武汉大学行政管理专业考博专业课真题(2016年和2017年)

第一篇：武汉大学行政管理专业考博专业课真题(2016年和2017年)

武汉大学政治与公共管理学院行政管理专业考博专业课真题

从2016年开始，武汉大学的博士研究生招考采用的是“申请-考核制”，即先考英语，根据英语成绩情况，由各个学院根据申请者的英语成绩、教育背景、科研经历和科研成果等内容，按1:2的比例决定复试名单。2016年的行政管理博士招生复试时考了一门专业课，2017年则把专业课考试放到初试，出发点是在初试阶段加大对考生专业水平的考核。因此，各位有志考武汉大学行政管理专业博士研究生的考生，也要注重专业课的复习。

以下是2016年和2017年武汉大学政治与公共管理学院行政管理专业考博专业课真题，题目为回忆版，不完全跟考试题型一样，但考点就那些。所谓答题思路，仅供娱乐，不喜勿喷，大家可以自己去找答案。

2016年（共4道大题，总分100分，考试3个小时）

一、概念辨析：请论述公共行政、公共管理、公共治理的内涵及其关系

答题思路，进攻参考：行政管理和公共行政传统意义上是一个含义，中国行政管理学的鼻祖人物夏书章老先生在最初引入public administration的时候，由于公共俩字容易使人联想到政治性（当时要割资本主义的尾巴，和政治相关的东西比较敏感），所以翻译成了行政管理，把重点放在了管理追求的效率而不是政治性上面。公共行政的定义是政府，特别是执行机关为公众提供服务的活动，行政官员或行政人员在这种活动中主要是执行由政治家所制定的政策和法律，关注的焦点是过程，程序以及将政策转变为实际的行动。公共管理包含了公共行政（也就是行政管理）的许多内涵，但有以最低的成本取得目标以及管理者为取得结果负责的内涵。所以公共管理是公共组织提供公共物品和服务的活动，它主要不是关注的过程，而是取得结果和对结果的获得负个人责任。

公共治理理论包含了协同治理理论、第三方组织理论、多中心治理理论、网络治理理论、整体性治理治理等等理论模式，主要是顺应市民社会逐渐成熟、第三方组织发育壮大、政府单边行动难以为继的情形下产生的。与新公共管理理论相比，治理理论有着显著的差别。首先是“治理”一词与“管理”一词有着不同的含义。“管理”依然带有传统的管制和控制的意思，而“治理”则更多意味着治理主体之间的良性互动过程。治理理论是一种关于政府与公民共治的价值追求。1989年，世界银行在讨论非洲发展中存在的问题时，首先使用了“治理危机”这一概念。在世界银行看来，治理等同于单个国家的可统治性，是为了发展而在一个国家的经济与社会资源的管理中运用权力的方式。俞可平认为，治理“是指在一个既定的范围内运用权威维持秩序，满足公众的需要。治理的目的是在各种不同的制度关系中运用权力去引导、控制和规范公民的各种活动，以最大限度地增进公共利益”。治理理论具有以下显著特征：（1）强调治理主体的多样性。治理理论主张打破政府部门垄断社会治理权力的局面，把私营部门、第三部门和公民纳入社会治理的主体。（2）强调国家与社会的合作。治理理论首先模糊了公共领域与私人领域的明确界限，破除传统的国家与公民对立式的二元结构，国家把越来越多的原本属于它独自承担的责任分享给社会。（3）强调管理手段和方式的多样化。政府为公民提供公共服务和产品，更多地利用合同承包、特许经营、自由市场、志愿服务和家庭服务等方式。（4）强调管理主体和管理客体的互动。治理是一个上下互动的管理过程，它通过合作、协商、伙伴关系、确立认同和共同的目标等方式实施对公共事务的管理。（5）治理边界是跨部门、跨领域，是一

个问题、多个领域的联合。公共治理理论的理论内核是主张通过合作、协商、合作伙伴关系，确定共同的目标等途径，实现对公共事务的管理。其理论基础是后现代主义的多元主义和合作理论。

二、请论述社会治理的内涵答题思路，仅供参考：

党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》指出，“全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”。党的十八届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》进一步认为，加强和创新社会治理是加强和改善党的领导，实现“十三五”规划提供坚强保证的重要抓手。

对于“社会治理”这一概念的运用，在认识上是经历了一个过程的——党的十八届三中全会之前，我们主要使用的概念是“社会管理”，自十八届三中全会通过《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》起，我们党开始用“社会治理”这一概念来替换“社会管理”。社会管理变为社会治理并非简单的“一字之变”，它反映了在治理主体、治理方式、治理范围、治理重点等方面的明显不同，是对改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期我们党处理社会问题、解决社会矛盾所取得经验的深刻总结，集中反映了以习近平同志为核心的党中央在我国社会建设方面取得的重要理论与实践成果。

从社会管理走向社会治理,呼唤一种新的治理理念与治理模式的生成，这就是合作治理。现代公共管理理论认为，无论政府、市场还是社会，任何单一治理机制都不可能包揽全部公共事务，也无法有效应对各种可能风险，构建多主体、多向度的合作互动关系是现代社会治理的必然要求。合作治理需要对既有制度环境做出回应，同时需要在国家层面做出新的系统性的制度安排。就当前中国现实而言，相关制度机制构建依然面临不少挑战。因此，促进社会治理的发展，需要处理好以下几个问题：

第一，不同主体间的治理共识亟待凝聚。凝聚治理共识是合作治理的前提。不同治理主体就根本的政治价值与治理理念建立共识，是保持社会凝聚力与向心力，提升社会治理有效性的根本保证。新形势下，不同行动主体治理共识的凝聚面临许多挑战。利益主体的多元化制约了治理共识的凝聚。多中心治理可以有效避免单一权威统治带来的诸多弊端，但也因此带来了不同利益诉求协调与整合的难题。例如，就政府主体而言，中央政府与地方政府，地方政府之间都不可避免会因为职权划分不当引发利益博弈问题，其中有些博弈带有恶性竞争色彩，任其发展很可能会带来政府权威的无谓损耗。不同社会组织之间同样如此，具有官方背景的社会组织与民间性社会组织之间也有不同的利益诉求，会在社会认同与资源获取等层面展开竞争，有些竞争产生了一定的内耗，削弱了社会组织的整体影响力。

第二，政府与社会组织的互信关系亟待加强。构建信任关系是合作治理的基础。当前中国，政府与社会组织的信任关系基础受到了一定程度的削弱。首先，政府对社会组织存在一定的不信任心理。社会组织具有某些自发性、公益性特征，尤其是某些专业性社会组织在基层民众中享有较高的影响力与感召力，政府对社会组织带有一定的戒备心理，担心其在发展过程中会“侵占”政府活动空间，甚至削弱政府自身权威，导致政府在社会组织的态度上表现“暧昧”，不刻意限制，但也不积极鼓励。此外，社会组织自身存在的诸如财务管理不透明、挪用善款以

及公信力下降等问题，使得政府对社会组织的自治自律难以放心，进而对其参与社会治理与公共服务的能力产生质疑。其次，社会组织对政府也缺乏一定的信任。由于政府掌握公共资源的分配大权，在社会权威体系中占据强势地位，社会组织在力量博弈与资源获取上均处于劣势，加之许多社会组织是在政府的扶持下产生的，导致前者对后者具有天然的依附性。必须指出，这种依附性生存模式更多是社会组织获取必要资源支持的权宜选择而非心甘情愿，因此社会组织对政府怀有较为复杂的心态，一方面服从政府管控以获取必要的资源支持，另一方面又希望能与政府保持距离以获得更多自主空间。此外，政府自身也存在信任缺失问题，诸如政策多变、设租寻租以及与民争利等政府失信行为，严重损害了政府形象、削弱了政府公信力，使得政府行为变得难以预期，由此导致社会组织无法在社会治理领域与政府开展深度合作。

第三，不同治理机制的职能边界亟待界定。界定不同机制的职能边界是合作治理的关键。政府、市场、社会都有其活动边界与职能擅长，超越应有界限就会出现职能错乱。当前，由于我国政府职能转变不够到位，市场发展尚不完善，加之社会自主性相对不足，不同治理机制的职能定位出现了一定程度的错乱。其中一个突出表现就是，政府超越其活动界限，挤压市场与社会空间。但必须认识到，作为一种治理机制，政府作用有其边界，唯有在其擅长的领域才能有所作为。一般而言，政府更擅长提供公共物品和调节公共事务，比如维护公共安全，建立法律制度，进行宏观调控，维护社会公平正义等，其他诸如私人事务或准公共事务应当依托市场与社会机制或者各种机制的组合。但现实中，由于政府权力过度扩张加之缺乏必要约束，政府职能缺位、越位、错位的现象时有发生。政府职能界定不清不仅削弱了政府自身的治理能力与治理权威，同时由于其不当介入经济社会事务，压制了市场与社会活力，影响了市场与社会机制职能的有效发挥。不同治理机制职能混乱的另一个表现是，社会组织背离非营利组织宗旨，损害公共利益。非营利性是社会组织的一个基本特征，其宗旨在于让更多的人分享人类文明的进步成果、过上美好生活，其使命在于提供多元化的公共服务，满足社会成员的多元化需求，实现社会福利的整体提升。然而，一些社会组织却违背上述宗旨，以营利和避税为目的，例如在初创时宣传服务社会公共公益，一旦运作之后，就开始追求自身利益的最大化，服务于组织内部成员而非社会公众，以至出现“公益不足、互益有余”的反常现象。

三、论述现代智库在公共政策制定过程中的作用

智库对公共政策决策的影响越来越大,其社会地位也处于不断上升之中。作为衡量国家“软实力”的重要组成部分,智库研究已成为国际政治学和公共管理学界的新热点。本文通过借鉴智库的相关理论,运用公共政策中的过程理论和多元流政策理论,对智库在公共政策过程中的影响做出分析,力图阐述清楚智库的“能力”和“战略”对智库将知识转化为公共政策过程中的作用。文章把公共政策过程界定为政策制定、政策执行和政策评估三个阶段,结合智库在这三个不同阶段分别起到不同的影响力作用,详细地把智库对公共政策过程中的每个步骤进行了深入的研究。在政策制定阶段,智库通过提供备选方案、参与方案的制定和提出政策建议来影响政策制定的过程；政策执行阶段,智库分别在政策宣传、政策分解、政策实验、政策监控方面影响政策的执行；在政策的评估阶段,智库通过评估政府各种政策和计划、及时反馈政策的实施效果、改进政策的实施战略和程序来影响政府的决策行为。得出的结论是只有充分重视智库在公共政策的每一

个过程中发挥的作用,才能加强智库的自身建设,并促进公共政策的科学化和合法化。只有借鉴国外优秀智库在公共政策过程中的先进经验,才能使我国构建更多具有国际一流水平的智库。

四、弗雷德里克森《新公共行政》一书上的一段话，请论述新公共行政理论的公平内涵及其对中国行政改革的影响。

答题思路，仅供参考：

新公共行政理论是60年代末、70年代初一批青年行政学者对传统行政学提出挑战而形成的“新”理论。它强调公共行政学以公平与民主作为目的及理论基础，主张政治与行政、事实与价值关联；重视人性和行政伦理研究，倡导民主主义的行政模式以及灵活多样的行政体制研究。然而，由于“新公共行政学”缺乏概念和理论上的连贯性，并未最终生根立足，未能最终立足而取代传统的公共行政学“范式”。新公共行政学力图摈弃传统行政的权威主义和以效率为中心的取向，而试图建立以公平为中心的民主行政。新公共行政认为应当研究与动荡不安时代，与公众的日常生活和与公共行政管理者实践相关的议题。它强调政治与行政的连续性，将道德价值概念注入行政过程，将社会公平注入传统的经济与效率目标；强调政府公平，对公众需要负责而不是对公共机构负责，以及公共项目应当对决策和执行负责。它强调公民参与、政策制定、相关控制、分权授权、组织发展、顾客至上和民主工作环境。新公共行政所倡导的价值观，如社会公平、代表制、回应性、参与和社会责任等，推动了公共行政的发展，在某些方面它为新公共管理的产生做了理论准备。

社会公平和社会正义是公共行政的核心价值新公共行政学认为，传统的公共行政学注重公共服务管理的效率、经济和协调性，它的焦点在于高层管理和重要职能部门的管理，以至于有效的、经济的和协调性经常以社会公平为代价，而实现社会公平恰恰是新公共行政的基本目标，因此要在公共行政学的经典目标和理论基础中增加社会公平一项，并以此为核心重塑现代公共行政的价值体系。关于社会公平作为公共行政核心价值的意义，弗里德里克森曾做出高度概括：“社会公平是我们用一系列价值偏好，包括组织设计偏好和行为方式偏好的关键词语。社会公平强调政府提供服务的公平性；社会公平强调公共管理者在决策和组织推行过程中的责任与义务；社会公平强调公共行政管理的变革；社会公平强调对公众要求做出积极的回应（responsiveness），而不是以追求行政组织自身需要满足为目的；社会公平还强调在公共行政的教学与研究中更注重与其它学科的交叉以实现对解决相关问题的期待„„。总之，倡导公共行政的社会公平是要推动政治权力以及经济福利转向社会中那些缺乏政治、经济资源支持，处于劣势境地的人们。” 据此，新公共行政学提出自己的目标：现代公共行政必须考察政府提供的服务是否促进社会公平，效率必须以公平的社会服务为前提、为代价。

以社会公平为核心，致力于突破传统公共行政学以政治与行政两分法为基础的思维框架。新公共行政学拒绝“政治中立”的观点，认为行政系统游离于政策制定之外的状况根本不存在。行政人员既从事行政执行，也从事政策制定，“行政管理者不是中性的。应责成他们承担责任，把出色的管理和社会公平作为社会准则、需要完成的事情或者基本原理。”对行政人员的决策地位的认识采取积极态度，有助于提高行政机关及其人员的自觉意识，即除在执行政策中尽职尽责外，更以主动的态度设计政策议程，并使用裁量权发展公共政策，使政策更加有效地解决社会问题。

2017年（共3道大题，总分150分，考试3个小时）

一、辨析公共行政和和公共管理的概念内涵

二、论述现代智库的作用和意义

智囊团又称头脑企业、智囊集团或思想库、智囊机构、顾问班子，是指专门从事开发性研究的咨询研究机构。它将各学科的专家学者聚集起来，运用他们的智慧和才能，为社会经济等领域的发展提供满意方案或优化方案，是现代领导管理体制中的一个不可缺少的重要组成部分。其主要任务是提供咨询，为决策者献计献策、判断运筹，提出各种设计；反馈信息，对实施方案追踪调查研究，把运行结果反馈到决策者那里，便于纠偏；进行诊断，根据现状研究产生问题的原因，寻找解决问题的症结；预测未来，从不同的角度运用各种方法，提出各种预测方案供决策者选用。

组织形式和机构属性上看，智库既可以是具有政府背景的公共研究机构（官方智库），也可以是不具有政府背景或具有准政府背景的私营研究机构（民间智库）；既可以是营利性研究机构，也可以是非营利性机构。现代智库，作为重要的智慧生产机构，是一个国家思想创新的泉源，也是一个国家软实力和国际话语权的重要标志。随着智库在各国经济社会发展和国际事务的处理中发挥越来越重要的作用，其发展程度正成为一个国家或地区治理能力的重要体现。为此，建设高水平、国际化的智库已经成为一个全球化趋势。

民间机构组织如何对公共决策施加影响，民间机构组织以多种方式影响公共政策和舆论，其中包括：让政府官员及其手下工作人员了解新政策方案的有利或不利效应；开展公关和舆论活动，宣传自己的立场；调动专家意见，宣传支持自己立场的实例、数据和民意调查结果；安排有关人员到国会委员会听证会作证；调动自身会员的支持力量，鼓励他们参加投票、向各自选区的议员代表反映意见、给媒体写信等；组成政治行动委员会，向支持自己立场的候选人捐助竞选资金。

三、国家治理现代化的理论依据和现实条件

国家治理体系是由政府组织、市场组织、公民自治组织等多元主体构成的有机系统。要促进国家治理体系的现代化，就要依据系统论的理论，把国家治理体系看出一个有机的总体系统，政府组织、市场组织、公民自治组织是子系统，政治因素、经济因素、文化因素、社会因素等是国家治理体系的关键要素，想要总体系统的功能得到最大程度的发挥，就要合理配置子系统之间、各要素之间，以及各子系统和各要素之间的合理关系，使之产生1+1>2的效果。尤其在政府组织内部，需要优化行政结构及其职能的配置和划分，使得行政机构的功能得到优化。

国家治理能力是作为国家治理组成部分的各个治理主体基于公共治理理论进行职能整合而产生的整体性治理能力。国家治理能力的提升，说明国家治理体系中各子系统都有改进的空间。

第二篇：2015武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案

感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）197431621”群网友热心提供题源

一、阅读理解

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty.Because justice is regarded as one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime.Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society.To make up for his offence, society must get even.This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him.This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times.It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder.This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel.He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied.To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt.The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice.The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him.The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior.must be found.If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society.This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered.However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society.His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this selection is（B）A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime B.Approaches to Just Punishment C.Improvement in Legal Justice D.Attaining Justice in the Courts

2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（C）.A.type of crime that was proven B.severity for the punishment C.reason for the sentence D.outcome of the trial

3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（D）.A.forced brain surgery B.whipping C.solitary confinement D.the electric chair

4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（D）.A.prove，that equality demands just punishment B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law C.give moral backing to retributive justice D.prove that man has long been interested in justice

”In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized...In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.“

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete.There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status.In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children.More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life.It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes.In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5.The phrase ”men's sureness of their sex role“ in the first paragraph suggests that they（C）

A.are confident in their ability to charm women.B.take the initiative in courtship.C.have a clear idea of what is considered ”manly“.D.tend to be more immoral than women are.6.The third paragraph（A）

A.generally agrees with the first paragraph B.has no connection with the first paragraph C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph D.contradicts the last paragraph

7.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）A.is based on the study of archaeology B.illustrates how people expect men to behave C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke D.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer

8.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（D）A.approves of B.argues is natural C.completely rejects D.expects to go on changing

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations.It makes it hard to plan ahead.But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets.Farmers in Europe, the U.S.and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.Last month U.S.President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels.Bush said the step was necessary to ”promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations“.It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries.But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods.It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance.”What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.“

Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete.Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output.This is no pie in the sky speculation.The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe.But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the ”least developed country“ status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose.And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets.Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago.But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed.Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers（C）receive more government subsidies than others.? A.in the developing world B.in Japan C.in Europe D.in America?

10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a（A）motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.? A.partisan B.social C.financial D.cultural?

11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that（A）? A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?

B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization? D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies

12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S.is（C）? A.favourable B.ambiguous C.critical D.reserved

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（D）.A.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction D.substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction

14.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（A）.A.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B.comparing various critical approaches to ”a subject C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism

15.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（B）.A.pedantic and contentious B.critical but admiring C.ironic and deprecating D.argumentative but unfocused

16.It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following（C）

A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers B.A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors C.A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes

D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history

三、汉译英

得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一瞬间，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。

Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot.I could have my way at home.Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.One spring evening, my parents held a Banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.In no time, a crowd of their guests collected and laughter was heard all over there.I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters, brothers and my cousins, each full of the joys of spring, were shuttling among the guests.Quickly enough, I was thrown into a fist of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and discarded by the rest and could not help crying my heart out.四、作文

How to Prevent Plagiarism

第三篇：南京大学行政管理2013年考博真题

2013年公共管理与方法

1、试论风险社会下公共管理理论的困境和发展

2、阐述事实因素和价值因素的关系

3、社会治理中的合作

4、“当人们抱怨官僚组织的问题时，人们总是倾向于将其归咎于官僚组织的管理问题。而事实上，问题出在官僚组织的治理上。”，谈谈您对上述这句话的理解。

2013年公共行政与公共政策

1、现代社会的政府治理模式类型

2、论述民主行政理论

3、请阐述成本——利益分析方法的作用和有限性

4、公共政策过程中有很多有意思的政策，请选择一个写份研究计划

复试：

请阐述公共性和合法性两个概念

在公共性和合法性的对话中，谈谈中国政府治理模式变革

第四篇：武汉大学2013年行政管理考研真题

2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

（满分150分）

科目名称：公共管理学科目代码：641

一、名词解释：（6×6=36)

公共组织WO拥挤性公共物品公共权力与公共责任公共部门战略管理公共权利的监控

二、简答题：(6×12=72)

1、简述公共部门管理与私部门管理最主要的区别

2、简述西方国家公共服务对我国的启示

3、简述公共部门绩效管理的内容

4、简述政府间接生产公共物品的方式

5、简述政府工作机构低效率的原因

6、简述非政府公共组织在中国独特的功能

三、论述：(21×2=42)

1、论述公共政策的性质

2、论述市场经济中公共管理的职能

2013武汉大学综合知识真题回忆

一、名词解释5×6=30

例外原则科举制度部内制决策听证头脑风暴法经济人假设

二、材料分析15×2=301、你是如何理解下面这一段文字材料的？你认为它对于我国行政管理理论与实践发展有何启示？

“公务员义不容辞的责任就是要能够建立和保证公平的标准和测量以及认识公共服务对公民对尊严和福利得得影响。”

2、你是如何理解下面这一段文字材料的？你认为它对于我国行政管理理论与实践发展有何启示？

“政府的航船需要一两层油漆。如果我们去掉油漆。那就剩下光秃秃的金属，将会生锈腐蚀。问题是大多数政府的航船上了几十层油漆，上面有一层又一层的附着物。取消控制的目的，就是要重新恢复到我们真正需要的一两层保护层，使这艘航船能重新航行。”

三、简答题：5×10=501、简述渐进主义的优点

2、简述公务员考试录用制度的功能

3、简述共同协商法的基本要点

4、奥斯本认为政府组织与企业组织有什么区别？

5、简述棱柱形行政体制模式的特点

四、论述题2×20=401、论述发展中国家公务家体制模式面临的问题和对我们的启示

2、论述“政府失败论”的原因和对我国行政管理的启示

第五篇：武汉大学2013年行政管理考研真题