第一篇：幸福生活的七大秘诀(值得看看的英语文章)
秘诀1：很多幸福用钱是买不到的 Money buys you little happiness
One of the most infamous findings in happiness research is that money doesn’t buy a lot of happiness – or at least not as much as we think it should.According to the economist Richard Easterlin, part of the reason for this is that we care a great deal more about what other people earn than what we do ourselves.幸福研究领域的最著名发现之一是，很多幸福是金钱买不来的，或者至少不像我们想象的那么多。经济学家理查德•伊斯特林(Richard Easterlin)表示，部分原因在于，我们对于别人收入的关心程度，要远远超出对我们自己收入的关心。
For those whose most basic needs are already met, money buys additional happiness only if it can lead to higher status in society, which is hard when everyone else is also getting richer over time.Since people’s comparison group varies from place to place, those living in more affluent areas of London, for example, would probably need to earn at least £200k a year to ensure that they are staying well ahead of most other Londoners – and even that might not be enough.对于那些最基本需求已得到满足的人而言，只有当金钱可以带来更高的社会地位时，才会意味着更多幸福。要做到这一点很难，因为其他人也逐渐变得更为富有。不同地区的人们的对比群组不同，举例而言，那些生活在伦敦较富裕地区的人，每年或许得挣至少20万英镑，才能确保自己的处境远远强于多数其他伦敦人——即使是这样的收入或许都不够。
Moreover, according to the Princeton University psychologist Daniel Kahneman, the weak relationship between happiness and income can also be explained, in part, by the evidence that richer people tend to spend more time engaging in activities associated with no greater happiness, on average, but with slightly higher tension and stress – such as work, childcare and shopping.By contrast, people with lower incomes tend to spend more time engaging in happiness-rich experiences such as socialising with friends and other passive leisure activities such as resting and watching TV.此外，普林斯顿大学(Princeton University)心理学家丹尼尔•卡纳曼(Daniel Kahneman)表示，之所以说幸福与收入的关系较为松散，一定程度上是因为有证据表明，一般而言，更富有的人往往用更多时间从事不会带来更大幸福感的活动，这些活动的紧张及压力程度略高——例如工作、育儿和购物。相比之下，收入较低的人往往把更多时间花在幸福感十足的事情上，例如与朋友社交，以及休息和看电视等其它被动的娱乐活动。
However, when these high-and low-income earners are prompted to think about the impact of income on their happiness, both tend to focus more on the conventional possibilities of money when evaluating its effects.This leads to the conclusion that life must be significantly happier for the rich than for the poor.然而，当有人提醒这些高收入者和低收入者考虑收入对幸福的影响时，他们在评估时往往更多地关注金钱的传统潜在价值。由此得出了以下结论：富人的生活肯定远比穷人幸福。
The truth is quite the opposite: poorer people can – and often do – lead significantly happier lives than the rich.实际情况恰恰相反：穷人能够——而且确实经常——比富人生活得更加幸福。
秘诀2：朋友比法拉利价更高 Friends are worth more than a new Ferrari
How much money is enough to make us happy? Because the effect of income on our happiness depends largely on how much money our colleagues, neighbours and friends earn, it’s difficult to say.Yet it’s easier to say how much extra money is required, on average, for a socially isolated person to be just as happy as a socially active person – no more, no less.有多少钱才能让我们感到幸福？这很难说，因为收入对幸福的影响，很大程度上取决于我们的同事、邻居和朋友们的收入。不过，一般而言，要说出需要多少钱，才能让一个离群索居的人和社交积极的人同样幸福——既不多也不少——则要容易一些。
The calculation of prices of various non-marketable goods such as the joy of friendship or marriage, first put forward in the early 1990s by the University of Warwick economist Andrew Oswald, is based on a very simple idea.Imagine that, on average, money makes people happy.Imagine also that people who see their friends every day are significantly happier than those who live in isolation.In principle, then, it’s possible to calculate how much extra income would have to be given to someone to compensate exactly for the lack of social life.对于各种不可买卖的物品（比如友谊或婚姻带来的乐趣），其价格的计算基于一个非常简单的理念，它是由华威大学(University of Warwick)经济学家安德鲁•奥斯瓦德(Andrew Oswald)上世纪90年代初率先提出的。想象一下，一般来说，金钱会让人幸福。再想象一下，那些每天都能看到朋友的人，要比那些离群索居的人幸福得多。那么，原则上讲，我们有可能计算出还需要多少额外收入，才能恰好弥补社交生活匮乏给某人造成的损失。
In Britain, for example, a pay rise of £1,000 is associated with an increase in happiness of approximately 0.0007 points on a self-reported seven-point happiness scale.Seeing friends more often, on the other hand, is associated with an increase in happiness of approximately 0.161 points.What this implies is that swapping a sociable life for an isolated one requires a pay rise of approximately 0.161/0.0007 – roughly £230,000 a year.That’s a little more than a new, gleaming Ferrari 612 Scaglietti.例如，在英国，根据一种自行报告的7点幸福标准，收入增加1000英镑，将令幸福感上升大约0.0007点。另一方面，更频繁地会朋友，将令幸福感提升约0.161点。这意味着，用喜好交际的生活换取离群索居的生活，需要收入增加大约 0.161/0.0007英镑，即每年23万英镑左右，略高于一辆熠熠生辉的法拉利新款612 Scaglietti。
秘诀3：中奖不会立刻让人幸福 Winning the lottery won’t make you instantly
happy One of the most surprising findings in recent research shows that a lottery win of £1,000 or more won’t immediately make you happy.Instead, it takes two years before winners enjoy their money.This is in stark contrast to the effect of earned incomes on happiness: an increase in salary often leads to some immediate improvement(again, not as much as one would think)in a person’s happiness.But why does the joy from a lottery win take two years to arrive? One hypothesis is that, while traditional economic theories typically assume that a pound is a pound is a pound, the reality is that one pound won is not the same as one pound earned.近期研究中最惊人的发现之一显示：中奖赢得1000英镑（或更多的钱）不会立刻让你感到幸福。相反，中奖者需要2年的时间，才能开始享受自己的奖金。这与劳动所得对幸福感的影响形成了鲜明对比：加薪往往会给一个人的幸福感带来一些立竿见影的改善（同样，其效果并不像人们想象的那么明显）。但为什么要用2年时间才能感觉到中奖的喜悦呢？一种假设是，虽然传统经济理论通常认为只要是钱，就没什么两样，但事实上，中奖赢得的1英镑与挣到的1英镑有所不同。
From new research on ―lagged deservingness‖ among lottery winners that I undertook with economists Andrew Oswald and Rainer Winkelmann, earned income is regarded as money that is intrinsically deserved.Lottery income isn’t.The winner doesn’t immediately think that she is fully deserving of the money because winning the lottery creates a form of unwanted cognitive dissonance – the process associated with holding two contradictory ideas in one’s head.The winner thinks: ―I’m happy about the money, but I’m not sure whether I’m really entitled to it.‖ Through time, however, the lottery winner can persuade herself that she deserves the money.Empirically speaking, this slow erosion of cognitive dissonance takes approximately two years to complete.Interestingly, we also found in our study that people weigh differently the various incomes that accrue to them: gift income and inheritance income are viewed in a very different way to wage income and lottery income.我与经济学家安德鲁•奥斯瓦尔德(Andrew Oswald)和雷纳•温克尔曼(Rainer Winkelmann)在彩票中奖者中，对―滞后应得感‖进行了新的研究。研究发现，挣得的收入被认为是本质上应得的，中奖得到的钱则不是。中奖者不会立刻认为这些钱是自己完全应得的，因为中奖会造成一种不必要的认知偏差——一个人头脑中存在两种矛盾想法的过程。中奖者认为：―这钱让我开心，但我不确信自己是否真的有权使用它们‖。然而，随着时间的流逝，中奖者可以说服自己，让自己认为这钱是自己应得的。凭经验而论，认知偏差的逐步消失大约需要2年时间。有趣的是，我们在研究中还发现，在人们的心目中，通过不同方式获得的收入份量不同：人们对获赠和继承收入的看法，与对工资与中奖收入的看法截然不同。
A pound is not just a pound.钱和钱也不是完全一样的。
秘诀4：失业也无妨 Losing your job makes you unhappy – but less so when
others have too
Losing your job is one of life’s most miserable experiences – more so than getting a divorce.One reason for this is obvious: unemployment removes a constant stream of income.Even so, the unemployed also report substantially lower levels of happiness relative to those who are employed but have the same income.The psychic cost of unemployment can in part be explained by the social stigma and loss of self-esteem job loss entails.失业是人生中最悲惨的经历之一，比离婚更甚。这有一个显而易见的原因：失业后会丧失稳定的收入来源。尽管如此，与有工作、但收入相同的人相比，失业者所报告的幸福度也明显更低。失业的精神成本，一定程度上可以归因于丢掉工作所造成的社会耻辱感和对自尊心的伤害。
There is a flipside to this, though.While unemployment lowers well-being for both the unemployed and the employed(perhaps by creating expectations of job loss), its effect on those already unemployed is notably reduced when a lot of other people – colleagues, neighbours, people living in the same region or even in the same household – are also unemployed.不过，这个问题还有另外一面。虽然失业者和就业者的福祉都会因失业而降低——后者可能是因为这造成了失业的预期——但当其他很多人（比如同事、邻居、居住在同一地区的人甚至家庭成员）也失去工作时，失业现象对失业者的影响就会显著降低。
The reason is simple, argues the economist Andrew Clark of the Paris School of Economics.Where being unemployed is the norm, the impact on your reputation caused by job loss is lessened.In other words, it feels relatively OK to be unemployed when a lot of others are also unemployed.巴黎经济学院(Paris School of Economics)的经济学家安德鲁•克拉克(Andrew Clark)认为，理由十分简单。当失业成为司空见惯的事情，丢掉工作对于声誉的损害就会降低。换言之，如果其他很多人也失去工作，自己失业时的感觉就会相对―好‖一些。
In fact, the well-being gap between the employed and the unemployed actually ceases to exist if the unemployment rate is high enough.Average happiness is typically lower in high-unemployment areas relative to low-unemployment areas.Yet, in the UK this happiness gap disappears completely when the average regional unemployment rate tops 20 per cent.Bad things don’t seem so bad when you’re not alone in experiencing them.实际上，如果失业率达到足够高的水平，就业和失业之间的福祉差异就不复存在。一般而言，高失业率地区的平均幸福度，要低于低失业率的地区。然而，在英国，如果一个地区的平均失业率超过20%，则幸福度上的差异就会彻底消失。如果不是独自承受，那么坏事也不会显得太坏。
秘诀5：想幸福？找个胖朋友吧！Fat friends make you happier than thin ones
New evidence in economics and epidemiology seems to suggest that we care about other people’s weight as much as we do our own.It’s always more desirable to be slim – perhaps because it offers a better chance of finding a person to date or marry, or even faster job promotion.However, when the people we normally compare ourselves with become fatter, the cost of putting on weight for many of us reduces.Put simply, when other people around me become fatter, I don’t have to compete so much with them to stay slim.经济学和流行病学方面的新证据似乎表明，我们对他人体重的关注丝毫不亚于对自己体重的关注。人们总是更希望苗条一些——或许是因为这样更容易找到约会或结婚的对象，甚至能更快地升迁。然而，对于我们许多人而言，如果我们常常拿来和自己做对比的人变胖了，我们自己体重增加的成本就会降低。简言之，如果我身边的人变胖了，那么我不用太费劲就能比他们苗条。
According to research conducted by economists David G.Blanchflower, Andrew Oswald and Bert Van Landeghem, people with weight problems – those with a body mass index(BMI)of 30 or over – are significantly unhappier than people within a healthy weight range(BMI 18.5–25).However, the overweight tend to report higher levels of happiness when other people of the same age and gender are as heavy or heavier than they are.The same also goes for individuals who live in the same household: our own weight doesn’t bother us as much, that is, when our partner is also putting on weight.经济学家戴维•G•布兰奇弗劳尔(David G.Blanchflower)、安德鲁•奥斯瓦德(Andrew Oswald)和贝尔特•范兰德赫姆(Bert Van Landeghem)进行的一项研究显示，与体重在健康范围内的人（BMI体重指数在18.5至25之间）相比，存在体重问题的人（BMI指数在30或以上）明显更不快乐。然而，当看到其他同性别的同龄人与自己一样重，甚至更重时，肥胖人群的幸福感往往会更强烈。这也适用于同一家庭内的不同个体：当伴侣的体重也在增加时，自己的体重就不那么烦人了。
This positive relationship between our happiness and other people’s weight provides a good psychological explanation for the current obesity epidemic in the west.It’s psychologically easier for us to accept being overweight when everyone else is also overweight – assuming, of course, that most of us enjoy food a lot more than dieting.我们的幸福感与他人体重之间的这种正相关关系，为当前西方肥胖症的流行提供了一个合理的心理学解释。当其他所有人都超重时，我们在心理上就更容易接受自己变胖的事实——当然，前提是我们当中大部分人对食物的热爱要远远大于节食。
秘诀6：离婚让人幸福？ Divorce can make you happy
At any given point in time, those who are divorced tend to report, on average, significantly lower levels of happiness than people who are married.While this result is probably unsurprising to many people, such cross-sectional comparisons between two groups of individuals at the same point in time can often lead to severely misleading conclusions – in this case, that divorce makes people unhappy.研究发现，平均而言，在任何一个指定时间点，离婚人士报告的幸福感往往比已婚人士低得多。尽管这种结果可能在许多人的意料之中，但在同一时间点对两组个体进行的此类代表性抽样比较，经常会导致严重误导性的结论——就本例而言，就是离婚让人们不幸福。
For one thing, the choice to dissolve a marriage is a rare decision for any individual to take, and one that’s unlikely to have been made entirely on a whim.One could even argue that divorce must make people happy given that one would only go through with it if the benefits of doing so outweighed the costs.This leads to an important question: what happens to people’s happiness in the periods before and after divorce? 首先，任何人都不会轻易做出离婚决定，它不太可能是出于一时冲动。人们甚至可以辩称，离婚必定让人们感到幸福，因为人们只有在离婚的益处超过成本时才会离婚。这就引出一个重要的问题：离婚前后那段时期，人们的幸福感会发生什么样的变化？
According to the psychologist Ed Diener, the worst moment for men is the year preceding the divorce.By contrast, the worst moment for women is two years before the divorce, with their happiness on the verge of bouncing back the year preceding the split.This pattern probably reflects the fact that the majority of divorces are initiated by the wife.根据心理学家埃德•迪耶内(Ed Diener)的说法，对男人来说，最糟糕的时期是离婚前一年；而对女人来说，最糟糕时期是离婚前两年，在离婚前一年，她们的幸福感即将反弹。这种规律可能反映出绝大多数离婚是妻子主动的事实。
After a divorce, it then takes approximately two years for men and three years for women for the effect of the break-up on happiness to become positive and stay positive.In other words, it seems that divorcing couples often become significantly happier with their lives by breaking up.离婚后，男人将需要将近两年，女人需要三年时间，才能让离婚对幸福感的影响变得积极，并保持积极。也就是说，离婚夫妇往往因为分手而变得更加幸福。
秘诀7：幸福可以传染？ Happiness is contagious
There are many benefits to being happy.Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more.They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call ―Duchenne‖ or genuine smiles.Less well understood is why happiness is contagious.幸福有许多好处。更幸福的人往往更健康、更长寿、挣得更多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的―杜兴微笑‖(Duchenne smile)，即真诚的微笑。让人不太理解的是，为什么幸福可以传染。
According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future.More specifically, they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.全球畅销书Connected的作者詹姆斯•福勒(James Fowler)和尼古拉斯•克里斯塔基斯(Nicholas Christakis)发现，如果你身边那些人际网络中重要的朋友、家人与邻居，有许多都很幸福，那么你将来也会幸福很多。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。
Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses(8 per cent happier);siblings who live within a mile of each other(14 per cent);and next-door neighbours(34 per cent).What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact(due to physical proximity)than on deep social connections.Alas, for some reason this doesn’t translate to the workplace.存在同样效应的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹（14%）和邻居（34%）。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更多有赖于社会交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），而不是社会关系的深度。哎呀，可惜出于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。
So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family(for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous).Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them.Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或不那么有敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
第二篇：幸福生活的七大秘诀
幸福生活的七大秘诀
秘诀1：很多幸福用钱是买不到的 Money buys you little happiness One of the most infamous findings in happiness research is that money doesn’t buy a lot of happiness – or at least not as much as we think it should.According to the economist Richard Easterlin, part of the reason for this is that we care a great deal more about what other people earn than what we do ourselves.幸福研究领域的最著名发现之一是，很多幸福是金钱买不来的，或者至少不像我们想象的那么多。经济学家理查德•伊斯特林(Richard Easterlin)表示，部分原因在于，我们对于别人收入的关心程度，要远远超出对我们自己收入的关心。
For those whose most basic needs are already met, money buys additional happiness only if it can lead to higher status in society, which is hard when everyone else is also getting richer over time.Since people’s comparison group varies from place to place, those living in more affluent areas of London, for example, would probably need to earn at least £200k a year to ensure that they are staying well ahead of most other Londoners – and even that might not be enough.对于那些最基本需求已得到满足的人而言，只有当金钱可以带来更高的社会地位时，才会意味着更多幸福。要做到这一点很难，因为其他人也逐渐变得更为富有。不同地区的人们的对比群组不同，举例而言，那些生活在伦敦较富裕地区的人，每年或许得挣至少20万英镑，才能确保自己的处境远远强于多数其他伦敦人——即使是这样的收入或许都不够。
Moreover, according to the Princeton University psychologist Daniel Kahneman, the weak relationship between happiness and income can also be explained, in part, by the evidence that richer people tend to spend more time engaging in activities associated with no greater happiness, on average, but with slightly higher tension and stress – such as work, childcare and shopping.By contrast, people with lower incomes tend to spend more time engaging in happiness-rich experiences such as socialising with friends and other passive leisure activities such as resting and watching TV.此外，普林斯顿大学(Princeton University)心理学家丹尼尔•卡纳曼(Daniel Kahneman)表示，之所以说幸福与收入的关系较为松散，一定程度上是因为有证据表明，一般而言，更富有的人往往用更多时间从事不会带来更大幸福感的活动，这些活动的紧张及压力程度略高——例如工作、育儿和购物。相比之下，收入较低的人往往把更多时间花在幸福感十足的事情上，例如与朋友社交，以及休息和看电视等其它被动的娱乐活动。
However, when these high-and low-income earners are prompted to think about the impact of income on their happiness, both tend to focus more on the conventional possibilities of money when evaluating its effects.This leads to the conclusion that life must be significantly happier for the rich than for the poor.然而，当有人提醒这些高收入者和低收入者考虑收入对幸福的影响时，他们在评估时往往更多地关注金钱的传统潜在价值。由此得出了以下结论：富人的生活肯定远比穷人幸福。
The truth is quite the opposite: poorer people can – and often do – lead significantly happier lives than the rich.实际情况恰恰相反：穷人能够——而且确实经常——比富人生活得更加幸福。
秘诀2：朋友比法拉利价更高 Friends are worth more than a new
Ferrari How much money is enough to make us happy? Because the effect of income on our happiness depends largely on how much money our colleagues, neighbours and friends earn, it’s difficult to say.Yet it’s easier to say how much extra money is required, on average, for a socially isolated person to be just as happy as a socially active person – no more, no less.有多少钱才能让我们感到幸福？这很难说，因为收入对幸福的影响，很大程度上取决于我们的同事、邻居和朋友们的收入。不过，一般而言，要说出需要多少钱，才能让一个离群索居的人和社交积极的人同样幸福——既不多也不少——则要容易一些。
The calculation of prices of various non-marketable goods such as the joy of friendship or marriage, first put forward in the early 1990s by the University of Warwick economist Andrew Oswald, is based on a very simple idea.Imagine that, on average, money makes people happy.Imagine also that people who see their friends every day are significantly happier than those who live in isolation.In principle, then, it’s possible to calculate how much extra income would have to be given to someone to compensate exactly for the lack of social life.对于各种不可买卖的物品（比如友谊或婚姻带来的乐趣），其价格的计算基于一个非常简单的理念，它是由华威大学(University of Warwick)经济学家安德鲁•奥斯瓦德(Andrew Oswald)上世纪90年代初率先提出的。想象一下，一般来说，金钱会让人幸福。再想象一下，那些每天都能看到朋友的人，要比那些离群索居的人幸福得多。那么，原则上讲，我们有可能计算出还需要多少额外收入，才能恰好弥补社交生活匮乏给某人造成的损失。
In Britain, for example, a pay rise of £1,000 is associated with an increase in happiness of approximately 0.0007 points on a self-reported seven-point happiness scale.Seeing friends more often, on the other hand, is associated with an increase in happiness of approximately 0.161 points.What this implies is that swapping a sociable life for an isolated one requires a pay rise of approximately 0.161/0.0007 – roughly £230,000 a year.That’s a little more than a new, gleaming Ferrari 612 Scaglietti.例如，在英国，根据一种自行报告的7点幸福标准，收入增加1000英镑，将令幸福感上升大约0.0007点。另一方面，更频繁地会朋友，将令幸福感提升约0.161点。这意味着，用喜好交际的生活换取离群索居的生活，需要收入增加大约 0.161/0.0007英镑，即每年23万英镑左右，略高于一辆熠熠生辉的法拉利新款612 Scaglietti。
秘诀3：中奖不会立刻让人幸福 Winning the lottery won’t make you
instantly happy
One of the most surprising findings in recent research shows that a lottery win of £1,000 or more won’t immediately make you happy.Instead, it takes two years before winners enjoy their money.This is in stark contrast to the effect of earned incomes on happiness: an increase in salary often leads to some immediate improvement(again, not as much as one would think)in a person’s happiness.But why does the joy from a lottery win take two years to arrive? One hypothesis is that, while traditional economic theories typically assume that a pound is a pound is a pound, the reality is that one pound won is not the same as one pound earned.近期研究中最惊人的发现之一显示：中奖赢得1000英镑（或更多的钱）不会立刻让你感到幸福。相反，中奖者需要2年的时间，才能开始享受自己的奖金。这与劳动所得对幸福感的影响形成了鲜明对比：加薪往往会给一个人的幸福感带来一些立竿见影的改善（同样，其效果并不像人们想象的那么明显）。但为什么要用2年时间才能感觉到中奖的喜悦呢？一种假设是，虽然传统经济理论通常认为只要是钱，就没什么两样，但事实上，中奖赢得的1英镑与挣到的1英镑有所不同。
From new research on ―lagged deservingness‖ among lottery winners that I undertook with economists Andrew Oswald and Rainer Winkelmann, earned income is regarded as money that is intrinsically deserved.Lottery income isn’t.The winner doesn’t immediately think that she is fully deserving of the money because winning the lottery creates a form of unwanted cognitive dissonance – the process associated with holding two contradictory ideas in one’s head.The winner thinks: ―I’m happy about the money, but I’m not sure whether I’m really entitled to it.‖ Through time, however, the lottery winner can persuade herself that she deserves the money.Empirically speaking, this slow erosion of cognitive dissonance takes approximately two years to complete.Interestingly, we also found in our study that people weigh differently the various incomes that accrue to them: gift income and inheritance income are viewed in a very different way to wage income and lottery income.我与经济学家安德鲁•奥斯瓦尔德(Andrew Oswald)和雷纳•温克尔曼(Rainer Winkelmann)在彩票中奖者中，对―滞后应得感‖进行了新的研究。研究发现，挣得的收入被认为是本质上应得的，中奖得到的钱则不是。中奖者不会立刻认为这些钱是自己完全应得的，因为中奖会造成一种不必要的认知偏差——一个人头脑中存在两种矛盾想法的过程。中奖者认为：―这钱让我开心，但我不确信自己是否真的有权使用它们‖。然而，随着时间的流逝，中奖者可以说服自己，让自己认为这钱是自己应得的。凭经验而论，认知偏差的逐步消失大约需要2年时间。有趣的是，我们在研究中还发现，在人们的心目中，通过不同方式获得的收入份量不同：人们对获赠和继承收入的看法，与对工资与中奖收入的看法截然不同。
A pound is not just a pound.钱和钱也不是完全一样的。
秘诀4：失业也无妨 Losing your job makes you unhappy – but less
so when others have too Losing your job is one of life’s most miserable experiences – more so than getting a divorce.One reason for this is obvious: unemployment removes a constant stream of income.Even so, the unemployed also report substantially lower levels of happiness relative to those who are employed but have the same income.The psychic cost of unemployment can in part be explained by the social stigma and loss of self-esteem job loss entails.失业是人生中最悲惨的经历之一，比离婚更甚。这有一个显而易见的原因：失业后会丧失稳定的收入来源。尽管如此，与有工作、但收入相同的人相比，失业者所报告的幸福度也明显更低。失业的精神成本，一定程度上可以归因于丢掉工作所造成的社会耻辱感和对自尊心的伤害。
There is a flipside to this, though.While unemployment lowers well-being for both the unemployed and the employed(perhaps by creating expectations of job loss), its effect on those already unemployed is notably reduced when a lot of other people – colleagues, neighbours, people living in the same region or even in the same household – are also unemployed.不过，这个问题还有另外一面。虽然失业者和就业者的福祉都会因失业而降低——后者可能是因为这造成了失业的预期——但当其他很多人（比如同事、邻居、居住在同一地区的人甚至家庭成员）也失去工作时，失业现象对失业者的影响就会显著降低。The reason is simple, argues the economist Andrew Clark of the Paris School of Economics.Where being unemployed is the norm, the impact on your reputation caused by job loss is lessened.In other words, it feels relatively OK to be unemployed when a lot of others are also unemployed.巴黎经济学院(Paris School of Economics)的经济学家安德鲁•克拉克(Andrew Clark)认为，理由十分简单。当失业成为司空见惯的事情，丢掉工作对于声誉的损害就会降低。换言之，如果其他很多人也失去工作，自己失业时的感觉就会相对―好‖一些。
In fact, the well-being gap between the employed and the unemployed actually ceases to exist if the unemployment rate is high enough.Average happiness is typically lower in high-unemployment areas relative to low-unemployment areas.Yet, in the UK this happiness gap disappears completely when the average regional unemployment rate tops 20 per cent.Bad things don’t seem so bad when you’re not alone in experiencing them.实际上，如果失业率达到足够高的水平，就业和失业之间的福祉差异就不复存在。一般而言，高失业率地区的平均幸福度，要低于低失业率的地区。然而，在英国，如果一个地区的平均失业率超过20%，则幸福度上的差异就会彻底消失。如果不是独自承受，那么坏事也不会显得太坏。
秘诀5：想幸福？找个胖朋友吧！Fat friends make you happier than
thin ones New evidence in economics and epidemiology seems to suggest that we care about other people’s weight as much as we do our own.It’s always more desirable to be slim – perhaps because it offers a better chance of finding a person to date or marry, or even faster job promotion.However, when the people we normally compare ourselves with become fatter, the cost of putting on weight for many of us reduces.Put simply, when other people around me become fatter, I don’t have to compete so much with them to stay slim.经济学和流行病学方面的新证据似乎表明，我们对他人体重的关注丝毫不亚于对自己体重的关注。人们总是更希望苗条一些——或许是因为这样更容易找到约会或结婚的对象，甚至能更快地升迁。然而，对于我们许多人而言，如果我们常常拿来和自己做对比的人变胖了，我们自己体重增加的成本就会降低。简言之，如果我身边的人变胖了，那么我不用太费劲就能比他们苗条。
According to research conducted by economists David G.Blanchflower, Andrew Oswald and Bert Van Landeghem, people with weight problems – those with a body mass index(BMI)of 30 or over – are significantly unhappier than people within a healthy weight range(BMI 18.5–25).However, the overweight tend to report higher levels of happiness when other people of the same age and gender are as heavy or heavier than they are.The same also goes for individuals who live in the same household: our own weight doesn’t bother us as much, that is, when our partner is also putting on weight.经济学家戴维•G•布兰奇弗劳尔(David G.Blanchflower)、安德鲁•奥斯瓦德(Andrew Oswald)和贝尔特•范兰德赫姆(Bert Van Landeghem)进行的一项研究显示，与体重在健康范围内的人（BMI体重指数在18.5至25之间）相比，存在体重问题的人（BMI指数在30或以上）明显更不快乐。然而，当看到其他同性别的同龄人与自己一样重，甚至更重时，肥胖人群的幸福感往往会更强烈。这也适用于同一家庭内的不同个体：当伴侣的体重也在增加时，自己的体重就不那么烦人了。
This positive relationship between our happiness and other people’s weight provides a good psychological explanation for the current obesity epidemic in the west.It’s psychologically easier for us to accept being overweight when everyone else is also overweight – assuming, of course, that most of us enjoy food a lot more than dieting.我们的幸福感与他人体重之间的这种正相关关系，为当前西方肥胖症的流行提供了一个合理的心理学解释。当其他所有人都超重时，我们在心理上就更容易接受自己变胖的事实——当然，前提是我们当中大部分人对食物的热爱要远远大于节食。
秘诀6：离婚让人幸福？ Divorce can make you happy At any given point in time, those who are divorced tend to report, on average, significantly lower levels of happiness than people who are married.While this result is probably unsurprising to many people, such cross-sectional comparisons between two groups of individuals at the same point in time can often lead to severely misleading conclusions – in this case, that divorce makes people unhappy.研究发现，平均而言，在任何一个指定时间点，离婚人士报告的幸福感往往比已婚人士低得多。尽管这种结果可能在许多人的意料之中，但在同一时间点对两组个体进行的此类代表性抽样比较，经常会导致严重误导性的结论——就本例而言，就是离婚让人们不幸福。
For one thing, the choice to dissolve a marriage is a rare decision for any individual to take, and one that’s unlikely to have been made entirely on a whim.One could even argue that divorce must make people happy given that one would only go through with it if the benefits of doing so outweighed the costs.This leads to an important question: what happens to people’s happiness in the periods before and after divorce?
首先，任何人都不会轻易做出离婚决定，它不太可能是出于一时冲动。人们甚至可以辩称，离婚必定让人们感到幸福，因为人们只有在离婚的益处超过成本时才会离婚。这就引出一个重要的问题：离婚前后那段时期，人们的幸福感会发生什么样的变化？
According to the psychologist Ed Diener, the worst moment for men is the year preceding the divorce.By contrast, the worst moment for women is two years before the divorce, with their happiness on the verge of bouncing back the year preceding the split.This pattern probably reflects the fact that the majority of divorces are initiated by the wife.根据心理学家埃德•迪耶内(Ed Diener)的说法，对男人来说，最糟糕的时期是离婚前一年；而对女人来说，最糟糕时期是离婚前两年，在离婚前一年，她们的幸福感即将反弹。这种规律可能反映出绝大多数离婚是妻子主动的事实。
After a divorce, it then takes approximately two years for men and three years for women for the effect of the break-up on happiness to become positive and stay positive.In other words, it seems that divorcing couples often become significantly happier with their lives by breaking up.离婚后，男人将需要将近两年，女人需要三年时间，才能让离婚对幸福感的影响变得积极，并保持积极。也就是说，离婚夫妇往往因为分手而变得更加幸福。
秘诀7：幸福可以传染？ Happiness is contagious There are many benefits to being happy.Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more.They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call ―Duchenne‖ or genuine smiles.Less well understood is why happiness is contagious.幸福有许多好处。更幸福的人往往更健康、更长寿、挣得更多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的―杜兴微笑‖(Duchenne smile)，即真诚的微笑。让人不太理解的是，为什么幸福可以传染。According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future.More specifically, they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.全球畅销书Connected的作者詹姆斯•福勒(James Fowler)和尼古拉斯•克里斯塔基斯(Nicholas Christakis)发现，如果你身边那些人际网络中重要的朋友、家人与邻居，有许多都很幸福，那么你将来也会幸福很多。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。
Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses(8 per cent happier);siblings who live within a mile of each other(14 per cent);and next-door neighbours(34 per cent).What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact(due to physical proximity)than on deep social connections.Alas, for some reason this doesn’t translate to the workplace.存在同样效应的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹（14%）和邻居（34%）。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更多有赖于社会交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），而不是社会关系的深度。哎呀，可惜出于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。
So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family(for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous).Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them.Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或不那么有敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
第三篇：七大时间管理技巧和秘诀
七大时间管理技巧和秘诀
时间管理是一种很特别的技巧，在学校中没有人教你，但实际你必须要学习这门技巧。否则，不管你有多么聪明，你还是不能整理好你掌握的信息，不管你工作多有经验，你还是会在工作中拖延时间。因此，这里有10个技巧，可以帮助你更好的管理你的工作：
1、不要在收件箱中保留电子邮件
将电子邮件以文件夹的方式组织，如果邮件内容需要思考后才能处理，那么将其移动到任务清单中，如果邮件有参考价值，将其打印出来，如果邮件是会议通知，将其移动到日历计划（calendar）中。所以读完一封邮件后就对这封采取必要的操作吧。
2、一心不可二用
正常人都不可能在同一个时间内即看电视，又在即时通讯软件上聊天，又做家庭作业，一心二用是错误的。无论是谁，这么做都会降低工作效率。因此，设法避免这种情况，专家建议大家多练习关注方法以避免一心二用。
3、先做最重要的事情
专家管这叫“早上的一次冲刺”，开始工作的时候，检查自己所有的电子邮件，并花一个小时的时间整理出待办事项的优先级，这是一个很不错的工作方法，因为即使你不能在一个小时内做完所有事情，当你一旦开始工作的时候你会感觉更轻松。这项处理最好能在前一天的晚上做完，这样，当你在早上开始工作的时候，你已经知道了今天最重要的任务是哪些了。
4、了解最佳工作状态的时间
工业设计师Jeff Beene在做咨询工作，所以他在一天的任何时间都可以做事情，但是他说，“我制定工作计划的时间是在早晨，因为那时我最富有工作效率”。每个人都有一个最佳的工作时间，你可以通过监控自己过去一段时间的工作效率的方法来找到自己的最佳工作时间，然后你需要管理好自己的工作进度，以便让你在最佳时间内做最重要的工作。
5、加快打字速度
如果你整天都在电脑前工作，那么打字速度就会变成一个工作效率问题。在每天中，为了查询信息，人们都要进行数十次的Google搜索。每次word文档的使用也是极为普遍的，如果能够加快你的打字速度，那将为你的工作节约不少时间。
6、万事开头难，先从简单的工作入手
我们的问题并不是如何结束这个项目，而是在于如何开始这个项目。尝试将项目分成几部分，这样我就可以逐个完成，各个击破。每个任务完成之后可以给自己来点小奖励，如喝
一杯咖啡、一个苹果等，有了这样一种成就感之后你就会更有动力完成后面的任务。
7、每天都整理工作任务清单
如果你不知道你应该做的事情，你怎么可能管理好你的时间呢？有些人喜欢将工作任务清单（to-do list）写在纸上，因为这些清单对每个项目任务都是一个承诺，直到项目结束。每天整理自己的工作任务清单，自己的大脑就有一个清晰的认识，什么时候该做什么事。当你集中精力去做一件事的时候便没有时间去处理其他的事情。明确产生力量，模糊令人虚弱！
第四篇：语言文采的七大秘诀
让高考作文更有“文采”的七大秘诀
“文采”，意思是“华丽的色彩”，但是“有文采”又不能简单地等同于华丽，它需要思想做支撑。
“有文采”概括起来应具备如下特点：(1)富含哲理，耐人寻味。(2)富于变化，错落有致。(3)节奏感强，朗朗上口。
要使你的语言具备上述特点，需要掌握最基本的方法：
一、巧用修辞
修辞的作用就是使语言生动、形象，恰当的修辞会使你的语言文采斐然。
1、巧用排比
排比就是用一组结构相同或相似、意思相关、语气一致的句子或词组成串地排列在一起，用以增强语势，抒发感情，给人以整饬美。如：
(1)“孝”是稍纵即逝的眷恋，“孝”是无法重现的幸福，“孝”是一失足成千古恨的往事，“孝”是生命与生命交接处的链条，一旦断裂，永无连接。(《孝心无价》)(2)思想是人生的一种的境界。浮躁的生命容不下浩瀚的思想，浅薄的生命装不下广博的思想，低俗的生命不理解崇高的思想，渺小的生命仰望于伟大的思想。思想形成在博览群书后的去其糟粕，取其精华；产生于历尽艰辛后的总结经验，独辟蹊径。(《思想是智慧的路标》)这两段文字运用了排比修辞，(1)段从不同角度阐述什么是“孝”，告诉读者赶快为你的父母尽一份孝心，因为“孝”是无法弥补的。(2)段运用排比修辞，使整段文字朗朗上口而又富含哲理。
2、巧用比喻
比喻是用具体、浅湿、熟知的事物或道理为喻体，说明或描写抽象的、深奥的、不熟悉的事或理。比喻能使语言生动、形象，恰当的比喻会使你的语言文采斐然。如：
(3)母亲是疲惫时的一杯龙井，当你软弱无力时，只消几口就使你神清气爽；母亲是烦恼中的一曲古筝，当你意懒消沉时，优雅的旋律一飘荡，眼前立即一片青翠；母亲是冬夜里的一床棉被，当你瑟瑟发抖时，贴心的呵护和温暖使你安然入梦；母亲是挫折中的一阵清风，当你惊慌失措时，为你拭去焦躁的汗水，梳理好凌乱的思绪；母亲是荒寂时的一朵鲜花，当你落寞惆怅时，看一眼满目生辉，闻一下沁人心脾；母亲是黑夜中的一颗明星，当你辨不清方向时，一束柔光指引你迈开坚定的脚步……(《母亲》)(4)我的生命是一条船，母亲是长天，父亲是大海，老师是风帆，朋友是港湾。于是我有了无限的感动和无穷的幸福。岁月如歌，余音绕梁；好友如诗，句句悠扬。(《感谢生命》)两段文字把比喻、排比相结合，使抽象的东西具体化，深刻化，让读者明了于心又回味无穷。
3、巧用拟人
拟人可以使枯燥的事物变得生动有趣，因而能增加语言的审美效果。如：
(5)旷野上，树林忙着做插画，野花赶着绣彩图，春草蔓延漫生，更行更远，没有谁能阻碍住她行路的脚丫，而鸟在空中配着它的画外音，解说给匆忙行走的云听。(《春草散章》)(6)春天必然是这样的。从绿意内敛的山头，一把雪再也撑不住了，扑哧一声，将冷脸笑成花面，一首澌澌然的歌便从云端唱到山麓，从山麓唱到低低的荒村，唱入篱落，唱入一只小鸭的黄蹼，唱入软溶溶的春泥，软如一床新翻的棉被的春泥。(《春之怀古》)上面两段文字，作者用拟人的手法把春天的到来写得有形有声有色，在作者笔下春天会笑会唱会行走，在读者面前展现了一个生机盎然的春之图。
4、巧用对偶(对仗)
中学生写文章，当然要以散句为主，但是全用散句就难免单调、散漫，显不出文采。“物相杂故曰文”(《易经·系辞》)，因而散句中要杂以对偶句、对仗句等。这些整句庄重有力，匀称谐调，能增加文采。如：
(7)历史是一段长长的有始无终的距离，它贯穿着人类的血脉，沉淀着先人用生命写给后人的启示。几百年的风风雨雨，早已荡涤了**亭上的点点残血；几百年的潮起潮落，早已淹没了零丁洋里的声声叹息。然而，岳武穆的满腔热血，文天祥的一颗丹心，早已深深地印在了历史的书页中，化做了民族的魂，随着日月的更替，让人们深味着其中的永恒。(《距离产生美》)上面这段文字使用对偶句，整段文字整散结合，参差错落，既有流畅的旋律，又有铿锵的节奏。
(8)左思为写《三都赋》闭门谢客，数载耕耘。三九严冬，笔耕不辍；三伏酷暑，意兴犹酣。多少白日，三餐忘食；多少夜晚，独对孤灯。“衣带渐宽终不悔”的执着，换来了丰硕的成果，《三都赋》轰动全城，一时洛阳纸贵。(《无悔的付出》)这段文字精练生动，寥寥数语把左思的勤奋表达得淋漓尽致，其功劳在于作者巧用了对偶这一修辞手法。
5、巧用通感(移用)通感就是一种把适用于甲类感官上的词语巧妙地移植到乙类感官上去，使各种感官彼此沟通的一种修辞格。在日常生活里，视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉往往可以彼此打动或交通，眼、耳、舌、鼻、身各个官能的领域可以不分界限。颜色似乎会有温度，声音似乎会有形象，冷暖似乎会有重量，气味似乎会有锋芒。
(9)我将深味这非人间的浓黑的悲凉；以我的最大哀痛显示于非人间，使他们快意于我的苦痛。(《为了忘却的记念》)(10)突然是深灰色石岩从高空直垂而下，浸入江心，令人想到一个巨大的惊叹号；突然是绿茸茸的草坂，像一支充满幽情的乐曲。(《长江三峡》)这两段话使用了“通感”的方法。“浓黑”是视觉形象，而“悲凉”是感觉。作者把感觉转化成视觉形象，让读者看到作者的悲凉是又浓又黑的，使悲凉有了形象感。“草坂”是视觉形象，而“乐曲”是听觉形象，作者把视觉转化成听觉形象，突出了“绿茸茸的草坂”的美。
(11)他的精神，现在只在一个包上，仿佛抱着一个十世单传的婴儿，别的事情，都已置之度外了。他现在要将这包里的新的生命，移植到他家里，收获许多幸福。(《药》)3
(12)母校啊，给了我太多的往事，无法风干的情感，落满潮湿的心头，而笨拙的笔，却写不尽回首的滋味。岁月像淤积的河道，沉下的泥沙垫高了百年的河床。一个世纪的薪火相传，春夏秋冬轮回不息，您已经为自己写下了回肠荡气的史诗。(《回首的滋味》)(11)句中，“移植”意思是把播种在苗床或秧田里的幼苗拔起或连土掘起种在田地里；将机体的一部分组织或器官补在同一机体或另一机体的缺陷部分上，使它逐渐长好。由此看来，移植的对象应该是看得见、摸得着的物质的东西。鲁迅先生借此来“移植”生命，生动形象。表现出老栓的愚昧、虔诚和心情的急切。与“移植”相对，后文用了“收获”，“收获”意思是取得成熟的农作物。“收获”作动词，其宾语是“幸福”，而“幸福”是使人心情舒畅的境遇和生活，是可感而不可视、不可触摸的。作者借用“收获”这个词把抽象的东西具体化，让人想象到收获的幸福就像田野里的庄稼一样。(12)句中，“风干”情感，“情感”落在心头，同样也是移用的手法。
很多时候修辞手法不是单一使用的，而是综合运用多种修辞于一段话中，如：(13)风是调皮的小男孩，抓把土抛到空中，趁机扯乱女孩子的长发；风是年老的画家，一味选用灰色调，造出昏黄的画面；风是不高明的小偷，溜进屋时弄响了门，逃走时还在窗台上留下了脚印。
这段文字综合运用了排比、比喻、拟人三种修辞，使文字灵动，摇曳多姿。
二、巧用想象和联想
联想和想象是写作的最基本能力，也是高考(论坛)作文要考查的最重要的方面。运用联想和想象可以开拓思路，增加文采。如：
(1)雪夜，该有多少点燃的蜡烛，在倾听着天空飘洒的言语；该有多少诗人升腾着灵感的火焰，澎湃着艺术的激情，吟唱着“千树万树梨花开”的壮美；该有多少涌动的琴声用音符描绘着春的到来，再巧的手指怎能弹出落雪美妙的音韵。该有多少美妙的迎春花藤伸出梦境之外，每一处结开的苞蕾都酝酿着春的经历；该有多少爱雪的人想象落雪的情景，喜悦如雨，潮湿的心灵长出新绿的叶片；该有多少情人，借每一片雪花，飘飞着对爱情和人生的祝福。(《落雪》)这段文字作者用想象写成，写出了雪夜的灵动，写出了雪夜的美。没有想象，不管用细描还是白描，都不会有如此美丽的雪夜展示在读者面前。
(2)赶快为你的父母尽一份孝心。也许是一处豪宅，也许是一片砖瓦。也许是大洋彼岸的一只鸿雁，也许是近在咫尺的一个口信。也许是一顶纯黑的博士帽，也许是作业簿 4
上的一个红五分。也许是一桌山珍海味，也许是一双洁净的旧鞋。也许是数以万计的金钱，也许是含着体温的一枚硬币。(《孝心无价》)(3)面对有缺憾的事物，我们必须学会包容，而不是求全责备。你若欣赏塞北的美丽雪景，就必须包容它难耐的严寒；你若品尝江南水乡的独特韵味，就必须包容它那潮湿多雨的天气；为了感受月圆的动人，就必须包容残月，包容乌云；为了领略昙花的绚美，你必须包容等待，包容时间。(《勿要求全责备》)这两段文字用联想写成。(2)通过排比和正反对比告诉读者赶快尽一份孝心，无论以怎样的方式，但在“孝”的天平上是等值的；(3)为了论述要学会包容，而不是求全责备，作者广泛联想，从塞北到江南，从天上到人间。
三、巧用动词
要做到“有文采”，就需要有“一字传神”的效果，而要收到这样的效果，就需选择、锤炼动词。如：
(4)“喂！一手交钱，一手交货！”一个浑身黑色的人，站在老栓面前，眼光正像两把刀，刺得老栓缩小了一半，那人一只大手，向他摊着；一只手撮着一个鲜红的馒头，那红的还是一点一点的往下滴。老栓慌忙摸出洋钱，抖抖的想交给他，却又不敢接他的东西。那人便焦急起来，嚷道：“怕什么？怎的不拿！”老栓还踌躇着；黑的人便抢过灯笼，一把扯下纸罩，裹了馒头，塞与老栓；一手抓过洋钱，捏一捏，转身去了。(《药》)表述手的动作一共用了13个动词，其准确程度、生动程度几乎达到了无可更改的地步。一个“摊”字把刽子手索款的架势活现了出来；而“抢”“扯”“裹”“塞”，既准确生动地表现了手所触到的四个不同对象，又贴切地反映出动作的急迫利索。对于洋钱，只一个“抓”，就可看出讹诈式的攫取。为了使所用动词准确贴切传神，在选用同义词时，需要根据表达对象的要求，严格区分同义词之间的细微差别。又如：
(5)如果我们惶惶不可终日，始终感到没有一个合适的位置，那么周围的一切就会变成主人，我们得跑前跑后地伺候着，我们得忽左忽右地奉承着，我们得上窜下跳地迎合着，我们得内揣外度地恭维着。(《位置》)5
作者用“跑前跑后”“忽左忽右”“上窜下跳”“内揣外度”四个表示方向的词和“伺候”“迎合”“奉承”“恭维”四个表示态度的词，使语言错落有致，避免了重复，给人以美感。再如：
(6)他们没有豪言，没有壮语，只是平静地将浓于血的情感缝进儿子冬日的棉袄，女儿夏日的裙衫。儿行千里母担忧，如果你是一只远离了母亲的风筝，那么你身后的蓝天写满了母亲的叮咛。(《背景》)其中的“缝”“写”令人耳目一新，耐人寻味。
四、巧用句式
现代汉语有多种句式，有肯定句、否定句，有主动句、被动句，有倒装句，还有文言句式，写作时要根据不同需要选择恰当的句式，可以使语言准确、凝练，增强表达效果，而使语言有文采。如：
(7)将军一面走，一面四下里看着，他被这劳动的场面感动了。(《普通劳动者》)三句话，一、二两句是主动句，第三句是被动句。只有这样才能保持三个分句主语的一致性，从而突出陈述重点；否则语意的连贯、语气的流畅就会受影响。又如：
(8)他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。(《狂人日记》)“未必不会吃我”同“大概也会吃我”意思相同，为什么这样说呢？因为只有如此才能准确地反映出“狂人”当时对情况进行估量的那种微妙的心理变化。再如：
(9)那位宰相舍弃了自己面子上的威严，以宽仁礼让的胸襟，大度能容之气概，化干戈为玉帛，止争斗于未起。如果没有超出常人的高风亮节，怎会做出如此的舍弃？(《学会舍弃》)上段文字中的“止争斗于未起”是文言句式——状语后置，用在这里使语句整齐，节奏感强。
五、巧用名言警句
巧妙地引用名言警句，不仅可以使行文流畅，增强节奏感，还可以丰富语言的内涵。如：
(10)那夜，华子失眠了，他又一次把教师这两个字放在心的天平上，苦苦衡量。李国强的话又响在他的耳边，“像您一样”，他的脸不由地发起烧来。华子翻身下炕，打开灯，6
在日记本上郑重写道：青春是追逐太阳的壮丽，绝不是守侯月亮的无聊，我永远是大山的儿子。(《无声的诺言》)这是一段记叙性文字，句式长短结合，徐疾交替，在最关键的地方引用了一个警句：青春是追逐太阳的壮丽，绝不是守候月亮的无聊。既含蓄又深刻地表达了华子的心声，凝练，厚重。又如：
(11)认识自己是每个人的必修课，否则我们就会像乌云下生长的花儿，失去了充满阳光的世界。请牢记：是鱼儿，就不要向往天空，是鸟儿，就不要留恋海洋。(《认识自己》)其中的“是鱼儿，就不要向往天空，是鸟儿，就不要留恋海洋”引自汪国真的一首诗，放在这里警策、含蓄，又有力量，增强了语言的文采。
六、巧用重复
一说到重复就常常想到累赘、罗嗦，但是恰当地使用重复往往会收到意想不到的效果。如：
(12)命运没有规律，就像自然界的风雨。一场疾病，砸碎了她的大学梦。她读了一所普通的学校，学了一个普通的专业，进了一家普通的小厂，成了一名普通的工人，做着普普通通的事情。(《平凡》)(13)选择了高山，也就选择了坎坷；选择了宁静，也就选择了孤单；选择了机遇，也就选择了风险；选择了求索，也就选择了磨难；……几乎在每一个选择的背后，都有一段阴影相伴相随。(《选择》)其中的“普通”“选择”使用了多次，从使用词语要参差错落的角度衡量，显然是不符合要求的，但是在这里恰恰起到了强调、突出的作用。
七、注重节奏
古人作文特别讲究语言的音乐美，这是中国文学的特色。虽说现代语体文不必像文言文那样严格，但是正如老舍先生所说，好的文章要“让句子念起来叮当响”“让人家愿意念，也愿意听”(《关于文学的语言问题》)，所以至少还要讲究一些节奏。如果有了节奏感，文采也就氤氲其中了。如：
(14)你向往山居的清净，就必须舍弃都市的繁华；你仰慕奋斗者的成功，就必须舍弃安逸闲散的生活；你希望走遍千山万水，就必须舍弃乡土乡音的温馨与柔美。(《距离产生美》)(15)快乐就压在烦恼的皱折里，藏在疼痛的口袋里，它在你的头顶，在你的脚下，在你深深的眸底。(《寻找快乐》)虽然这两段中的最后一个字在平仄上并不谐调，但是读起来却有节奏感，若把“千山万水”“温馨与柔美”句换至最前边，把“在你深深的眸底”改成诸如“身边”“心里”等，就失去了这个效果。
有时也要讲究点平仄。前一句是仄声煞尾，后一句煞尾的就应是平声。这样可使声调起伏跌宕，抑扬有致。如：
(16)南国之秋，当然是有它特异的地方，譬如二十四桥的明月，钱塘江的秋潮，普陀山的凉雾，荔枝湾的残荷。(《故都的秋》)四个排比句的末一字是仄平仄平，读起来抑扬顿挫，铿锵和鸣。
第五篇：英语作文 幸福生活
What’s the most important for a happy life? To know today’s girl students’ attitude to the most important things for a happy life,Chongqing University of Technology and Business and East China Normal University conducted a survey on it in 2005.The results showed that nearly seventy percent of girls were in favor of the view that marriage and family are most vital in life.The girl students who thought career is more important than marriage and family occupied about twenty percent of all.As well,money was thought of priorities by about nine percent girl students while fewer considered other things could be alternative to all above.From the results,we can make a conclusion that along with the advanced society,previous situation where people hardened themselves in that materialistic society and forgot the essence of relationships will fade away as time rolls by.Almost girl students chose emotion treasures instead of diving into money and career.But on the other side,girl students who believed material things were more important than marriage and family also should be concerned according to the data.After all,an indifferent heart in the modern society is harmful to everyone.But anyway,today’s situation is satisfactory to a large extent,and it’s unnecessary for us to be too anxious as well.
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