancient Egypt.(3)

crops [plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as grains, fruits and vegetables] The major crops in this area are corn and soybeans.cross [(1)to go from one side to another;(2)to go across] The mother holds her child's hand when they cross the street.(1)This ship crosses the ocean in five days.(2)

crowd [a large number of people gathered in one place] A large crowd gathered to watch the show.crush [(1)to damage or destroy by great weight;(2)to defeat completely] The falling tree crushed the house.(1)

The T.C.Williams High School football team crushed every team it played that year.(2)cry [to express or show sorrow or pain] The thought of never seeing her again made him cry.culture [all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or population] Her Western culture and my Eastern culture made our lives exciting.cure [(1)to improve health;(2)to make well;(3)something that makes a sick person well] Living more simply and eating plain food cured most of her health problems.(1)The doctor can cure the disease.(2)Antibiotics are a cure for infection.(3)

curfew [an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their businesses] The streets were empty every night after the ten o'clock curfew.current [(1)movement of air, water or electricity;(2)belonging to the present] The current slows down in this wide part of the river.(1)She found the report in a current publication.(2)

custom [a long-established belief or activity of a people]

It is our custom to go to church on Sunday mornings.customs [taxes on imports] I like to buy items in the custom-free store because there are no taxes to pay on the purchase.cut [(1)to divide or injure with a sharp tool;(2)to make less;(3)to reduce] She cut her finger while using the bread knife.(1)The labor strike cut the company's production by 60 percent.(2)Congress cut foreign aid spending.(3)

dam [a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water]

The dam burst after a week of rain.damage [(1)to cause injury or destruction;(2)harm;(3)hurt or injury, usually to things] The boy damaged his toys by throwing them against the wall.(1)The storm caused a lot of damage to crops.(2)Hitting the tree did serious damage to my car.(3)

dance [(1)to move the body and feet to music;(2)a series of steps, usually to music] Will you dance with me?(1)Do you know how to do the chicken dance?(2)

danger [a strong chance of suffering injury, damage or loss] Some people enjoy the danger of rock climbing or sky diving.dark [having little or no light] The room was dark.date [a day, month and year] Today's date is September 10, 2000.daughter [a person's female child] Tommy is going to the movies with Helen's daughter.day [(1)twenty-four hours;(2)the hours of sunlight] I plan to be away from home for ten days.(1)Alan works at night and sleeps during the day.(2)dead [not living] The number of dead and injured in the rioting is not yet known.deaf [not able to hear] The deaf man could not hear what you said.deal [(1)to have to do with;(2)to buy or sell]

The talks will deal with the problem of pollution.(1)Her company deals in plastic.(2)

debate [(1)to argue for or against something;(2)a public discussion or argument] The two candidates debated for one and a half hours on nationwide television.(1)Which candidate do you think won the debate?(2)debt [(1)something that is owed;(2)the condition of owing] The bank will want a list of all your debts before it considers your loan request.(1)I owe a great debt to my family for all they did for me.(2)

decide [(1)to choose;(2)to settle;(3)to judge] Which of the two books did you decide to read?(1)Jay and I agreed that we would decide our dispute.(2)The judge decided that the accused man was not guilty.(3)

declare [(1)to say;(2)to make a statement] Jane declared that she never wanted to see him again.(1)The United States declared its independence from Britain on July 4, 1776.(2)

decrease [to make less in size or amount] Technology helped the farmer to decrease his use of electricity.deep [(1)going far down;(2)a long way from top to bottom] The diver went deep into the ocean.(1)The ocean was very deep where the ship went down.(2)

defeat [to cause to lose in a battle or struggle;(2)a loss;(3)the condition of having lost] The House of Representatives defeated the President's request for more money for health care.(1)It was the first defeat for the White House on health care spending.(2)The defeat kills efforts to expand the health care system.(3)

defend [(1)to guard or fight against attack;(2)to protect] The soldiers fought hard to defend the city from the invaders.(1)How can you defend what he did?(2)

deficit [a shortage that results when spending is greater than earnings, or imports are greater than exports]

The President and the Congress worked together to reduce the budget deficit.define [(1)to give the meaning of;(2)to explain] Today, I want you to define all the words on this list.(1)Please define how the new system will work.(2)

degree [a measure of temperature] The temperature outside is two degrees, Celsius.delay [(1)to decide to do something at a later time;(2)to postpone;(3)to cause to be late] Let us delay dinner until we finish this work.(1)The meeting will be delayed until ten o'clock tomorrow morning.(2)The snowstorm delayed my arrival.(3)

delegate [(1)one sent to act for another;(2)one who represents another] The President named the Vice President to be his chief delegate at the trade talks.(1)The elected state assembly in Virginia is called the House of Delegates.(2)

demand [(1)to ask by ordering;(2)to ask with force] His wife demanded that he paint the windows.(1)The law demands that we pay our taxes on time.(2)

democracy [the system of government in which citizens vote to choose leaders or to make other important decisions] The United States has been a representative democracy for more than two hundred years.demonstrate [(1)to make a public show of opinions or feelings;(2)to explain by using examples]

The crowd demonstrated in support of human rights.(1)The teacher demonstrated the idea with an experiment.(2)

denounce [(1)to accuse of being wrong or evil;(2)to criticize severely] The war crimes court denounced the general for murder and other evil acts.(1)The candidate denounced the newspaper report about his arrest.(2)deny [(1)to declare that something is not true;(2)to refuse a request] The mayor denied the report that he had taken illegal payments.(1)

The appeals court denied the woman's request for a new trial.(2)

depend [to need help and support] I depend on my friends for emotional support.deplore [(1)to regret strongly;(2)to express sadness] The United Nations deplored the latest violence in the Middle East.(1)The President deplored the deaths in the ship explosion.(2)

deploy [to move forces or weapons into positions for action] The general deployed his forces along the border.depression [(1)severe unhappiness;(2)a period of reduced business and economic activity during which many people lose their jobs] The doctor gave her medicine for her depression.(1)The latest economic depression in the United States happened a long time ago.(2)

describe [(1)to give a word picture of something;(2)to give details of something] The young man described his home in the desert.(1)The report described how the problem developed.(2)

desert [a dry area of land] Survival is difficult in the hot, dry desert.design [to plan or create plans for] An architect designed my new home.desire [(1)to want very much;(2)to wish for] After traveling for two weeks, Jim very much desired a meal cooked at home.(1)If you could have anything you wanted, what would you desire?(2)

destroy [(1)to break into pieces;(2)to end the existence of] The earthquake destroyed many houses.(1)His actions destroyed any trust between them.(2)

detail [(1)a small part of something;(2)a small piece of information]

Lisa decided every detail of her wedding.(1)I want to hear every detail of your story.(2)

develop [(1)to grow;(2)to create;(3)to experience progress] He is developing into a fine young man.(1)The professor developed a new way to teach English.(2)The country needed many years to develop an industrial economy.(3)

device [a piece of equipment made for a special purpose] The microwave cooker is a device I use every day.dictator [a ruler with complete power] The people of Yugoslavia forced the dictator from power.die [(1)to become dead;(2)to stop living;(3)to end] If you touch that wire you will die.(1)The river died slowly as pollution increased.(2)All hope died when the prison gate closed.(3)diet [usual daily food and drink] The doctor ordered a special diet to help him lose weight.different [not the same] His clothes are different from mine.difficult [(1)not easy;(2)hard to do, make or carry out] Keith was a difficult child.(1)Building a boat is a difficult job.(2)dig [to make a hole in the ground] Dig here and you will find water.dinner [(1)the main amount of food eaten at a usual time;(2)a special event that includes food ] The family had its dinner at noon.(1)The official dinner took place at the White House.(2)

diplomat [a person who represents his or her government in dealing with another government] Most foreign diplomats live in the Washington area.direct

[(1)to lead;(2)to aim or show the way；(3)straight to something;(4)not through some other person or thing]

The mayor directs all city agencies.(1)He directed me to the theater.(2)The most direct way to Annapolis is Highway 50.(3)The path is direct.(4)

direction [(1)the way(east, west, north, south);(2)where someone or something came from or went to] North is the opposite direction from south.(1)The cold wind is coming from that direction.(2)dirt [earth or soil] Little children enjoy playing in the dirt.disappear [(1)to become unseen;(2)to no longer exist] His dog disappears when it is time for a bath.(1)Dinosaurs disappeared a long time ago.(2)

disarm [(1)to take away weapons;(2)to no longer keep weapons;(3)to make a bomb harmless by removing its exploding device] The policeman disarmed the gunman.(1)Some smaller countries have disarmed.(2)Explosives experts often can disarm bombs.(3)

discover [to find or learn something] Scientists have discovered cures for many kinds of cancer.discuss [(1)to talk about;(2)to exchange ideas] We can discuss anything you wish.(1)

The two presidents discussed trade and other economic issues.(2)

disease [a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses, germs or bacteria] Modern medicines have made some diseases disappear.38

dismiss [(1)to send away;(2)to refuse to consider] The scientist was dismissed for copying secret information about nuclear weapons.(1)The senators dismissed any idea of campaign finance reform.(2)

dispute [(1)to oppose strongly by argument;(2)an angry debate] The two nations disputed where the border between them should be.(1)The United Nations helped settle the border dispute.(2)

dissident [a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government] The three dissidents were sentenced to long prison terms.distance [the amount of space between two places or objects]

The distance from my house to your house is two kilometers.dive [to jump into water head first] He dived into the river and swam to the screaming child.divide [to separate into two or more parts] She divided the food into four equal amounts.do [(1)to act;(2)to make an effort] I did the job exactly as ordered.(1)He did the best that he could do.(2)

doctor [a person trained in medicine to treat sick people] He was sick so he went to see the doctor.document [an official piece of paper with facts written on it, used as proof or support of something] The lawyer offered many documents to support his case.dog [a small animal that often lives with humans] Our dog loves to chase our cat.dollar

[United States money, one hundred cents] Could I borrow a dollar from you? door [an opening for entering or leaving a building or room] He ran through the door just as she closed it.down [(1)from higher to lower;(2)in a low place] The climbers walked down the mountain.(1)I was doing some exercises down on the floor when she walked in.(2)

dream [(1)to have a picture or story in the mind during sleep;(2)a picture or story in the mind during sleep;(3)a happy idea about the future] He dreamed he was standing on a falling building.(1)The man described his dream to the psychiatrist.(2)The civil rights leader had a dream that someday whites and blacks could live together in peace.(3)

drink [to take liquid into the body through the mouth] I always drink water after running.drive [to control a moving vehicle] He is learning to drive a car.drop [(1)to fall or let fall;(2)to go lower] She dropped a book as she walked by him.(1)The value of the dollar dropped.(2)

drown [to die under water] Three hundred people drowned when the ferry boat sank.drug [(1)anything used as a medicine or in making medicine;(2)a chemical substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind] The new drug seems to be an effective weapon against infections.(1)Some doctors say the illegal drug marijuana can reduce bad effects of treatment with anti-cancer chemicals.(2)dry [(1)not wet;(2)without rain]

This raincoat will keep you dry.(1)The hot, dry weather is causing severe problems for farmers.(2)

during [(1)through the whole time;(2)while(something is happening)] She said she would be too busy during the day to see me.(1)I slept during his long speech.(2)dust [pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air] After the explosion, the air in the building was filled with dust.duty [(1)one's job or responsibility;(2)what one must do because it is right and just] The soldier was often on guard duty.(1)It is my duty to vote on election day.(2)

each [every one by itself] Each of us sang a different song in the show.early [(1)at or near the beginning, especially the beginning of the day;(2)opposite late] They saw her walking early this morning.(1)A few arrived late, but most were early.(2)earn [to be paid in return for work done] She earns 40,000 dollars a year.earth [(1)the planet we all live on;(2)the ground or soil] Have you seen the picture of earth made from the moon's surface?(1)The sun warmed the black earth of the farmer's field.(2)

earthquake [a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface] The earthquake caused severe damage to bridges and buildings in Los Angeles.ease [(1)to reduce;(2)to make less difficult] The rate of economic inflation eased last month.(1)The new equipment helped ease his job.(2)

east [the direction from which the sun rises] The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.easy [(1)not difficult;(2)not hard to do] His English is easy to understand.(1)She says that running five kilometers is easy for her.(2)eat [to take food into the body through the mouth]

Can you eat now, or do you want to eat later?

ecology [the scientific study of the environment and links among living and material things] She is an expert on the ecology of wetlands.economy [the system by which money, industry and trade are organized] Many people hope the economy will continue to grow.edge [the line where something ends or begins] Do not write near the edge of the paper.education [the act of teaching] Congress approved the spending of 450 million dollars for aid to education.effect [the result or change caused by something] The storm had a serious effect on the economy.effort [(1)an attempt;(2)the work necessary to do something] The boy made an effort to help his mother.(1)Climbing the mountain required great effort.(2)egg [(1)the rounded object containing unborn young produced by female birds, fish or reptiles;(2)a single cell in a female person or animal that can develop into a baby] Sea turtles bury their eggs in the sand.(1)Human eggs can be transplanted from one woman to another.(2)

either

[one of two, but not the other] Can either of you tell me how to get to the airport? elect [to choose by voting] The voters elected the state governor as President of the United States.electricity [a form of energy that flows through wires to provide heat and light, and power to machines] We did not have electricity or clean water after the storm.embassy [the offices of an ambassador and his or her assistants] All foreign embassies are in Washington.emergency [an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick action] The President declared a wildfire emergency in New Mexico.emotion [a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness] The dispute produced strong emotions on both sides.employ [to give work in return for wages] Jane is employed as a prison guard.empty [(1)having nothing inside;(2)to remove everything] The house was empty.(1)The old man emptied his glass and asked for more water.(2)end [(1)to stop;(2)to finish;(3)the part which comes last] The chairman ended the meeting.(1)The year ended peacefully.(2)We were happy to reach the end of the project.(3)

enemy [(1)a person opposing or hating another;(2)a person or people of the other side in a war] The two men were fierce political enemies.(1)Enemy soldiers attacked allied forces on the island.(2)

energy

[(1)power used to do work, usually with machines;(2)the ability and willingness to be active] Electricity provides most of the energy in our city.(1)You can increase your energy by eating healthy food and exercising every day.(2)

enforce [to make something be done] Police enforce the law.engine [a machine that uses energy to cause movement or to do work] He says his car's engine will not start.engineer [a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges or railroads] He worked as an engineer in the space program.enjoy [to be pleased or satisfied by something] Did you enjoy the movie?

enough [(1)as much as necessary;(2)the amount needed] Does Richard have enough money to buy her a ring?(1)Richard said he had enough.(2)enter [to come or go into] They entered the store together.environment [(1)all surrounding things, conditions and influences that affect life;(2)the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and animals] The group support stronger laws to protect the environment from industrial pollution.(1)Tell us what we can do to prevent further damage to our natural environment.(2)

equal [(1)the same in amount, size, weight or value;(2)having the same rights] Each of them provided an equal amount of money to start the new business.(1)The amendment guaranteed that men and women would have equal rights.(2)

equipment [things, tools or machines needed for a purpose or activity] Jack has all the equipment we will need for our camping trip.44 escape [(1)to get free;(2)to get away from;(3)to get out of] The lion escaped from his cage.(1)

Three prisoners escaped from their guards.(2)No one could escape from the high security prison.(3)

especially [more than others] We liked the food, especially the fish.establish [(1)to bring into existence;(2)to create] Mister Jenkins established his business 23 years ago.(1)Scientists have established a new way to communicate with creatures anywhere in the universe.(2)

estimate [to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using less than complete information] The media have failed in their attempts to estimate the winners of national elections.ethnic [of or concerning people belonging to a large group because of their race, religion, language, tribe or where their ancestors lived] Jay and Cindy enjoy eating ethnic food as often as possible.evaporate [to change from a liquid into a gas] Water evaporates more quickly during dry weather.even [in a way not thought possible]

They survived, even though the building was destroyed.event [that which happens, especially something of importance] Swearing in a new President is a big event in Washington.ever [at any time] Did you ever meet Joseph's wife?

every [(1)each one;(2)all] Every winner gets a different prize.(1)She has read every book in the library.(2)

evidence [(1)material or facts that prove something;(2)a reason for believing] The evidence proves the suspect is guilty.(1)Children do not need evidence to believe in Santa Claus.(2)evil [(1)not good;(2)extremely bad] He had an evil plan.(1)Only a truly evil person would treat a child so badly.(2)

exact [(1)having no mistakes;(2)correct in every detail] That is the exact number of students present.(1)His reports were exact in every way.(2)

examine [to study closely] The judge examined the evidence carefully.example [a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group is like] Her success is an example of the results of a good education.excellent [extremely good] George is excellent at cooking French food.except [but for] Except for Joe, everyone wanted to help.exchange [(1)to trade;(2)to give or receive one thing for another] He exchanged his shares of stock for a cash payment.(1)The two sides exchanged ideas on a peace agreement.(2)

excuse [(1)to take away blame;(2)to pardon;(3)to forgive;(4)a reason(sometimes false)for an action] He excused himself for lying to her.(1)A governor's pardon excuses the prisoner's criminal act.(2)Please excuse me for speaking your language so poorly.(3)Missus Warner refused to accept her husband's excuse for what he did.(4)

execute

[to kill] What is the state's argument for executing murderers?

exercise [an activity or effort for the purpose of improving the body or to stay in good health] Doctors say a half hour of exercise several times a week can prevent heart attacks.exile [(1)to force a person to leave his or her country;(2)to expel;(3)a person who is forced to leave his or her country] The writer was exiled because his book criticized the government.(1)The new government exiled the former dictator.(2)After the fall of the communist government, exiles were able to return home.(3)exist [(1)to be;(2)to live] Many of the documents needed by the court no longer exist.(1)How long has life existed on Earth?(2)

expand [(1)to make larger;(2)to grow larger] The mayor expanded the police force to stop an increase in crimes.(1)This economy is expanding at a rate of four percent a year.(2)

expect [(1)to think or believe that something will happen;(2)to wait for an event] Do you expect an increase in pay this year?(1)Tom and Mary Ann are expecting a new baby in August.(2)

expel [(1)to force out;(2)to remove from;(3)to send away] The dishonest officers were expelled from the military forces.(1)The students were expelled for bringing alcohol to school.(2)Some of the exiles were expelled for religious reasons.(3)

experience [(1)to live through an event, situation or condition;(2)something that one has done or lived through] She experienced great pain.(1)The experience caused her great pain.(2)

experiment [(1)to test;(2)a test or trial carried out to prove if an idea is true or false, or to discover something] The candidate said he experimented with marijuana when he was a student.(1)The medical experiments showed that the new medicine was not effective against

cancer.(2)

expert [a person with special knowledge or training] She is an expert on nuclear disarmament.explain [(1)to give reasons for;(2)to make clear;(3)to tell about;(4)to tell the meaning] Linda explained to her father why she wanted a big wedding.(1)The president explained in detail his plan to send American soldiers to the troubled area.(2)Wyatt explained the steps he used to solve the budget problem.(3)Justin was asked to explain the effects of his solution on all sides in the dispute.(4)

explode [to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a bomb] The criticism made him explode in anger.explore [(1)to travel in a place that is not well known to learn more about it;(2)to make a careful search;(3)to examine closely] A team led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the land west of the Mississippi River almost two hundred years ago.(1)The spacecraft explored the solar system to search for signs of life.(2)The committee explored every possibility before deciding what to do.(3)

export [(1)to send to another country;(2)something sent to another country, usually for sale] The United States has been importing much more from Asia than it exports.(1)But it expects exports will increase following the approval of full trade relations with China.(2)

express [to say clearly] He expressed his love for her.extend [(1)to stretch out in area or length;(2)to continue for a longer time] The rebels have extended their control over more of the country.(1)Officials have extended the time that students must be in school each day, from seven hours to eight.(2)extra [more than normal, expected or necessary] Newspapers printed extra copies to report election results.48

extreme [more than the usual or accepted] My broken leg was extremely painful.(～ly adverb)

extremist [a person with strong religious or political beliefs who acts in an extreme or violent way]

Animal rights extremists broke into the building and released all the laboratory animals. face [(1)the front of the head: eyes, nose, month;(2)to look toward;(3)to turn toward;(4)to have before you, such as a problem or danger] Put a smile on your face.(1)He faced the flag.(2)She faced left, then right.(3)The nation faced great danger.(4)

fact [something known or proved to be true] The facts show that he spoke the truth.factory [a building or group of buildings where goods are made] The shoe factory in our town is moving to Mexico.fail [(1)to not succeed;(2)to not reach a goal] My car failed to start.(1)The leaders failed to reach a peace agreement.(2)

fair [(1)just;(2)honest;(3)what is right] The judge made a fair decision.(1)He played the game fairly.(2)(～ly adverb)It was only fair that she invite him to dinner.(3)

fall [(1)to go down quickly;(2)to come down;(3)to drop to the ground or a lower position]

The burning airplane fell from the sky.(1)The ball fell gently into my hands.(2)The snow melted as it fell.(3)

false [(1)not true;(2)not correct] She made a false statement to the police.(1)The computer gave a false answer.(2)

family [the group that includes children and their parents] She has a large family.famous [known very well to many people] He is a famous actor.far [at, to or from a great distance] John's home is far from here.farm [land used to grow crops and animals for food] His family owns a big farm in Kansas.fast [(1)moving or working at great speed;(2)quick] He said he could run as fast as a race horse.(1)My dog is a fast eater.(2)

fat [(1)tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store energy and to keep warm;(2)thick;(3)heavy] She stays thin by not eating any fat.(1)Her dog looks fat, but all pugs look like that.(2)The professor has published a fat book on world history.(3)

father [(1)the male parent;(2)a man who has a child or children] Her father lives with them.(1)Are you a father?(2)

fear [(1)to be afraid;(2)to worry that something bad is near or may happen;(3)a strong emotion when there is danger or trouble] He feared what he could not see.(1)He feared falling down.(2)He had a fear that he would fall down.(3)

federal [of or having to do with a national or central government] She works for the federal government as a tax collector.feed [to give food to] How many times a day do you feed your dog?

feel [(1)to have or experience an emotion;(2)to know by touching] I feel sad because he is so far away.(1)I feel sand between my toes.(2)

female [(1)a woman or girl;(2)the sex that gives birth;(3)of or about women] With a wife and three daughters, he was surrounded by females.(1)Females have babies.(2)

第二篇：考研资料

1.考研的目的

在决定考研时，首先要想清楚自己读研的目的是什么，是为了一纸文凭，还是想要再学些什么，还是想要圆高考是的一个梦。当然，也可能是这诸多因素共同作用的结果。2.确定报考学校

确定考研初期，考生们都比较困惑，有很多的问题想要咨询。在这个时候，大家一定不要怕麻烦，要多多浏览想要报考学校的网站，查看你所要报考专业的参考书目和考试真题，还要多到要报考学校的官方网站和论坛看看，找到对自己有用的信息。如果还有不确定的，还可以直接去想要报考的学校，去找刚入学且和你想要报考专业相同的师兄师姐取取经。一定不要想着“我不认识人家，该怎么问呢？” 因为一般说来，各个学校都有热心的师兄师姐，他们特别愿意为大家提供信息。而且，他们的信息一般都是很准确，很直接的哦。确定想要考取的学校和想要报考的专业是很重要的，否则，考生会一直犹豫不觉，目标不坚定。而且，各个学校的专业考试区别相对较大，如果摇摆不定，会无谓浪费很多备考时间。

3.打好数学和英语基础

研究生入学考试的考试科目中，数学和英语是基础，并且在很大程度上决定考研的成败。考生要从现在就开始，努力备考数学和英语，要让这两个科目成为你考研路上的推力器，而不是拦路虎。4.备考方法要得当

1）学习计划

从现在开始，考研就不只是嘴上说说，一定要扎扎实实开始付诸行动了。考研过程中，计划很重要。不管是长期计划还是短期计划，总要有一个目标在那里时刻督促着你，不至于偏离正常的学习轨道。再者，复习进度在不断变化，考生也应根据现实情况，不断调整计划。

2）学习策略

研究生考试的四科考试，每科都有自己的学科特点和学习策略。在安排复习计划时，一定要注意到这一点。

3）基础知识要扎实

每个科目都要有扎实的基础知识，数学和英语尤为重要。一开始备考时一定不要好高骛远，要从基础知识抓起。基础不过关，后面的努力只会白费。

4）备考要有针对性和选择性

研究生入学考试是极具目的性的，目标就是考高分，考上理想的学校和专业。所以考生的备考也要分清主次，一定要知道什么是重点，什么是了解一下就可以的。只有这样，才可以将时间和精力都用在刀刃上。5）要善于总结和梳理

考研科目较多且参考书目众多，考生在一遍遍的学习之后，一定要善于总结和梳理重点知识，这样，在以后的复习和学习过程中，需要看的知识就会全是重点，且不会浪费不必要的时间。当然，考生还要注意，如果个人对某个或某些重点知识点已经很熟练的掌握了，就可以稍微分出一些精力给那些还不太擅长的知识点。

6）勤动手

题目是用来做的而不是用来看的。很多同学在备考的时候，只是去看，从开不动手自己做题。然而，看上去会的东西在写的时候不见得就有那么顺畅。只有在做题的过程中才能更好地解决问题并积累解题方法和技巧。

7）内在的信念、态度和毅力

考研是一件苦差事，心态这个东西很重要，心态好的同学能够冷静面对考研过程中出现的一切状况，乐观面对所有困难。要学会释放压力，还要有坚定的信念。从头到尾都要告诉自己，我可以，我可以！

考研的人是伟大的，考研的道路是曲折的。想要成功，就要付出百分百的努力，在考研这条奋斗的路上，一定会有欣喜，也一定会有无奈。总之，坦然面对，沉着应对，坚守梦的彼端。下面几点仅供大家参考：

1.报辅导班的心理作用大于实际效果;

2.更多的时候要靠自己，不要依赖别人，因为你对你的情况最了解;

3.不管遇到什么情况，请一定要坚持下去。选择了这条道路意味着你要比别人承受更多，因此内心的煎熬与历练只会让你更加成熟。

4.如果在考研期间，你女朋友跟你拜拜了，请不要伤心，不要觉得你离开了她你的考研生活没法持续下去。最后的结果是你只会更加努力，因为我们之前所想象的N种结果更多的是我们自己想的。

5.复习一定要有自己的节奏，不要觉得人家怎么怎么样我就应该怎么怎么样，自己心中有杆秤就行了。

最后送给大家一首打油诗(人家写的)以作共勉：

未曾清贫难成人，不经打击总天真。

醉生梦死谁成器，从来富贵入凡尘。

自古英雄出炼狱，破马长枪定乾坤。

今世辛苦走一遭，天道唯酬勤奋人。

♦ 毅力篇

本网讯 望歧路而生迷茫之志，望高山而生飞天之志。考研是飞天者的选择，是人生中为数不多的几个抉择之处，是不甘堕落者向命运提出的挑战。面对考研，我们既要有“北风呼啸掠考场，纵使十年八年也不惧，身似铁，心如钢”的决心，也要有“雄关不惧，成败自含香”的洒脱。希望在高考之后的又一个人生关键处，各位同学在决定考研时，准备考研中都能把握住自己，把握住命运，放手一搏。不管结果如何，只要努力过，就没有什么遗憾的，因为，“成败自含香”。

先说说数学。考研中，可以说是得数学者得天下。这不仅是因为数学所占分值比较多，而且数学的区分度也比较大，高分同学和低分同学相差50分是很容易的。因此，考研数学的任务是：拿高分。比如我的一位同学，其他科目仅仅是刚刚过线而已，由于数学考了132分，硬是突破了目标院校的分数线，得以在理想的学校深造。

由于我数学基础较差，我给自己定的目标是110分。复习中，《复习全书》是必不可少的。只要将其多看上几遍，数学取得理想的分数应该没有问题。如果觉得《复习全书》所讲过于枯燥，我建议你去听一听海天张宇的考研数学课，宇哥的数学课诙谐幽默，引人入胜，最重要的是，他可以将数学知识寓于形象的比喻和记忆口诀、图画之中。此外，张宇的《高等数学十八讲》也是必不可少的，不过最好是在有了一定的基础之后再去听课和看《十八讲》。

另外，对于数学公式一定要熟练掌握，不但要知其然，而且要指导其推导过程，因为有些时候会考证明题。可以先将一些公式抄到纸上，每次做题先将思路、方法写出来，等用到公式时，再将公式抄写在题目中，这样久而久之，公式自然就记住了。

最后，一定要多做题，是做题，不是看题。很多同学都有眼高手低的毛病，喜欢知道题目的思路就浅尝辄止。真正能使自己提高的是做题。只有做题，你才能知道出题者的思路，你才能洞悉题目的陷阱。

再说说英语。考研中英语不会拉开很大的分数，但每年都有很多同学因为英语没有过线而痛失读研的机会，因此，我们应该给予英语以特殊的重视。

考研复习的最初阶段，其实应该从背单词开始。因为单词是英语的基础，而且比较费工夫。许许多多英语高分同学的经验中都有一条：英语单词书背了若干遍了。

在过了单词关后，我们应该集中力量复习阅读和完形填空。因为阅读在考研英语中的性价比是最高的，而完形与阅读自然有相同之处。阅读和完形的复习，应该贯穿于考研英语复习的始终。

最后，到了11月中旬以后，一定要着手练习写作文，总结出自己的模板。

接下来说说政治。其实政治主要是背和记，但是由于政治的科目繁多、内容杂乱，因此，最好能有一套系统的复习方案。此外，一定要有自己的主见，不能盲目相信考前押题，上考研班时，要着重听老师的解题思路和方法。

最后说说专业课的复习。我专业课考的是物理化学，最后得了119分。首先我要说，专业课复习一定要赶早，不能听信别人“最后复习专业课”的言论，也不要企图最后老师能给你划范围，那些都是不靠谱的。我九月才刚刚开始物理化学，已经有点晚了，而且还没有有效地组织复习，因此成绩差强人意。

专业课复习中，信息是第一位的。要尽全力搞到目标院校课程的笔记、课件等等。其次，指导思想要统一，就是说，要以一本参考书目为主，其他的都作为其补充。很多同学专业课都卖了大量的资料，其实没有必要。知识是学不完的，但考试内容有限。最后，一定要反复研读历年真题，找出其中的规律，你会有意外的收获

一、复习要趁早。有的考生觉得自己的数学底子好或者学习能力强等，就没打算早点开始复习，准备考前几个月才开始复习，这样的想法是非常不利的，虽然说“笨鸟先飞”，但“先飞”不代表你就是“笨鸟”，反而可以利用自身优势比别人飞的更高更远，毕竟研究生考试是选拔性的考试。早点开始复习数学也可以为别的科目复习预留出充足时间，尤其是政治，记忆性的知识比较多，需要在考前多投入精力，到时恐怕就没有多余时间顾到数学了。

二、基础要打牢。有些考生在复习之初就做大量习题，而不注重基础知识的积累，这样只能是浪费宝贵时间而无益于提高能力。文都考研建议大家在复习第一轮重视基础知识的理解，参照教材和汤家凤老师的《无师自通考研数学复习大全》把每章节的基础内容知识理解好了再做相关的习题，经验表明这样做是最有效的复习方法。

三、真题要做熟。考研复习过程中，做历年真题是必经阶段，不光要做，还要做熟练。真题中每一道题的解题思路、所考查知识点都应熟练掌握。做真题不仅可以了解命题特点，也可检测出自己的薄弱点，以达到更好的复习效果。

四、准备个笔记本。还有一点重要的就是要准备一个笔记本，主要用于：1.复习过程中遇到需要记忆却不容易记的公式定理等，都先记到笔记本里，在后面用到时能随时翻看和记忆；2.解题时常犯或容易犯的错误记进笔记本里，经常翻看避免发生类似错误；3.总结解题方法和技巧，记在笔记本里，自己经验总结的东西一定要记下来，比辅导书上总结的更加适合自己。4.定期写复习感想，记录各阶段的复习心情和感想，勉励自己，始终保持好心情。

总之，学习方面的策略有很多，每位考生的情况又各不相同，各位考生也可针对自身的情况和特点来专门制定一些适合自己的复习策略。不光是数学，其他科目也是一样，策略对了，可以少走很多弯路，最后文都考研数学教研室祝大家在最后的考试中取得好成绩，步入心目中的理想学府

第三篇：考研资料

上传2011-09-15 此文已被浏览5201 次

1、选择西南大学报名考试点报考2012年硕士研究生的考生务必于10月10日－31日登录中国研招网（http://yz.chsi.com.cn）进行网上报名。应届本科毕业生可于9月25－29日进行网上预报名，预报信息有效，不需于10月10日－31日重报。重庆市教育考试院在北碚区设有两个报名考试点，一个是西南大学（5007），一个是北碚区教育考试中心（5009），由于选择我校报考点的人数较多，现场确认时比较拥挤，考生可根据实际情况选择北碚区教育考试中心（5009）作为报名考试点。

2、报考全国“建筑设计类”专业（指考试时间在三小时以上六小时以下，即考试科目代码为“5XX”，下同）且需参加有关专业设计绘图考试的重庆市内考生必须选择重庆大学或重庆医科大学或四川美术学院作为报名、考试点，现场确认、考试均在重庆大学或重庆医科大学或四川美术学院。

3、报考法律硕士联考的重庆市内考生必须选择重庆师范大学或西南政法大学作为报名、考试点，现场报名、考试均在重庆师范大学或西南政法大学。

4、报考在渝招生单位工商管理硕士（专业代码125100）、公共管理硕士（专业代码125200）、会计硕士（专业代码125300）、旅游管理硕士（专业代码125400）、工程管理硕士（专业代码125600）的考生网报时必须选择西南大学或重庆大学或重庆师范大学或重庆交通大学作为报名、考试点，并在规定时间内到该考点现场进行报考信息确认、交纳报名费和摄像。

5、参加招生单位单独考试的考生网报时选择报考单位或其指定的单位作为报名、考试点，现场报名、考试均在报考单位或其指定的单位（详情可见招生单位发布的公告，参加我校单考的考生只能选择我校作为报考点，且于10月26日前完成网上报名）。考生在选择考试科目时暂选统考考试科目，待报考单位确认其单考资格后，再由招生单位将考试科目改为单考科目。若不够单考资格，考生只能选择其他报考方式或放弃报名。

现场确认时报考我校的单考考生须带的材料有：（1）国家承认学历的本科毕业证书；（2）所在单位同意报考的介绍信；（3）两名具有高级专业技术职务的专家推荐信（介绍考生的思想政治素质、现实表现、外语水平、业务技能及工作能力等）。

6、高等学校推荐攻读硕士学位的免试生（含支教团、直博生、农村师资计划）凭推荐单位发的“免试推研校验码”（注意：专业学位校验码只能报专业学位硕士生，学术型校验码可报考学术型和专业学位硕士生）在网上就近选择报名点报名。报考强军计划的考生，凭报考单位发的“校验码”在网上选择其报考单位为报名考试点。报考少数民族高层次人才培养计划的考生请先填写《报考2012年“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”硕士研究生考生登记表》一式三份，再到考生生源所在地的省级教委（或教育厅）民教处（未设民教处的到高教处）签字、盖章，然后到省级招办领取报名“校验码”，凭“校验码”进行网报，并选择相应的专项计划类别。

推免生和少数民族骨干计划考生报考安排和全国统考生同步进行。

7、在现有工作流程中，报考点只对考生有效身份证件、非应届毕业生的学历证书及应届本科毕业生和成人应届本科毕业生的学生证进行核对。凡不具备报考资格而参加报名者，造成遗留问题考生自行负责。

8、凡选择我校作为报考点的考生请务必于11月10-14日带上与本人网报所填一致的有效身份证件（限“居民身份证”、“军官证”、“文职干部证”、“军校学员证”）以及学历证书（非应届本科毕业生）或学生证（普通高校、成人高校、普通高校举办的成人高校学历教育应届本科毕业生）和网上报名编号（即网上报名成功后系统显示的9位数字报名号），到我校“八一礼堂”（研究生部旁）缴费、确认报名信息和电子摄像。在电子摄像后摄像工作人员会立即打印一张含考生本人电子照片、报考信息的《报考信息表》，请考生认真核对该

表上的信息，在确认无误后签上自己的名字并将此表交到现场报名点的指定地方。凡未进行现场报名、未在《报考信息表》签字或未将《报考信息表》交到指定地方的视为报名无效，后果由考生自负。

9、考生务必认真、准确填写各项网报数据，现场确认后一律不作修改。此信息将是你报名、考试、录取及攻硕期间的信息来源，要确保准确，若因填报错误所产生的一切后果由考生自行承担。招生单位如对考生的学历（学籍）信息有疑问的，可要求考生在规定时间内提供权威机构出具的认证证明后，再准予考试或复试。

10、2011年12月25日-2012年1月9日，教育部开通网上下载打印《准考证》系统，准考考生务必凭网报用户名和密码登陆“中国研究生招生信息网”查询考试信息，下载并打印《准考证》。考生凭有效身份证件和考生自己打印的准考证方能在我校参加全国硕士研究生招生入学考试，二者缺一不可。没有准考证和有效证件的考生不能参加全国硕士研究生招生入学考试，由此造成遗留问题由考生自行承担。

11、报考西南大学美术学专业（含文学院和美术学院的美术学专业，专业代码130400）、艺术硕士（美术）（专业代码135107）的考生，只能选择西南大学报名考试点进行报名，且务必于10月26日前完成网上报名。

12、我校2012年硕士研究生招生、考试的相关信息将在我校研招网（http://yanzhao.swu.edu.cn）上发布，请考生随时注意查询。

第四篇：考研资料

政治

没必要用课本。推荐用任汝芬系列，分为序列一、二、三、四任一是要点睛要，要弄懂，不要背，可以配合任汝芬团队的辅导班录音。任二是模拟试题，比较典型、全面，单选多选要懂，分析题简单看一下，可以配合任团队的冲刺班录音。任三是最后冲刺，不推荐背他的形势与政策，形势与政策推荐用米鹏的，米鹏的是以试题的形式出出来，背一下那几百道题就行。任三会以TREE的形式把知识点列出来，比较明了清晰，要背要懂。任四就是传说中的最后四套题，单选多选还是不错的，如果时间充足的话可以背背它的分析题。

再推荐最后冲刺的时候需要的几本书，启航20天20题、陆卫明的28题、肖秀荣4套题。还有就是高联的点题班讲义，把高联认为重点会考的大题以专题的形式列出来，记忆起来比较容易。

世界经济与政治推荐用米鹏的强化班讲义，他会列出几个专题，一般都能猜中，不推荐一字不差的看完任一的这科。

总结一下：推荐用任汝芬系列（四本）+米鹏的高联强化班世界经济与政治讲义+米鹏的形势与政策+冲刺时启航20天20题、陆卫明的28题、肖秀荣4套题+高联的点题班讲义。不推荐买政治大纲。不推荐买陈先奎的辅导书。

政治大纲下来后一定要关注今年的“热点”。即：

1、今年新增点！

2、今年修改点！（那些仅限于文字方面的修改就不必追究了！）

3、前几年新增、修改的但至今未考的知识点。

关于考研与实习

建议大家实习的前3、4个月好好实习。这几个月是实习的黄金时期，也是效果最好的几个月，大家应该努力运用好这几个月，争取多学知识，并且尽量把临床的东西把课本结合起来。一般医院考研前两个月会放考研假，这两个月是完全的复习时间。

临近考试的时候可以看看宫东风的预测作文，还是很准的，只看看题目就行，他的作文范例模板印记很严重。

“三三制”复习总规划

所谓“三三制”，就是总的复习进度划分为基础、强化和冲刺三个阶段；每一科目又各自进行三轮复习。经过实践调查、总结比较，证明这是一种行之有效的复习计划模式。具体安排如下所示。

第一轮复习策略

英语、专业课的第一轮复习都安排在起步期（3-6月），宜早不宜迟。只有政治复习不必着急。

首轮复习主要是要全面夯实基础。

第二轮复习策略

所有科目的第二轮复习都安排在强化期（7-10月）。关键是要完成两个任务：一是对各科重点、难点的提炼和把握；二是逐步将已经掌握的知识转化为实际解题能力。

政治。政治首轮复习和第二轮复习是紧密结合的，都安排在强化期。此阶段重点提炼每门课程的基本理论和重要结论，以及考试知识点，特别是新增考点和新修考点；对跨章节甚至跨学科的相关知识点进行初步综合。二是当年重大时事政治与相关基本理论的结合，如“通货紧缩与货币流通规律”、“意识形态领域斗争的长期性、复杂性和加强社会主义精神文明建设的重要性”等等。

英语。词汇方面，应该在已经大体掌握意思的基础上，开始深入掌握用法，尤其是固定搭配和习惯用法。另一个重点是解决长难句，掌握各种句式。同时要加大阅读量，一方面提高阅读能力，另一方面也通过阅读来巩固语法、词汇和句式。本阶段必须进行相当量的题型专项练习，通过做题来巩固。

专业课。这一阶段由于公共课程份量加大，专业课复习强度会有所减弱。本阶段的任务是对各专业课程进行逻辑框架上的整理，在心中建立起整个专业体系。另外一点就是要开始按照专题归纳整理专业知识内容。

第三轮复习策略

冲刺期内各科均开始进行第三轮复习。一般考前两个月左右开始，标志是10月中、下旬时事政治的复习内容基本确定。本阶段理所当然地要巩固已经复习过的内容，进一步归纳总结，升华提炼，查漏补缺，牢牢把握重点、难点；同时，要将业已掌握的知识和能力转化为最后卷面上的得分，也就是说，要强化应试训练。

政治。在两个方面下工夫。一是时事政治与基本理论的结合，二是进行答题方法训练，强化答题技巧。时事政治与政治基本理论的结合历来是考试热点，需要自己好好归纳总结，建议上上串讲冲刺班。不要做大量的模拟题。

英语。冲刺复习阶段的重要任务也有两个，一是进行大量模考练习，二是强化训练短文写作。对短文写作的强化，首先要对可能的命题范围作出预测。考研英语作文命题不会冷僻，不会很专业，通常都与学习生活紧密联系，或反映当前社会热点问题。例如保持健康、如何读书、环境保护、乱承诺等都曾是出题范围。了解到这些大概范围后，有意识地多阅读一些相关文章，熟悉有关观点、句式、词汇，多动笔写写，在考场上就可成竹在胸。

模考带复习

公共科目和数学在第三轮复习的前期安排了一个模考带，一般在11月份，以便及早发现问题，及时调整第三轮复习计划；同时也是因为考期逼近，有必要增加一些实战经验。口腔医学专业院校排名 四川大学 A+ 2 武汉大学 A+ 3 北京大学 A 4 上海交通大学 A 5 中山大学 6 中国医科大学浙江大学

南京医科大学

福建医科大学

B+等(14个)：吉林大学、山东大学、重庆医科大学、首都医科大学、哈尔滨医科大学、昆明医学院、中南大学、同济大学、南方医科大学、遵义医学院、大连医科大学、河北医科大学、天津医科大学、南京大学

B等(14个)：暨南大学、郑州大学、安徽医科大学、广西医科大学、复旦大学、山西医科大学、佳木斯大学、西安交通大学、新疆医科大学、南开大学、青岛大学、兰州大学、贵阳医学院、华中科技大学 考研基本禁忌：

三心二意 意气用事 信心不足 没有良伴 消息闭塞 法不得当

过分依赖 贪得无厌 没有计划 准备不足 几个学校的口腔专业的考试内容和形式 中山大学口腔专业：口腔综合包括口腔解剖学，口腔病理学，牙体牙髓病学，口腔外科学，口腔修复学。形式为选择题，名解，简答题，问答题，病例分析题。

四川：口内，口外，正畸，修复等综合：生理，生化，口病，口解。英语应该过当年的最低分数线。

考研学校假如你只是为了考研而考研（属于混个文凭就可以，学校又不能太差那种）：

1、中国医科大学

2、中南大学口院

3、山东大学口院

4、大连医科大学

假如你的学习成绩只是中等程度或是偏下：

1、上海同济大学口院

2、首都医科大学口院

3、暨南大学口院

假如你的学习成绩是 中等偏上：

1、中国协和医科大学或中山大学光华口院

2、复旦大学或第二军医大学

3、南方医科大学

除了中山大学外，剩下的学校全部都是本、专科不设口腔专业，只招收口腔学研究生。竞争力和录取分数也要比传统强校略低些。在这种学校里，由于没有口腔学本科专业 所以不会出现本校学生抢外校学生名额的事情。

假如你拥有报考传统口腔强校的实力，但是又怕考不上： 解放军军医进修学院（北京301医院）或 南京大学

这两所学校也是本、专科不设口腔专业，只招收口腔学研究生。

中华口腔医学会部分成员的个人简介：

陈芳育：硕士研究生导师，现任重庆医科大学口腔医学系副主任,重庆医科大学附属口腔医院党委书记、副院长,中华医学会重庆市口腔医学专委会委员,中国抗癌协会重庆市头颈肿瘤专委会委员.郑际烈 :硕士研究生导师，现任南京大学口腔医院口腔粘膜科主任，中华口腔医学会全国口腔粘膜病专业委员会常委；日本口腔科学会会员。

董福生：硕士研究生导师，现任河北医科大学口腔医学院、口腔医院院长，口腔颌面外科（教研室）主任，种植中心主任。兼任河北省口腔医学会常务副会长，中华口腔医学会口腔颌面外科专业委员会委员，口腔种植专业委员会委员，医院管理专业委员会委员。

俞光岩：博士研究生导师，现任北京大学口腔医学院院长兼党委书记。兼任全国牙病防治指导组副组长，中华口腔医学会常务理事，口腔颌面外科专业委员会副主任委员，涎腺疾病学组组长，中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤外科专业委员会副主任委员。国务院学位委员会学科评议组成员。

王乃谦：硕士研究生导师，现任哈尔滨医科大学口腔医学研究所所长、口腔颌面外科教授、兼任全国政协委员、黑龙江省政协副主席、中国农工民主党中央常委、国际牙（口腔）医师学院院士、乌克兰 XAPБKOБ和 MAPNYNOДБ医科院客座教授、国际低温外科学会委员、中国口腔病冷冻医疗组组长、国家自然科学基金评议委员会委员、中华口腔医学会常务理事、口腔颌面外科专业委员会顾问、中华口腔医学杂志第一至五届编辑委员会委员、黑龙江省口腔医学会会长、黑龙江省西医高级职称评审委员会主任委员、黑龙江省头颈肿瘤外科学会、老年病眼、耳鼻喉、口腔学会主任委员。

李宁毅：硕士研究生导师，现为青岛大学医学院口腔系主任、附属医院口腔科主任、口腔颌面外科主任、口腔医学研究室主任、硕士生导师、北京大学博士生副导师、国际口腔颌面外科学会会员、中华口腔医学会理事、口腔颌面外科专业委员会委员。

杨壮群：硕士研究生导师，现任西安交通大学口腔医学院院长，主要研究方向为器官再造、组织移植，临床特长为口腔颌面整形外科。

谷志远：博士研究生导师，现任浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院副院长、浙江大学医学院口腔医学系副主任，浙江大学医学院口腔颌面外科教研室主任。

胡勤刚：硕士研究生导师，现任南京大学医学院附属口腔医院副院长，口腔颌面外科主任。

宋一平：（女）硕士研究生导师，现任广西医科大学口腔医学院院长，中华口腔医学会正畸学专业委员会委员，中华医学会医学美学与美容会委员。

闫福华：硕士研究生导师，现任福建医科大学附属口腔医院院长、武汉大学聘任博士生导师。中华口腔医学杂志编委、口腔医学研究杂志副主编、中华口腔医学会牙周病学专业委员会常委。

王美青：（女）博士研究生导师。现任第四军医大学口腔医学院口腔解剖生理教研室及颞颌关节门诊主任，全国颞下颌关节病学组副组长，专长：颞下颌关节病，磨牙症，头颈肩背部疼痛.杨连甲：博士研究生导师。现任第四军医大学口腔医学院口腔组织病理教研室主任，日本大阪齿科大学和日本朝日大学的客座教授，美国纽约科学院国际会员。

吴织芬：女，博士研究生导师。现任第四军医大学口腔医学院牙周粘膜病科主任，中华口腔医学会牙周病学组副组长，全军口腔专业组口腔内科学组委员。

肖明振：博士研究生导师。现任第四军医大学口腔医学院口腔内科学教研室主任。兼任中华口腔医学会牙体牙髓专业委员会副主任委员，解放军口腔医学专业委员会常委，全军牙病防治指导组成员.陈吉华：博士研究生导师，第四军医大学教授。现任中华口腔医学会口腔修复学委员会委员，中华医学会医学美学与美容学分会青年委员。

施长溪：博士研究生导师，第四军医大学教授。现任中华医学美学口腔学组副组长。

林 珠：（女）博士研究生导师，现为口腔正畸学教研室主任，中华医学会和日本矫正齿科协会会员，中华口腔医学会正畸专科专业委员会副主任委员。

赵铱民：博士研究生导师，现任第四军医大学口腔医学院修复科副主任；中华口腔医学会理事，中华口腔医学会修复学专业委员会常务委员兼秘书长；国际牙科计算机学会中国分会副主席、亚洲修复学会中国执行委员。

徐礼鲜：博士研究生导师，现任第四军医大学口腔医学院麻醉科主任，兼中华口腔医学会麻醉专业组副主任委员、中华麻醉学会常委、全军麻醉与复苏专业委员会常委。

姚月玲：（女）博士研究生导师，现任第四军医大学口腔修复科主任，中华医学会口腔学会会员，中国口腔医学计算机学会及陕西省生物医学工程学会会员，并兼任中华医学美学学会口腔学组副组长。

于世凤：（女）博士研究生导师，现任北京大学口腔医学院口腔病理教研室主任，中华口腔医学会常任理事。

文玲英：（女）博士研究生导师。现为第四军医大学口腔医学院儿童牙病 科主任，中华口腔医学会儿童口腔医学组副组长，亚洲小儿齿科学会常务理事。

巢永烈：现为四川大学华西口腔医学院教授、博士生导师、国际牙医师学院院士（ICD）、国际牙科研究学会会员（IADR）、亚洲牙科修复医师学会会员（AAP）和副主席、中华口腔医学会口腔修复学专委会主任委员。

罗颂椒：现为华西医科大学口腔正畸教研室教授、主任医师、博士研究生导师，中华口腔医学会口腔正畸专业委员会顾问，《华西口腔医学杂志》等5种杂志编委，国际牙科研究会会员。

胡德渝：任华西医科大学口腔预防医学教研室助教、讲师、副教授、教授。我国口腔预防专业的第一个博士生导师。兼任全国牙病防治指导组成员、四川省牙病防治指导组副组长、四川省牙病防治指导组办公室主任，并担任中华口腔医学会口腔预防医学专业委员会副主任委员、中华预防医学会口腔保健专业委员会副主任委员，全国口腔流行病学调查指导组副组长、全国牙防指导组口腔保健用品分委会副主任及中华口腔医学会口腔保健用品专家委员会成员。

易新竹：博士、硕士生导师。中华口腔医学会颞下颌关节病学及(牙合)学专业委员会常委。1963年毕业（留校）于四川华西医学院口腔系。从事医疗、教学、科研40余年，培养博士、硕士研究生20多人。

周学东：现任华西医科大学口腔医学院、口腔医院院长、口腔医学研究所所长、口腔内科学教授、博士研究生导师、卫生部口腔生物医学工程重点实验室主任、中国科协委员、全国青联委员、四川省科协常委、中华口腔医学会常委。

李秉琦：现任四川大学华西口腔医学院教授、主任医师，口腔黏膜病学研究室主任，博士研究生导师；兼任国务院学位委员会学科评议组召集人、中华口腔医学会口腔黏膜病学专委会主任委员、中华口腔医学会理事。

艾红军：教授 主任医师（博士研究生导师）。原中国医大党委书记，现任中国医科大学口腔医学院修复科副主任，中华口腔医学会口腔种植专业委员会委员。

刘天佳：（女）华西医大教授，主任医师，博士生导师。美国哈佛大学福赛牙科中心客座研究员，中华口腔医学会牙体牙髓病专业委员会常委，口腔内科龋病研究室主任，享受国务院特殊津贴。

林野：男，现为北京大学口腔医学院副院长，口腔种植中心副主任，正颌外科中心副主任，教授，主任医师，博士生导师。

陈扬熙：华西医科大学硕士生导师、博士生导师，现担任国务院学位委员会学科评议组（口腔医学评议组）成员、中华口腔医学会理事、中华医学会医学美学及美容学会口腔学组副组长、中华医学会正畸专业委员会委员、华西口腔医学院学术委员会委员、学位委员会委员，以及“华西口腔医学杂志” 副主编。

傅民魁：北京大学博士研究生导师，现任中华口腔医学会国际联络部主任、中华口腔医学会正畸专业委员会名誉主任委员、亚洲太平洋地区口腔正畸学会副会长、中华口腔医学杂志主编、口腔正畸学杂志主编；

孙 皎：现任上海生物材料研究测试中心主任，上海第二医科大学口腔医学院口腔基础教研室副主任，兼中华口腔医学会口腔材料专业委员会主任委员。

边 专：武汉大学口腔医学院博士生导师，现任武汉大学口腔医学院院长，中华口腔医学会常务理事。

林久祥：北京大学口腔医学院颅面生长发育研究中心主任。中华口腔医学会正畸专业委员会主任委员。

温玉明：曾任华西医科大学口腔医学院及口腔医院副院长、口腔颌面外科教研室主任、卫生部口腔生物医学工程重点实验室主任。现任四川大学华西口腔医学院口腔颌面外科教授、主任医师、博士研究生导师、头颈肿瘤研究室主任，国际口腔颌面外科协会会员。兼任中华口腔医学会口腔颌面外科专委会常委及肿瘤学组组长。

曾祥龙：现任北京大学口腔医学院睡眠呼吸障碍诊疗中心主任，兼任中华口腔医学会正畸专业委员会副主任委员，《口腔正畸学杂志》常务副主编。

高平：硕士研究生导师，现任天津医科大学口腔医学院院长，中华口腔医学杂志编委、口腔医学研究杂志副主编。

张志愿：上海第二医科大学口腔医学院院长、上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院院长、上海市口腔医学研究所所长和上海市重点学科“口腔颌面外科学”学科带头人、科主任。现为中华口腔医学会常务理事、中华口腔医学会口腔颌面外科专业委员会副主任委员、中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤外科专业委员会副主任委员、中华口腔医师协会副主任委员。

李铁军：现任北京大学口腔医学院副院长，口腔病理科教授、主任医师、博士研究生导师。兼任北京口腔医学会理事、现代口腔医学杂志编委等。

王健平：口腔临床医学硕士，教授，主任医师。现任佳木斯大学口腔医学院党委副书记、院长，中华口腔医学会口腔医学教育委员会委员。

凌均棨：主任医师，博士生导师。中山大学光华口腔医学院·附属口腔医院院长。现任广东省口腔医学会副会长、中华口腔医学会理事、中华口腔医学会牙体牙髓病学专业委员会常委、口腔医学教育专业委员会常务理事、口腔预防医学专业委员会委员、广东省牙病防治指导组副组长。

慕德林：博士、硕士生导师。现任吉林大学第二医院院长，白求恩口腔医院院长 研究员。

邱蔚六：博士生导师，上海第二医科大学口腔医学院名誉院长、上海第二医科大学终身教授和上海市临床口腔医学中心主任。现任中华口腔医学会副会长、口腔颌面外科专业委员会主任委员、中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤外科专业委员会名誉主任委员、国务院学位委员会口腔医学学科评议组第一召集人、全国临床医学专业学位教育指导委员会委员。

孙 正：主任医师、教授，博士研究生导师，首都医大口腔医院院长。擅长各种口腔粘膜病的临床诊断和治疗。

樊明文：博士生导师，武汉大学医学院/武汉大学口腔医学院，院长/名誉院长。中华口腔医学会副会长。

翦新春：（男）现任中南大学湘雅口腔医学院院长，中南大学湘雅口腔医学研究所所长，中南大学湘雅口腔医学院组织工程研究室主任，中南大学湘雅唇腭裂诊断治疗中心主任，中南大学湘雅医院口腔颌面外科主任，中南大学湘雅医院口腔科学教研室主任、口腔科主任；中南大学湘雅医院口腔颌面外科学教授、主任医师；

潘亚萍：教授 主任医师（博士研究生导师）。中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔内科副主任，中华口腔医学会牙周病专业委员会常务委员。

刘洪臣：口腔科主任，主任医师，教授，解放军进修学院博士研究生导师，现为国务院学位委员会学科评议组成员，中华口腔医学会常务理事兼副秘书长，北京口腔医学会副会长，全军口腔专业委员会副主任委员，全国口腔修复学专业委员会副主任委员。

王佐林：博士、硕士生导师。现任同济大学口腔医学院、口腔医院院长，中华口腔医学会理事。

肖明振:主任医师、博士生导师,现任第四军医大学口腔医学院口腔内科学教研室主任，中华口腔医学会牙体牙髓专业委员会副主任委员,享受政府特殊津贴。

程祥荣 教授、现任武汉大学口腔医学院口腔修复学教研室主任硕士研究生和博士研究生导师，获国务院有特殊贡献的专家，中华口腔医学会口腔修复学专业委员会副主任委员。

张保卫 教授、主任医师，硕士生导师。现任上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院口腔修复科副主任，上海第二医科大学口腔医学院口腔修复教研室副主任，中华口腔医学会老年口腔专业委员会委员。

史俊南：主任医师、博士生导师,现任第四军医大学口腔内科学教研室主任，中华口腔科学会牙体牙髓病学组组长。

岳林：主任医师、硕士生导师，现任北京大学口腔医学院牙体牙髓科副主任，中华口腔医学会牙体牙髓专业委员会委员兼秘书。

刘宝林：现任第四军医大学口腔医学院博士生导师,中华口腔种植专业委员会名誉主任委员、中华口腔医学会口腔颌面外科专业委员会副主任委员全军牙病防治指导组副组长。

钱法汤：主任医师、博士生导师,武汉大学口腔医学院修复科享受国务院政府特殊津贴，医疗专长：口腔冠桥修复及活动修复等牙体缺损、牙列缺损之设计及临床操作。

白玉兴：主任医师、博士生导师。现任首都医科大学附属北京口腔医院口腔正畸科主任、口腔正畸教研室主任、主任医师、博士生导师。擅长各类牙颌畸形的正畸诊治。

张建中：主任医师、硕士生导师,现为上海第二医科大学口腔医学院、九院临床医学院常务副院长、口腔修复科副主任。

刘月华: 教授、主任医师、硕士生导师.现任同济大学教授、主任医师、博士研究生导师，正畸教研室主任，口腔医学院及口腔医院副院长, 中华口腔医学会口腔正畸专业委员会常务委员.赵怡芳：博士生导师，现任武汉大学口腔医学院副院长，中华口腔医学会理事，口腔颌面外科专业委员会常委。

东耀峻：主任医师，武汉大学口腔医学院博士生导师，现担任中华口腔医学会颌面外科专业委员会委员、中华口腔医学会颌面外科专业委员会口腔颌面创伤学组及正颌学组顾问，武汉口腔医学会会长。

段银钟： 教授、主任医师、博士生导师。现任西安第四军医大学口腔医学院正畸科主任，中华口腔医学会理事。

钱玉芬： 副教授、副主任医师，硕士生导师。现任：上海第二医科大学口腔医学院口腔正畸教研室副主任、上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院口腔正畸科副主任、上海市唇腭裂治疗中心副主任。

王邦康：教授、首都医科大学口腔医学院博士生导师。任中华口腔医学会常务理事；中华口腔医学会口腔正畸专业委员会副主任委员；中华口腔医学会口腔医学教育学会主任委员；北京口腔医学会会长。

王林: 教授、主任医师、博士生导师.现任江苏省口腔医院院长、南京医科大学口腔医学院院长。中华口腔医学会正畸学专业委员会委员.朱洪水: 主任医师、硕士生导师.现任江西医学院·口腔医学院，附属口腔医院院长；中华口腔医学会江西口腔专业委员会副主任委员；中华口腔医学会口腔修复学专业委员会委员；中华口腔医学会医院管理专业委员会委员。

唐亮：主任医师，硕士生导师.现任暨南大学口腔医学系主任，教授，中华口腔医学会理事，中华医学会口腔医学教育委员会委员，广东省口腔医学会副会长。

沈刚: 主任医师、教授，硕士生导师.现任上海第二医科大学口腔医学院口腔正畸教研室主任、上海第二医科大学附属第九人民医院口腔正畸科主任、中华口腔医学会正畸专业委员会常务委员.考研学校档次

第一档次 北京大学 四川大学 上海交通大学 第四军医大学

（军校很黑报考慎重，听说地方生毕业没有派遣证明但学校实力还是很好的）说明 公认的四大家族

第二档次 武汉大学 中山大学 解放军军医进修学院（301总医院）说明 后起之秀 第三档次 首都医科大学 吉林大学 南京医科大学 南方医科大学 同济大学

说明口腔界的活跃分子，具备博士学位授予权或专业突出南方医科大学口腔医学院为广东省口腔医院，很厉害，但暂无博士点，因2005年刚合并

第四档次哈尔滨医科大学 中国医科大学 西安交通大学 浙江大学 福建医科大学 说明 口腔开设年份较早，有博士点

第五档次 山东大学 天津医科大学中南大学 南京大学说明 口腔医学具备七年制招生的资格 南京大学名称为临床医学（口腔医学方向）七年制

第六档次 佳木斯大学 昆明医学院遵义医学院 南昌大学说明 学校一般，口腔医学开设较早，有一定声誉

第七档次 其他具备招硕士的医科大学 河北 大连 山西 安徽 温州 广西重庆 郑州大学 华中科技大学 青岛大学 兰州大学 山东大学导师名单

口腔基础医学：孙善珍（孙老师现在不招研究生）

李纾（牙周基础）

马跃（口外，口外基础）口腔临床医学：

1、口腔内科学专业：熊世江 杨丕山

姜广水

王铎

戚向敏

王青

孙钦峰

林志勇

亓庆国

王燕

2、口腔颌面外科专业： 徐欣

马跃

宋代辉

张风河

赵华强

刘云生

王旭霞

张东升

袁奎封

孙树征

王建华 刘少华

张世周 高振南（基础）

3、口腔修复学专业：

汲平

孙惠强

兰晶

4、口腔正畸学专业：刘东旭

君

潘淑芹

王春玲

郭 泾

郭杰

第五篇：考研资料

南京师范大学 教育技术学专业 2013年考研招生简章招生目录 招 研究方向

01 视觉文化与信息技术教育

02 教育数据挖掘与智能处理

03 教育游戏与3D建模 考试科目

①101思想政治理论 ②201英语一或202俄语或203日语 ③627C语言与WEB技术

④828教学设计或829数据结构

复试科目、复试参考书 【复试科目】 ⑤F065信息化教育概论

【复试书目】 F065 信息化教育概论：

《信息化教育概论》南国农，高等教育出版社2004年。

同等学力加试 高等数学 ⑥

数据库技术 ⑦

参考书目、参考教材 627 C语言与WEB技术:

《C程序设计》谭浩强，清华大学出版社2006年；《网站设计与Web应用开发技术》吴伟敏，清华大学出版社2009年。

828 教学设计: 《教育心理学――献给教师的书》吴庆麟，华东师范大学出版社2003年；

《教学设计（第二版）》，皮连生，高等教育出版社2009年。

829 数据结构: 《数据结构》（C语言版）严蔚敏，清华大学出版社2005年；

《数据结构题集（Ｃ语言版）》 严蔚敏 吴伟民，清华大学出版社2007 年。

华中师范大学 教育技术学（078401）2013年考研招生简章招生目录

招生年份:2013 本院系招收人数:152 教育技术学（078401）专业招收人数: 专业代码:078401 研究方向 考试科目 ①101思想政治理论 ②201英语一

③729教育技术学与教学设计 ④870计算

复试科目、复试参考书 复试科目：高等数学

参考书:

《高等数学》第五版上下册，同济大学应用数学系编，高等教育出版社，2002年版

同等学力加试科目： ①CAI课件设计

参考书目、参考教材

教育技术学与教学设计考试科目：

《信息化教育概论》王继新，华中师范大学出版社2006年3月 《教学系统设计理论与实践》杨九民，北京大学出版社2008年1月

《教育技术学》何克抗，北京师生年份:2013 本院系招生人数:204

教育技术学专业招生人数:32

专业代码:078401 机应用基础

（一）教育传播学 ② 参考书：

CAI课件设计考试科目：

《多媒体教学软件设计与开发》王志军主编，高等教育出版社，2006年7月版 教育传播学考试科目：

《教育传播学》南国农 高等教育出版社 2005 备注： 1.接收推免生

2.本专业共招收152人，其中学术型90人、全日制专业学位62人

范大学出版社2002年

计算机应用基础考试科目： 《计算机软件技术基础》徐士良编著，清华大学出版社2002年版 《C语言程序设计》（第四版）谭浩强，清华大学出版社

政治复习计划

一、第一阶段

夯实基础阶段（7月1号——9月1号）（每天只给政治半小时）

大纲解析未出，复习用书为肖秀容命题人系列之——《精讲精练》（名字可能记得不准确）。

二、第二阶段

巩固知识阶段（9月1号——10月1号）。

每天只给政治1小时，复习用书为《教育部大纲解析》和肖老师命题人系列之——《1000题》。

三、第三阶段

冲刺做题阶段（10月1号——11月1号）做习题集和真题

四、第四阶段

模拟考场阶段（11月1号——12月1号）

五、第五阶段

学霸背诵阶段（12月1号——考试之前）

最后一个月绝对是关键！这时候要一边背诵专门精简过的知识点小册子，就是内容全是一条一条的知识点的那种。

考到唯物论就答——三观：物质观、意识观、实践观；两原理：物质与意识的关系原理、世界的物质统一性原理。

考到辩证法就答：

1．两个总特征：发展的、联系的。．三个规律：对立统一规律（最根本的核心的），量变质变规律，否定之否定规律。

3．四种辩证思维方法:归纳与演绎、分析与综合、抽象与具体、历史与逻辑的统一。

．五对基本范畴：现象与本质、原因与结果、内容与形式、可能性与现实性、必然性与偶然性。