第一篇:英国文学浪漫主义时期作家.
William Wordsworth(7 April 1770 –23 April 1850 was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth's masterpiece is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi autobiographical poem of his early years which the poet revised and expanded a number of times.The work was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem “to Coleridge”.Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three maen bec ame known as“Lake Poets”.骚塞,柯勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为“湖畔诗人”。
Wordsworth was a defining member of the English Romantic Movement.华兹华斯是英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物之一。
Like other Romantics, Wordsworth’s personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life.对自然的热爱以及他大部分人生所度过的地方--湖区--的风光景色都对他的性格和作品有着深远的影响。
A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity.他是一位真挚深刻的思想者,作品在严谨中充满纯真质朴与敏感。I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云 William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云
That floats on high o'er vales and hills, 在山丘和谷地上飘荡, When all at once I saw a crowd, 忽然间我看见一群 A host, of golden daffodils;金色的水仙花迎春开放, Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 在树荫下,在湖水边, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.迎着微风起舞翩翩。Continuous as the stars that shine 连绵不绝,如繁星灿烂, And twinkle on the milky way, 在银河里闪闪发光, They stretched in never-ending line 它们沿着湖湾的边缘 Along the margin of a bay: 延伸成无穷无尽的一行;Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 我一眼看见了一万朵, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.在欢舞之中起伏颠簸。The waves beside them danced;but they 粼粼波光也在跳着舞, Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: 水仙的欢欣却胜过水波;A poet could not but be gay, 与这样快活的伴侣为伍, In such a jocund company: 诗人怎能不满心欢乐!I gazed--and gazed--but little thought 我久久凝望,却想象不到 What wealth the show to me had brought: 这奇景赋予我多少财宝,—— For oft, when on my couch I lie 每当我躺在床上不眠, In vacant or in pensive mood, 或心神空茫,或默默沉思,They flash upon that inward eye 它们常在心灵中闪现, Which is the bliss of solitude;那是孤独之中的福祉;And then my heart with pleasure fills, 于是我的心便涨满幸福, And dances with the daffodils.和水仙一同翩翩起舞。拜伦
1788年1月22日出生于伦敦,父母皆出自没落贵族家庭。他天生跛一足,并对此很敏感。十岁时,拜伦家族的世袭爵位及产业(纽斯泰德寺院是其府邸落到他身上,成为拜伦第六世勋爵。哈罗公学毕业后,1805-1808年在剑桥大学学文学及历史,他是个不刻苦的学生,很少听课,却广泛阅读了欧洲和英国的文学、哲学和历史著作,同时也从事射击、赌博、饮酒、打猎、游泳、拳击等各种活动。1809年3月,他作为世袭贵族进入了贵族院,他出席议院和发言的次数不多,但这些发言都鲜明地表示了拜伦的自由主义的进步立场。
剑桥大学毕业。曾任上议院议员。学生时代即深受启蒙思想影响。1809-1811年游历西班牙、希腊、土耳其等国,受各国人民反侵略、反压迫斗争鼓舞,创作《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》(Child Harold's Pilgrimage, 1809-1818。其代表作品有《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》《唐璜》(Don Juan, 1818-1823等。在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。他们孤傲、狂热、浪漫,却充满了反抗精神。他们内心充满了孤独与苦闷,却又蔑视群小。恰尔德•哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。拜伦诗中最具有代表性、战斗性,也是最辉煌的作品是他的长诗《唐璜》,诗中描绘了西班牙贵族子弟唐璜的游历、恋爱及冒险等浪漫故事,揭露了社会中黑暗、丑恶、虚伪的一面,奏响了为自由、幸福和解放而斗争的战歌。拜伦不仅是一位伟大的诗人,还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士;他积极而勇敢地投身革命,参加了希腊民族解放运动,并成为领导人之一。
从1809-1811,拜伦出国作东方的旅行,是为了要“看看人类,而不是只在书本上读到他们”,还为了扫除“一个岛民怀着狭隘的偏见守在家门的有害后果”。在旅途中,他
开始写作《恰尔德•哈洛尔德游记》和其他诗篇,并在心中酝酿未来的东方故事诗。《恰尔德•哈洛尔德游记》的第一、二章在1812年2月问世,轰动了文坛,使拜伦一跃成为伦敦社交界的明星。然而这并没有使他和英国的贵族资产阶级妥协。他自早年就知道这个社会及其统治阶级的顽固、虚伪、邪恶及偏见,他的诗一直是对这一切的抗议。
1811-1816年,拜伦一直在生活在不断的感情旋涡中。在他到处受欢迎的社交生活中,逢场作戏的爱情俯拾即是,一个年青的贵族诗人的风流韵事自然更为人津津乐道。拜伦在1813年向一位安娜•密尔班克小姐求婚,于1815年1月和她结了婚。这是拜伦一生中所铸的最大的错误。拜伦夫人是一个见解褊狭的、深为其阶级的伪善所宥的人,完全不能理解拜伦的事业和观点。婚后一年,便带着初生一个多月的女儿回到自己家中,拒绝与拜伦同居,从而使流言纷起。以此为契机,英国统治阶级对它的叛逆者拜伦进行了最疯狂的报复,以图毁灭这个胆敢在政治上与它为敌的诗人。这时期的痛苦感受,也使他写出像《普罗米修斯》那样的诗,表示向他的压迫者反抗到底的决心。
What is an ode? a lyric poem typically of elaborate or irregular metrical form and expressive of exalted or enthusiastic emotion.珀西·比希·雪莱,是英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。William Wordsworth曾称其为“One of the best artists of us all“,同时期的拜伦称其为 ”Without exception the best and least selfish man I ever knew", 更被誉为诗人中的诗人。其一生见识广泛,不仅是柏拉图主义者,更是个伟大的理想主义者。创作的诗歌节奏明快,积极向上。
雪莱习惯性的将他关于上帝、政治和社会等问题的想法写成小册子散发给一些素不相识的人,并询问他们看后的意见。
1811年3月25日,由于散发《无神论的必然》(The Necessity of Atheism,入学不足一年的雪莱被牛津大学开除。雪莱的父亲是一位墨守成规的乡绅,他要求雪莱公开声明自己与《无神论的必然》毫无关系,而雪莱拒绝了,他因此被逐出家门。被切
断经济支持的雪莱在两个妹妹的帮助下过了一段独居的生活,这一时期,他认识了哈丽雅特·韦斯特布鲁克(Harriet Westbrook,他妹妹的同学,一个小旅店店主的女儿。雪莱与这个十六岁的少女仅见了几次面,她是可爱的,又是可怜的,当雪莱在威尔士看到她来信称自己在家中受父亲虐待后便毅然赶回伦敦,带着这一身世可怜且恋慕他的少女踏上私奔的道路。他们在爱丁堡结婚,婚后住在约克。
Ode to the West Wind If Winter comes , can Spring be far behind? 冬天既快来,春天难道还远吗? 在写作上,诗作以象征手法见长。狂暴的西风既是自然界的风,更是革命的风暴,诗人明写自然之风,本意却在呼唤、盼望革命的风暴,象征手法使西风这一意象更加饱满而意蕴深刻。此外,诗作各部分重复“哦,你听”,重章复唱,既为了引起读者的参与,又使作品表现出一种跳动的节奏感、韵律感!玛丽.雪莱
英国著名小说家,因其1818年创作里文学史上第一部科幻小说《弗兰肯斯坦》(或译《科学怪人》,而被誉为科幻小说之母。她是英国著名浪漫主义诗人雪莱的第二任妻子。
1797年8月30日,玛丽·雪莱生于伦敦。她的父母同是政界名人:母亲是著名女权主义者、教育家和作家玛莉·渥斯顿克雷福特,父亲是自由主义者、哲学家、信奉无政府主义的记者、及信奉无神论的异见人士威廉·戈德温。1797年玛丽出生后十天母亲就因产后感染而去世,这使得玛丽一直抱有“自己害死了母亲”的想法。玛丽的父亲很快另觅新欢,玛丽只好和继母,异母兄弟一起生活。
1814年5月她结识了年轻的诗人珀西·雪莱,珀西当时已经成家,却很快为玛丽非凡的容貌、举止和才智所折服。两个月后,他们不顾众人反对,一起私奔离开了英
国。当雪莱的第一个妻子在1816年12月自杀去世后,他们正式结婚。然而玛丽婚后却接连丧失了三个孩子,并经历了丈夫早早去世的痛苦。
雪莱既殁,玛丽带了不满三岁的儿子伯熙回到英国。雪莱的父亲对她很苛严,只供她微薄的津贴,而且禁止她张扬雪莱的“劣迹”,否则就断绝接济。玛丽毅然辛苦笔耕,成为自食其力的专业作家。
早在她十九岁那年,拜伦与雪莱在日内瓦夜谈兴起,拜伦提议大家何不各写一篇神怪小说。四个人都动了笔,包括两位诗人,玛丽和拜伦的医生巴利多里。三位男士都无法终篇,玛丽越写越认真,竟然完成了一篇杰作。在伦敦引起轰动。这就是后来的传世名著《弗兰肯斯坦》。
1818年,她的第一部也是最重要的一部作品《弗兰肯斯坦》出版了。引起当时社会舆论,特别是科学界的广泛争论。这部小说后来经过多次改编,以多种艺术形式表现,并搬上银幕,成为科幻题材电影最早的蓝本之一。《弗兰肯斯坦》,除科幻色彩外,这部作品中既有浪漫气氛,又有深切的人文关怀,更有令人毛骨悚然的恐怖因子,故此也被人誉为“有史以来最伟大的恐怖作品之一”。对于一个20岁的作者来说,这是一个非凡的成就。这部作品立即取得了关键的广泛的成功,并为玛丽赢得了极大的声誉。
玛丽另一项贡献就是为亡夫编印遗作。雪莱死后留下不少迄未发表的作品,那首五百多行的未完成长诗《生之凯旋》就是一例。一八二四年,她出版了《雪莱诗遗作》,一八三九年又发行一套《雪莱诗集》。
玛丽·雪莱的主要科幻作品除了《弗兰肯斯坦》(1818之外,还有一部《最后一个人》(1826。1851年她去世后由别人整理出版了《故事集》。此外还有纯文学小说等。
【《弗兰肯斯坦》】
【玛丽·雪莱的科幻名著——《弗兰肯斯坦》】
主人公弗兰肯斯坦是一位从事人的生命科学研究的学者,他力图用人工创造出生命。在他的实验室里,通过无数次的探索,他创造了一个面目可憎,奇丑无比的怪物。开始时,这人造的怪物秉性善良,对人充满了善
意和感恩之情。他要求他的创造者和人们给予他人生的种种权利,甚至要求为他创造一个配偶。但是,当他处处受到他的创造者和人们的嫌恶和岐视时,他感到非常痛苦。他憎恨一切,他想毁灭一切。他杀害了弗兰肯斯坦的弟弟威廉,他又企图谋害弗兰肯斯坦的未婚妻伊丽莎白。弗兰肯斯坦怀着满腔怒火追捕他所创造的恶魔般的怪物。最后,在搏斗中,弗兰肯斯坦和怪物同归于尽。
本书揭示了作者的哲学观点。她认为人具有双重性格——善与恶。长期受人嫌恶、岐视和迫害会使人变得邪恶而干出种种坏事,甚至发展到不可收拾的地步。它还为英语添加了一个新的单词Frankerstein,一个最终毁了它的创造者的东西。
弗兰肯斯坦已成为好莱坞经典的形象之一。沃尔特·司各特
瓦尔特·司各特(1771—1832(Scott,Walter是一个英国著名的历史小说家和诗人。他生于苏格兰的爱丁堡市,父亲是位律师。司各将毕业于爱丁堡大学,当过律师,担任过副郡长、高等民事法庭书记宫等职
生平
生于1771年,1832年去世。司各特18个月时患小儿麻痹症而有腿萎缩。12岁时进爱丁堡大学。他十分欣赏德国的“狂飙文学”,翻译过德国著名民谣《莱诺尔》。1802年司各特出版《苏格兰边区歌两集》。1805年他第一部有分量的作品《最后一个吟游诗人之歌》问世。此后他投资印刷行业。1808年出版诗歌《玛米恩》,以后他创作了《湖边夫人》、《特里亚明的婚礼》、《岛屿的领主》等一系列诗歌。他最后一部长诗是《无畏的哈罗尔德》。
编辑本段
司各特的作品简介
司各特的诗充满浪漫的冒险故事,深受读者欢迎。但当时拜伦的诗才遮蔽了司各特的才华,司各特转向小说创作,从而首创英国历史小说,为英国文学提供了30多部历史小说巨著。最早的一部历史小说《威佛利》1813年出版,其取材于苏格兰。司各特关于英格兰历史小说有脍炙人口的《艾凡赫》(《撒克逊劫后英雄传》等,关于欧洲史的小说有《昆丁·达威
尔特》及《十字军英雄记》等。司各特的小说情节浪漫复杂,语言流畅生 动。后世许多优秀作家都曾深受他的影响。1826 年,他投资的印刷厂倒闭,司各特以英雄气概承担了 114,000 英镑的全部债务。他拼命地写作,还清 了债务。过分紧张的工作使他的身体垮了下来。司各特之死使英国举国悲 伤。司各特诚实守信 光荣的死 英国著名的小说家瓦尔特司各特是一个诚实守信的人,虽然为他很 贫穷,但是人们都很尊敬他。司各特为人正直,他的一个朋友看见他的生活很困难,就帮他办了一 家出版印刷公司,可是他不善于经营,不久就倒闭破产了。这使原本就很 贫穷的作家又背对背上了六万美元的债务包袱。司各特的朋友们商量,要凑足够的钱帮助他还债。司各特拒绝了,说: “不,凭我自己这双手我能还清债务。我可以失去任何东西,但惟一不能 失去的就是信用。” 为了还清他的债务,他像拉板车的老黄牛一样努力工作,他的朋友们 都非常佩服他的勇气,都说他是一个真正的男子汉,是一个正直高尚的人。当时的很多家报纸都报道了他的企业倒闭的消息,有的文章中充满了 同情和遗憾。他把这些文章统统扔到火炉里,他的心里对自己说:“瓦尔 特司各特不需要要怜悯和同情,他有宝贵的信用和战胜生活的勇气。” 在那以后他更加努力地工作,学会了许多以前不会干的活,经常一天 跑几个单位,变换不同的工作,人累得又黑又瘦。有一次,他的一个债主看了司各特写的小说后,专程跑来对他说:“司 各特先生,我知道您很讲信用,但是您更是一个很有才华的作家,您应该 把时间更多地花在写作上,因此我决定免除您的债务,您欠我的那一部分 钱就不用还了。” 司各特说:“非常感谢您,但是我不能接受您的帮助,我不能做没有 信用的人。” 这件事之后,他在日记本里这样写道:“我从来没有像现在这样睡得 这样踏实和安稳。我的债主对我说,他觉得我
是一个诚实可靠的人,他说 可以免掉我的债务,但我不能接受。尽管我的前方是一条艰难而黑暗的路,但却使我感到光荣,为了保全我的信誉,我可能困苦而死,但我却死得光 荣。” 由于繁重的劳动,司各特曾经病倒过。在病中,他经常对自己说:“我 欠别人的债还没还清呢,我一定要好起来,等我赚了钱,还了债,然后再 光荣而安详的死。” 司各特热爱苏格兰家乡,从小对故乡丰富的历史传说和民间歌谣产生 了浓厚的兴趣。一八 0 二年至一八 0 三年间他搜集整理并出版了《苏格兰
边区歌谣》,引起人们的注意,也为他日后的创作打下了基础。一八 0 五 年,司各特创作的叙事长诗《末代歌者之歌》出版,轰动了英国文坛,给 他带来了声誉。此后他又创作了长诗《玛密恩》和《湖上夫人》等。在这 些叙事诗里,司各特运用浪漫抒情的手法描绘了苏格兰瑰丽的自然景色,叙述了苏格兰和英格兰古老的历史传说,引起了人们极大的兴趣,奠定了 自己在英国文坛上的诗人地位。一八一四年,司各特匿名出版了一部以苏格兰詹姆士党人一七四五年 起义为题材的历史小说《威弗利》,受到读者极其热情的欢迎。这时,拜 伦已在诗坛上崭露头角,司各特自叹不如,于是决心转到小说创作方面。胜炙人口的作品 从一八一四年到一八三二年司各特去世为止,他一共创作了二十余部 历史小说,其中最为胜炙人口的有以苏格兰历史为背景的《中洛辛郡的心 脏》、《修墓老人》、《红古罗伯》,以英格兰历史为背景的《艾凡赫》 和以法国历史为背景的《惊婚记》。社会评价 司各特的历史小说气势磅礴,宏伟壮丽,出色地反映了英格兰、苏格 兰和欧洲历史重大转折时刻的矛盾冲突。在他的笔下,历史事件毫不枯燥,总是和故事人物悲欢离合的曲折遭遇有机地结合在一起。司各特的创作对欧洲历史小说起了开创作用,被尊为历史小说的创 始人。英国的狄更斯、斯蒂文森,法国的雨果、巴尔扎克、大仲马,俄国 的普希金,意大利的曼佐尼,美国的库柏等著名作家都曾受到司各特的深 刻影响。
第二篇:英国文学作家及作品简介
英国文学作家及作品简介
1.Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗雷.乔叟 The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 2.Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦 3.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞 The Fairy Queen 仙后
4.Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫.马洛 Tamburlaine 铁木尔 / The Jew of Malta 马耳他的犹太人 / Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士
5.Shakespeare 莎士比亚 四大喜剧 The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》、Much Ado About Nothing 《无事生非》、As you like it 《皆大欢喜》、Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》;四大悲剧 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》、Othello 《奥赛罗》、Kin g Lear《李尔王》 Macbeth 《麦克白》; Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
6.Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根 Of Study 谈读书 7.John Milton 约翰 弥尔顿 Paradise Lost 失乐园
8.John Bunyan 约翰 班扬 The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程 9.John Dryden An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 10.Alexander Pope亚历山大.蒲波
11.Jonathan Swift 江纳森.斯威夫特 Gulliver’s Travels 格列夫游记 12.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 13.Samuel Richardon 塞缪尔.理查德逊 Pamela 帕美拉
14.Henry Fielding 亨利.费尔丁 The history of Tom Hones, a Foundling 汤姆琼斯
15.Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.谢立丹 The School for Scandal 造谣学校 16.Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔.约翰生 A Dictionary of the English Language 17.William Blake 威廉.布莱克 Songs of Innocence 天真之歌;Songs of Experience 经验之歌
18.Oliver Goldsmith 奥列夫.哥尔斯密 The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德牧师传;The Citizen of the World 世界公民;She Stoops to Conquer 委曲求全;The Deserted Village 荒村
19.Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 A Red Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰
20.William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 桂冠诗人 Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集 Lucy Poems 露西组诗 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways 她住在人迹罕至的路边 I wandered lonely as a cloud 我好似一朵孤独的流云 Tintern Abbey 廷腾寺
21.Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯勒律治 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子吟/ 老船夫; kublan Khan 忽必烈汗
22.George Gorden Bryon 拜伦 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 恰尔德.哈罗德游记;Don Juan 唐璜
23.Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Queen Mab 麦布女王 Ode to the West Wind 西风颂 Ode to a Skylark 致云雀 Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯 24.John Keats 约翰济慈 Edymion 恩低弥翁 Ode to a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂 Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂 To Autumn 秋送
25.Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰姆 Eassay of Elia 伊利亚文集
26.Walter Scot 司各特 历史小说家 The Minister of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌谣集 The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人 Ivanhoe 艾凡赫 27.Jane Austin 简.奥斯丁 Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 Sense and sensibility 理智与情感 Emma 爱玛 Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德公园 Persuasion 劝导 Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺
28.Dickens 狄更斯 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 The Old Curiosity 老古玩店 Dombey and Son 董贝父子 David Copperfiled 大卫.科波菲尔 Hard Times 艰难时事 Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁.朱述尔维特 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记 Great Expectations 远大前程
29.Thackeray 萨克雷 Vanity Fair 名利场----A Novel Without a Hero 30.Charlotte Bronte 夏绿蒂.勃朗特 Jane Eyre 简爱 31.Emily Bronte 埃米莉 勃朗特 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄 32.Anne Bronte 安恩 勃朗特 Agnes Grey 艾格尼斯.格雷 33.Mrs.Gaskell 盖斯凯尔 Mary Barton 玛丽巴顿
34.George Eliot 乔治爱略特 Adam bede 亚当比德 The Mil on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨房 Silas Marner 织工马南 Middlemarch 米德尔马契
35.Alfred Tennyson 阿弗瑞德 丁尼生 诗人 The Princess 公主 Idylls of the King 国王之歌 In Memorian H.H 悼念哈拉姆
36.William Norris 威廉 诺里斯 A dream of John Ball 梦见约翰.保尔 News from Nowhere 乌有乡消息
37.Robert Browning 布朗宁(dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白)Men and women 男男女女 The Ring and the Book 指环与书
38.Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡.王尔德 19世纪末英国唯美派剧作家、诗人、小说家和散文家。倡导 “art for art’s sake ” 为艺术而艺术 作品: The Picture of Dorian Grey 道林格雷的画像 An ideal Husband 理想丈夫 A Women of No Important 一个无足轻重的妇女 The Happy Prince and other Tales 快乐王子集
39.Chartist Literature 宪章文学
主要作家 :Ernest Jones 艾内斯特琼斯 Thomas Cooper William James Linton 40.Thomas Hardy 托马斯哈代 性格与环境小说: Tess of the D’Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝 Far From the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣 Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德 The Return of the Native 还乡 The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长 Under the Greenwood Tree 绿荫下
41.John Galsworthy 约翰高尔斯华绥 a humanist social novelist and reforming dramatist.The Forsyte Saga 福赛世家(三部曲)A modern Comedy 现代喜剧
42.George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳 剧作家 Mrs.Warren’s Profession 华伦夫人的职业 Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产 Man and Superman 人与超人 Major Barbara 巴巴拉少校 The Apple Cart 苹果车 Heartbreak Home 伤心之家 Too True to be God 真相毕露
43.W.B.Yeats 叶慈 / 叶芝 爱尔兰诗人、剧作家、批评家 从事喀尔特复兴运动,作品:Responsibilities 责任 The Tower 塔 The Winding Stair 盘旋的楼梯 The Land of Heart’s Desire 理想的国土
44.T.S.Eliot 爱略特 二十世纪具有重要影响的现代派诗人和文艺评论家 诗作:The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock J阿尔弗雷的.普鲁夫洛克的情书
The Waste Land 荒原 The Hollow Man 空心人 Ash-Wednesday 圣灰星期三 Four Quarters 四部四重奏 剧作: Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂谋杀案 Sweeney Agonistes 力士斯威尼 The Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会 The Confidential Clerk 机要秘书 评论集: The Sacred Wood 圣林 Homage to John Dryden 向约翰.德莱顿致敬
45.Henry James 亨利詹姆斯 international theme / psychological realism 作品:The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人的画像; The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼; The Ambassadors 大使;The Golden Bowl 金碗 Daisy Miller 黛西米勒 46.D.H.Laurence 劳伦斯 Son and Lovers 儿子与情人 ; The Rainbow 彩虹; Women in Love 恋爱中的女人 Lady Chatterley’s Lover 查特莱夫人的情人 47.Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫康拉德 Lord Jim 吉姆老爷 The Heart of Darkness 黑暗的心
48.E.M.Forster 福斯特 Where Angels Fear to Tread 天使不敢践踏的地方;A passage to India 印度之行 The longest Journey 最漫长的旅程 A Room with a View 可以远眺的房间
49.James Joyce 詹姆斯 乔伊斯 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 青年艺术家的画像 Ulysses 尤里西斯 Finnegans Wake 芬尼根的觉醒
50.Virginia Woolf 维吉尼亚沃尔芙 英国小说家,散文家 Bloomsbury Group 作品:Mrs.Dalloway 达洛维夫人 To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去 The Waves 海浪 51.Kinsley Amis 金斯莱 the most important representative of the Angry Young Man 作品:Luck Jim 幸运的吉姆
52.William Golding 威廉 戈尔丁 获诺贝尔奖 Lord of the Flies 蝇王
第三篇:英国文学18-19世纪浪漫主义
Part Five: Romanticism in England the Age of Poetry Teaching Arrangement: I.Historical Background II.Romanticism III.A.poets
1.Escapist romanticists / Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)(William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey)
2.active romanticists /demonic group/Satanic school(撒旦派)(George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats)
B.essayists(Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey)
C.novelist(Walter Scott)I.Historical Background(1)Industrial Revolution —transformed Britain from agricultural to industrial country, responsible for the change in the pattern of social life and the worsening of social contradictions;?(2)American revolution in 1775— the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, with its emphasis on individual rights;(3)The French revolution in 1789 —introduced the democratic ideals: liberty, equality and fraternity for everybody;
(4)the abolition of slavery in the British colonies;(5)the introduction of system of national education;(6)the Factory Acts《工厂法案》 by which the employment of children under nine was forbidden by the law.(7)Lyrical Ballads, 《抒情歌谣集》 a collection of poem by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, published in 1798, which marked the start of Romanticism as a literary trend.II.English Romanticism 1.definition—English Romanticism is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge‘s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》 in the Parliament.English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois.In the realm of literature, they revolt against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc.and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2.The features of the Romantic writings: 1)? Dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.2)Their writings filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.3)pay attention to spiritual and emotional life of man.Most works are supernatural and full of imagination.4)interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre 5)strong desire to escape from the reality.6)concerned much about the influence of nature.7)Their writings free from any rules, they fight against the tenure of new classicism: order, harmony, balance, reason.They ask for the freedom of expression.8)A feeling of loneliness & a note of melancholy
8)The glorification of the commonplace---the aim of good poetry is “to choose incidents and situations from common life” and to use a “selection of language really spoken by men”, and to awaken in the reader “freshness of sensation” in the presentation of “familiar objects”.9)characterized by 5 “I”s: Imagination, Intuition, Idealism, Inspiration, Individuality.3.Two schools of Romanticism A.escapist romanticists, “the Lake Poets”湖畔派, represented by William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治 and Robert Southey骚塞.B.active romanticists, “the Satanic school”撒旦派, with Byron拜伦, Shelly雪莱 and Keats济慈 as representatives
湖畔派Lake Poets
18~19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。主要成员有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区,先后在格拉斯米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住,以诗赞美湖光山色,所以有“湖畔派诗人”之称。
在诗歌题材上,他们主张写下层人民的日常生活,强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露;在诗体方面,主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统,采用民间口语,发挥诗人的想象力。他们的理论和实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治,对英国诗歌的改革和发展起了很大作用。但是他们否定诗歌的社会作用,美化中世纪的田园生活,提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神秘主义;把“听天由命”看成是人的“天性的永恒部分”;拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。
湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命,随着革命的深入,由害怕革命而退却,进而逃避现实,迷恋过去,美化中世纪的宗法制,幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日益明显的时候,青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛,向湖畔派诗人展开论争。拜伦在一八O九年完成的讽刺长诗《英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家》中,不仅回答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物《爱丁堡评论》对拜伦诗作的攻击,而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人的消极倾向。由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争,因而被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦(恶魔),所以文学史上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为“撒旦派”。
一般说,湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向,撒旦派代表积极浪漫主义精神。虽然湖畔派诗人在与古典主义的斗争中有过贡献,在诗歌的艺术上有较深的造诣,但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。
III.poets—Lake Poets 1.William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(重点)1.1 life Born in 1770 in a lawyer‟s family Orphaned when he was 14 Went to school in Hawkshead, developed a deep love for nature 1787-1791 Studied at Cambridge--political enthusiasm roused 1790-1792 visited France twice In 1797, moved to Somerset with his sister Dorothy and made friends with Coleridge, all devoting their time writing poetry Published Lyrical Ballads together with Coleridge.Two periods of his literary career A revolutionist with liberal politics idea and ambiguous religion A conservative, coming to believe that man‟s wild spirit is needed taming by the church
1.2 major works: 1)Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》
followed by “The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads”—served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.2)famous short poems:
About nature: “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”,or “The Daffodils” “咏水仙”
“Intimation of Immortality” “不朽颂”
“Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”
“丁登寺”;“To the Cuckoo” “致布谷鸟”;“My Heart Leaps up When I Behold” “我心雀跃”;“To a Butterfly” “致蝴蝶” “An Evening Walk” “黄昏漫步 ”
About human life:--sympathy for the poor
Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》
“The Solitary Reaper” “孤独的收割者”
“The Old Cumberland Beggar” “康伯兰的老乞丐”
“Michael” “迈克尔”
“We are Seven” “我们七个”
3)“The Prelude” “序曲”--Wordsworth’s autobiographical poem in 14 books published after his death, a spiritual record of his mind, showing his own thought and sentiment.1.3 Comment on Wordsworth A.The poet of nature Nature---medium---revelation(启示)
Nature---entity---communicating with God, learning more about God, and enjoying the holy and awesome feelings Nature---purest, most uncorrupted form, a manifestation of God‟s creation power
B.Wordsworth‟s definition to poetry
Good poetry must speak “the real language of man” and write about the life of common people in an imaginative way.Good poetry is “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”诗是强烈情感的自然流露。Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”.诗源于情感,但在平静中回忆。
The objects which excited these emotions were to be ordinary ones.The style selected for the new poetry was also to be simple.A poet should give pleasure and reveal universal truth.Poetry is “the most philosophic of all writing” 1.4 “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud” 我好似一朵孤独的流云,高高地飘游在山谷之上,突然我看到一大片鲜花,是金色的水仙遍地开放。它们开在湖畔,开在树下 它们随风嬉舞,随风飘荡
它们密集如银河的星星,像群星在闪烁一片晶莹; 它们沿着海湾向前伸展,通往远方仿佛无穷无尽; 一眼看去就有千朵万朵,万花摇首舞得多么高兴。
粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳,却不如这水仙舞得轻俏;
诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴 又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃; 我久久凝视--却未领悟
这景象所给予我的精神至宝。
后来多少次我郁郁独卧,感到百无聊赖心灵空漠;
这景象便在脑海中闪现,多少次安慰过我的寂寞
我的心又随水仙跳起舞来,我的心又重新充满了欢乐。
The poem contains 4 six-lined stanzas of Iambic tetrameter with the rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.Theme: eulogy颂词 for the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and man
Analysis of “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud” :
A.the first and the second stanza---a vivid picture of a host of golden daffodils dancing happily in the breeze B.the third stanza---the happiness brought to the poet‟s soul by the dancing daffodils
C.the last stanza---the happiness brought by the daffodils lasts forever in the poet‟s memory.孤独的割麦女
看,一个孤独的高原姑娘,在远远的田野间收割,一边割一边独自歌唱,请你站住。或者俏悄走过!她独自把麦子割了又捆,唱出无限悲凉的歌声,屏息听吧!深广的谷地 已被歌声涨满而漫溢!? 还从未有过夜莺百啭,唱出过如此迷人的歌,在沙漠中的绿荫间 抚慰过疲惫的旅客; 还从未有过杜鹃迎春,声声啼得如此震动灵魂,在遥远的赫布利底群岛 打破过大海的寂寥。她唱什么,谁能告诉我? 忧伤的音符不断流涌,是把遥远的不幸诉说? 是把古代的战争吟咏? 也许她的歌比较卑谦,只是唱今日平凡的悲欢,只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛—— 昨天经受过,明天又将重逢?
姑娘唱什么,我猜不着,她的歌如流水永无尽头; 只见她一边唱一边干活,弯腰挥镰,操劳不休„„ 我凝神不动,听她歌唱,然后,当我登上了山岗,尽管歌声早已不能听到,它却仍在我心头缭绕。Homework:
Give an analysis of “The Solitary Reaper”, which should include: Metrical pattern(格律): Rhyme scheme(押韵): General meaning of each stanza: The theme of the poem(deliver your homework through the online teaching system)Lucy Poems--“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”《她住在人迹罕至的地方 》 她住在人迹罕至的地方, 圣洁的小溪在身边流淌, 没有谁把这少女赞颂, 少有人为她挂肚牵肠。
她是紫罗兰身影半露, 生苔的墓碑将她遮挡;美丽如一颗孤星, 在夜空里闪闪发亮。
没有谁了解她曾活在世上, 少有人知道她何时夭亡;躺在墓中的露西啊,唯有我与别人都不一样。
(国际关系学院06考研题)
Questions:(1)What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?(2)Are there any images in this poem? Please point them out.(3)Can the second stanza be omitted? What role does it play in this poem?(4)Please paraphrase the poem in less than 100 words.(1)The rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef(2)Yes, there are images in this poem: “a half hidden violet” and “a star shining in the sky”.(3)No.the image of the violet shows that she is so modest, shy and unknown that no one will pay attention to her;the image of the star shining in the sky indicates that in her lover‟s eyes, she is like the single star shining brightly and beautifully in the sky.(4)She lived in an isolated place beside the springs of Dove, Nobody praised her and few people loved her.She is like a violet beside a mossy tone, unnoticed by people.She is like a star shinning in the sky, fair and loving in her lover‟s heart.When she is alive, nobody knows her;thus when she dies, few people feel sad about her.But for me it is different to know her death(because I loved her so much and I feel so sad).2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(了解)2.1 life born into a clergyman‟s family, a genius.At 6, read the Bible, Robinson Crusoe and Arabian Nights.full of fantasy and dreams.made friends with Charles Lamb, the great essayist of English Romanticism in his Cambridge years.ran away from the university and enlisted in the army;
returned to Cambridge without getting a degree;joined Robert Southey in a utopian plan of establishing an ideal democratic community in America in 1749 which didn‟t come to any fruition;
Split with Southey and married Sara Fricker, but an unhappy and short-lived marriage;In 1796, addicted to opium with a view to relieving his headache and depression;In 1797, began his friendship with Wordsworth;
In 1798, published The Lyrical Ballads with Wordsworth;In 1810, quarreled seriously with Wordsworth.Reconciled later;In later years, turned conservative and resorted to theology for his spiritual support.2.2 major works: Demonic Poems: 魔幻诗
The Rime of the Ancient Marine《古舟子咏》 Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》 Christabel 《克里斯塔贝尔》 Conversational poems 对话诗 Frost at Morning《午夜寒霜》
Dejection: An Ode 《沮丧:一首颂歌》 Essays Biographia Literaria 《文学传记》
Lectures on Shakespeare between 1808 and 1815 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子咏》
It is Coleridge‟s contribution to The Lyrical Ballads.It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballad.Three guests are on their way to a wedding party when an ancient mariner stopped one of them.The mariner tells of his adventures on the sea.His story is full of horrors.When his ship sails towards the South Pole, an albatross(信天翁)comes through the snow-fog and alights on the rigging.Outline of the Story:
A.pointless slaughter of an albatross--omen of bad luck B.awful punishment that his crime brought about C.realization of the sacredness of life Theme
It is a psychologically profound study of guilt, of remorse, of the nature of evil.Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
Kubla Khan is a dream-poem.During an illness in 1797 Coleridge retired to a lonely farmhouse.One day he fell asleep while he was reading a passage about Kubla Khan from a book of travels.While dreaming he composed a poem about 200 or 300 lines.On waking he began to write down the poem.But he was interrupted by a person and the vision faded.He left a fragment of only 54 lines and never finished the poem.第一节: 忽必烈汗忽必烈汗建立“上都”,修起富丽的逍遥宫,那儿有神河阿尔浮 流经深不可测的岩洞,注入不见太阳的海中。那儿有十哩方圆的沃土,城墙、高塔四面围绕,明媚的花园,曲折的小溪,丁香、豆蔻芳华四溢,树林像山丘一样古老,环抱着阳光灿烂的草地。第二节:
但沿着松柏苍苍的山坡 急转直下,却是悬崖深谷!一片荒芜!好像施过魔术,会有女子在下弦月下出没,为她的恶魔情人哀哭!深谷里煮沸了一锅骚乱,仿佛大地在急促地气喘,一股强大的喷泉不时腾空,在它一阵阵爆发之中 巨石弹起,如同冰雹,如同谷粒在连枷之下蹦跳!
在这些石块的狂舞中,有时神河也被高高抛起,它扭成五哩蜿蜓的迷宫,它穿过森林和谷地,到达深不可测的岩洞,喧哗着沉入死水洋底。
忽必烈汗远远谛听,在喧哗中 听到祖先的声音在预言战争!
第三节
逍遥宫的影子青幽,在波浪之中漂流,喷泉与岩洞交响,构成韵律的重奏。
奇迹在此汇集,鬼斧神工,阳光灿烂的宫和冰的岩洞!第四节:
我梦幻中看见
一个操琴的女郎—— 阿比西尼亚姑娘,她轻轻拨动琴弦,把阿波拉山吟唱。啊,但愿我能在心底 把她的乐曲和歌声复制。那时我就会如醉如痴,我只消用那悠扬的仙乐 就能重建那天宫瑶池,那阳光灿烂的宫和冰的洞窟!
凡是聆听者都将目睹,大家都将高呼:“当心!当心!瞧他飘扬的头发,闪亮的眼睛!我们要绕他巡行三圈,在神圣的恐惧中闭上双眼,因为他尝过蜜的露水,饮过乐园里的乳泉。”(1)identify the author(2)What is his theory of poems?(3)What kind of philosophy is behind the italic words “His flashing eyes„.milk of paradise”?(北航08考研题)
Answer:(1)Samuel Taylor Coleridge(2)Coleridge believed in the “feeling heart,” in the spiritual power of the individual imagination, the completeness and harmonious beauty of God‟s creation.though Coleridge shared with Wordsworth a desire to return poetry to the ordinary, the concrete, and the language of speech, he was also desirous of discovering the spiritual, supernatural and exotic.Coleridge expresses his conception of poetry in terms of a synthesis of imaginative vision and of actual perception, of “outer” and “inner,” or of “object” and “subject.”
a poem is a growing unity, the parts related to one another and all comprising a whole.The “end” of poetry is pleasure, not instruction, and yet a poem tells a higher truth.(3)The poet says that he once saw an Abyssinian maid who played her dulcimer and sang of Mount Abora.The song of the Abyssinian maid can be the poet‟s source of inspiration.If he could receive “her symphony and song” within him, he could rebuild his own dome of pleasure in the air.And all who saw him would cry “Beware of „his flashing eyes, his floating hair!‟ ”.The listeners would circle him and close their eyes with “holy dread”, knowing that he had tasted honeydew, and “drunk the milk of Paradise”.The poet wants to express that people have certain awe and even fear for nature and enjoys its beauty with utmost piety.注:《忽必烈汗》一诗中既无故事情节,也没有明确的主旨,而只是传达了一种幻觉或印象,虽然以忽必烈汗为题目,但并没有刻意描写或赞颂这位中国帝王的伟业,而是将这位传奇人物当作寄情表意的媒介充分发挥诗人的想象力。这里,诗人的情感与豪华的宫殿、仙女的爱情、少女的琴声和中国的忽必烈汗交织在一起,创造了一种优美的旋律和超凡的意境。初看起来,全诗的确缺乏一种逻辑统一性,但读起来并不感到杂乱无章。倒是诗中所迸发的那种神秘的异国情调常常让读者遐思不已。另外,这首诗在叙述方面的确具有独创性,开拓了西方诗歌的新视野。诗人在叙述过程中不断出现语义断裂和不连贯现象可以使读者更加关注诗歌的形式,充分领略其神奇而优美的韵律。今天,该诗与《古舟子咏》一样已成为英国文学中的瑰宝。
Christabel 《克里斯塔贝尔》
Another of Coleridge’s unfinished poem written in ballad meter.It tells a story of a sorcerer(男巫)who casts a spell over a pure young girl.Its mysterious atmosphere and the Gothic horror may freeze our blood.Biographia Literaria《文学传记》
A literary autobiography.Point of view:
(1)The task of literary criticism is not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.(2)The poet is a creator and the critic is an assistant to the work of creation.The critic must enter into the poet‟s purpose and art, and interpret ideas and beauty for the benefit of the reader.(3)The poet, as a man endowed with imaginative genius and fine perception, must be allowed to present the truth in his own way without regard to rules or models.2.3 artistic features:
(1)Mysticism神秘主义 and demonism魔鬼信仰with strong imagination;(2)Depiction of unusual and supernatural images.(3)pay close attention to language of poetry.He maintains that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”, not to instruct.3.Robert Southey 罗伯特·骚塞(了解)3.1 One of the “Lake Poets”
Expelled from Westminster School for his outspoken composition against corporal punishment In Oxford, made acquaintance of Coleridge and Wordsworth, and shared their revolutionary ardor in the 1790s Radicalism faded at the turn of the century, changed from a revolutionist to a Tory, made Poet Laureate 3.2 major Works epic— Joan of Arc 《圣女贞德》 Drama– Wat Tyler 《瓦特·泰勒》
Short poems— The Inchcape Rock《因尺角之石》 The Battle of Blenheim《布莱尼姆之战》
My Days among the Dead Are Passed《我与死者做伴的日子已结束》 Prose— The Life of Nelson《纳尔逊传》 Poetical romances--Thalaba the Destroyer 《萨拉巴》 Madoc《麦道克》
The Curse of Kehama《克哈马的诅咒》 Roderick, the Last of the Goths 《罗德里克,最后的高斯人》
1.1 life
Born in an aristocratic family Became Lord Byron after inheriting the title and estate of his grand-uncle a radical supporter of worker‟s movement.In 1811, took seat in the House of Lords(贵族院/上议院).He made vehement speeches to attack English government’s policy for the Luddites(workers who destroy machinery).Byron left England for ever in 1816.He first visited Switzerland, where he made acquaintance with Shelley.Then he moved to Italy, where he finished Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》and wrote his masterpiece Don Juan《唐璜》.Upon hearing the news of the Greek revolt against the Turks, Byron plunged himself into the struggle.The Greeks made him commander in chief(总司令)of their forces in 1824.Due to months’ hard work under bad weather, he fell ill and died.April 19, 1824, Byron died with “ Forward!Forward!Follow me!” The Greek people mourned over his premature death.Byron was regarded as the “satanic poet” by the English government when he died.It was not until 1969 that a white marble memorial to Byron was erected in Westminster Abbey.Nowadays his name is put in the Poets‟ Corner.1.2 major works:(1).Hours of Idleness 《闲散的时刻》--his first collection of poems composed in college dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, but was mercilessly criticized by Edinburgh Review, a blow to the young man, but didn’t discourage him;(2).English Bards and Scotch Reviewers《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》--a satirical poem against Edinburgh Review, in which Wordsworth, Southey and some other celebrities of the day were satirized;
(3)Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
an autobiographical narrative poem written in Spenserian stanzas.It tells the travels and the reflections of a pilgrim, Childe Harold, who is tired of the empty life of pleasure and is now seeking spiritual rebirth.In this poem, Childe Harold was the poet himself.They both lamented over the corrupted reality and wanted to make a change;they loved freedom and were eager to build a marvelous career.The poem is an imaginative and romantic presentation of the poet‟s disturbing emotion and eagerness for freedom.It also emphasizes individualism.(4)Don Juan《唐·璜》
Byron’s masterpiece, an epic satire in ottava rima(八行体), A stanza of poem consisting of 8 lines in iambic pentameter rhyming abababcc.16,000 lines long in 16 cantos.Don Juan is an aristocratic libertine, amiable and charming to ladies—a great lover and seducer of women.In the conventional sense, Juan is immoral, yet Byron takes this poem as the most moral.And Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society.The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality, or what things seem to be and what they actually are.The third canto of the poem is different from the rest of the poem metrically.It consists of sixteen 6-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme being ababcc.《唐璜》是拜伦后期最重要的一部长诗。唐璜原是一名西班牙家传户晓的一名传说人物,他并不是一个英雄,相反他却是一个因为诱骗了某贵族少妇而被驱逐并到处流亡的青年无赖式的人物。但在拜伦的笔下得以重新塑造,成为一个“极美貌、骄傲、大胆而又运气好的人”。虽然他屡次身陷险境,但又每次都能从死神的身边安全逃开;虽然他经受过无数与情人生离死别的痛苦煎熬,但总有新的爱情给他带来新的幸福。他热情冲动、敏感正直,在遭遇饥饿的恐怖和沉船的厄运后,遇见了美丽的希腊少女海蒂。正陶醉于爱情和大自然时,一个游吟诗人的吟唱将唐璜带到了残酷的现实。这块如海蒂一般美丽的土地正饱受着土耳其的侵扰,并面临着即将灭亡的噩运。这段吟唱带给唐璜以巨大的震撼,诗人拜伦对这一切当然也感同身受。因为种种原因,作为希腊异族人的拜伦在他后来的生命岁月里选择了与希腊人民站在一起、并共同抵御外辱。而这段在《唐璜》中并不太起眼的第三章中的一节就在诗内和诗外的世界里也因此具有了特殊的意义。Selective reading P 305 From Don Juan, Canto III— “The Isles of Greece”《哀希腊》(read the first 6 stazas)Background: in the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turks.Task: What techniques? What effect? What theme? 1.3 Contribution: chief contribution--“Byronic hero”(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero--Byron‟s poetry is based on his own experience.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales《东方故事集》,Manfred, 《曼弗雷德》 and Dan Juan in different guises.2.Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪莱)(1792-1822)2.1 life born in Sussex;father a conservative narrow-minded country gentleman;though gentle by nature, he could not stand any injustice
In 1811, expelled from Oxford for an anti-religion pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必然》
at 19, alone in London, homeless.married a 16-year-old schoolgirl Harriet in 1812, went to Ireland, Address to the Irish People 《告爱尔兰人民书》
in 1813, back in England wrote Queen Mab《麦布女王》 in 1814, broke with Harriet
in 1816, married Mary Godwin, daughter of radical philosopher Godwin
in 1818, Shelley‟s happy marriage was broken by the sudden death of Harriet who jumped into a river.The scandal made by political enemies compelled Shelley to leave England again, then he lived in Italy to support the independence wars of Italy, Spain and Greece.in 1816 met Byron
In 1818 The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反叛》
in 1819, Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》,Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》 Masque of Anarchy 《专制魔王的化妆旅行》,The Cenci 《钦契》A Defense of Poetry《诗辩》 In 1820, To a Skylark 《致云雀》
in 1822.July 8th, a sudden tempest struck his boat, drowned.Inscription on his tombstone: “ P.B.Shelley.COR CORDIUM” = the heart of hearts 众心之心
他的一切并没有消逝
只是经历过海的变异
已变得丰富而且神奇
2.2 major works A.“Queen Mab” 1813 《麦布女王》
A revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth B.“ The Revolt of Islam” 1818 《伊斯兰的反叛》
a revolutionary epic--a brother and a sister are united in their common ideal of liberty, equality and fraternity;they arouse the spirit of revolt among their Islam people against their tyrants.“a sister-comrade”--women’s position
C.“Prometheus Unbound” 《解放了的普罗米修斯》1820 lyrical drama in 4 acts.Greek myth--Prometheus is reconciled to Zeus.But Shelley reinterpreted it.Prometheus is supported by public.He refuses to yield to the tyrant in heaven.At last Zeus is overthrown.Prometheus is released and throws off his fetters.The figure of Prometheus has been symbolic of those noble-hearted revolutionaries, who devote themselves to the just cause of the people and suffer great pains at the hands of tyrants.D.Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》(重点)best of Shelley‟s lyrics
Expression of poet‟s envy of the boundless freedom of the west wind Melancholy in tune But optimistic and resolute in theme Poet‟s conviction---the good will certainly defeat the evil
frequently quoted epigram: “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”
《西风颂》是秋天的歌,是时代的声音。《西风颂》不免带有“婉转而忧愁”的调子。但雪莱对革命前途和人类命运始终保持着乐观主义的坚定信念,他坚信正义必定战胜邪恶,光明必定代替黑暗。诗人以“天才的预言家”的姿态向全世界大声宣告:
如果冬天来了,春天还会远吗?
Selective reading: P312 《西风颂》(1)Form: The poem is divided into 5 parts.Each part consists of four stanzas of terza rima and one couplet lines, rhymed aba bcb cdc ded ee(2)content: the poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among mankind.(3)Theme: Revolutionary spirit.Wish to destroy the old and build up a new.(4)In what way is the west wind both a destroyer and a preserver?(南京大学07)The west wind is considered the “destroyer” for driving the last signs of life from the trees;it is considered the “preserver” for scattering the seeds which come to life in the spring.Definition: terza rima(三行体)—verse form consisting of stanzas of three lines(tercets);the first and third lines rhyming with one another and the second rhyming with the first and third of the following tercet.五个小节格律完整,可以独立成篇。从内容来看,它们又熔为一体,贯穿着一个中心思想。第一节描写西风扫除林中残叶,吹送生命的种籽。(大地)第二节描写西风搅动天上的浓云密雾,呼唤着暴雨雷电的到来。(天空)第三节描写西风掀起大海的汹涌波涛,摧毁海底花树。(海上)三节诗三个意境,诗人幻想的翅膀飞翔在树林、天空和大海之间,飞翔在现实和理想之间,形象鲜明,想象丰富,但中心思想只有一个,就是歌唱西风扫除腐朽、鼓舞新生的强大威力。从第四节开始,由写景转向抒情,由描写西风的气势转向直抒诗人的胸臆,抒发诗人对西风的热爱和向往,达到情景交融的境界,而中心思想仍然是歌唱西风。因此,结构严谨,层次清晰,主题集中,是《西风颂》一个突出的艺术特点。
《西风颂》采用象征手法,从头至尾环绕着秋天的西风作文章,无论是写景还是抒情,都没有脱离这个特定的描写对象,没有使用过一句政治术语和革命口号。然而读过后,我们却深深感受到,雪莱不完全是歌唱西风,诗人实质上是通过歌唱西风来歌唱革命。诗中的西风、残叶、种籽、流云、暴雨雷电、大海波涛、海底花树等等,都不过是象征性的东西,它们包含着深刻的寓意,大自然风云激荡的动人景色,乃是人间蓬勃发展的革命斗争的象征。从这个意义上说,《西风歌》不是风景诗,而是政治抒情诗,虽然没有一句直接描写革命,但整首诗都是在反映革命。尤其是结尾脍炙人口的诗句,既概括了自然现象,也深刻地揭示了人类社会的历史规律,指出了革命斗争经过艰难曲折走向胜利的光明前景。
第四篇:浪漫主义时期歌剧
四、简述浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的发展?
1、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的特点
意大利歌剧产生于巴罗克时期,并在这一百五十年的时间里辗转于意大利各大城市,期间它经历了产生、发展和成熟三个阶段,并影响了欧洲各国。佩里和卡契尼等作曲家使歌剧初具雏形,蒙特威尔第和A.斯卡拉蒂使歌剧趋于完善,并使它在欧洲音乐史上占有重要地位;随后意大利歌剧在发展中经历了三个重要时期:古典主义时期、浪漫主义时期和真实主义时期,其中后两个时期最关键。
音乐史上的浪漫主义时期大约是19世纪前后的100多年,该时期的音乐不像巴罗克音乐那样壮观、华丽,在细节上精致修饰;也不像古典主义音乐那样具有精练、朴实的音乐语言,形式结构明晰匀称;它更多地强调个性与自我感受,无拘无束地表达情感世界,体现了浪漫主义所特有的激情。浪漫主义音乐的这些特点都在意大利浪漫主义歌剧中得到了体现,它强调强烈的感情渲染、个人主义精神的展现以及强烈的个性表现,重视歌唱性和抒情性,以自由、平等、博爱为创作宗旨,反对古典主义音乐的传统形式和内容,作曲家们期望最大程度地体验各种感受。这些都是当时意大利歌剧的鲜明特点。
2、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧发展的背景
浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的发展和成熟与法国大革命的影响是不可分割的,法国大革命促进了意大利民族意识的觉醒,整个19世纪意大利人民都在为民族统一和独立而斗争,所以民族主义问题成为影响当时音乐发展的主要因素。浪漫主义者强调音乐文化的民族精神,作曲家们也在关注不同民族文化的差异性,这使得一些民族文化复兴运动高涨的国家形成了具有自身特色的传统音乐。同时,浪漫主义思潮与现实的民族斗争结合在一起,带来了意大利文化的繁荣,使18世纪末衰退的歌剧艺术重获新生。虽然浪漫主义因素对欧洲各国有着深远的影响,但对意大利歌剧来说,它没有像德奥或法国音乐那样具有激进的浪漫主义倾向,而是更多地扎根于本民族生活的原有传统,遵循本民族的审美习惯和歌剧体裁的传统,所以浪漫主义因素只是逐步地渗入意大利歌剧。意大利喜歌剧和正歌剧两种体裁直到19世纪仍然并存发展,但是它们的基本任务从体现民间生活转向为发展民族文化而斗争,使歌剧艺术受到时代生活的影响而形成新的风格。
3、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的发展过程
浪漫主义风格的意大利歌剧从罗西尼开始,经过贝里尼、唐尼采蒂到威尔第早期,内容主要体现了爱国情感与英雄主义。到威尔第的创作后期,出现了新的音乐潮流——真实主义歌剧,马斯卡尼的《乡村骑士》(1890)、列昂卡瓦洛的《丑角》(1892)、普契尼的《艺术家的生涯》(1894)等作品是推动这股潮流向前发展的代表作。真实主义歌剧不仅保持了真实主义文学反映社会现实生活的特点,而且还继承了来自法国比才《卡门》的现实主义传统。
19世纪早期浪漫主义风格的意大利歌剧代表作曲家:罗西尼(1792-1868),意大利歌剧最多产的作曲家,他生活在浪漫主义早期,是古典主义歌剧与浪漫主义歌剧过渡时期的重要作曲家。他创作的近四十部歌剧为意大利歌剧注入了新的活力和色彩,他的《塞维利亚的理发师》集意大利喜剧的精华,语言生动,形式自由,是意大利喜歌剧的代表作;《威廉·退尔》则是大歌剧的经典作品,为19世纪的歌剧创作提供了新的经验。他在遵循意大利传统歌剧创作原则的基础上进行歌剧改革,缩小了宣叙调和咏叹调的区别,把歌剧中独立的分曲形式发展成“场”的结构,并在音乐高潮时创用了“罗西尼渐强” 的表现方式。他复兴了意大利歌剧艺术,使它与德国歌剧、法国歌剧形成抗衡。如果把1820——1850年称为美声时期,那么罗西尼就是这个美声时期的缔造者。他为歌剧带来了神奇和欢笑,使人们重新回忆起意大利歌剧一枝独秀的魅力。
唐尼采蒂(Gactano Donizetti,1797-1848)和贝里尼(V.Bellini,1801-1835)延续和发展了罗西尼的歌剧风格,前者旋律丰富多彩,炫耀声乐技巧,由于过多强调感官上的愉悦而缺乏内涵,但对意大利“美声”学派的产生有着直接的影响,《拉美摩尔的露西亚》和《爱的甘醇》是他的倾情之作;后者重视音乐与语言的关系,强调音乐的表情作用,旋律纯朴自然而富有感染力,《诺尔玛》、《清教徒》,特别是《梦游女》,以其抒情和细腻令人陶醉。他们使意大利浪漫主义歌剧逐渐成熟,通过努力确立了意大利歌剧的地位。意大利歌剧在唐尼采蒂、贝里尼之后的很长一段时间都没有超越这两位大师的作曲家出现,直到威尔第的出现才真正使意大利浪漫主义歌剧有了起色,并将它发展到极致。威尔第(Giusppe Verdi,1813-1901)是一位革新者,他受民族独立运动思潮的影响,作品内容涉及社会各阶层的人物,使意大利歌剧摆脱了思想和创作方面的危机;他把意大利的文学艺术和现实主义结合在一起,使作品既具有崇高思想,又被人们广泛接受。音乐上,他在大多数歌剧作品中依旧遵循分曲结构的写法,同时又着重研究瓦格纳歌剧的特点,并对它分场而不分曲的结构和主导动机的手法加以创造性的运用,在保持民族风格与传统习惯的同时,创作出富于戏剧力量、光彩动人的旋律。他一生共创作了26部歌剧,较著名的有:《弄臣》、《游吟诗人》、《茶花女》、《唐·卡洛斯》、《阿伊达》、《奥赛罗》。威尔第创造出真正意义的现实主义歌剧,他使意大利歌剧传统在欧洲浪漫主义时代,不仅保持着民族本色,而且焕发出勃勃生机。
到19世纪晚期,欧洲文学界掀起了以法国左拉(1840-1902)为代表的真实主义运动,同时意大利也兴起了真实主义文艺思潮。真实主义作家们力求真实地描写和表现社会生活的现实状况,并客观地再现生活。第一部真实主义歌剧是马斯卡尼(Pietro Mascagni,1863—1945)创作的《乡村骑士》(Cavalleria Rusticana),这部歌剧吸引了众多观众,开真实主义歌剧的先河,并确立了真实主义歌剧作为一种风格流派在音乐史上的地位。紧随其后的另一部作品《丑角》(Paliacci英文译为“Punchinello”或“Clown”)是同一时期作曲家列昂卡瓦洛(Ruggiero Leoncavallo,1857—1919)的杰作,虽然《丑角》的音乐不如《乡村骑士》那么优美,但它却更获得群众的理解,更真实地再现现实生活的情景。在同一时期最卓越的作曲家当属普契尼(Giacomo Puccini,1858-1924),他创作了一批具有真实主义歌剧特征的经典作品,如《绣花女》、《托斯卡》、《蝴蝶夫人》、《图兰多》等。他的歌剧结构简练,力求直接地表达剧本所提示的戏剧感染力,注重旋律与戏剧的贯穿发展,抛开咏叹调与宣叙调截然分开的传统,善于用音乐渲染气氛;擅长塑造各种柔弱的、生活苦难的妇女形象,如绣花女咪咪、歌伎巧巧桑、歌女托斯卡、女仆柳儿等;另外他还喜欢把东方异国情调的音乐作为创作素材。普契尼歌剧改变了意大利歌剧只重人声不重器乐的状况,他在继承威尔第等大师传统的基础上,揭开了20世纪意大利歌剧的新篇章。
4、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的影响
意大利歌剧从16、17世纪开始,经过了18世纪的歌剧改革,到19世纪的成熟发展,经历了三个时期,它们使意大利歌剧的结构更完美,也使音乐、舞蹈、文学、舞美、音响等形成一个整体,共同构成歌剧不可缺少的组成部分。浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的内容、旋律、美声演唱等,对当时的欧洲各国甚至后世都有着深远的影响。
五、何谓真实主义歌剧?
真实主义歌剧是在真实主义文学的影响下,于19世纪晚期在意大利产生的一种歌剧体裁。真实主义歌剧描写的是社会底层小人物的贫苦生活,力求真实地再现社会生活的现实状况,揭露社会的阴暗面。真实主义歌剧中往往会出现在原始情感冲动下做出的暴力、凶杀等行为,戏剧发展紧迫迅速,舞台人物性格突出,生活环境描写富有色彩,音乐与民间歌舞密切关联,且旋律易记动听。
马斯卡尼的独幕歌剧《乡村骑士》与列昂卡瓦洛的两幕歌剧《丑角》是意大利真实主义歌剧的典型代表,这两部作品经常同场演出,故有“骑士”与“丑角”之称。普契尼的《绣花女》、《托斯卡》、《蝴蝶夫人》也是真实主义歌剧的代表作品。
三、简述浪漫主义时期法国歌剧的发展?
19世纪法国歌剧处在一个动荡的发展时期,这种动荡来自几个方面的影响:其一,受到政治因素的影响。法国大革命以及拿破仑称帝,使社会文化生活发生了变化,白天观看断头台,晚上蜂拥看歌剧,从而导致歌剧从内容到体裁发生了变化。其二,受奢华的巴黎文化市场的影响。当时巴黎成为世人关注的焦点,要想出人头地就必须在那里崭露头角,音乐艺术人才蜂拥而至,由此也带来了歌剧的发展变化。其三,受格鲁克歌剧改革的影响。许多作曲家遵循格鲁克歌剧改革的主张,不断尝试歌剧的创作。其四,受到法国自身民族歌剧的影响。浪漫主义歌剧在法国抒情悲剧和喜歌剧的基础上进行发展。由于这些因素的影响,19世纪前后法国产生了几种具有代表意义的歌剧,以下进行简要阐述。
1、拯救歌剧(rescue opera)及其代表人物和作品
拯救歌剧是法国大革命时期(1800年前后)产生的一种歌剧体裁,歌剧内容中代表封建恶势力的阴谋终不能得逞,受迫害的一方总能在悲剧的最后一刻被拯救出来。这种歌剧有着明显的政治倾向和时代特征,它随着大革命的产生而形成,同时也随着大革命的衰退而消失。
格雷特里(André Ernest Modeste Grétry,1741-1813)的《狮心王理查》一般被认为是第一部拯救歌剧;德国音乐家贝多芬的歌剧《菲岱里奥》在题材选择上也受到法国拯救歌剧的影响,同样成为拯救歌剧的代表作品。
2、大歌剧(grand opera)及其代表人物和作品
大歌剧是19世纪上半叶流行于法国的一种严肃歌剧,相对于当时的喜歌剧。它通常是四或五幕的大型歌剧,反映历史性内容,追求奢华的舞台效果,在剧中穿插华丽的芭蕾舞场面,不用干念宣叙调,采用大合唱和大乐队等宏大场面。
最重要的代表作是迈耶贝尔的《新教徒》、《非洲女郎》。
3、轻歌剧(opera buffa)及其代表人物和作品
轻歌剧与喜歌剧一样,是一种生活气息与娱乐性较强的歌剧,产生于19世纪中期的法国,与大歌剧相对,与18世纪的喜歌剧相仿。多取材于日常生活,常带有讽刺性,用说白代替宣叙调,旋律取自当时流行的音乐,通俗易懂,结构短小,多采用独幕形式。
该体裁的奠基人是德裔法国作曲家奧芬巴赫(Jacques Offenbach,1819-1880),代表作品有《地狱中的奥菲欧》、《美丽的海伦》、《霍夫曼的故事》。
4、抒情歌剧(lyric opera)及其代表人物和作品
抒情歌剧形成于19世纪后半叶的法国,是一种规模介于大歌剧与轻歌剧之间的歌剧形式,它的篇幅比一般喜歌剧长,但没有大歌剧的浮华。风格与喜歌剧一样,轻松愉悦,重视对人物心理及情感的细致刻画。它没有大歌剧的沉重与夸张,却经常安排大歌剧形式所必备的舞蹈场面,内容多采用文学名著中有关爱情的情节,音乐为一些常见的歌曲、舞曲和进行曲,注重抒情旋律的感染力,以说白代替宣叙调。代表作品有古诺(Francois Gounod,1818-1893)的《浮士德》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》;马斯涅(F.Massenet,1842-1912)的《曼侬》、《泰伊斯》;托玛斯(A.Thomas,1811-1896)的《迷娘》;圣-桑斯(C.Saint-Sa?ns,1835-1921)的《参孙与达里拉》等。
5、比才与歌剧《卡门》
比才(G.Bizet,1838-1875),法国作曲家。他的早期作品受意大利罗西尼等人的影响,倾心于意大利流畅的旋律风格。直到戏剧配乐《阿莱城的姑娘》的问世,他自身的音乐才华才真正显示出来,1875年创作的歌剧《卡门》(Carmen,1875)成为法国及世界歌剧史上划时代的作品,是至今上演最多,流行最广的歌剧作品之一。比才的艺术成就集中体现在歌剧《卡门》上,该剧取材于梅里美的小说《嘉尔曼》。这部作品所体现的现实主义倾向,不仅震动了当时法国的歌剧界,对19世纪末的意大利真实主义歌剧以及俄罗斯的民族主义歌剧也产生了十分重要的影响。
歌剧《卡门》的结构为传统的分曲形式,同时借鉴了瓦格纳的主导动机手法,用西班牙音调刻画了一个个鲜明的、性格各异的人物形象,如《哈巴涅拉》、《斗牛士之歌》等。剧中贯穿着爱情、仇恨、欲望等内容,且不失光彩亮丽、生机勃勃的动人情节,具有独特的戏剧魅力。其流畅的旋律继承了意大利和法国的歌剧传统,给人以至美的享受。该剧被视为法国歌剧里程碑式的作品,也是至今西方音乐史中最突出的几部歌剧之一。
法国大歌剧和抒情歌剧
19世纪上半叶,法国巴黎成为欧洲重要的歌剧艺术中心。格鲁克的歌剧改革,法国大革命的动荡,中产阶级的解放,和拿破仑帝国的城市文化生活发展都为歌剧发展提供了条件。大革命时期,巴黎的中产阶级经历了压迫与解放,所以他们特别偏爱“拯救歌剧”(rescue operas),其情节常是忠诚的爱人甘愿冒一切危险去拯救身陷囹圄的英雄。如凯鲁比尼(Luigi Cherubini,1760—1842,意大利作曲家)的《两天》和在歌剧创作方面钦佩凯鲁比尼的贝多芬创作的唯一一部歌剧《菲岱里奥》。
19世纪20年代出现了大歌剧(grand opera)。这是一种四或五幕的大型歌剧,史诗或历史性内容,带有芭蕾舞,注重大场面,运用大合唱和大的管弦乐队。作者有时为了追求轰动的舞台效果和跌荡的情节不惜牺牲戏剧展开的逻辑。奥柏(Daniel Auber,1782—1871,法国作曲家,凯鲁比尼的学生)的《波蒂契的哑女》可称为第一部大歌剧。
而使大歌剧在30年代影响广泛的是梅耶贝尔(GiacomoMeyerbeer,1791—1864)。这位德国人起初写作意大利歌剧,后来专心研究法国历史和艺术,创作了《恶魔罗勃》、《胡格诺教徒》、《先知》和《非洲女》等作品。他的歌剧声乐风格华丽,追求大乐队,多喜用升降号的调性,转调频繁,追求舞台戏剧效果。法国大歌剧对法意两国的许多重要歌剧作家都产生了影响。
同时吸取了大歌剧和喜歌剧的因素,法国作曲家在19世纪下半叶又创造出一种新的歌剧体裁——抒情歌剧(opera-lyrique)。抒情歌剧多有牵动人心弦的故事情节,感染人的旋律。作曲家们重又选择了那些著名的爱情故事作为歌剧题材:托马(Ambroise Thomas 1811—1896)的《迷娘》、古诺(charlesGounod,1818—1893)的《浮士德》和《罗米欧与朱丽叶》、马斯内(Jwles massenet,1842—1921)的《曼侬》、圣桑(CainilleSaint—Saens,1835—1921)的《参孙与达里拉》。
比才(Georges Bizet,1838—1875)的《卡门》也是创作于这一时期。尽管它初演并不成功,但现在是最流行的一部法国歌剧。比才反对当时歌剧的伤感或神话的故事情节,他选材方面的现实主义倾向预示了19世纪末的歌剧新潮流。《卡门》戏剧场景和音乐表现出异国情调(比才早期歌剧已有此特点),富有表现力的色彩性旋律,强烈的西班牙节奏,清晰的配器,形成一种清新的音乐风格,音乐在表现人性的本质和激情方面的成功,使其成为一部完美的抒情悲剧。
二、简述浪漫主义时期德国歌剧的发展?
1、威伯——西欧浪漫主义歌剧的创始人
(1)生平简介:威伯(Carl Maria von Weber,1786-1826),德国作曲家,浪漫主义歌剧的先行者。和许多浪漫主义艺术家一样,威伯是一个多才多艺的音乐家,在德国浪漫主义歌剧舞台上发挥了他的天赋之才,同时又是一位评论家、作家。威伯的音乐创作领域很广,其最著名的代表作体现在歌剧和钢琴作品两方面。
(2)代表作品:歌剧《魔弹射手》、《奥伯龙》等,钢琴曲《邀舞》等。(3)艺术成就:
① 《魔弹射手》的诞生(1821年首演于柏林)标志着欧洲歌剧发展史上一个新时期的开始,成为欧洲浪漫主义歌剧的奠基之作,威伯也被誉为西欧浪漫主义歌剧的创始人。
② 威伯的《魔弹射手》使德国歌剧摆脱了意大利歌剧的影响,它的特点在于:吸收了德国歌唱剧的特征,用说话代替宣叙调,咏叹调中常渗透着民谣素材,音乐描写着重于渲染气氛,富有浪漫的幻想性。歌剧序曲与剧情联系紧密,而且运用了“主导动机”的手法,这些特征为瓦格纳的歌剧开辟了新的道路,并直接导致了俄罗斯、捷克、波兰等民族歌剧的兴起。
③《邀舞》是浪漫主义钢琴音乐中的一首杰作,乐曲描绘了舞会前相互结识、交往、邀舞的生动过程。这首钢琴作品后由柏辽兹改编为管弦乐曲,得到了更广泛的流传。
2、瓦格纳——浪漫主义歌剧的改革者、乐剧的倡导者
(1)生平简述:瓦格纳(Wagner,Wilhelm Richard,1813-1883),德国作曲家、剧作家、指挥家、哲学家。在德国音乐界,自贝多芬后,没有一个作曲家像瓦格纳那样具有宏伟的气魄和巨大的改革精神,他顽强地制定并实施自己的目标与计划,改革歌剧、倡导乐剧,从而奠定了在音乐史上的地位。同时,在世界音乐史上也几乎找不到像瓦格纳那样,在世界观、创作之间存在明显矛盾的音乐家。
(2)主要作品:他创作的主要领域是歌剧,包括《尼伯龙根的指环》(《莱茵的黄金》、《女武神》、《齐格弗里德》、《众神的黄昏》)、《特里斯坦与伊索尔德》、《漂泊的荷兰人》、《罗恩格林》、《汤豪瑟》、《黎恩济》、《纽伦堡的名歌手》、《帕西法尔》等,另外还有管弦乐曲《浮士德序曲》等。
(3)艺术成就:
① 对传统歌剧进行了彻底的改革。他在改革中实施了“整体艺术观”、“无终旋律”以及“主导动机”的手法,并强调戏剧第一,音乐第二,坚持音乐必须服从戏剧内容需要进行创作的原则,改革后的歌剧被称为乐剧(Das Musikdrama)。
② 创作了《尼伯龙根的指环》和《特里斯坦与伊索尔德》等划时代的经典乐剧,使浪漫主义歌剧发展到顶峰。
③ 扩大了歌剧中管弦乐队的编制(三管制或四管制),加强了乐队的表现力,改变了传统歌剧将乐队当作“巨型吉它”,使其处于人声伴奏状态的做法。他抓住了乐队的表现特点,通过“主导动机”的运用来阐述戏剧内容,使乐队成为表达剧情内容的有效工具。
④ 建立半音化和声,淡化调式调性,创建了“特里斯坦”和弦,对20世纪音乐观念产生了重要影响。附相关概念注解:
(1)整体艺术(Das Gesamtkunstwerk):“整体艺术”是瓦格纳在《未来艺术作品》中,针对戏剧作品提出的概念,认为音乐戏剧应该仿照古希腊艺术,成为一种诗歌、音乐、舞蹈、绘画、建筑等的综合体。(2)乐剧(Das Musikdrama):1848年瓦格纳在他的《罗恩格林》问世之后,用乐剧指代他的歌剧。乐剧将文学与诗歌、历史与神话、舞台与建筑、音乐与戏剧创作融为一体,是一种整体性的戏剧艺术。
(3)无终旋律(unendlich Melodie):是瓦格纳在他的乐剧中采用的音乐手法。在戏剧中,音乐自始至终不停顿地向前发展,取消了传统歌剧中割裂戏剧的分曲结构(咏叹调、宣叙调、重唱、合唱),没有咏叹调、宣叙调之分,声乐富于朗诵性,在叙述的同时也带有抒情性,这种不间断连贯发展的乐剧音乐形式被称为“无终旋律”。
(4)主导动机(Das Leitmotiv):也称主导主题。在大型音乐作品如歌剧、舞剧及标题作品中,用以象征某一特定人物、事件、情景或情感,并始终与所象征的人物或剧情密切联系在一起的音乐片断,被称为主导动机。主导动机具有标签和符号的意义,1877年沃尔错根从主导动机的角度研究瓦格纳《尼伯龙根的指环》中的《众神的黄昏》后,人们才开始用Leitmotiv这个词。㈡德奥艺术歌曲 教材第43页、45页
带伴奏的独唱歌曲在文艺复兴后期兴起于意大利,但是这种写作势头并没有在意大利等国家持续下去,因为意大利人后来更热衷于创作更为精致而复杂的歌剧咏叹调;而后法国人则热衷于写芭蕾音乐;英国在这方面的创作长期处于停顿状态,连改编民歌这类事情,也邀请外国人海顿和贝多芬代劳;只有在德国,这种艺术歌曲在18世纪下半叶古典时期有了初步的兴盛,而且顺利的导致19世纪浪漫主义艺术歌曲的空前繁荣。
19世纪初,欧洲兴起了浪漫主义思潮。浪漫主义时期人们追求崇高的理想和热烈的情感表现,追求个性化的表现方式。艺术歌曲狭义上就是特指浪漫主义时期的德奥艺术歌曲。因为歌曲有歌词的内容,能直接的反映人的心理和感情或大自然的景色,与交响乐相比,更容易被人的思想所接受,因此,浪漫主义时期的音乐家们都喜欢用诗人的作品来谱写歌曲。以舒伯特、舒曼、门德尔松、布拉姆斯等人的作品为典范。歌德、席勒、海涅等伟大的文学家们为歌曲创作提供了无数优美的诗歌。如歌德的《纺车旁的玛格丽特》、《野玫瑰》、《魔王》,海涅的《乘着歌声的翅膀》、《莲花》等等。诗人们的作品具有非常优美的韵律、节奏,丰富的情感,多变的形式,为音乐家们创作优秀的艺术歌曲奠定了极其有力的基础。
德国艺术歌曲从起源到它的鼎盛时期,经历了漫长的岁月。“歌曲之王”舒伯特的出现,使艺术歌曲达到了空前繁荣的时代。它顺应了历史发展的潮流,向更广阔的情感世界发展。德国艺术歌曲开创了世界音乐曲献的新纪元,所以“Lied”成为艺术歌曲的代名词。
德奥艺术歌曲以其特殊的创作体裁和演唱形式在世界音乐宝库中散发着独特的艺术魅力,有着她不可估量的艺术价值。它使我们看到了世界艺术大师们在声乐史上的不朽贡献,也使我们从中了解了世界各国音乐大师们的思想、境遇和他们丰富的情感。她还可以让我们了解不同时期不同国家艺术歌曲的发展,以及他们的音乐创作风格。㈢德奥艺术歌曲的特点
德奥艺术歌曲之所以具有珍贵的艺术价值,归纳起来有以下几点:
1.艺术歌曲的歌词寓意深刻,内涵丰富。
从德国的艺术歌曲大师们的声乐作品看来,全都出自于著名诗人的诗歌内容。由此奠定了艺术歌曲的歌词内容具有一定的文学价值。在艺术歌曲中歌词与音乐得到完美的结合。音乐因诗歌的启迪引发作曲者和听众无尽的联想;诗歌因音乐的演示达到更高的境界。
2.艺术歌曲的音乐细腻精致,严谨规范,整体感强。旋律浪漫而富有生活感。
因为作曲家的灵感来自于诗歌的启迪,所以他们的曲调流畅优美,既有浪漫色彩,又贴近生活。但歌曲创作手法严谨,自由而不松散。启、承、转、合,整体结构非常鲜明。3.艺术歌曲的伴奏具有很强的艺术表现力
艺术歌曲区别于其他歌曲形式的一个重要方面就是它非常强调歌曲伴奏的表现力。艺术歌曲的伴奏多数用钢琴来伴奏。伴奏部分在作曲家的手下和歌曲旋律相得益彰,互相呼应,形成一个整体。旋律音乐和伴奏音乐的交融,构成了艺术歌曲完美的意境 4.艺术歌曲的演唱细腻准确和精美。
一般来说艺术歌曲都出自于有素养作曲家的具有严肃艺术意味的声乐独唱曲,因而艺术歌曲的演唱主要采用美声唱法。尤其是德奥艺术歌曲,由于旋律细腻流畅的线条,决定了典型的艺术歌曲的演唱必须是讲究音色的变化和音量的控制。它的演唱不同与歌剧的演唱。总体来说艺术歌曲需要柔和而又精美的演唱,就象潺潺的溪水轻柔的流向远方。但每个国家的艺术歌曲演唱的风格还有差别。要想真正唱好艺术歌曲必须具备良好的文化底蕴,较高的艺术修养和独到的理解力。
第五篇:浪漫主义时期测试题
Test to Romantic Age Fill in the blanks.(30’)
The Romantic Age began in 1798 when __________________ and ___________________ published _______________________ and ended in 1832 when _________________ died.Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English ____________________ against the neoclassical ___________________, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.In the preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of ___________________, Wordsworth laid down the principles of poetry composition.__________________, __________________, and ____________________ are referred as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama _____________________ is borrowed from _________________________, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets.They point especially to his ______________________._________________________ was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death.Byron employed ________________________ from Italian mock-heroic poetry.His first experiment was made in________________.Child Harold’s Pilgrimage is a long poem created by _____________________.It contains four cantos in the ____________________ stanza, namely a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter.Shelley mourned for __________________’s premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, writing “He is made one with Nature”.In “To Autumn”, Keats writes, “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,/ Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun,/ Conspiring with him how to load and bless/ With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;/…” The figure of speech used in the lines is ________________________.______________________ are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works._______________________ is considered “the father of the historical novel” which opens up to fiction the rich and lively realm of history._______________________ is a great critic of the Romantic Age on Shakespeare, Elizabethan Drama, and English poetry.He is also a master of the familiar essays.With _______________________, the essay is no longer chiefly a mode of intellectual inquiry and moral address.Rather, the essay becomes a medium for a delightful literary treatment of life’s small pleasures and reassurances.Pride and Prejudice is generally accepted as ____________________’s masterpiece, while Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of ______________________.___________________________ and _________________________ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.Thomas Gray’s poem _________________________________ is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry, esp.the Graveyard school._______________________ wrote some patriotic poems, in which he expressed his deep love for his motherland, such as My Heart’s in the Highlands.Identify the author with his or her work.(6’)________(20)Shelley
(A)Emma ________(21)Byron
(B)To a Nightingale ________(22)Keats
(C)Essays of Elia ________(23)Lamb
(D)Characters of Shakespeare’s Play ________(24)Austen
(E)Oriental Tales ________(25)Hazlitt
(F)To a Skylark Choose the best answer.(15’)
26.Which of the following works are not written by Thomas De Quincey?
A.The Confession of an English Opium-Eater
B.On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth
C.The Spanish Military Nun
D.Wit and Humor 27.As a poet, Leigh Hunt is chiefly remembered for ______________.A.About Ben Adhem
B.Jenny Kissed Me
C.The liberal
D.The Story of Rimini 28.“Beauty is truth, truth is beauty” is an epigrammatic line by _______________.A.John Keats
B.William Blake
C.William Wordsworth
C.Percy Bysshe Shelley 29.The first poem in The Lyrical Ballads is Coleridge’s masterpiece ______________.A.The Prelude
B.Kubla Khan
C.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
D.Tintern Abbey 30.Which of the following is Shelley’s love lyric?
A.One Word is Too Often Profaned
B.When We Two Parted
C.A Red, Red Rose
D.Song to Celia 31.Jane Austen’s view of life is generally a _______________ one.A.romantic
B.sentimental
C.realistic
D.pessimistic 32.The Romantic period is a great age of all literary genres EXCEPT ______________.A.poetry
B.prose
C.drama
D.novel 33.Which are Shelley’s lyrics on nature?
A.The Cloud
B.Ode to the Nightingale
C.Prometheus Bound
D.Song to the Men of England 34.Which poem shows Shelley’s attitude towards the position of women in society, besides the theme of revolutionary?
A.The Revolt of Islam
B.Prometheus Unbound
C.Song to the Men of England
D.Ode to the West Wind 35.Choose the poetic play written by Byron.A.Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill
B.Manfred
C.Hours of Idleness
D.Oriental Tales 36.___________________ was made poet laureate in 1813.But most of his works, according to modern critics, are “the product of literary industry, not of literary creation.”
A.William Wordsworth
B.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C.Robert Southey
D.George Gordon Byron 37.Which of the following statements is not true about Don Juan?
A.It was written in Italy during the years 1818-1823.B.The story describes Don Juan’s, an English youth of noble birth, life and adventures in many countries.C.In a Greek island, Don Juan met his sweetheart, Haidee, and fell in love with her.D.The last cantos are taken up with a satirical description of the English ruling classes, whose reactionary policy has aroused the hatred from the other nations.38.As contrasted with the classicists who made reason, order and the old, classical traditions the criteria in their poetical creations, _________________ based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”
A.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
B.George Gordon Byron
C.Percy Bysshe Shelley
D.William Wordsworth 39.Which of the following statement is true about Charles Lamb?
A.He described his meeting with Coleridge and Wordsworth in his famous essay My First Acquaintance with Poets.B.His essays have had noticeable influence on the prose-writing of modern Chinese literature after the May 4th Movement in 1919.C.His work marked a great turn in English prose style from plain to ornate prose-writing.D.His essays, like The Plain Speaker and Winter-slow are popular with readers.40.Which sonnet is NOT written by John Keats?
A.London, 1802
B.When I Have Fears
C.Bright Star
D.On the Grasshopper and Cricket Define the literary terms.(4’)41.lyric 42.ode Give brief answers to the questions.(10’)
43.Living in England was impossible for him.“I felt,” he wrote, “that, if what was whispered, and muttered, and murmured, was true, I was unfit for England;if false, England was unfit for me.” On April 25th , 1816, he set sail for Europe, never to return.He fist went to Switzerland.In 1823 he went to Greece and plunged into the struggle for the national independence of that country.In 1824 he died there.His death was mourned by the Greek people and by all progressive people throughout the world.A.Who is mentioned in the above words?(1’)
B.What is his masterpiece?(1’)In his works appear a kind of heroes, how much do you know about them?(3’)
44.He appealed directly to individual sensations, i.e., pleasure, excitement and enjoyment, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” A poet’s emotion extends from human affairs to nature, but emotion immediately expressed is as raw as wine newly bottled.Tranquil contemplation of an emotional experience matures the feeling and sensation, and makes possible the creation of good poetry like the refining of old wine.A.Who does “he” refer to in the above description?(2’)
B.From which work are these quotations taken?(1’)What function does this work serve for the English Romantic Movement?(2’)
Read the quotations carefully and then answer the questions.(35’)45.The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The plowman home ward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.Questions: Find out the meter and rhyme scheme of the poem.(2’)Find the irregular foot in the second line.(1’)
Briefly explain the significance of this irregularity.(2’)46.O, my Luve's like a red, red rose
That‘s newly sprung in June.O, my Luve's like a melody.That‘s sweetly played in tune.As fair as you, my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I;
And I will luve you still, my dear,Till all the seas gone dry.Till all the seas gone dry, my dear,And the rocks melt with the sun;
I will luve you till, my dear,While the sands of life shall run.And fare you well, my only luve
And fare you well, a while!
And I will come again, my luve,Though it were ten thousand mile.Questions: The poem is written by ___________________.(1’)The title of this poem is ___________________.(1’)The theme of the poem is about __________________.(1’)The poem is written in ____________________.(1’)a.ballad meter
b.sonnet
c.blank verse The odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic _________________.(1’)
The rhyme scheme is __________________.(1’)What do you know about the poem?(4’)
47.O WILD West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being—
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes!—O thou Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odours plain and hill— Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere— Destroyer and Preserver—hear O hear!Questions: What is the title of the poem? Who is the poet?(2’)B.Can you find the rhyme scheme of the poem?(2’)
C.What is the symbolic meaning of “the west wind”?(3’)Explain the theme of the poem.(3’)48.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.“My dear Mr.Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?”
Mr.Bennet replied that he had not.“But it is,” returned she;“for Mrs.Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.”
Mr.Bennet made no answer.“Do you not want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife impatiently.“You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.” This was invitation enough.“Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs.Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England;that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr.Morris immediately;that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.” “What is his name?” “Bingley.” “Is he married or single?” “Oh!Single, my dear, to be sure!A single man of large fortune;four or five thousand a year.What a fine thing for our girls!” “How so? How can it affect them?” “My dear Mr.Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?” “Design!Nonsense, how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.” “I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.” “My dear, you flatter me.I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now.When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.” Questions: This excerpt is taken from the novel entitled _________________ by _______________________.(2’)
Comment on the characters of Mr.and Mrs.Bennet.(3’)
C.Analyze the first sentence in the excerpt, “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”
(5’)Expanded Exercises: 1.Which novel do you think is the most famous masterpiece written by Jane Austen? Make a comment on it.