定语从句的讲解及练习学习的啊学习的武器学习的武器

第一篇：定语从句的讲解及练习学习的啊学习的武器学习的武器

学英语简单吗？肯定会有许多学生说：“难死了”。

为什么有好多学生对英语的学习都感到头疼呢？答案只有一个：“不得法。” 英语与汉语一样都是一种语言，为什么你说汉语会如此流利？那是因为你置身于一个汉语环境中，如果你在伦敦呆上半年，保准说起英语来会非常流利。但很多中学生没有很好的英语环境，那么你可以自己设置一个英语环境，坚持“多说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”，那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。

一、多“说”。

自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语，见了同学，尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候，谈心情……这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典，遇到生词时查一下这些生词，也不用刻意去记，用的多了，这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担，始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。

或许你有机会碰上外国人，你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼，和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校……只是别问及他的年纪，婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇，句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇，而且不太看重说法，你只要发音准确，准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心，敢于表达自己的思想。

如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系，你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象，对它谈你一天的所见所闻，谈你的快乐，你的悲伤等等，长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。

二、多“听”

寻找一切可以听英语的机会。别人用英语交谈时，你应该大胆地去参与，多听听各种各样人的发音，男女老少，节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到，如果这样的机会少的话，你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听，这将会对你帮助很大，而你去听学过的课文的磁带，那将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。

三、多“读”。

“读”可以分为两种。一种是“默读”。每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅读速度有很大的好处，读的内容可以是你的课本，但最好是一些有趣的小读物，因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度。每道题的得分都与你的理解程度有很大关系，所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后，你必定会在高考中胜券在握。另一种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的一种学习途径。

四、多“写”

有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”一词时，可写一小段如下：

学习英语不用花大块的时间，10分钟的散步可以练“说”,吃完饭后可以读一会儿英语小说，睡前听几分钟英语，可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些时间来练英语，你的英语成绩肯定会很快提高的。

背英语单词技巧

1、循环记忆法

艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线

人的大脑是一个记忆的宝库，人脑经历过的事物，思考过的问题，体验过的情感和情绪，练习过的动作，都可以成为人们记忆的内容。例如英文的学习中单词、短语和句子，甚至文章的内容都是通过记忆完成的。从“记”到“忆”是有个过程的，这其中包括了识记、保持、再认和回忆。有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知，要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的，单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的。

雅思阅读题目出题的本质是三种替换：同义词/词组替换，句型替换，语法替换，笔者将从这三方面根据学生课堂笔记进行分类整理。以下是剑桥真题中的考点词,替换词,一次多义总结：

1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的

2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial

3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost

4.proportion/ percentage 比例

5.be involved(in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与

6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于

考虑到，尽管

6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce /deductive推断

7.fortune/ destiny/ chances

8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission(尾气)排放/ exploit 9.complex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的

10.capacity能力，容量/ competence（竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的）

11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure(insure)/ guarantee 押金

12.solely/ merely/ only

13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang 系列 of

14.pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人

15.believe/ assume(responsibility)/ suppose

16.授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔 + ment =right（权利）

17.purchase/ buy

18.ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n ]

19.modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]

20.insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing

21.constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit

22.circumstance 环境（社会）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（环保）背景 background 后台 / settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（文章中）

23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的>

24.移民：immigrant(进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant

25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/ thriving/ booming（人口，行业）/flourishing

26.神圣的：divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred

27.有毒的：poisonous/ toxic(in-, non-无毒的)

28.致命的：deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal

29.类似于：look like/ resemble

30.chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的

31.网恋：virtual love/ cyber love

32.网友：on-line /net/ cyber friend 上网（聊天）chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/网吧

33.evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/ involve-involution 卷入，涉及

34.indicator/ predictor 表示诠释，预测

35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray

36.therapist /expert/ specialist

37.优点，长处，美德：advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length

38.commonest/ frequent

39.未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/ underdeveloped

40.退化：degenerate/-tion [n]->generate 生产，制造/ degrade->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下

41.分类：category-categorize/ class-classify

42.consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率

43.clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁

44.substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace

45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性

46.孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔热（体）

47．缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback

48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/ innovative(-tion)/ creative(-tion)/ ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary

易错拼写：environment/ convenient

49．neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，阳性的

50．ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure

51.communicate 沟通，传达，通报

52.accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠

53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献 2 责任,义务

54．contribute to 导致 ~ result in /account for(占据)导致

54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack(of)/ short(of)

55.强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on

英语作文常用谚语、俗语

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea.海纳百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善终。

7、Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find.知音难觅。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善终。

13、A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes.母爱永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果，不用请医生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring.一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。

18、A year's plan starts with spring.一年之计在于春。

19、A young idler, an old beggar.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

20、Better late than never.不怕慢，单怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature.习惯是后天养成的。

25、Custom makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。

26、Doing is better than saying.与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。

27、Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而废。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻烦。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身体好。

31、Easier said than done.说得容易，做得难。

32、Easy come, easy go.来也匆匆，去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。

34、Every man has his faults.金无足赤，人无完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命运自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts.分秒必争。

37、Each coin has two sides.38、Fact speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

39、Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth.健康胜过财富。

42、Honesty is the best policy.做人诚信为本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。

45、Knowledge is power.知识就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter.有其母必有其女。

47、No pain，no gain.（不劳无获。）

48、You never know till you have tried.不尝试，不知晓。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy

and wise.早睡早起，使人健康、52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set

富裕和聪颖。

54、Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）

56、Pride goes before a fall．（骄傲必败。）

Superstar and I It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors.However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart.He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin.When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around.What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music.Rome wasn’t built in one day.He achieved the great success through huge effort.I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and I Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder.She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart.Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me.The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it.She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up.She is like a sunshine that gives me hope.Where there is a will, there is a way.定语从句的讲解及练习

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

（1）关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

① who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who / that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

② whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose（of which）cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。

③ which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）The package（which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which / that在从句中作宾语）

（2）关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

① when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于―介词+ which‖结构，因此常常和―介词+ which‖结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when（on which）one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

② that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和―介词+ which‖引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：

His father died the year（that / when / in which）he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place（that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

（3）判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错。（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village（which）I visited last year.（对）I'll never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where，when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例1：Is this museum _____ you visited a few days ago? A.where B.that

C.on which

D.the one 例2：Is this the museum _____ the exhibition was held.A.where

B.that

C.on which

D.the one 答案：例1.D；例2.A 例1变为肯定句：

This museum is _____ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句：

This is the museum _____ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。

（4）限制性和非限制性定语从句 ① 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）

② 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

③ 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词

要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

（5）介词+关系词

① 介词后面的关系词不能省略。

② that前不能有介词。③ 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的―介词+关系词‖结构可以同关系副词 when 和where 互换。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?（6）as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as 的用法

例1：the same… as；such…as是一种固定结构，和……一样……。I have got into the same trouble as he（has）.例2：as可引导非限制性从句，常译为‗正如'之意。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.as是关系代词。第1句中的as作know的宾语；第2句中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

（7）关系代词that 的用法

① 不用that的情况

a.在引导非限定性定语从句时。

（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b.介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.② 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a.在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

b.在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

c.先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。

d.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。e.先行词既有人，又有物时。

举例：

All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。典型例题

1.Alice received an invitation from her boss, _____ came as a surprise.A.it

B.that C.which

D.he 答案：C

解析：此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which，it和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2.The weather turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which

C.that

D.it 答案：B 解析：which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3.It rained hard yesterday, _____ prevented me from going to the park..A.that

B.which

C.as

D.it 答案：B 解析：as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which不可。

（2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。模拟试题 Ⅰ、选择填空

1.His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.A.of whom

B.whom C.of whose

D.whose

2.She heard a terrible noise, ______brought her heart into her mouth.A.it

B.which C.this

D.that

3.In the dark street , there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help.A.that

B.who

C.from who

D.to whom

4.The weather turned out to be very good , _____ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which

C.that

D.it

5.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child.A.which

B.where

C.that

D.when

6.Carol said the work would be done by October.personally I doubt very much.A.it

B.that

C.when

D.which

7.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _____,of course , made the others unhappy.A.who

B.which

C.this

D.what

8.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable.A.which price

B.the price of which C.its price

D.the price of whose 9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.A.As

B.It

C.That

D.Which

10.He lived in London for 3 months , during _____ time he learned some English.A.this

B.which

C.that

D.same 11.On the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.A.whose

B.of which

C.which

D.its 12.Whenever I met him , _____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.A.what

B.which

C.that

D.when 13.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.A.that

B.where

C.which

D.there 14.The boss _____ department Ms King worked ten years ago looked down upon women.A.in which

B.in that

C.in whose

D.whose 15.I don't like _____ you speak to her.A.the way

B.the way in that C.the way which

D.the way of which 16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.______ I got wet through.A.It's the reason

B.That's why C.There's why

D.It's how 17.He made another wonderful discovery , _____ of great importance to science.A.which I think is

B.which I think it is C.which I think it

D.I think which is 18.He was very rude to the customs officer, _____ of course made things even worse.A.who

B.whom

C.what

D.which

Ⅱ、实战练习

A）填空：选择正确的关系代词填入题目中的空白处。

1.This is the comrade __________ will go to the south with us tomorrow.2.Who's the student __________ the teacher is talking with?

3.I like the present __________ you've sent to me.4.The nurse __________ we talked about can speak English well.5.This is the most difficult job __________ we've ever done.6.This is the cleverest man __________ I've ever known.7.I bought all __________ was necessary.8.The old gentleman __________ you met just now is a famous writer.9.The girl to __________ I lent my bike works in a hospital.10.All __________ come are welcome.11.This is the girl __________ songs you heard last night.12.She was the brave girl __________ name is known to everybody here.13.Thank you for the help __________ you've done for me.14.This radio set __________ we have had for two years is a good one.15.The next question __________ I found difficult to answer was put to me by Mary.B）将下列句子合并成带有定语从句的复合句

16.He is the young writer.He wrote the book.17.Do you know the doctor?

He comes here once a month and examines the workers.18.The foreign guest is Mr.Green.You saw him at the school gate.19.He is the new head.I was talking about him this morning.20.I've received the book.Father sent it to me.21.The factory has got one success after another.We visited the factory last week.22.What's the name of the girl?

Her grandpa took part in the Long March.23.The man looks like the actor.I've heard his songs on TV.24.This letter is from my elder brother.He serves in the army.25.Do you see the bridge?

It was built last year.C）单项填空：从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的正确答案。

26.Those _____ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.A.learn

B.who

C.that

D.who learn

27.Anyone _____ this opinion may speak out.A.that againsts

B.that against

C.who is against

D.who are against

28.Mr.Smith is one of the foreign experts who _____ in China.A.works

B.is working

C.are working

D.has been working

29.Didn't you see the man _____?

A.I nodded just now

B.whom I nodded just now

C.I nodded to him just now

D.I nodded to just now

30.Have you seen the girl _____?

A.that I told

B.I told you of

C.whom I told you

D.I told you of him

31.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help.A.that

B.who

C.from whom

D.to whom

32.Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?

A.that you talked

B.you talked about it

C.which you talked with

D.you talked about

33.The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.A.that

B.what

C.why

D.for which

34.They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.A.which

B.that

C.who

D.whom

35.Who _____ has common sense will do such a thing?

A.which

B.who

C.whom

D.that

36.All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.A.that

B.those

C.which

D.what

37.I'll tell you _____ he told me last week.A.all which

B.what all

C.that all

D.all

38.This is the biggest laboratory _____ we have ever built in our school.A.which

B.what

C.where

D./

39.Is oxygen the only gas _____ helps fire burn?

A.that

B./

C.which

D.it

40.Is there anything _____ to you?

A.that is belonged

B.that belongs

C.that belong

D.which belongs

41.His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____ family was poor.A.that

B.which

C.who's

D.whose

42.Please pass me the dictionary _____ cover is black.A.which

B.which of

C.its

D.whose

43.He is the only one of the boys who _____ the piano well.A.plays

B.play

C.playing

D.are playing

44.He asked me _____ I needed.A.that

B.which

C.what

D./

45.That scientist _____ work is successful has been made a model worker.A.which

B.who

C.who's

D.whose 参考答案： Ⅰ、1—5 DBDBB

6—10 DBCAB

11—15 ABBCA 16—18 BAD Ⅱ、A）

1.who/that 2.that 3.that/which 4.whom(who)/that

5.that

6.that

7.that

8.whom(who)/that

9.whom

10.that 11.whose

12.whose

13.which/that

14.which/that

15.that B）

16.He is the young writer who wrote the book.17.Do you know the doctor who comes here once a month and examines the workers?

18.The foreign guest whom you see at the school gate is Mr.Green.19.He is the new head whom I was talking about this morning.20.I've received the book which father sent to me.21.The factory which we visited last week has got one success after another.22.What is the name of the girl whose grandpa took part in the Long March?

23.The man looks like the actor whose songs I've heard on TV.24.This letter is from my elder brother who serves in the army.25.Do you see the bridge which was built last year? C）

26—30 DCCDB 31—35 DDABD 36—40 ADDAB 41—45 DDACD 26.D.定语从句中who指人在从句中为主语，且要用动词learn。

27.C.先行词为anyone是单数名词，所以用单数的谓语动词。

28.C.experts是先行词为复数的形式，所以从句的谓语动词应该为复数的形式。

29.D.nod是不及物动词，所以应该用nod to表示朝某人点头，由于关系代词在从句中充当介词的宾语，所以可以省略。

30.B.tell sb.of sth.表示和某人提起某事，不是告诉某人什么事，由于关系代词在从句中充当介词的宾语，所以可以省略。

31.D.turn to sb.for help表示向某人寻求帮助。从句的介词提前，所以to后面要加上关系代词whom.32.D.talk about表示谈论某事，所以应该是D。B中从句的代词it应该省略，因为关系代词在从句中充当了成分。

33.A.从句中缺argue about的宾语，指物，只能选that。

34.B.先行词既有人又有物，所以用that。

35.D.who引导的疑问句中，定语从句要用that来引导避免重复。

36.A.先行词用all来修饰所以我们应该用that来引导。

37.D.all 是先行词所以应该用that, 但是在从句中当宾语，所以选D。

38.D.laboratory前面有 the biggest的最高级修饰，所以应该用that来引导。当然也可以省略。

39.A.先行词前面用the only来修饰所以应该用that来引导。

40.B.anything为先行词是不定代词所以应该用that 来引导。而且belong是第三人称的主动语态形式。

41.D.whose在从句中充当定语，指的是anyone's family was poor.42.D.whose在从句中充当定语，指的是the dictionary's cover.43.A.本句的先行词是the only one，而不是the boys,所以谓语动词应该用单数形式。

44.C.本句不是定语从句而是用what引导的宾语从句，充当ask sb.sth.的双宾语结构。

45.D.whose在从句中充当定语，指的是that scientist's work is successful

定语从句专题

编稿：贾巍

审稿：周可勇

责编：夏芳莲

一、什么是定语从句？

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

初中阶段我们仅仅要求学生能够认识，并且正确翻译由关系代词that, which, who等引导的定语从句。请观察下面的句子：

This is the mountain village which I visited last year.在这句话中，mountain village为先行词，which为关系代词，关系代词其实就是先行词的化身，它在从句中充当主语或者宾语。所以以上的句子可以被翻译成：

这是我去年访问过的山村。

这句话的主干是―This is the mountain village.‖这是那个小山村。

从句部分是 ―which I visited last year‖，看上去这句话是缺少宾语的，实际上关系代词which就是宾语，它既是从句的引导词，又是宾语。

请看下面的句子：

He is the person who helped me with my homework last week.翻译成：

他是上周帮助我做功课的那个人。

主句部分是―He is the person‖

从句部分是―who helped me with my homework last week‖

看上去，这个从句是缺少主语的，实际上，从句的主语就是who，他跟在先行词后面，代表先行词，在从句中充当主语。

二、关系代词：that, which, who.1.首先：在定语从句中所有的关系代词和关系副词都是先行词的化身，在翻译的时候，不参照他们本身疑问副词，疑问代词的意思，如：

I am looking for the photos which you took in Australia.我正在找你在澳大利亚拍的照片。

这里的which代表照片，并不翻译成―哪一个‖，再如

He is the photographer who won the photo competition last time.他就是那个赢得上次摄影比赛冠军的摄影师。

这里的who代表photographer，也不翻译成―谁‖

2.其次：（1）who前面的先行词一定是人物：

I got some great shots of the boy who plays the guitar on the left.我给左边弹吉他的男孩照了一些不错的相片。

这里的先行词是the boy，是人，所以关系代词用who，当然用that也可以

（2）which 前面的先行词一定是事物：

It is a band which gets everyone dancing.这是一支能让每个人都舞动起来的乐队。

这句话的先行词是a band，不是人，是乐队，所以用which,也可以用that.（3）that前面的先行词既可以是人，也可以是物.注意：这并不代表that是万能的关系代词，到高中的时候我们就会学到，在某些定语从句，尤其是非限定性定语从句中，我们是不能使用that的，但是我们在初中阶段并不要求。

3.定语从句关系代词的省略：

与许多其它从句一样，定语从句的引导词 – 关系代词也是可以省略的，但是省略是需要条件的，就是当关系代词在从句中充当宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。

重点有两个：第一就是从句中，所以我们要分清什么是主句，什么是从句，如：

I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.我永远都忘不了我在乡下的日子。

在这句话里，I will never forget the days.是主句，which I spent in the countryside是从句，再看：

Please show me the book which you bought yesterday.请给我看一眼你昨天买的书。

在这句话里面，Please show me the book是主句，which you bought yesterday是从句。

第二个重点就是充当宾语：

He is the person who talked to me last time.他是上次和我说话的那个人。

在这句话中，关系代词who作为the person的化身，在从句中充当主语。

He is the person who I met last time.他是我上次遇见的那个人。

在这句话中，关系代词who作为the person的化身在从句中充当宾语，这个who可以省略。

判断关系代词充当主语还是宾语可以看它后面是否紧跟谓语动词，如果紧跟谓语动词（如第一句），则关系代词为主语，不能省略；若反之，其后没有紧跟谓语动词，而是名词（从句的主语），则关系代词在从句中作宾语，可以省略关系代词。

三、定语从句与宾语从句的区别：

顾名思义，定语从句是从句充当定语的复合句，宾语从句是从句充当宾语的复合句，二者迥然不同，但是在使用中，同学们总是容易混淆这两个句型。请从以下几点区分：

（1）通过从句的位置：定语从句的位置在名词代词的后面（先行词一般是由名词或者代词充当的）。宾语从句的位置一般在动词或者介词短语之后，因为宾语一般都在动词或者介词短语之后。

请判断下面句子是定语从句还是宾语从句：

I don‘t know what you are talking about.He is angry with what you said.The tall boy who you met just now is my brother.经过判断，前两句是宾语从句，第三句是定语从句。

（2）通过引导词：定语从句的关系代词只有that, who, which, whom,whose关系副词也只有when, where, why，所以如果有的句子是whether, if, how, what等词引导的，肯定不是定语从句。

（3）通过从句的成分：都是that引导的从句，宾语从句和定语从句也有的区别，我们可以通过that在从句中充当的句子成分判断，如：

I know that you are right.我知道你是对的。

这是一个宾语从句，that 引导的宾语从句，that只是连接词，不充当任何成分，所以that后面的句子you are right是一个主语谓语完全的句子。

He is the person that I am looking for.这是一个定语从句，that在从句中充当look for的宾语，所以看上去look for是没有宾语的。

四、练习题：

1.This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday.A.that

B.who

C.whom

D.this

2.The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.A.whom

B.which

C.who

D./

3.The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary.A.that

B.whose

C.which

D.as

4.Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday?

A.the one

B.which

C.who

D.whom

5.Is this factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday?

A.the one

B.that

C.which

D./

6.The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A.which

B.that

C./

D.it

7.The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.A.which

B.in which

C.that

D.all

8._____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A.That

B.Who

C.The one who

D.The students who

9.Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.A.which

B.whom

C.whose

D.this

10.This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.A.who

B.whom

C.which

D./

Keys: 1~5 A C A B A

6~10 B C C

初三年级词汇（3）

（一）请写出下面各个动词的过去式,过去分词,现在分词,第三人称单数以及中文形式.（0.2* 12 = 24）

Eg.expect expected expected expecting expects 期望

fall ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

feed ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

feel ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

fight ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

find ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

fly

________ ________ _______ _________ _______

forget ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

freeze ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

give ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

get

________ ________ _______ _________ _______

grow ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

hang ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

have ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

hear

________ ________ _______ _________ _______

hide ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

hit

________ ________ _______ _________ _______

hold

________ ________ _______ _________ _______

hurt ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

guess ________ ________ ________ ________ _______

(二)写出下面单词的复数形式并且翻译中文.1.foot _______ _______

3.gentleman _________ _______

2.goose _______ ______

4.grandchild _________ ________

(三)写出下面单词的比较级和最高级形式以及中文意思.1.far

__________ ____________ ____________

2.good

__________ ____________ ____________

3.hot

__________ ____________ ____________

4.healthy __________ ____________ ___________

初三语法：定语从句

撰稿：胡欲晓

审稿：周克勇

责编：牛新阁

知识讲解

一、定语从句的功用和结构

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party? I still remember the night when I first came to the village?

This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：

The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：

Do you know the young man(whom)we met at the gate？

Mr Lee(whom)you want to see has come.3.whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：

The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book(which)the teacher mentioned yesterday.5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：

I’ve read the newspaper that(which)carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?

6.when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：

I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7.where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：

This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.三、关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。

1.作主语：

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：

I don’t like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2.作宾语：

She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3.作定语

关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：

What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?

The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4.作状语

I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.四、具体使用时还要注意下列问题：

1.只能使用that,不用which 的情况：

(1)先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：

All that he said is true.(2)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修

饰，关系代词常用that,不用which。例如：

He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：

He was the second(person)that told me the secret.(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。

This is the best book(that)I have read this year.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：

He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.2.只能用which，不用that 的情况：

(1)在非限制性定语从中。例如：

The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2)定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：

The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.(3)which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部

分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this

相似，并可以指人。例如：

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.3.介词与关系代词：

关系代词 whom，which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.[边讲边练]

（一）用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句。

1.The boy is my younger brother.He was here a minute ago.2.The old man is a professor.He teaches chemistry in a college.3.Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square.The foreign visitors live there.4.The woman is here now.You were talking about her.5.This is the hall.We listened to the report in it the other day.6.The car was going 90 miles an hour.The car just passed us.7.The man was my uncle.The man waved to us.8.I enjoyed reading the book.You gave me a book last week.9.I prefer the subject.The subject is science.10.I spoke to the man.The man is a professor.（二）用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空

1.The house _______ we live in is very big.2.The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.3.This is the present _____ he gave me for my birthday.4.The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.5.He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.6.There is nothing in the world _______ can frighten him.7.She wears a gold ring, _______ is very uncommon in our class.8.We visited a factory _______ makes toys for children.9.Is this the place _______ your father once lived?

10.I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.[随堂测试]

一、单项填空

1.---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?

---Oh!It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.A.he

B.that

C.whom

D.which

2.I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.A.who

B.which

C.they

D.where

3.The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada.A.which

B.when

C.who

D.whom

4.George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.A.who

B.whom

C.he

D.which

5.This is the place _____I have ever visited.A.there

B.when

C.where

D.which

6.Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.A.that

B.which

C.why

D.when

7.The moon is a world ______ there is no life.A.that

B.which

C.where

D.why

8.He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived.A.when

B.where

C.that

D.which

9.He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.A.when

B.where

C.that

D.on which

10.Mr.White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.A.who

B.that

C.whose

D.which

11.He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.A.that

B.which

C.when

D.where

12.This is the house _______ I want to buy.A.in which

B.that

C.whose

D.where

13.This is the house _______ our beloved Premier Zhou once lived and worked.A.which

B.that

C.when

D.where

14.He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.A.that

B.which

C.when

D.where

15.He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.A.that

B.which

C.where

D.when

16.I work in a business ________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A.how

B.which

C.where

D.that

17.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ________, of course，made the others envy him.A.who

B.that

C.what

D.which

18.American women usually identify their best friend as someone ________ they can talk

frequently.A.who

B.as

C.about which

D.with whom

19.The film brought the hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that far-

away village.A.until

B.that

C.when

D.where

20.The famous scientist grew up________ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.A.when

B.whenever

C.where

D.wherever

21.A story goes ________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded

by clever and qualified noblemen at court.A.when

B.where

C.what

D.that

22.The Parkers bought a new house but ________ will need a lot of work before they can

move in.A.they

B.it

C.one

D.which

23.Is this factory ______ you worked at?

A.the one

B.which

C.that

D.where

24.Is this the factory _______ you worked?

A.where

B.which

C.that

D.the one

25.---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?

---Yes, he does.A.which

B.whose

C.where

D.who

26.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.A.who

B.where

C.what

D.that

27.---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday?

---He has gone back to Qinghua University.A.whom

B.who

C.whose

D.which

28.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.A.whose

B.whom

C.which

D.who

29.Do you know a boy ______ sister is a nurse in a hospital?

A.who

B.that

C.whom

D.whose

30.Is there a shop near here______ we can buy vegetables and fruits?

A.which

B.when

C.who

D.where

二、填入适当的关系代词或关系副词完成下列句子

1.The boys________ are playing football are from Class One.2.Those ______ want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow.3.Mr Liu is the person ________ you talked about on the bus.4.The professor ________ you are waiting for has come.5.Football is a game _______is liked by most boys.6.He likes to read books ________ are written by foreign writers.7.This is the pen _______ he bought yesterday.8.We’ll go to hear the famous singer _______ we have often talked.9.Where is the man _________ I saw this morning?

10.The season_________ comes after spring is summer.11.I visited a scientist ________ name is known all over the country.12.He has a friend ______ father is a doctor.13.I once lived in the house _____ roof has fallen in.14.I still remember the day _____ I first came to this school.15.The time _______ we got together finally arrived.16.Shanghai is the city ______ I was born.17.The house ______ I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.18.Please tell me the reason ______ you missed the plane.19.The reason ____ he was punished is unknown to us.20.All the people ______are present burst into tears.21.There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of _______ are

well educated.22.He succeeded in the competition, _____ made his parents very happy.23.The school ______ he once studied is very famous.24.Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine _______ you asked.25.This is the boy ________I played tennis with yesterday.参考答案： [边讲边练](一)

1.The boy who was here a minute ago is my younger brother.2.The old man who teaches chemistry in a college is a professor.3.Beijing Hotel where the foreign visitors live is near Tian An Men Square.4.The woman whom you were talking bout is here now.5.This is the hall where we listened to the report the other day.6.The car just passed us was going 90 miles.7.The man who waved to us was my uncle.8.I enjoyed reading the book that you gave me last week.9.The subject that I prefer is science.10.I spoke to the man who is a professor.（二）

1.which/ that

2.who/ that

3.that/ which

4.who/ that

5.that

6.that

7.which

8.that/ which

9.where

10.when

[随堂测试]

一、单项填空

1-5 BACAD

6-10 CCACC

11-15 DBDDB

16-20 CDDCC

21-25 DBAAD

26-30 DBDDD

二、填入适当的关系代词或关系副词完成下列句子

1.who

2.who

3.whom

4.whom

5.which

6.which

7.which

8.about whom

9.whom

10.which

11.whose

12.whose

13.whose

14.when

15.when

16.where

17.where

18.why

19.why

20.that

21.whom

22.which

23.where

24.that

25.whom

The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.口语是需要技巧的。光靠大胆自信还不够。关键是系统的方法。我是英语专业毕业的，英语八级，现在当翻译，在大学时去英语角，上课发言等都不管用，一度非常苦恼。后来发现口语练习需要系统的方法。建议你按照我的方法做。

买个口语软件，口语宝或者右脑王都不错。

1语音阶段，照软件的内容练，一天俩小时，最多一个月，语音可以过关。无论你的基础怎么样。切记一定要仔细认真模仿纠正模仿在模仿。

2篇章阶段，根据软件上的资料，句子，语音，语调，断句，停顿，高低，节奏，长短等等，越细越好，模仿，对比，模仿，纠正，再模仿。不求量只求质。同样一个月，明显可以提高。3电影阶段，看英语电影。每句话听五遍以上，看看能听懂几个单词。在看汉语五遍，看看能听懂几个词组，再看英语五遍以上。然后倒过来从英语字幕到汉语字幕到无字幕，五遍以上。冰河世纪这部影片够你看两个月，五分钟的影片可以看两小时以上。4与人交流。现在开始舍弃软件，自信大胆的与中国人，别管对错，把自己想说的说出来。与老外更好。记住耐心模仿，细心比较，持之以恒，反反复复，1,2个月以后你的口语一定很棒。

你是外企的白领要经常的说英语哦，这个很正常的哦，如果你要学英语口语的话，那么对如何学习英语口语我有一些经验了。我建议你可以跟我一样报个电话英语培训啊。现在的电话英语还很很好了，电话英语，只通过声音传递内容上课，所以要求学生要有更高的注意力，因此对提高听力有很大的帮助，同时在听他人说话的同时，自己也要开口说话，这种学习方式被认为是锻炼听力和口语的最佳方法，还有，电话英语最大的优势就是将上课内容全程录音可以供课后复习。而且时间安排可以在你的工作空余时间来学习英语口语哦，如何学习英语口语的必备条件—语言环境。口语是交流、是听和说。学习任何一种语言，首先要听懂，然后才学说话。口语不可以自学。学习英语口语必须进入英文语言环境。每天听的都是英文，也必须讲英文。中国学生为什么不会讲英文？因为中国的英文老师大部分不讲英文，用中文上英文课。学生在英文课上不讲英文，大部分还是讲中文。1 如何学好英语口语--学习英文口语最好是英文母语老师—即外教。英文为母语的老师，从小生活在英文的环境里。知道各种生活场景、生活内容的英文用语，并且他们的发音纯正，只有他们才可以教好口语。就像外国人要学中文，一定要请中国的老师。所有这里我向你推荐恩京电话英语培训学校，真是不错的，外教通过电话一对一教授日常口语，商务口语，雅思口语.面试英语，外贸口语,青少年英语等，每天回到家，晚上可以学10-20分钟，而且时间，外教都可以任选，均有指定教材，外教都是很有经验的老师，报名后每位学员在网站上都有专属学习地盘，每晚上课时外教会就你的问题当时提出纠正，上课后会在学员的学习地盘中留下当晚学习的详细评语和学员的进步情况分析，及第二天晚上上课讨论的建议。最重要的是，网站上有学员每晚学习的录音，学员可下载收听对照自己的学习；费用也特别实惠，我一个普通打工族就可以接受。随时随地和外教说英语，不错！2 学习英文还必须了解英文为主的西方文化。学习口语必须知道在什么场合，说什么话？怎么样说话是有礼貌的？什么是外国人忌讳的？就如同中文，从小父母就会教我们在什么场合要说你好、对不起。看见老人、叔叔、阿姨应当怎样称呼？在客人面前该问什么问题？不该说什么话？等等。因为我们的言语得体可以给别人留下良好的印象，不至于造成误会。3 学习口语必须大量地听说练习。我们从小中文是怎么学会的？是每天起床后就不断地听不断地说。每天至少12个小时在中文听说语言环境里。其他语言的学习也是同样的道理。不断地听，不断地说，随时纠正。学生只要在与外国人或学生之间讲英文，就是在学习。

我有啊，奉献给你一些啦，快快学习吧：

Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do.有啊。

How about having lunch with me? 一起吃顿中饭怎样？ Good idea.好主意。

If you're free, how about lunch? 有空的话一起吃顿中饭如何？ When did you have in mind? 你想什么时候呢？ I was thinking about Thursday? 我看星期四怎样？ That will be fine with me.没问题。

I'm calling to see if you would like to have lunch tomorrow.我打电话给你，是想知道明天一起吃顿中饭怎样？ I'm sorry, but this week isn't very convenient for me.对不起，这个星期我都不方便。

Perhaps we van make it later.那么，也许改天吧。That would be better.好啊。

I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment.我打电话来，是想确定一下我们约好吃饭的事。

It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12点吧？ Yes, that's right.是的，没错。I'll be there.我会去的。

I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment.真抱歉，不过我不得不取消我们午餐的约会。I'm sorry to hear that.真遗憾。

I have pressing business to attend to.我有紧急的事情要处理。

No problem.we'll make it later in the month.没关系，这个月改天再说吧。

一、多“说”。

第二篇：定语从句语法讲解及练习教案学习的啊学习的武器学习的武器

学英语简单吗？肯定会有许多学生说：“难死了”。

一、多“说”。

二、多“听”

三、多“读”。

四、多“写”

背英语单词技巧

1、循环记忆法

艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线

1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的

2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial

3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost

4.proportion/ percentage 比例

5.be involved(in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与

6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于

考虑到，尽管

6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce /deductive推断

7.fortune/ destiny/ chances

8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission(尾气)排放/ exploit 9.complex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的

10.capacity能力，容量/ competence（竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的）

11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure(insure)/ guarantee 押金

12.solely/ merely/ only

13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang 系列 of

14.pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人

15.believe/ assume(responsibility)/ suppose

16.授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔 + ment =right（权利）

17.purchase/ buy

18.ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n ]

19.modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]

20.insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing

21.constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit

22.circumstance 环境（社会）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（环保）背景 background 后台 / settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（文章中）

23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的>

24.移民：immigrant(进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant

25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/ thriving/ booming（人口，行业）/flourishing

26.神圣的：divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred

27.有毒的：poisonous/ toxic(in-, non-无毒的)

28.致命的：deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal

29.类似于：look like/ resemble

30.chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的

31.网恋：virtual love/ cyber love

32.网友：on-line /net/ cyber friend 上网（聊天）chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/网吧

33.evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/ involve-involution 卷入，涉及

34.indicator/ predictor 表示诠释，预测

35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray

36.therapist /expert/ specialist

37.优点，长处，美德：advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length

38.commonest/ frequent

39.未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/ underdeveloped

40.退化：degenerate/-tion [n]->generate 生产，制造/ degrade->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下

41.分类：category-categorize/ class-classify

42.consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率

43.clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁

44.substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace

45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性

46.孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔热（体）

47．缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback

48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/ innovative(-tion)/ creative(-tion)/ ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary

易错拼写：environment/ convenient

49．neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，阳性的

50．ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure

51.communicate 沟通，传达，通报

52.accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠

53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献 2 责任,义务

54．contribute to 导致 ~ result in /account for(占据)导致

54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack(of)/ short(of)

55.强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on

英语作文常用谚语、俗语

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea.海纳百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善终。

7、Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find.知音难觅。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善终。

13、A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes.母爱永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果，不用请医生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring.一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。

18、A year's plan starts with spring.一年之计在于春。

19、A young idler, an old beggar.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

20、Better late than never.不怕慢，单怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature.习惯是后天养成的。

25、Custom makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。

26、Doing is better than saying.与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。

27、Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而废。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻烦。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身体好。

31、Easier said than done.说得容易，做得难。

32、Easy come, easy go.来也匆匆，去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。

34、Every man has his faults.金无足赤，人无完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命运自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts.分秒必争。

37、Each coin has two sides.38、Fact speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

39、Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth.健康胜过财富。

42、Honesty is the best policy.做人诚信为本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。

45、Knowledge is power.知识就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter.有其母必有其女。

47、No pain，no gain.（不劳无获。）

48、You never know till you have tried.不尝试，不知晓。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy

and wise.早睡早起，使人健康、52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set

富裕和聪颖。

54、Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）

56、Pride goes before a fall．（骄傲必败。）

定语从句中被修饰的名词或代词叫“先行词”，它往往放在定语从句之前。

引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose）和关系副词（where, when, why）.e.g;(1)The story that I read just now is encouraging.(2)I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.1.由关系代词引导的定语从句。

（1）that既可指人也可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。e.g;The girl that wears a pair of sunglasses is so modern.Let’ ask the man that is reading the book over there.I will never forget the days that we spent together last year.She likes the flowers that I bought for her yesterday.(2)which 只能指物；可作主语或宾语。

e.g: The tress which they planted didn’t need much water.That is the machine which your Dad sent me.(3).Who在从句中可作主语或宾语；whom只能作宾语。

e.g: The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.I don’t know the man who/whom you talked to just now.The boy who broke the window is called Michael.(4).whose在从句中作定语。

e.g: The boy whose parents were killed in the earthquake is studying in Beijing.I’d like to live in the house whose windows face to the South.2.由关系副词引导的定语从句——关系副词在从句中作状语。

e.g.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.We’ll never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm.This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the center of the city.There are few reasons why we can’t do that.He couldn’t give the teacher a good reason why he was absent yesterday 3.非.限制性定语从句

John, who speaks Spanish, works there.4.介词加which/whom相当于一关系副词 5．of which/ whom 相当于 whose.注（1）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。

（2）限制性定语从句中只能用that的情况：

1）当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 时。

e.g: Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?

You should hand in all that you have.The police caught the one that set fire on the bus in Chengdu.2)当先行词被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。

e.g: There is little meat in the fridge that we can use.today

This is the very person that I’m waiting for.The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.3)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

e.g: This is the best that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.He is the best man that can finish the work.4)当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

e.g: This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.What is the first American film that you have seen.?

5)当先行词既有人又有物时。

e.g: Do you know the things and persons that they are talking?

(3)定语从句中只能用which的情况：

1）在非限制性定语从句中。

e.g.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.2)当动词短语中的介词提前时。

e.g.This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner.(4)定语从句中的特殊情况。

1）由关系代词as 引导的。

As既可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语。

Such + n.+ as…..像。。。一样的，像。。之类的The same + n.+as… 和。。同样的

e.g.We have found such material as are used in their factory.These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.He is not the same man as he was.2）as/ which代指前面整个句子时：

e.g.He was late for class, which made the teacher very angry.Liuxiang got the first place in this competition, which made him very popular.His mother asked him to study hard again and again, which didn’t help.Knowledge is power, as Francis Bacon wrote in 1597.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.（1）As引导的非限制性定语从句位置很灵活可位于句首、句中或句末，而which引导的不能。位于句首

（2）as常常译为“正如，好象”，而which则无。

e.g.__________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What

3)当先行词是way意为“方式、方法”时：

What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which / that he said it.The way that which

/ he explained to us was quite simple.4)where的特殊情况。

The media can help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.I can think of many cases_____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.A.why

B.which

C.as

D.where

定语从句练习（附答案）

1.we shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of _______ are healthy.A.that

B.which

C.what

D.whom 2.Some pre-school children go to a day care center, ________ they learn simple games and songs.A.then

B.there

C.while

D.where 3.They can find whatever they need in the supermarket, ________ is always busy on Sundays.A.which

B.when

C.where

D.who 4.There is such a problem _______ we all should _______.A.as;pay attention to it

B.that;attract our attention

C.as;pay attention to

D.that;attract our attention to it 5.”I’d like to give my thanks to those________ help my son will be able to survive his terrible disease,” said the woman on TV.A.who

B.that

C.with whose

D.with their 6.The CCTV Tower,________base is an electrical equipment shop, is frequently visited by travelers.A.which

B.whose

C.its

D.that 7.There are two rooms on the first floor,_______ is used as a guest room.A.a smaller of which

B.a smaller of them C.the smaller of which

D.the smaller of them 8.After graduation she reached a point in her career _______ she needed to decide what to do.A.that

B.what

C.which

D.where 9.His movie won several awards at the film festival, ________ was beyond his wildest dream.A.which

B.that

C.where

D.it 10.I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed.A.of that

B.of which

C.that

D.which 11.This is Mr.White, _______ I think has something interesting to tell you.A.which

B.whom

C.that

D.who 12.Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ________ people were eaten by the tiger.A.in which

B.by which

C.which

D.that 13.Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases_________ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.A.which

B.as

C.why

D.where 14.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ________ sight matters more than hearing.A.when

B.whose

C.which

D.where 15.Last year the Browns moved to Toronto, ________ they had long dreamed of living in.A.where

B.which

C.in which

D.whose 16.When people talk about the cities in France, the first _________ comes into mind is Paris.A.one

B.which

C.that

D.what 17.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _________ they can’t be controlled on purpose.A.with which

B.to which

C.of which

D.for which 18.Look out!Don’t get too close to the house ________ roof is under repair.A.whose

B.which

C.how

D./ 19.You’ll have to wait for one more week, _______ the manager will be back from his trip.A.before

B.when

C.as

D.until 20.Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ________ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.A.that

B.which

C.who

D.where 21.He was educated at the local high school, _______ he went on to Beijing University.A.after which

B.after that

C.in which

D.in that 22.----Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

----Yes, there is one point _______ we must insist on.A.why

B.where

C.how

D./ 23.Women ________ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _________ don’t.A.who;/

B./;who

C.who;who

D./;/ 24._______ I explained on the phone, your advice will be considered at the next meeting.A.When

B.After

C.As

D.Since 25.Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ________ effects the people are still suffering.A.that

B.whose

C.those

D.what 26.Do you still remember the chicken farm _________ we visited three months ago?

A.where

B.when

C.that

D.what

有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”一词时，可写一小段如下： The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.口语是需要技巧的。光靠大胆自信还不够。关键是系统的方法。我是英语专业毕业的，英语八级，现在当翻译，在大学时去英语角，上课发言等都不管用，一度非常苦恼。后来发现口语练习需要系统的方法。建议你按照我的方法做。

买个口语软件，口语宝或者右脑王都不错。

1语音阶段，照软件的内容练，一天俩小时，最多一个月，语音可以过关。无论你的基础怎么样。切记一定要仔细认真模仿纠正模仿在模仿。

我有啊，奉献给你一些啦，快快学习吧：

Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do.有啊。

How about having lunch with me? 一起吃顿中饭怎样？ Good idea.好主意。

Perhaps we van make it later.那么，也许改天吧。That would be better.好啊。

I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment.我打电话来，是想确定一下我们约好吃饭的事。

It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12点吧？ Yes, that's right.是的，没错。I'll be there.我会去的。

I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment.真抱歉，不过我不得不取消我们午餐的约会。I'm sorry to hear that.真遗憾。

I have pressing business to attend to.我有紧急的事情要处理。

No problem.we'll make it later in the month.没关系，这个月改天再说吧。

一、多“说”。

自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语，见了同学，尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候，谈心情……这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典，遇到生词时查一下这些生词，也不用刻意去记，用的多了，这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担，始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。或许你有机会碰上外国人，你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼，和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校……只是别问及他的年纪，婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇，句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇，而且不太看重说法，你只要发音准确，准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心，敢于表达自己的思想。

第三篇：定语从句讲解及练习

定语从句讲解及练习

一、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman.2)You must do everything that I do.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。* 引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why * 关系词常有三个作用：

1、引导定语从句

2、代替先行词

3、在定语从句中担当一个成分

二、关系代词引导的定语从句 * 1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.* 2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1)Mr.Liu is the person(whom)you talked about.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(2)The man(who/whom)you met just now is my friend.* 3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1)Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(which 在句子中做主语)(2)This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday.(which 在句子中做宾语)* 4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1)The people that/who come to visit the city are all here.(在句子中做主语)(2)Where is the man（that/whom）I saw this morning?(在句子中做宾语)* 5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1)He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2)I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow? =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? * 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：

1、只能使用that,不用which 的情况：

* 1）当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing或被它们修饰

时。Is there anything that I can do for you ? 有什么可以为你做的吗？

All that can be done must be done.凡是能做的都必须做。* 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如： That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。

The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。

* 3）当先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。例如： My necklace is not the only thing that's missing.我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。* 4）当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或 who，以避免重复。例如： Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat ? 正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁？ * 5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that。例如： The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。

2、只用which不用that的情况： * 1)关系代词前有介词时； e.g.This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.* 2)非限定性定语从句中；作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。e.g.That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.* 3)先行词本身是that时；

e.g.The clock is that which tells the time 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you这里有人要和你说话(限制性)* 4)which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。

He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.* 关系代词 whom，which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，的工厂。(引导词that作定语从句“(that)they visited last month”的宾语，that可以省略)

* 注意：不要以为在时间名词后就一定用关系副词when，在地点名词后就一定用关系而将介词置于定语从句的后面，That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.* 像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.三、关系副词引导的定语从句

1、when：当主句中的先行词(即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语，则要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如：

I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.The days when we used foreign oil are gone.我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。I'll never forget the day when I was born.(=I'll never forget my birthday.)我永远不会忘记我出生的日子。

It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold.这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。

The day(that)I always remember in all my life is my birthday.我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。(that作定语从句“that I always remember in all my life”的宾语，that可以省略)*

2、where：当主句中的先行词是表示地点意义的名词时，它只能作其所在的定语从句的地点状语，放在定语从句的句首。如果定语从句的引导词作该定语从句的主语或宾语时，也要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如：

The factory where his father works is in the east of the city This is the room where(＝in which)I lived last year.这就是我去年住过的房间。

Is this the classroom where(=in which)the old worker is going to make/give us a report? 这就是那位老工人要给我们做报告的教室吗？

Let's look for a place where we can swim.咱们找一个可以游泳的地方吧。The building that is being built over there will be a new hospital.正在那边建的楼房将是一家新医院。(引导词that作定语从句“that is being built over there”的主语)That is the factory(that)they visited last month.那就是他们上个月参观过

副词 where，在表示原因的the reason后就一定用关系副词why。到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语(用关系副词)还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词)。

如：Don’t forget the time(that)I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that用作told的宾语)

I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you.我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when用作状语)

He works in a factory that /which makes radio parts.他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。(that/ which 在从句中用作主语，且不能省略)

He works in the factory where his father worked.他在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(where作状语)

That’s the reason(that /which)he explained to us.那就是他向我们解释的理由。(that或which在从句中用作explained的宾语)

That’s the reason why she left home.那就是她离家出走的原因。(why在从句中作状语)

* 英语中的关系副词主要是 when, where, why三个，不要想当然地将how用作关系副词修饰the way。

如不说 This is the way how he spoke，可改为 This is how he spoke(how引导的是表语从句)，当然也可说成 This is the way(that/ in which)he spoke.(其中的that/ in which可省略)

* 另外，when和where可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，而why则只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。

Sunday is a holiday , when people do not go to work.星期天是假日，（这天）人们不上班。

He took us into the classroom , where there were only a few students.他把我们带进教室，那儿只有少数几个学生。

* 在定语从句的使用中，one of后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词，用复数；而在one of 前面有the或 the only时，后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。

He is the only one of the students who is elected?

Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident.定语从句练习

一、用关系代词填空：that、which、who、whom、whose 1.This is the man ________ wants to see you.2.The student ___________ answered the question is Zhang Hua.3.The man __________ you went to see has come.4.The man ___________I met yesterday lent me some money.5.The woman _______________ you saw is our geography teacher.6.The runner ________________ you are asking about is over there.7.The person ______________ you should write to is Mr.Ball.8.The man ___________was passing by saw what happened.9.Here is the pen _________ you lost the day before yesterday.10.These books _____________ you lent me were very useful.11.The storybook ____________ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.12.A clock is a machine ______ tells people the time.13.This is shirt _______________I bought yesterday.14.A dictionary is a book _____________ gives the meaning to the word.15.The book ____________ is on the table is mine.16.The film ____________ they are talking about is very interesting.17.I will never forget the people and the places _____ I have ever visited.18.Is there anyone ____________ family is in Beijing? 19.Show me the boy ______________ mother is a well-known singer.20.The boy______ father is a teacher is good at English.二、单项选择

()1.Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady____ comes from Beijing.A.who B.which C.whom D.whose()2.What’s the name of the program________.A.which are listening B.you are listening to C.to that you are listening D.that you are listening()3.The students were all interested ____ you told them yesterday.A.in which B.in that this C.all that D.in everything()4.He was the only person in his office______ was invited.A.whom B.whose C.that D.which()5.This is the museum______ we visited last year.A.where B.in which C.which D.in that()6.Charlie told his mother all____ had happened.A.that B.what C.which D.who()7.Do you know the student_____? A.whom I often talk B.with who I often talk

C.I often talk with D.that I often talk()8.I like the house_____ windows face south.A.whose B.who’s

C.it's D.its()9.Would you tell me where to get the dictionary _____?

A.what I need B.I need C.which I need it D.that I need it()10.The young woman_____ I spoke just now is a young doctor.A.who B.to whom C.whom D.that（）

11、Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?

A.that

B.where

C.in which

D.the one（）

12、Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.the one（）

13、Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.the one（）

14、Mr.Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ______ in China.A.works B.is working C.are working D.has been working（）

15、Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.A.learn

B.who

C.that learns D.who learn（）

16、We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.A.which

B.whom

C.who

D.that

（）

17、He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.A.which

B.it

C.that

D.what

第四篇：定语从句讲解及练习

定语从句用法小结

概念: 在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句必须放在先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关联词。如：

关联词: 关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成份。关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时一般可以省略。

关系代词的选用比较复杂，受下列条件的制约：

(1)要看先行词是指人还是指物，(2)要看关系代词在从句中句法功能，(3)要看定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。

在定语从句中充当的成分

指人

指物

指人或指物

主语 who

which

that 宾语 whom which

that 谓语 whose whose(of which)

※

that 只能用在限定性定语从句中，而who, whom, which既可用于限定性定语从句中，也可用于非限定性定语从句。

I know that he is a man who means what he says.I know that he is a man that means what he says.我知道他是一个守信用的人。

The gentleman whom she met addressed her with courtesy.The gentleman that she met addressed her with courtesy.她遇到的那位先生很有礼貌地向

她打了招呼。

The watch which was lost has been found.The watch that was lost has been found.丢了的表找到了。

Here is the material that you need.Here is the material you need.你要的材料在这儿了。

You are the only one whose advice he might listen to.他也就是听你的话吧。

※

关系副词的选用: 如果先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, day 等，则用when, 如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area 等等，则选用where。如果先行词为reason 则选用why

I will never forget the mountain village where I spent my childhood.I will never forget the mountain village in which I spent my childhood.我永远也不会忘记我度过童年的那个小山村。

I don’t know the reason why he did that.I don’t know the reason for which he did that.我不知道他为什么这么做。

※

当先行词是all, something, nothing 等不定代词时，或者先行词的前面有first, last, few 1 only, , much, some, any, no 等词修饰时，或者先行词的前面有最高级修饰时，一般只用that 而不用which 来引导定语从句：

I have explained everything that I can to you.我已经尽一切可能把事情向你解释得一清二楚。

That’s all that I know.我知道的就是这些。

Can you tell me something that you know? 你能把你知道的一些情况告诉我吗？ There is nothing that I cannot tell you.我没有什么不能告诉你的事情。

The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.我们应该做的头一件事就是订一个计划。

The last place that we visited was the farm.我们最后参观的地方是农场。

※

还有一种定语从句，它的结构是：the same … as… , such … as

这里的as 可以指人或物，且引导的是限定性定语从句：

Such furniture as is very popular is expensive.一种很受欢迎的家具价钱昂贵。

We have successfully done the same experiment as you did.你做过的那个试验我们已经成功地做完了。

It wasn’t such a computer as the advertisement had promised.这种电脑可不是广告中说的那种电脑。

※

限定性定语从句与主句关系密切，为句中不可缺少的部分，如去掉，则主句意思不完整。而非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如果去掉了，主句内容仍然完整。在书面语中非限定性定语从句一般用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。

His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.他的讲话没完没了，真让人烦。

The general’s daughter, whose name is Jane, gave me a sweet smile.将军的女儿名叫珍妮。她冲我笑了笑，笑得好甜啊。

※

非限定性定语从句中，先行词也可以是整个句子，一般用which 或as 来引导定语从句；which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，而as 在从句中一般只充当主语；which 与as 引导这类定语从句的区别在于：which 只能放在句子当中或句子末尾，而as 的位置比较灵活，可以放在句子当中、句子末尾，也可以放在句首。

As is known to all, too much stress can cause disease.Too much stress can cause disease, as is known to all.Too much stress can cause disease, which is known to all.众所周知，压力太大了，人会得病的。

Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which is known to all.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, as is known to all.众所周知，水是由氢和氧组成的。

※

关系代词在定语从句中有时也作介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用介词加which 或介词加whom，而不用介词加that来引导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可以使用that来代替which或whom，这时的that可以省略。

This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.这就是她花了一千美元买的那枚戒指。

One of my students whom you are familiar with will come.将要来的那个学生你也认识。1.In an hour, we can travel to places __________ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A.where B.when C.which D.what 2.His movie won several awards at the film festival, __________ was beyond his wildest dream.A.which B.that C.where D.it 3.We went through a period __________ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A.which B.whose C.in which D.with which 4.Mozart’s birthplace and the house __________ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.A.where B.when C.there D.which 5.Wind power is an ancient source of energy __________ we may return in the near future.A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from which 6.Children who are not active or __________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A.what B.where C.what D.that 7.As a child, Jack studied in a village school, __________ is named after his grandfather.A.which B.where C.what D.that 8.I refuse to accept the blame for something __________ was someone else’s fault.A.who B.that C.as D.what 9.The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of __________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.A.whom B.which C.them D.those 10.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister __________ she would stay for an hour.A.where B.who C.which D.what 11.The newly-built cafe, the walls of __________ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.A.that B.it C.what D.which

12.I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school __________ I met in the English speech contest last year.A.who B.where C.when D.which 13.— What do you think of teaching, Bob?

— I find it fun and challenging.It is a job __________ you are doing something serious but interesting.A.where B.which C.when D.that 14.It’s helpful to put children in a situation __________ they can see themselves differently.A.that B.when C.which D.where 15.Because of the financial crisis, days are gone __________ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.A.if B.when C.which D.since 16.Gun control is a subject __________ Americans have argued for a long time.A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into which 17.I have reached a point in my life __________ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A.which B.where C.how D.why 18.The man pulled out a gold watch, __________ were made of small diamonds.A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands of C.which the hands of D.the hands of which 19.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers __________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.A.where B.when C.who D.which 20.It is reported that two schools, __________ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.A.they both B.which both C.both of them D.both of which 4

第五篇：初中英语阅读教学论文学习啊学习的啊学习的武器学习的武器

学英语简单吗？肯定会有许多学生说：“难死了”。

一、多“说”。

二、多“听”

三、多“读”。

四、多“写”

背英语单词技巧

1、循环记忆法

艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线

1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的

2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial

3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost

4.proportion/ percentage 比例

5.be involved(in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与

6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于

考虑到，尽管

6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce /deductive推断

7.fortune/ destiny/ chances

8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission(尾气)排放/ exploit 9.complex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的

10.capacity能力，容量/ competence（竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的）

11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure(insure)/ guarantee 押金

12.solely/ merely/ only

13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang 系列 of

14.pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人

15.believe/ assume(responsibility)/ suppose

16.授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔 + ment =right（权利）

17.purchase/ buy

18.ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n ]

19.modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]

20.insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing

21.constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit

22.circumstance 环境（社会）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（环保）背景 background 后台 / settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（文章中）

23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的>

24.移民：immigrant(进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant

25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/ thriving/ booming（人口，行业）/flourishing

26.神圣的：divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred

27.有毒的：poisonous/ toxic(in-, non-无毒的)

28.致命的：deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal

29.类似于：look like/ resemble

30.chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的

31.网恋：virtual love/ cyber love

32.网友：on-line /net/ cyber friend 上网（聊天）chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/网吧

33.evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/ involve-involution 卷入，涉及

34.indicator/ predictor 表示诠释，预测

35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray

36.therapist /expert/ specialist

37.优点，长处，美德：advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length

38.commonest/ frequent

39.未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/ underdeveloped

40.退化：degenerate/-tion [n]->generate 生产，制造/ degrade->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下

41.分类：category-categorize/ class-classify

42.consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率

43.clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁

44.substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace

45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性

46.孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔热（体）

47．缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback

48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/ innovative(-tion)/ creative(-tion)/ ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary

易错拼写：environment/ convenient

49．neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，阳性的

50．ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure

51.communicate 沟通，传达，通报

52.accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠

53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献 2 责任,义务

54．contribute to 导致 ~ result in /account for(占据)导致

54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack(of)/ short(of)

55.强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on

学英语简单吗？肯定会有许多学生说：“难死了”。

一、多“说”。

二、多“听”

三、多“读”。

四、多“写” 有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”一词时，可写一小段如下：

背英语单词技巧

1、循环记忆法

艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线

在信息的处理上，记忆是对输入信息的编码、贮存和提取的过程，从信息处理的角度上，英文的第一次学习和背诵只是一个输入编码的过程。人的记忆的能力从生理上讲是十分惊人的，它可以存贮1015比特(byte，字节)的信息，可是每个人的记忆宝库被挖掘的只占10%，还有更多的记忆发挥空间。这是因为，有些人只关注了记忆的当时效果，却忽视了记忆中的更大的问题--即记忆的牢固度问题，那就牵涉到心理学中常说的关于记忆遗忘的规律。

一、艾宾浩斯记忆规律曲线解释

德国有一位著名的心理学家名叫艾宾浩斯(Hermann Ebbinghaus，1850-1909)，他在1885年发表了他的实验报告后，记忆研究就成了心理学中被研究最多的领域之一，而艾宾浩斯正是发现记忆遗忘规律的第一人。

根据我们所知道的，记忆的保持在时间上是不同的，有短时的记忆和长时的记忆两种。而我们平时的记忆的过程是这样的：

输入的信息在经过人的注意过程的学习后，便成为了人的短时的记忆，但是如果不经过及时的复习，这些记住过的东西就会遗忘，而经过了及时的复习，这些短时的记忆就会成为了人的一种长时的记忆，从而在大脑中保持着很长的时间。那么，对于我们来讲，怎样才叫做遗忘呢，所谓遗忘就是我们对于曾经记忆过的东西不能再认起来，也不能回忆起来，或者是错误的再认和错误的回忆，这些都是遗忘。艾宾浩斯在做这个实验的时候是拿自己作为测试对象的，他得出了一些关于记忆的结论。他选用了一些根本没有意义的音节，也就是那些不能拼出单词来的众多字母的组合，比如asww，cfhhj，ijikmb，rfyjbc等等。他经过对自己的测试，得到了一些数据。

然后，艾宾浩斯又根据了这些点描绘出了一条曲线，这就是非常有名的揭示遗忘规律的曲线：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，图中竖轴表示学习中记住的知识数量，横轴表示时间(天数)，曲线表示记忆量变化的规律。

这条曲线告诉人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程不是均衡的，不是固定的一天丢掉几个，转天又丢几个的，而是在记忆的最初阶段遗忘的速度很快，后来就逐渐减慢了，到了相当长的时候后，几乎就不再遗忘了，这就是遗忘的发展规律，即“先快后慢”的原则。观察这条遗忘曲线，你会发现,学得的知识在一天后，如不抓紧复习,就只剩下原来的25%)。随着时间的推移,遗忘的速度减慢，遗忘的数量也就减少。有人做过一个实验，两组学生学习一段课文，甲组在学习后不久进行一次复习，乙组不予复习，一天后甲组保持98%，乙组保持56%；一周后甲组保持83%，乙组保持33%。乙组的遗忘平均值比甲组高。

二、不同性质材料有不同的遗忘曲线

而且，艾宾浩斯还在关于记忆的实验中发现，记住12个无意义音节，平均需要重复16.5次；为了记住36个无意义章节，需重复54次；而记忆六首诗中的480个音节，平均只需要重复8次！这个实验告诉我们，凡是理解了的知识，就能记得迅速、全面而牢固。不然，愣是死记硬背，那也是费力不讨好的。因此，比较容易记忆的是那些有意义的材料，而那些无意义的材料在记忆的时候比较费力气，在以后回忆起来的时候也很不轻松。因此，艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线是关于遗忘的一种曲线，而且是对无意义的音节而言，对于与其他材料的对比，艾宾浩斯又得出了不同性质材料的不同遗忘曲线，不过他们大体上都是一致的。

因此，艾宾浩斯的实验向我们充分证实了一个道理，学习要勤于复习，而且记忆的理解效果越好，遗忘的也越慢。

三、不同的人有不同的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线--个性化的艾宾浩斯

上述的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线是艾宾浩斯在实验室中经过了大量测试后，产生了不同的记忆数据，从而生成的一种曲线，是一个具有共性的群体规律。此记忆曲线并不考虑接受试验个人的个性特点，而是寻求一种处于平衡点的记忆规律。

但是记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人，因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同，可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。规律对于自然人改造世界的行为，只能起一个催化的作用，如果与每个人的记忆特点相吻合，那么就如顺水扬帆，一日千里；如果与个人记忆特点相悖，记忆效果则会大打折扣。因此，我们要根据每个人的不同特点，寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线

2》如何学英语

下定决心，坚持不懈

英语学习作为一门语言技能，通过大量的训练和练习任何人是可以掌握的。一般地说，英语学习的原则是听、说领先，读、写跟上。李扬的疯狂英语提倡，首先建立起我能学好英语的信心，然后以句子为单位，大量地模仿，疯狂地操练，大声地朗读，最后达到自如地说英语，他的方法对提高说英语的能力很奏效。钟道隆教授45岁开始学英语，一年后，学成出国当口语翻译，并创造了逆苦恼、逆急于求成、逆速成的逆向学习英语的方法。他还提出学习英语要遵循听、写、说、背、想的方法，他的方法强调以听为主，并且把所听到的内容全部写下来。尤其是他的学习精神最可佳，他学习英语用坏了十几台录音机，你可想象他听了多少英语；用完的圆珠笔芯几乎装满了一个一拉罐，你可想象他写了多少，在一年半内，累计业余学习英语时间大约三千小时，也就说每天抽出几个小时来学英语。如果我们做到他那样，一定也能学好英语。最重要的是坚持，只要能下定决心，坚持每天至少一个小时的学习英语，战胜自我最后肯定会有收获的。

注意方法，循序渐进

决心下定，还注意学习方法，有时根据自己的情况和不同的学习目的，选择不同的学习方法，但是学习英语一定要踏踏实实地、一步一个脚印地走。要把基础知识掌握好，也就是说，发音要正确、基本词汇要掌握牢、基本句式要熟练、基本语法要会用。

（1）要过好语音关。把每一个音标发正确，注意改正有问题的音素，特别是那些容易混淆的音素，尽早地掌握国际音标，并尽量的掌握一些读音规则，尽快地能利用读音规则来拼单词，掌握读音规则对单词的记忆和拼写非常有用。

（2）掌握一定数量的英语单词。对于学习者来说掌握英语词汇是一难关，学习单词要从单词的形、音、义这三方面去掌握，要注意单词的一词多义，一词多类的用法，要学会一些构词法的知识，来扩展词汇量。学习单词要在语言材料中去学，要结合词组，通过句子，阅读文章来活记单词，死记的单词是记不牢的。坚持在读、说前，先反复听，听的时候反应单词、句子的意思和节奏，想一下单词的拼法、句子结构。并要同学习语法规则有机结合起来进行。

（3）掌握好基本语法。语法在学习英语中也很重要，它能帮助我们把握住英语的基本规律，通过例句或语言现象把死的语法规则要记住，活的规则要通过做大量的练习掌握。总之学习英语要通过听、说、读、写、译来进行操练，不但要注意数量，更重要的是要注意质量，尤其是基本知识要掌握的准确，熟练。只有经过大量的实践，才能做到熟能生巧，运用自如。

提前预习，有的放矢

作为学生，在每次上课前，都要对要学的课文提前预习。首先在音标的帮助下试着拼读单词，也可以借助配套磁带反复听，对比一下，把握不准的要标出来，注意上课老师的发音，还要记一下单词的汉语意思和词性。借助课文的注释或辅导材料，预习一遍课文，找出不明白的地方，做到心中有数，在教师讲课时注意听这些地方。总之，预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容，找出不明白的地方，带着问题听课，做到有的放矢。

认真听课，积极配合

课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。作为起主导作用的老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的，但也需要学习者的积极配合。上课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。预习时出现的问题在课堂上教师没有讲到的，要向老师提出，把问题搞清楚，老师讲授的问题，先注意听，下课后整理一下笔记，反复思考一下这些问题，抓住老师所讲的重点，难点和考点。总之，上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想，调动起多个感官来。

完成作业，找出问题

学完每一课，要认真完成课后作业。做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案，做完后再对答案，对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题，应该记下来，等下次上课时提出来。做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节，它是消化知识和巩固知识的过程，一定要认真完成规定的作业，笔头作业要动一动笔，口头作业要动一动嘴，提高听力要练一练耳，课文在听和读的基础上，最好背诵某些精彩段落。总之，要做大量的练习，英语是练出来的，一定不要偷懒。

及时复习，巩固知识

学会了的东西随着时间的流逝会逐渐遗忘，但学语言有遗忘现象是正常的。更不必因为有遗忘现象而影响自己学好英语的信心与决心。问题在于怎样来减轻遗忘的程度。善于类比，总结知识，把新学的知识同过去学的有关的知识进行横向和纵向比较和联系。建立错误档案记录，加深印象，以避免再反同样错误。我们大部分知识和技能是靠重复获得的，及时复习对于记忆非常必要，学英语就是要坚持天天不断的练，不断地重复基本句型，常用词汇和基本语法等。学习英语的过程也是同遗忘做斗争的过程。

总而言之，只要你能做到下定决心学，注意学习方法，把课前预习，认真听课，完成作业，及时复习这些环节作好了，你一定能够学好英语

初中英语阅读教学论文

摘要：本文针对学生在英语阅读中存在的问题,根据新课标要求阐述教师如何真正意义上做到科学有效地引导。

英语阅读作为语言技能的重要组成部分,作为语言输入的主要环节之一,在英语教学中占有重要地位。培养学生的阅读能力是主要教学目标之一,而在平时的教学过程中,我们会发现,阅读是很让学生头疼的问题。很多学生的阅读兴趣不高,动力不足,方法不当。认真探究其中原因,也并非与老师完全无关,部分教师在阅读教学实践中,更侧重于语篇的分析理解,语法知识点的讲解,而对于阅读方法的培养,训练学生思维能力,理解能力,概括能力与判断能力没有引起足够的重视。学生普遍存在阅读速度慢、理解能力差的现象。多数学生采用一个单词对应一个汉意,直接翻译成汉语的做法。另外学生的阅读量少,仅仅局限于课本中安排的篇目以及部分习题中出现的文章,课外读物涉及的少,如何引导学生科学有效地进行阅读,激发其兴趣是值得我们探讨的问题。

一、英语课程标准对初中英语阅读提出的要求

1.能根据上下文猜测生词的意思,能根据构词法推断、理解生词的含义。

2.能读懂简单的故事短文并抓住大意,能从文章中找出有关信息,能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息。

3.能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;能理解简易读物中的事件发生的顺序和人物行为;能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系。

4.能读懂说明文等常见体裁的阅读材料,能读懂简单的个人信件。5.能使用英汉词典等工具书帮助阅读理解。

6.初中英语阅读教学目标要求除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到6-8万词以上。

可见,在阅读教学上,除了培养学生的阅读理解能力之外,还应该要增加课外阅读量。我极力向初中英语学习阅读的学生推荐牛津英语简易读物书虫系列，和原版英语读物，当我们只有在无其他语言环境下阅读的时候，此时学习的效果才会明显提高和大幅度地增加.二、作者根据新课标的要求进行阅读教学总结的几点建议 1.阅读材料的选择,要根据学生的年龄特点,现有水平和接受能力来进行。如初

一、初二的阅读材料,倾向于生活实际功能,问路、指路,接听电话,天气表达、寻物、招领等,而在初

三、初四的阅读材料中,人文情感、社会责任、道德伦理深深隐含在其中。另外多选择一些与所学课文训练要点相契和的文章,以使学生感到学有所用,从而强化课内学习。

2.做好阅读前的必要铺垫和激发兴趣工作。老师可以介绍阅读材料的背景来历,特别是与我国不同的英美西方国家的历史地理和风俗习惯,或者通过直观的形式引导学生猜测生词,激发学生的好奇心,这一环节的缺少会造成学生阅读兴趣不高。

3.阅读过程中老师可以提出问题,口头的或者书面的,让学生带着问题去阅读,有目的和针对性。老师对阅读方法的指导也是必不可少的,教会学生粗读文章,以了解大意,并能够快速查找某一特定信息。教会学生分段细读,抓住主要事实,关键语言点,明了文章结构,深度理解。4.学生平时阅读英语文章,报刊杂志以及各级各类考题中的阅读理解部分,务必要做到从整体上理解和把握文章,不要逐词阅读。做到词不离句,句不离段,段不离篇。否则,读了半天也没能明了作者的意图,阅读效果不会好;考试中这部分题目的得分率也不会高。学生在做阅读的时候一开始总是信誓旦旦,下决心要把文章读懂读透。但是在这种观点的指引下,阅读往往就会走入误区,因为太过于注重每个单词,每句话的意思,而忽视了对文章结构的整体理解。我们常有这样的情况:句子都能看懂,但读完文章印象却不深,如何学会对文章的整体理解呢?首先,要重视文章的题目和文章的首句。因为文章的题目就是文章的主题,文章的内容就是环绕主题展开。首句很关键,是因为首句是文章的导入,点明作者写文章的意图,背景等。其次,要重视每段的最后一个句子和整篇文章的最后一个句子。每段的最后一个句子常常是该段的结论句,而整篇文章的最后一句就往往是这篇文章的结论或作者写这篇文章的用意所在。所以我们在阅读文章时要养成这样一个习惯,见了文章的题目,要稍微停顿一下,猜一猜,这篇文章大概会写些什么,如果让我来写,我会怎么写。然后你会饶有兴趣地读下去。(当然,在考试中,为了节省时间,猜测这一环节可以省略)。接着再往下阅读时特别注意每段的第一句与最后一句,这样就既把握住了全文的主要内容,整篇文章的的框架结,又节省了阅读时间提高了阅读效率。5.在平时教学中我经常会遇到这样的情况:不少学生不会使用工具书,遇到生词,先问老师。乍眼一看,阅读课进行的轰轰烈烈,学生不懂就问,阅读积极性高涨,殊不知,这样的阅读不科学也低效。我们要教会学生使用工具书,提倡学生遇到疑问查找工具书,逐步培养其独立阅读的良好习惯。老师注重并教会学生正确使用工具书是指导学生独立阅读的保障。另外,在阅读过程中老师也要指导学生正确处理词汇障碍,遇到生词时,如果不影响语义的理解,跳过它,继续阅读,这有利于提高阅读速度,不打断阅读思路。有时可以通过上下文,在具体的语境中推测词汇的意思,不要一遇到生词就搬字典。

6.教师要充分发挥指导作用,教给学生掌握阅读技巧,培养学生略读,寻读,按照意群阅读的习惯及能力,逐步提高其阅读质量和速度。在阅读中要求学生改掉不好的阅读习惯,如用手或者笔指读,出声读,以单词注视点阅读,回视等。同时我坚信,课堂是培养学生阅读能力的主阵地。课堂教学中老师可以以教材中的文章为例运用精读和泛读相结合的方法来进行阅读教学。

7.阅读结束后,老师可以对重难点进行精讲,可以组织适当的口语和笔头训练,引导学生背诵几个好句子,有能力的同学要求复述文章(选择有价值的文章复述,否则只是增加学生负担)。

8.阅读能力的培养不是一朝一夕之功,靠的是持之以恒的努力。所以指导学生在课外广泛阅读是很必要的,让学生做好阅读笔记,写下有价值的生词,好句子,或者是自己对文章大意的归纳以及自己的阅读感受。老师要查阅笔记,科学及时地给予评价,为了调动积极性,引导学生更用心地去进行英语阅读,评价可以只是以认真程度,努力程度来进行,不以好坏而论。

真诚地希望通过老师的科学引导,使学生不再是被动的接受英语阅读教学而是逐渐养成了自觉阅读的习惯,真诚地祝愿英语阅读的明天会更好。

三，阅读理解答题技巧及实例分析

阅读理解试题主要用来测试学生的阅读速度、理解能力和记忆能力。有的采用一个句子，有的采用一段文章或整篇文章。内容广泛，题材各异。

以题目的难易程度分析，人们常常把它们分为表层理解和深层理解。所谓表层理解就是对文中的客观事实的感知和记忆，深层理解是根据文中的客观事实，在认真思考后进行逻辑推理、总结或概括，得出结论，或从上下文、字里行间悟出文中没有直接表达出来的而可能存在的和必然的结果来。以题材或体裁论，大致有下述几种：

（1）记叙文（故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等）。（2）说明文（科普文章、说明书等）。

（3）论说文（有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述）。（4）应用文（书信、广告、通知等）。做阅读理解时要注意以下几点：

1.要判断出所给文章的类别，根据各类文章的性质，在开始阅读后有意识地着重去掌握和记住某些关键的内容和词汇。这样既抓住了要害，又节省了时间，避免了在若干细节及无关全局的问题上纠缠，初中阶段，碰到的主要是记叙文。如果是故事或传记，就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要情节以及最后结局。故事传记主要是叙述主人公的主要特征，他与其他重要人物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、史地知识介绍，往往是一人一事地介绍，比故事、传记要简单，但也离不开记叙文的基本特点，对于上述要求它们同样适用。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性，因此要搞清时间、地点和数字。

2.解题时不要边看问题边从文中查找答案，因为用这种方法难以提高阅读理解的效果，尤其是对于深层理解的文章。应浏览全文，了解全文的概貌。看完后，应记住文章的要点，重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、地点、定义和数字（不同的人名、地点可用铅笔在试卷上分别打上不同的记号，以便查找）。

3.要注意找出主题句，利用主题句来查找有关信息。一般说来，论述性较强的文章或说明文，每一段或相关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后，便能知道这一段大致的中心内容，因为主题句概括了全段的主要内容，而该段其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。

4.一定要掌握好解题速度，有效地控制考试时间，先易后难是考试时答题的一般方法。碰到难题时，千万不要钻牛角尖，耽误太多时间。一时做不出的题，要果断舍弃，以免影响解别的较有把握的题。待全部题解完后，如有剩余时间再回来做放弃的题。

5.对于一般不影响句子或全文理解的生词，可以放过去，不必务求理解。遇到重要生词时，不要着急，也不要轻易放弃，我们可以采取根据上下文来猜词或根据构词法来猜词等方法来猜出这个词的大致意思。6.有的学生要用“顺读法”，就是先读短文后读题目，然后再读短文寻找正确答案。有的学生采用“倒读法”，就是先读题目（四个选项不读）后读短文，最后寻找答案。我比较赞成“倒读法”，因为这种阅读方法是带着问题阅读，目的明确，容易集中，能及时抓住文中与解题关系密切的信息，从而节省了阅读时间。“倒读法“对表层理解的题目（提问时间、地点、原因等）效果最好，对深层理解的题目，要从短文的整体内容出发，进行概括和总结，分析所提供选项，作出准确的判断。

总之，解答这类题的中心步骤就是阅读，既要阅读短文，又要阅读题目。阅读时要注意阅读技巧，提高阅读效率。在做到以上几点的基础上，就可以对文章后面所给的问题，分别用”一次判断“、”逐个分析“以及 ”排除法“等方式来进行判断解答了。实例分析：

一、单句理解方面

We arrived too late to get good seats.A.When we arrived,the good seats were already taken.B.We were late,but we found some good seats.C.We got good seats some time after we arrived.D.We had to stand for the whole show.分析与答案：所给句子的意思是“我们到达太晚了而没能坐上好位子”。而这四个选项的句意分别是：A.当我们到达时，好位子已被别人占了；B.我们去晚了，但是我们找到一些好位子；C.我们到达后的一段时间才坐上好位子；D.整个演出时间我们不得不站着。由此可见，选项A更接近所给句子的意思，因而选项A是正确答案或最佳答案。

二、语篇理解方面

1.试用”倒读法“解下面各题：

（1）The great ship, ”Titanic “set off from Englandto______.A.Australia B.the USA C.Arabia D.Europe（2）People then thought it was safe to be on the shipbecause__________.A.it had 16 compartments B.it had more lifeboats than other ships C.it could not sink even if 4 compartments wore broken D.both A and C（3）The ship was hit_______.A.when it started to cross the sea B.when a very large iceberg was suddenly seen ahead C.soon after it turned quickly on time D.soon after it had crossed the sea（4）About 1,500 people were dead because________.A.the ship was the largest and finest B.4 of those compartments were broken C.hundreds of people jumped out into the water D.there were not enough lifeboats（5）Which is the best title（标题）for the passage（短文）？ A.How Does the ”Titanic“Go Down? B.How Was the Great Ship Sinking? C.The Sinking of the ”Titanic“ D.The Sinking of a Ship 分析与答案：利用倒读的方法，我们可以从（1）到（4）中迅速了解到the ship ”Titanic“从英国航行到某地去，为什么那么多人丧生等。在阅读短文时，很快就能抓住有关信息，轻而易举地找出正确答案（分别是 B、D、C、D）。短文如下：

The great ship, ”Titanic“（泰坦尼克号）, set off forAmerica in April 1912 on its first trip.It was carrying morethan 2,000 people.The ”Titanic“was the largest and finest ship at that time.People thought it was safe to be on the ship because it had16 compartments（密封舱）with it.Even if（即使是）4 of thosewere b roken,it would still be able to stay on the sea.Four days later,when the ”Titanic“ was crossing the sea,the man on watch suddenly saw a v ery large iceberg ahead.Thegreat ship turned quickly on time,but before long there was asound from below.The captain went down to see what was thematter.To his surprise,he found the sh ip was sinking fastbecause 5 compartments had been broken!Hundreds of peoplejumped out i nto the water.As there were not enough lifeboats,about 1,500 lives were lost.（5）是问短文的最好标题的，属于深层理解，当你读了短文就会明白最好的标题不是A（Titanic是如何下去的），也不是B（这艘大船是如何正在下沉的），也不是D（一只船的下沉），而是C（”Titanic“号沉船事件）。2.利用”顺读法“，解下列各题：

James Watt（詹姆斯·瓦特）and the Kettle（水壶）

James Watt was an English boy.He liked to ask questionsand was always thinking hard.One day he was sitting in the kitchen（厨房）with hisgrandmother.There he saw a kettle on the stove（炉子）。Soon steam began to rise out of the kettle, and the lidwas shaking.”Grandma,what's in the kettle?“he asked.”Water,my child.Nothing but water.“ ”But I know there is something else.It pushes the lid up.“ ”Oh,that's only steam.“ ”How does the steam get under the lid?“ ”It comes from the hot water.“The boy said to himself.”The steam must be very strong.Itcan push things.If there is more w ater,the steam will be muchstronger.“ Many years later James Watt tried hard and succeeded inmaking steam work for people.He gave the world its firststeam engine（发动机）.Ⅰ.Find the word from this story according to the phrases.1）a thing for boiling water:k________ 2）a thing in which fire burning for warming or cooking:s________ 3）movable（可移动的）cover for opening:I_________ 4）gain（收获）what one is trying to do:s_________ 5）use force on something to make it move away:p_________ Ⅱ.According to the story,choose the correct answer: 1）James Watt was from_________.A.America B.Australia C.England D.Germany

2）There was________on the stove.A.a basin B.a kettle C.a jar D.a pan 3）Grandma told little Watt why the lid of the kettle wasup and down.It was because________ ___.A.the stream pushed it B.the boy moved it C.the lid moved itself D.someone came and did it 4）Many years later Watt invented________.A.the first sewing machine B.the first computer C.the first bike D.the first steam engine 5）James Watt was_________.A.a famous writer B.a famous driver C.a famous scientist D.a famous musician 分析与答案：题1也是做阅读理解的常见题，先把所给的词组或短语意思弄清，然后从短文中找单词就不难了。1）意为”烧开水的工具“，这就是 kettle。2）意为”能在其中燃烧用以取暖或烧饭的东西“，这就是 stove。3）意为”能打开并可移动的东西“，这就是lid。4）意为”通过努力去做而取得的收获“，这就是su cceed。5）意为”在某物上用力使其移动”，这就是push。Ⅱ）

1）选C。短文中第一句话就告诉我们詹姆斯·瓦特是个英国人。2）选B。答案A是盆，C是个罐子，D则是平底锅，根据短文只能选B。

3）选A。短文中的奶奶告诉瓦特蒸汽来自热水。壶盖的上下波动的力既不是瓦特做的，也不是有人进来动的，更不可能是壶盖自己产生的力动的。

4）选D。瓦特发明的是蒸汽机，所以我们要选择D答案。5）选C。通过短文告诉我们瓦特是个著名的科学家。参考文献: [1]张晓燕.谈谈我在阅读教学中的做法.2009.5-15.[2]刘凤楚.英语课程标准.为我们的阅读教学指明了方向,2009.5-8.在此非常感谢张老师和刘老师在此给我提出论文的相关建议。致以我最高的敬意。

撰稿人：余志敏笔名：萧逸英文名：bruce 威客名：halldirksen 毕业于：广东外语外贸大学公开院校英语系毕业2009届

没事就用这些词练练你的嘴皮子~~

●说吧，你是想死呢还是不想活了？ ●好久没有人把牛皮吹的这么清新脱俗了！

●你给我滚，马不停蹄的滚……

●人人都说我丑，其实我只是美得不明显。

●无理取闹,必有所图！

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●天被熬亮了。

●不是路不平，而是你不行。

●恶心妈妈抱着恶心哭得很伤心，为什么呢？因为恶心死了……

●要不是打不过你，我早就和你翻脸了。●我这心碎得，捧出来跟饺子馅似的。

_________________________________________________

●没人牵手，我就揣兜。

●我的兴趣爱好可分为静态和动态两种，静态就是睡觉，动态就是翻身…

●唉～这人要一没正形，连头痛都是偏的。●我这人不太懂音乐，所以时而不靠谱，时而不着调。●怎么会突然想哭？难道我也有些逆流成河的小忧伤？

_________________________________________________

●好漂亮的美女叔叔啊！

●我不跟猪摔跤有两个原因：首先这让我自己变得很脏，其次这让猪很高兴。

●没事偷着乐是不太可能了,偷着胖还是有点儿希望.●放下屠刀立地成佛的意思是，你放下屠刀的那一刻对方把你砍成两瓣儿了。

●没事可做时，觉得最累。

_________________________________________________

●李碧华说过：什么叫多余？夏天的棉袄，冬天的蒲扇，还有等我已经心冷后你的殷勤。

●永远年轻，永远装嫩，永远不知好歹，永远热泪盈眶。

●我爸面对我发胖一事发表了看法：没有韩红的命，还得了韩红的病。●你来我信你不会走，你走我当你没来过。——我们该这样对待缘分与爱。

●曾以为我是那崖畔的一枝花，后来才知道，不过是人海一粒渣。

_________________________________________________

●荡气回肠，消化不良。

●女人喜欢长的坏坏的男人,并不是喜欢长坏了的男人..●麻子不叫麻子，坑人。

●江湖险恶，不行就撤！

●不敲几下，你不可能知道一个人或一个西瓜的好坏。

_________________________________________________

●孤独的人常表现得很坚强；寂寞的人则多半温和。

●大笑是绽放的微笑。

●我的意中人是个绝色大美女，终于有一天她会骑着喷火的恐龙来嫁给我

的，可是我看见了她的坐骑，却没有看见她的主人。●孤单是一个人的狂欢，狂欢是一群人的孤单。

●虽不安分，也该守己。

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●人不犯我，我不犯人。人若犯我，我就生气！

●别逼我，否则我伟大起来，一发不可收拾。

●我们是平凡的人，我们也是特别的人，所以我们是特别平凡的人。

●那个人敢说自己纯净？瞧你那眼神就透着浑浊。

●没有什么比弱者对强者的鄙视更无力了。

_________________________________________________

●如有雷同，纯属你抄我●笨鸟先飞，笨猪先肥。

●当你的眼泪忍不住要流出来的时候，睁大眼睛，千万别眨眼，你会看到世

界由清晰到模糊的全过程。

●告诉你别逼我，你要是再逼我，我就装死给你看。

●年轻算什么，谁没年轻过？你老过吗？真是的

_________________________________________________

●别用世故的样子来武装自己，它会水土不服。

●解释就是掩饰，掩饰就是编故事。

●所谓门槛，过去了便是门，过不去就成了槛。

●陌生阻止你认识陌生的事物，熟悉妨碍你理解熟悉的事物。

●人生的悲哀就在于，当你想两肋插刀的时候，却只有一把刀。

_________________________________________________

● 如果全是老姜，将是一个何等辛辣的社会。

● 狮子不会因为听到狗吠而回头。

● 水越深，水流越平稳。

●在你不当回事的时候，一切就好了起来。

● 无论是国王还是农夫，只要能在自己家里找到安宁，他就是最幸福的人。

_________________________________________________

● 一分钱一分货,稀饭吃了不经饿.● 水壶啊，你为什么哭泣，是因为屁股太烫了吗?

● 如果命运抓住了伱的喉咙，伱就挠命运嘚胳肢窝。

● 拦着成长的不是幼稚，而是自以为成熟。

● 如果命运折断了你的腿，他会教你如何跛行

__________________________________________________

● 打死你我也不说

●左脑全是水，右脑全是面粉，不动便罢了，一动全是浆糊

●挣钱就像用针掘地，花钱就像水渗进土里。

●我也有要去的地方，只是我要去的地方，没道路通向那里。

●你浪费的粮食都会堵在你去往天堂的路上。

__________________________________________________

●生活是丰富多彩的，但我也有自己的颜色。

●如果有一天我失踪了，只有两种可能：身体在旅行，或者灵魂在旅行。

●讓人格与腦門一同閃亮。

●你的丑和你的脸没有关系。

●我从来没有欺骗过你，因为我从来没有欺骗你的必要。

__________________________________________________

●我可以选择放弃，但我不能放弃选择。

●天没降大任于我，照样苦我心志，劳我筋骨。

●也许似乎大概是，然而未必不见得。

●再过一百年，就长成了参天大葱。

●幸福就是当你照镜子的时候，喜欢你看到的那个人。

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