2012年考博英语翻译课程讲义(全)

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第一篇:2012年考博英语翻译课程讲义(全)

2012年通用考博英语翻译讲义

考博翻译的重要性

1、考博英语difficult。

2、考博翻译最难做。(1)翻译是主观题。

(2)做翻译需要单词基础,语法基础,阅读基础和强大的汉语功底。

例:本次旅行有北京、上海等地。

This trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.(3)各所学校的命题非常不稳定。

英译汉

考博翻译的概述

翻译你做过吗?

做翻译不是看翻译

Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在联系不同的民族和国家方面,电视或许以前从来没有像在最近欧洲事件中其如此大的作用。

在联系不同的民族和国家方面,电视像在最近欧洲事件中起的作用之大前所未见。

怎么做英译汉

One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could not be further delayed.Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased;a rise in price encourages users to economize.Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education and religion.Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence.Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage.Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society.Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism;but the most significant of them all was humanism.In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis on the human values.It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man.The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic.They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's nature.翻译的步骤:

一、画竖线

目的:初步断开句子结构,化繁为简

原则:

1、拆出主句,分清从句;

2、拆出主干,分清修饰;

最佳方式:找断句点

(1)连词;(2)引导词;(3)介词;(4)分词;(5)to;(6)标点符号;

(79)We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment;the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.二、写汉字:以每一小节作为单位来写汉字

目的:初步了解每一个小结构的意思;

(79)We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment;the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.三、连汉字

目的:把每一小节连接成为通顺的句子;需要适当地调整顺序,或者把一些不通顺的词语替换掉。

调整顺序的本源是英语的结构和修饰关系。

替换汉语词语的本源是依据英语的基本词义和上下文的意译。

(79)We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment;the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.因此,我们接受和欢迎环境的巨大不平等;生意、工业和商业集中在少数人手中和少数人之间的竞争法则,这作为我们自己必须适应的条件,因为这不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。因此,我们接受和欢迎环境的巨大不平等;工商贸集中在少数人手中以及少数人之间的竞争法则,这作为我们自己必须适应的条件,因为这不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。(最终)3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind.but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.我们的大脑很容易记住许多特定历史时期的事实,但是选择和鉴别重大事实却是更为艰难的事情并且取决于我们自己的观点。

英汉翻译技巧

一、词意选择,适当引申

(1)分析词根和词缀来翻译(2)分析词性来翻译(3)分析上下文来翻译

(4)结合汉语习惯和固定搭配来翻译

二、适当增加

翻译成汉语后,在不改变英语意思的前提下,适当增加词语,使句子更通顺。

三、适当减少

四、适当重复

可以适当重复出原文省略的部分,或者把并列结构中的相同部分重复出来。We don't retreat , we never have and never will.我们不会退却,我们从来没有后退过,今后也决不会退却。

五、词性转换

把英语的词性变换成汉语的其他词性来翻译。六、四字成语

练习

Passage 3 71.The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No.1 health problem in the U.S.today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness.在医学院担任十二年教师,我所得到的主要印象是:当今美国的首要健康问题甚至比艾滋和癌症更为严重的是美国人不知该怎样对待健康和疾病。

考博翻译的标准

1、准确

2、通顺

准确是前提,其次求通顺,另外检查译文的方式是多读译文。

定语从句前置的翻译

1、定语从句前置

即把定语从句翻译到它修饰的先行词的前面,并习惯用“的”来连接。

Passage 3 72.We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.我们害怕最糟糕的事情发生,期望最糟糕的事情发生,从而招致了最糟糕的事情发生,其结果是我们美国正逐渐成为一个弱者和疑病症患者的民族,一个自我诊断的社会,而不能对轻微的日常症状和那些需要专业护理的症状加以区分。

Passage 10 1.Genuine love is more likely to involve a process of “growing” in love rather than “falling” in love.This may sound terribly unromantic to some who are used to hearing talk about “falling in love” or being “head over heels in love.”

真爱更可能是一个萌生爱意的过程,而并非是坠入爱河。对于那些听惯了一见钟情,爱得神魂颠倒的人来说,这或许太不浪漫了。

Passage 14 2.In reality, the way one experiences old age is contingent upon circumstances of late-life events(in what order they occur, how they occur, when they occur)and the social supports one receives: adequate finances, shelter, medical care, social roles, religious support, recreation.事实上,一个人老年的经历如何,取决于晚年事件发生的环境和一个人所获得的社会支持:前者包括这些事件发生的先后顺序,怎样发生的,和何时发生的,后者包括足够的财力、住宿条件、医疗保障、社会地位、宗教支持、娱乐活动。

Passage 15 2.It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior in any culture;and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use.正常术语主要是用来指在任何文化中,社会所解释的那部分人类行为,而变态术语主要是用来指特定文化所不能接受的那部分人类行为。

代词指代

1、直接对应

2、指代明确

3、用“这”等替代

Passage 15 3.Its variability among different people is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior patterns that different societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior.不同人之间正常行为的可变性主要是由不同社会为其自己所设立的行为模式的可变性所决定的,并且绝对不能完全脱离了文化的制度化的行为模式来加以考虑。

如果定语从句结构简单,信息负载量不大,翻译时前置。

定语从句后置的翻译

如果定语从句太复杂或里面包含的内容太多时,需要后置。

1.Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents.地区之间甚至是整个大陆之间人们通过电子技术交流而构成电子社区,这种概念在现代技术报告中比比皆是

2.For example, electronic communication filters out and alters much of the subtlety, warmth, contextuality, and so on that seem important to fully human, morally engaged interaction.例如,电子交流过滤并且改变了大多数的细微的心理差别,情绪的热烈程度,周围的环境等等,而这些似乎对于那些完全人性化涉及道德的交流来说显得非常重要

Born to Win

Each human being is born as something new, something that never existed before.Each is born with the capacity to win at life.Each person has a unique way of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and thinking.Each has his or her own unique potentials---capabilities and limitations.Each can be a significant, thinking, aware, and creative being---a productive person, a winner.每个人生来就是一个先前从未存在过的崭新个体,他在人生中成功立业的能力与生俱来。每个人都以其独特的方式观察,轻轻触摸,体味和思索大千世界。每个人都可以凭自己的努力成为一个有价值,有头脑,有感悟和有创造性的人即成功者。(5分)人皆生而为新为前所未有则存在。人皆生而为赢。人皆有其特例独行之方式去审视,聆听,触摸,品味及思考因而都具备独特的潜质能力和局限。人皆能举足轻重,思虑明达,洞察秋毫,富有创意,成就功业(8分)

人人皆生而为新,生于世而亘古未见。人人皆生而为赢,富于思而受用终生。人人皆特例独行所见,所闻,所感,所说,所品,所思异彩纷呈。人人皆卓尔不凡,知其所能,查其所限。人人皆是举足轻重,思虑明达,洞察秋毫,富有创意,人人皆是卓越的天才,人人兼具王者的风范。(10分)

72.For individual sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the status of a privileged substance to which, in those early days, only a minority had full access.Mechanized speed made men, and a few women, into heroes, and it remains a commodity to which males, in particular, are attracted.对于个体的运动员,飞行员和驾驶员来说,速度具有一种特权的财富地位,在早期只有少数人才完全有办法获得这种地位。机械化的速度使得男性以及少数女性成为了英雄,速度俨然成为了一种商品,尤其是男性对此趋之若鹜。I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.我曾经碰到这样的一些人,并且发现在谈话过程中可能出现的所有话题他们都能够提供事实和数据来加以支持,但是他们的观点相当令人惊愕。

否定结构的翻译

(一)部分否定:

代词或者副词,all/both/every.../many/entirely/altogether/absolutely/wholly

completely+not

并非所有...;并不是都...例:All that glitters not gold.Both the windows are not open.Everybody does not believe the rumour.(二)全部否定:

never/no/not/none/nobody/nothing/nowhere/neither/nor/not at all

He is no professor.None of my friends smoke.Our great motherland has never before being so prosperous as it is today.(三)双重否定:是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词,即否定之否定

not...not

No spaceship can't be loaded with man.(四)注意具有否定意义的词

The specification lacks detail.The error in calculation escape the accountant.far from

The newspaper...are far from...beyond

He is anything but scholar.The machine is working none the worse.might as well 小结:

如果定语从句结构复杂,信息负载量比较大,翻译到先行词前面不通顺的话需要后置。这时可以和主句脱离单独成句,但常常需要重复先行词或者用代词重复。

状语从句的翻译

状语从句的翻译方法

英语中的状语从句可以直接翻译,但一般要把时间、条件、让步和原因状语从句翻译到主句之前。

3.Infatuation often entails feelings of insecurity whenever the “lovers” are separated;feelings of doubt, fickleness, uncertainty, and fear of loss often accompany infatuation.一旦相爱的双方分开,痴情经常伴随而来的是不安全的感觉;怀疑,朝三暮四,犹豫不决,患得患失经常伴随痴情而来。

4.Infatuation tends to be more manipulative than love because a lasting feeling of relationship probably has not developed, so that the individuals are still concerned mainly about their own needs and satisfactions.痴情之所以比爱情更具有操控性,是因为一种长久的感情关系或许还没有建立,这样一来相爱的双方个人都仍然主要关注的是他们各自的需要和满足感。

2.If man's mind cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can it function properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will.如果人类的思维不能成为一台逻辑机器的话,那么它也不能成为一块巨大的感情海绵可以任意的挤压。

Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's own personality and one's life.(1)死亡是戏剧般的,一次性的危机,然而衰老则是一天天一年年的与内外强大力量抗争的过程,一个苦乐参半的过程,逐渐适应自己的性格和自己的生活。

特殊句型的翻译——被动结构

1.首先可以主宾颠倒

2.其次可以用让,给,叫,受到,得到,加以,得以,为...所,由...来,是...的等代 替,但必要的时候增加人们或者有人等泛指的主语,少用被字。The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young.(3)人们把变老的过程以及最后的死亡最终认为是生命周期的自然进化,老年人完成了他们的寿数给年轻人让路

特殊句型的翻译——形式主语

It is.....形式主语可以当作词组翻译到句子最开头,用据.../有人.../...的是 It is reported that...It is taken that...It is noticed that...It is important that...It can not be denied that...It can be said whitout exaggeration that...可以先翻译后面部分

这是...的 It is difficult to do translation.It is important that...5.For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year, revolving losses running into millions of pounds.These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage.The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year.例如,据报道英国的企业每年遭受大约30起重大的灾难。其中包含损失高达数百万英镑。这些是由机械故障和人为的过失所引起的并不包括以欺诈和破坏等形式所引起的人为的滥用。仅仅在英国国内生产的软件中其损失的代价,据保守的估计就多达每年9亿美元。

特殊句型的翻译——there be 句型

先翻译英语的状语再加有

There is a temple on the hill.在山上有一座庙。There is cup on the table.桌上有一杯子。

There are two monks in the temple.庙里有两个和尚。增加人们,大家,我们等汉语的泛指主语 There is no agreement.直接翻译为汉语的无主句

3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection ofsignificant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.在特定的历史时期有很多事实能够轻易的被灌入到我们的大脑。但在鉴别和选择重要事实方面却是更加重要的事情,并且取决于每个人的观点或态度。

练习的角度: 拿到句子之后,5分钟左右模拟考试写下汉字 十分钟以上查阅词典,分析英语,修改汉语 5分钟以上对照译文巩固成果 阅读文章的翻译: 15-20分钟模考

翻译英语文章 再做一遍题 对答案 巩固成果

汉译英

常见错误分析

多数事情是不能没有朋友而独自享受的,但是阅读却是可以的。

Few things can be enjoyed without friends,but reading is an exception.中美贸易之所以能迅速发展,根本原因在于„

19世纪的精神生活比任何时代的精神生活都要复杂,这是由以下几个原因:

第一,有关地区比以前大了,美国和俄罗斯作出了重大贡献;

第二,一项新兴的事物的主要源泉的科学取得的新的胜利,特别是在生物学、有

机化学、地质学等方面。

The spiritual life is more complex than „

大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等,所以人们对大自然全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间,上千年来,人们一直以不变的方式生活着:种植庄稼和葡萄,酿酒和饮酒,喂牛和挤奶,除草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜;在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌„„往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样,每个地方都有自己的传说。风俗也就延传了下来。All people are blessed by nature,rich and poor alike.That account for their deep rooted attachment to her,especially in the countryside where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.They grow crops and grapes,brew the wine that they drink,raise cows for milk,and weed their garden for cultivation of flowers.On weekends they go to church,and on holidays they go to play music,while singing and dancing in open squares.Thus their olden homeland remain as sweet as ever each with a unique folk law from which its custom have derived.容易犯的错误:

1.词汇错误

词的理解偏差

词的上下搭配

各学校考博题目的来源,这对我当老师非常有用,但对你们学生没有多大作用

已经整理好的学校有:北航,北师大,财科所,首师大,政法,党校,中科院,人大,社科院,美院,民大,但对学生没有多大作用

你们学生需要的是句子分析,怎么去做翻译

考博的题并不比考研的题难,所以也可以做考研的题目来练习

2.词语顺序的错误

3.语篇错误

逐字翻译,画蛇添足

重复不当,不合习惯

断句不当,割裂语篇

汉译英翻译的三步策略

汉译英翻译的错误:

词汇:词的理解偏差,词的上下搭配错,词语顺序上的错,割裂语篇 汉译英翻译的三步策略:

1、什么是句子?

A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.一个句子就是一组词,在书面语中,每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写,句末用句号、问号或者感叹号;大多数句子有主语和谓语。结论1

英语的句子中,大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译,只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语,就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。

除了主语和谓语之外,当然还有修饰语。

所以,定主语、找谓语、加修饰就成了汉英翻译的最简单,最有效,最不容易犯错误的方法。

汉英翻译三步策略 1.定主语 2.找谓语 3.加修饰

你知道我们图书馆所订购书籍的数量吗? 定主语:你 you 找谓语:知道数量吗?know the number? 加修饰:知道书籍的数量,知道图书馆所订购书籍的数量 Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library?

汉译英翻译——定主语

大多数英语句子都有主语和谓语

most sentences contain subject and verb 英语本身语法非常严谨,逻辑非常严密的特点,所以,在汉英翻译中,主语的确定就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键,也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。1.确定原文的主语为译文主语 Passage 12,2(社科院04年)

当前,国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。

At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.Passage 12,2(社科院04年)

和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.Passage 1,5(社科院02年)

我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费,比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。

We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.如今我们有许多不同的选择:除传统的家常菜以外,还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。(武汉大学04年)

Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.若原文主语为动词,需要变为动名词或者不定式

Passage 2,4(社科院03年)

帮助真正的穷人,要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来,符合所有人的利益。

Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.Passage 2,5(社科院03年)

推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展,是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。

To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.2.重新确定主语

A.确定原文的宾语为译文的主语

伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。(中国科学院02年3月考博英语翻译试题)

Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.Passage 1,1(社科院02年)

为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展,我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。

The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.Passage 1,3(社科院02年)

目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。(同上)

At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.B.增加主语——增加泛指的主语:we, one, you Passage 8(人民大学02年)

然而,要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何,考试是考不出名堂来的。

But examinations are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.凡事应该适度,适度是最安全的。(天津大学01年)

One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.C.增加主语——增加it(多用it):在英语中,代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富,它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三点了(It's 3 o'clock now)等,当然,它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。

学好翻译是很困难的It is difficult to learn translation well.自从理查德·尼克松(Richard Nixon)同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。(武汉大学03年)It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.汉译英翻译——找谓语

找谓语的方法:

1、汉语的动词没有人称、时态、数和语态的变化;英语的动词有人称、时态、数和语态的变化;多关注主谓一致原则,多注意英语句子的语法结构。

2、汉语是明显的动作性语言,多数句子都有明显的谓语动词;英语中只有动词才能充当谓语。

3、汉语中有名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语充当谓语,有是字句;英语中用系表结构来翻译。

4、汉语有连动式;英语没有两个动作直接叠加的情况。(1)用and连接并列谓语的动作;(2)用非谓语动词连接;(3)用介词短语代替动作。

5、汉语的谓语有兼语式;英文中用主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语来翻译。

句型:请某人做某事;让某人做某事;叫某人做某事

6、汉语中少用被字句;

汉语中有:把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来、是...的,等时,英语多用被动句翻译。

7、汉语有存现句;

英语多用 There be 句型翻译。

例:过去的五十年不是发明创新的黄金时期。

The past fifty years was not the gold age for invention and innovation.Passage 2 1.实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态,提高了我国经济水平。

Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.Passage 8 迄今为止,教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法,着实有点离奇。

So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education, which seems kind of queer.我相信,中国加入世贸组织后,外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多,自身发展的空间也越来越大。

I believe that, after China's entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investment activities in China and lager space for their own development.投资规模偏大。

The investment scale is too large.很多道路太窄。

Many roads are too narrow.Passage 13 此外,对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们,他们目前的生活状况必须改善。

Furthermore, the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.Passage 5 “学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。

Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.美国的经济体制主要是围绕私人企业和市场为导向建立起来的。

The economy system of USA is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.Passage 13 他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变。

Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.Passage 12 各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决,世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。

Each country's human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people, while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.Passage 4 我们花很少的钱就能够买到一份日报。

The fact that we spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.市政府去年启动了一项净空工程,关闭了大气污染严重的企业。

The municipal government started an air decontamination project at the end of last year closing the enterprises that course heavy pollution.从社会总体、长远的利益出发,政府可以运用税收、转移支付等方式适当调节收入分配差距,扶助弱势群体,维护整个社会的和谐、稳定

From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives, the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.汉译英翻译——加修饰

定语修饰语和状语修饰语,主要有三种:单个单词、短语、从句。

1、加单词:单词作定语一般在中心词前;而作状语可在最开头,可在动词前,还可在句末。例:一个春天的傍晚,父母在园中设宴。

On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden.2、加短语:介词短语、分词短语和不定式短语作定语总是在名词后面,作状语的位置十分灵活,介词短语作定语最适合修饰名词,动词修饰名词时,一般用不定式短语作定语,介乎期间的用分词;作状语时,介词短语一般表时间和地点,分词短语一般表伴随和原因,不定式短语表目的。

3、加从句:

例:因此,我们的苦闷基本上比西方人微小微少,因为苦闷的强弱是随着欲望和野心的大小而转移的。Therefore we suffer less depression than the westerns because the degree of our suffering varing with that of our desire and ambition.Passage 8 各学科的发展日新月异,令人称奇,但衡量知识、能力的方法却依然如故,非常原始。Contrast to the rapid and astonishing development in various subjects, the way of measuring knowledge and ability remains as before, rather primitive.Passage 8 尽管有不少人认定,考试能衡量出一个人的知识水平,但实际情况恰恰相反,这是有目共睹的。

Though some people believe that exams could weigh one's knowledge level, the truth is just the opposite, as is obvious to all.Passage 8 要想考察一个人死记硬背的本事和在极大压力下快速答题的技巧,考试或许是个不错的办法。Exams may be a not-so-bad solution to test the ability to remember something by rote or to answer questions quickly yet under great pressure.然而,要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何,考试是考不出名堂来的。

but they are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.

第二篇:考博英语翻译易考词组汇总

2016/11/17 2017年考博英语翻译易考词组

2017年考博英语翻译易考词组

1.be determined by 由…所决定 2.have something to do with 与…有关 3.be central to sth.是…的核心

4.in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5.be due to 由于(常做表语)6.be deprived of 被剥夺 7.respond to 对…作出反应 8.as the basis of 依据/根据 9.be born with 天生具有 10.In contrast 相比之下 11.shut off 关上,停止,切断

12.in any case=at any rate 不管怎样,无论如何;in no case 决不13.or so 大概,大约 14.at the rate of 以…的速率 15.take time 花费时间

16.be likely to 可能;倾向于 17.result in 导致

18.not nearly 远不能;远非

19.head into走向;陷入(危机)20.in the matter of 关于;就…而言 21.make…possible 使…成为可能

22.combine…with 把……和…结合起来;加上

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23.in the fashion of 以…方式

24.such…as 像…一样

25.refer to…提到;谈到

26.agreement on 一致意见

27.be comparable to 和…相当;犹如 28.in terms of 根据;按照;在…方面 29.on the whole 总体来说;大体上看

30.draw a conclusion 得出结论

31.have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32.only if 只要

33.the same…as 与…一样

34.by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏

35.nothing but 只不过是 36.by means of 通过;借助于 37.by the help of 通过…的帮助

38.in a sort of sense 从某种意义上来说

39.manage to do sth.设法做到 40.extract …from 从……提炼出 41.out of…起源;来源;根据 42.build up 建立;树立 43.by no means 绝不

44.be compared with 与……相比 45.a sort of 某种

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46.set…… in motion开始;

47.differ in…在…方面不同

48.go through 经历;经受;仔细检查

49.in the one case =on the one hand

50.in the course of the day=during the day 51.a train of=a series of=an array of=a variety of 52.revolve around 围绕…转;以…为中心 53.not so much…as 与其说…不如说… 54.because of 由于 55.move forward 向前发展 56.in short 简而言之;总之 57.as we call it 我们所谓的

58.the reach of science 科学能够到达的范围 59.a series of 一系列 60.over the years 多年以来 61.turn…on…转向,朝向 62.rather than 而不是

63.at the expense of=at the cost of 以…为代价 64.vice versa反之亦然 65.depend on 取决于 66.driving force 驱动力 67.social inequality 社会不公 68.in doing sth 在…过程中

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69.divert…from 把…从…转移 70.lie with 取决于;在于

71.be validated by 被…验证/证实 72.whether…or 是……还是

73.depend upon…and on 取决于…还取决于… 74.depend upon…and upon 取决于…还取决于… 75.such…as 例如,象这种的 76.in general 通常;大体上;一般而言 77.for example 比如

78.compensate for 补偿;赔偿

79.underprivileged youngster 贫困的/下层社会的年轻人80.grow up 长大

81.under…circumstances 在…环境下 82.be results of 由于… 83.social needs 社会需求 84.to some extent 在一定程度上 85.come to the conclusion 得出结论 86.make demand of 对…提出要求 87.scientific establishment 科研机构

88.in detail 详细地

89.a certain amount of 一定数量的 90.not related to… 与…没有关系 91.immediate goals 当前目标

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92.be unable to do 不能够…

93.in principle 原则上;基本上;一般而言 94.deal with 应付;解决;处理

95.new forms of thought 新的思维方式 96.as well as 和

97.new subjects for thought 新的思维对象/内容 98.in the past 过去

99.give rise to sth 导致;引起;使…产生 100.scoial contract 社会合同 101.an agreed account of 共识 102.human rights 人权 103.leads ……to 导致

104.at the outset 从一开始;开始的时候 105.invite sb.to do sth.使某人认为 106.duties and entitlements 权利和义务 107.extend to 给与 108.no…at all.根本不是

109.arguing from the view that…以…的角度看 110.different from…… 与…不同

111.in every relevant respect 在所有相关的方面 112.in action 起作用 113.laugh at 嘲笑

114.even more important 更重要的是

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115.be able to 能够 116.look into 洞察;观察 117.put forward 放出;拿出;提出 118.work with 与…共事/合作;起作用 119.close in on 接近,差不多 120.as expected 正如预期的 121.a refinement of 一种更为完美的 122.as…as… 和…一样 123.conform to 符合;遵照 124.see…as 把…看作

125.less…and more 与其说…不如说… 126.intellectual discipline 知识学科

127.whether…or 是…还是… 128.refer to 指代… 129.peculiar to …特有的

130.appropriate to 适合的;恰当的 131.apply to 适合于;存在于

132.view…as 把…看成;把…当成

133.equate…with 把…等同于…;认为…是 134.speclialized scientists 专家 135.centralized control 中央控制

136.under…conditions在…条件下 137.such as 比如

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138.it is obvious that 很明显…

139.be bound up with与…联系在一起;与…有关系 140.be directly bound up with 与…直接相关 141.in turn 依此;轮流;又 142.rest upon…取决于 143.of all kinds 所有种类的… 144.owing to 由于

145.be exposed to sth.暴露于;接触到 146.be forced to do sth.被迫做…

147.for the reasons given above 由于上述原因 148.far-reaching 意义深远的;影响很大的 149.spread over 遍布;覆盖

150.arise from 由…产生的;由…带来的 151.migration movement 人口流动

152.modern means of transport 现代交通手段 153.population explosion 人口爆炸 154.pollution monitor 污染监测器 155.digital age 数字时代 156.be regarded as…被当成是 157.piece together 拼合;汇聚;综合 158.hundreds of 数以百计的 159.around the world 全世界

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160.key breakthroughs and discoveries 重大突破与发现 161.take place 发生 162.point out 指出 163.lead to 导致

164.home appliances 家用电器

165.result in 导致

166.man-machine integration 人机一体化 167.behavior science 行为科学 168.human nature 人性 169.natural selction 自然选择

170.a little more than a hundred yeras 一百多年 171.what is called 所谓的

172.trace…to… 从…寻找根源;从…研究 173.state of mind 心态 174.and so on诸如此类

175.partly because…and partly because…部分是因为…部分是因为… 176.be held responsible for…被认为应该对…负责 177.be given credit for… 为…受到称赞 178.with it 随之

179.cross-cultrual perspective 跨文化的角度 180.concrete research 具体研究 181.subject…to…使…服从于 182.in… manner 以…方式;用…方法 2016/11/17 2017年考博英语翻译易考词组

183.seek to 力图;试图;设法 184.combined with 加上;连同 185.bring to 加进;使用;采用 186.define…as… 把…定义为 187.makes…possible 使…成为可能 188.language and thought 语言和思维 189.have some connections with…与…有联系;190.take root 生根;被牢固树立 191.be obliged to sb.感激某人 192.die out 灭绝

193.so…that… 如此…以至于

194.accuse sb.of… 指责某人干某事 195.be interested in doing sth.对…感兴趣 196.come to 开始;逐渐;进而 197.believe in 相信 198.a sort of某种的

199.habitual thought习惯思维 200.grammatical pattern 语法结构

第三篇:2010年3月中科院考博英语翻译

The Internet is good at shame.【There are countless Web sites where people can post nasty rants about ex-lovers and rude customers or, worse, push fragile teens over the edge, as in the recent case of a Missouri girl driven to suicide by online bullying】.Now a new site aimed at college students is raising questions about the legality of online rumor mills.【JuicyCampus.com is a rapidly growing gossip site that solicits content with the promise of anonymity.But what began as fun and games—and now has spinoffs on seven college campuses, including Duke University, where it began—has turned ugly and, in many cases, flatly defamatory】.The posts have devolved from innocuous tales of secret crushes to racist tirades and lurid finger-pointing about drug use and sex, often with the alleged culprit identified by first and last name.In one post, a nameless Loyola Marymount University student asks why so many African-Americans and Latinos are enrolled at the school: “I thought the high tuition was supposed to keep the undesirables OUT?”【 It's gotten to the point, says Dan Belzer, a Duke senior who has written about the site for his school's newspaper, where “anyone with a grudge can maliciously attack defenseless students.”】

【And get away with it, too.JuicyCampus—whose Duke-graduate founder, Matt Ivestor, declined to comment for this story—isn't sponsored by the schools it covers, so administrators can't regulate it.】 Neither does the law.Such sites are protected by a federal law that immunizes Web hosts from liability for the musings of their users—as long as the hosts themselves don't modify content.(And firmly establishing the identity of an individual poster would be next to impossible.)The rationale is to protect big companies like AOL from the actions of each and every user.But as a consequence, it means victims of a damaged rep have little legal recourse.“Courts tend to have antiquated understandings of privacy,” says Daniel Solove, an expert in cyberlaw and the author of “The Future of Reputation.” “Until that changes, we're going to see this keep happening.” 【At present, there's only one sure way to rein in a site like JuicyCampus: persuade everyone to stop using it.But you don't need a college degree to figure out that won't happen.】

Part IV Translation(30 minutes, 15 points)Direction: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet II.As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the worlds’s rich and poor is widening, both within and among countries.1)The vast majority of the world's population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its collective wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing.In 2001 Forbes magazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified 2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day.Overall, the richest 20 percent of the world's people control 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome.2)They include environmental destruction—richer nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and individuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive.They include migration—people are forced to move in search of adequate resources.And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individuals fight to keep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them.3)Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism.The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations;the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete;a growing “digital divide” characterized by lack of access to information technology;inadequate governance and protection of law;and lack of access to education, healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.4)Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however.With an awareness of the interdependence of our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that threatens to divide the world against itself.And reversing this trend would have powerful and positive impact on our future.5)Bringing the nearly 5 billion people of the less industrialized world into a sustainable economy through “pro-poor” policies would provide a tremendous boost to the world economy, as well as to those people.With increased economic opportunities comes improved access to nutrition, education, and health care.With those comes higher income, greater autonomy—especially for women—and the opportunity to pursue environmentally sound technologies and products.进入21世纪以来,在全球范围内,不论是国内还是国家之间,贫富差距加大。全球财富中,世界上绝大多数人所能获得的份额在日益减少,而少数几个富人和富国所获得的份额却在稳步增长。2001年《福布斯》杂志收录了资本净值总额为l.7万亿美元的538位亿万富翁,而联合国确认有28亿人每天靠不足2美元艰难度日。总的说来,全世界最富裕的20%的人口控制着全球86%的财富,而最贫穷的20%的人El所占的财富仅为1%。

贫富差距日益加大所产生的影响是方方面面的,也是令人担忧的。其中包括对环境的破坏:富人和富国因财力充足而过度地消费资源;穷人和穷国为了生存而不得不过度地开发利用环境。其次是迁移——人们为了寻找足够的资源而不得不背井离乡。还有冲突——富人和富国通过对抗以确保对财富的所有权;饱受资源不足之苦的穷人和穷国则通过对抗来获得他们所需要的资源。贫穷的群体一般都缺乏资金和技术,无力从事大规模的常规战争以达到自己的目的,因此常常诉诸于小型的对抗和恐怖活动。

虽然导致全球贫富差距的原因是多方面的,也是很复杂的,但是其中就包括了有利于工业化国家的殖民时代的贸易模式;穷国在其中奋力抗争的经济和经济结构的全球化;由于信息技术不发达而逐渐增大的“数字化差异“;法律管理和保护的不善;教育、医疗保健、社会安全保障体系的缺乏,尤其是针对妇女和女童的安全保障体系的缺乏。

但是,这些国家和个人不必毫无止境地贫困下去。意识到当今世界需要相互依赖,在共l司的政治愿望的促使下,扭转这种迫使世界违背自身的愿望而分裂的趋势是有可能的。而扭转这种趋势对我们的未来会产生积极而有力的影响。

执行“扶贫”政策,把来自世界工业发展欠发达地区的近50亿人都纳入到一个可持续经济发展的框架之下,将不仅造福于这50亿人,而且将极大地推动世界经济的发展。随着经济发展机遇的增加,人们获得的营养、教育和医疗保健的水平也得以改善。而这些带来的又是高收入、高度自治——尤其是妇女的高度自治以及追求环保型技术和产品的机遇

英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处,翻译时往往不能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配有时可译成否定句

1.These goods are in short supply.这些货物供应不足。

2.This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一定也不复杂。

二、为了使译文自然流畅,读起来顺口,在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字

1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.这是我度过最愉快的一天。

2.It is easy to compress a gas.气体很容易压缩。

三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构

1.She spoke in a high voice.她讲话声音很尖。

2.This engine develops a high torque.这台发动机产生的转矩很大。

四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰,英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序

1.a large brick conference hall

一个用砖砌的大会议厅

2.a plastic garden chair

一把在花园里用的塑料椅子

五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词同连系动词构成复合谓语时,翻译时可将形容词译成动词

1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。

2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。

3.He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.他诚恳地忏悔过去,并保证永远不再玩汽车。

六、由于语言习惯不同,英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词

1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。

2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。

3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。

从以上几个方面可以看出,译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节。

英汉互译的几种方法

在翻译中,针对词汇空缺现象,在词汇的借用、引用方面通常采取四种形式: 音译、直译、改编、意译

1.音译:人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时,均可采用 音译法介绍到译文语言中去,如: [汉译英] 磕头(kowtow),荔枝(litchi); [英译汉]、engine(引擎),motor(马达),sofa(沙发),logic(逻辑)(考试大)

2.直译: paper tiger(纸老虎),lose face(丢脸),Seeing is believing.(百闻不如一见。)Out of mind,out of sight.(眼不见,心不烦)

3.改编:所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意 义补充的翻译,在翻译的“改编法”中,译者总 是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性,另一方面 更希望译文含义明朗,使读者一目了然。

比如,汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语,可译成 This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中,“鲁班”变成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter” 否则鲁班究竟是什么人,不知道典故的外国读者 就会感到茫然。这类译法在英译中比较常见,如巧克力糖(chocolate),鸦片烟(opium),高尔夫球(golf),来福枪(rifle),尼龙布(nylon)

4.意译法:填补语言中的词汇、语义空缺,采用“并行法”即意译法是一种常见的有效方 法。如果某一语言观象,在译文语言中只的用意 义相同的不同语言形式即“并行”的词汇来翻译 时,那么就等于说译文语言的形式中存在着一个 “空缺”。比如,有许多词以及由这些词代表的思 想概念,最先只存在于某种语言中,当把这些词 或概念介绍到另一种语言中去时,我们可采取音 译,直译法,同时也可采用意译法,而且意译译文 可从语音、语法、语义等方面都合乎译文语言的 规范,因此最易为读者接受。比如: communism,democracy,和proletariat等外来词变成“共产主义” “民主”和”无产者”时,可以说最先是意译的结 果。同时,由于“共产主义”,“无产者”等完全 是按我们汉语的构词规则,用汉语的构词材料构成 的。因此,这种意译只不过是属于一种概念的借鉴 而已。

倒装和分割结构

为了强调句子的某些部分,或是为了保持句子平衡,英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来,倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候,既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译,也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。

1.For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析:本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为: if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文体中,可以将虚拟条件句中的 if 省略,并将助动词提前。

译文:例如,它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公,因此不能说明一个贫困青年,要是在比较有利的境况下长大,会有多大才干。

2.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.分析:该句中 so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用 so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。

译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用 —— 而且随着昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。

3.Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.分析:该句的 Much as I have traveled 是一个由 as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于 though I have traveled much,但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。

译文:我虽然见多识广,但还从未见过比她细心的人,不管什么职业。

4.Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.分析:相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是,如果 only 修饰的不是状语,则不用倒装。

译文:只有很好地掌握了语法知识,写出来的东西才会正确。

5.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.分析:当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。

译文: 1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。

6.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.分析: hardly…when 的结构表示 “ 刚 … 就 …”。含有这种结构的句子常将 hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒装的语序。此外,hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时,而 when(或 before)分句中使用过去时。还有,与 hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有 barely(scarcely)…when…

译文:他刚开始讲,听众就打断了他的话。

7.To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析: such…that 结构可将 such 或含有 such 的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有 so…that 结构。

译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。

8.Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析:本句为表语前置,表示强调。正常语序应为: It is certain that…。

译文:植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。

9.We rally should not resent being called paupers.Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.分析:这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接,从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置。

译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

10.Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析:正常语序应为: The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。为使语言生动形象,文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里 bear=carry。

译文:从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车,车上坐着学校最著名的人物。

语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如,英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联,它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是,在有些情况下,或是为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻;或是为了语义严密,结构紧凑,在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之,英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末,使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语意重点放在句末)。同时,在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。

1.Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.分析:本句的主干结构是: Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell.Turner 是美国历史学家。under a spell :被迷住,着迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语,起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句 when they considered women at all 是定语从句 who considered women in the West 中的状语成分。

译文:从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。

2.Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析: the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句 that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。

译文:美国人常认为,在他们国家,一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层,亚伯拉罕 " 林肯就是极好的例子。

3.In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.分析:本句的主干结构是: …there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…” 是过去分词短语,修饰 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式 “to succeed” 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。

译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心 —— 确实有人称之为前所未有的决心 —— 而渡过难关,取得了胜利。

4.The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.分析: in trying to solve 插在 the problem 和定语从句 which… 之间,起到承上启下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics 为 investigations 的后置定语,起到分割作用。

译文:由于剩余价值的发现,使问题明朗化了。而先前,无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

5.A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.分析: lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人 1982 年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把 “better” 译为副词 “ 更好地 ”。

译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。

6.It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析: insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语 as a first consideration 分割,做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在 1933 年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多,翻译时可把名词转译为动词。

译文:我们首先应考虑的是,坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系 —— 即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。

7.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析:连词 as 引导的比较状语从句中,it 代替 for two old people to be。to be 后省略了 fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。

译文:象两位老人一生中没有其他什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。

8.As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列结构,作 two other reasons 的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。

译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。

9.Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.考博汉英翻译重要策略

EMBA 在职博士 专升本 自考网 在职研究生

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一、中的一个悖论 英汉翻译和翻译,哪一个更难?

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一、中的一个悖论

英汉翻译和翻译,哪一个更难?大多数人会答曰:汉英翻译更难。显然,这看起来是一种合理的问问题的方法,其实并非如此。英汉翻译和汉英翻译,没有哪一个更难和不难的问题,只是因人而异,视个人的水平和翻译水平而定。那么,为什么大多数人会有一种明显的“汉英翻译比英汉翻译更难”的感觉呢?有回答这个问题,我们有必要了解一下翻译的过程。其实,无论是英汉翻译,还是汉英翻译,就翻译的过程而言,只有两个:一是对原文的理解,二是用译文来表达。弄明白理解和表达这两个过程,我们就可以清楚的看到,为什么大多数人会有一种“汉英翻译更难”的论调了。

首先,有必要考查一下英汉翻译的过程。如果做英汉翻译的话,我们第一步需要理解英语,然后再把理解到的英语表达成为汉语就可以了。因为英语毕竟是我们的外语,所以大多数人认为,我们不懂英语是正常的。所以,无论英译汉这个过程汇总,英语有多难或者有多简单都没有,我们可以查阅英语词典得出比较正确的译文。然后,换过来,汉译英则不一样了。那些认为汉译英更难的人就认为,明明我们认识汉语,却不能用地道的英语来翻译,所以,汉译英很难做。但是,如果我们这样来想,在英译汉的过程中,我们连第一步(理解英语)可能都无法完成;而汉译英的话,好歹我们能完成翻译的第一步(理解汉语原文)。没有人能否认我们中国人,看不懂汉语吧?

既然如此,我们就能够克服那种长期以后认为“汉英翻译更难”的心理障碍了。那么如何比较有效的完成汉英翻译呢?根据长期以来积累从事翻译教学的,笔者认为可以从以下三个步骤来着手:

二、汉英翻译三步之一:定主语 1. 翻译的单位

在翻译中,最小的翻译单位是什么?是篇章吗?是段落吗?是句子吗?是吗?甚至是音节吗?这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是,对于初学翻译的人来说,或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人,要去应付一个翻译考试的时候,笔者认为,句子可能是最好的翻译单位。什么是句子?或者具体说来,在汉英翻译中,要把汉语翻译成英语,究竟什么是英语的句子? 柯林斯词典对英语句子的定义是这样的:A sentence is a group of words which,when they are written down,begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop,question mark or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具体说来,英语的句子可以这样来定义:一个句子就是一组词,在书面语中,每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写,句末用句号、问号或者感叹号;大多数句子有主语和谓语。

根据英语句子的定义,我们可以清楚的知道,英语的句子中,大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译,只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语,就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。而英语本身语法非常严谨,逻辑非常严密的特点,所以,在汉英翻译中,主语的确定和谓语的选择就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键,也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。

2. 确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语

1)把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语,这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法,也是我们做汉英翻译“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。如:

例1. 当前,国际正着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。(中国社会科学院04年考博英语翻译)

At present,the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2. 和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。(同上)

Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.以上两个例子中,汉语句子的主语是名词,由于名词在英语句子中可以直接充当主语,所以在翻译的时候可以直接对应下来,确定这个名词为译文的主语。

2)汉语和英语都有一个共同的特点,就是代词可以充当主语,所以,我们当然还可以直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英语译文的主语。如:

例3. 我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费,比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。(中国社会科学院02年考博英语翻译试题)

We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption,such as the excessive use of air conditioners,private cars and disposable products at will.例4. 如今我们有许多不同的选择:除传统的家常菜以外,还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food,convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在汉语中,除了上述名词和代词可以作主语之外,动词也可以直接充当主语,英语的动词原形则不能。可是,我们非常清楚的知道,英语中的动名词或者动词不定式形式则可以充当主语。所以,如果我们要确定汉语的动词主语来充当英语译文的主语时,必须要使用这个动词的动名词形式或者不定式形式。如:

例5. 帮助真正的穷人,要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来,符合所有人的利益。(中国社会科学院03年考博英语翻译试题)

Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6. 推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展,是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。

To continue to propel the modernization drive,to achieve reunification of the motherland,and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3. 重新确定主语

由于汉语和英语两种语言存在着较的的差异,有时候,确定汉语句子的主语为英语译文句子主语的时候,常常会导致英语句子的逻辑比较混乱,而不能直接对应。所以,这时候,就有必要从原句中挑出其他词来,充当英语译文的主语。1)把汉语确定汉语原文的宾语为英语译文的主语

宾语是动作所及的对象,常常是人或者物。在翻译中,我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语来充当英语译文的主语。但是,在这种情况下,一般需要用英语的被动句式来翻译。如: 例7. 伟大艺术的鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。

Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.(中国科学院02年3月考博英语翻译试题)

说明:在这个例子中,我们可以看到,汉语的主语太长,如果直接用汉语原文的主语来充当英语译文的主语,就显得有点头重脚轻。这个时候,我们就可以利用“英语句子多用被动句”的特点,确定汉语原文的宾语“智慧”来充当英语译文的主语。例8. 为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展,我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。(中国社会科学院02年考博英语翻译试题)

The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained,rapid and sound development of the national economy. 说明:在这个例子中,汉语原文的主语应该是“我们”。但是,这个我们属于泛指的,不专门针对某一个人或者某几个人。当然,一方面,我们可以采用选取汉语原文的“我们”来充当英语译文的主语,而把这个句子的译文安排为“We must accelerate„”这样一个结构。但是,直接选用汉语原文的宾语“国有企业的改革步伐”来充当英语译文的主语,并且不提出这个泛指的主语“我们”,更适合英语的表达方式。

例9. 目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。(同上)

At present,a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in.说明:在这个例子中,汉语是一个无主句。显然,一方面,我们可以确定汉语的宾语为英语的主语,使用英语的被动结构来翻译,避免了需要去找一个动作发出者来充当主语的情况。

以上例子清楚的说明,选择汉语原文的宾语充当译文主语的情况下,通常是需要用英语的被动结构来翻译的。但是,并不是说所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如:

例10. 中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.说明:我们可以看到,上面这个例子中,汉语原文的主语是“中国的饮食方式”,谓语是“发生”,宾语是“许多变化”。当一旦确定了宾语“许多变化”为英语译文主语的时候,这个英语译文的逻辑结构就可以直接用主动结构:Many changes are taking place„。因为在英语中,“变化”与动词“发生”的搭配是符合逻辑,而不能说“变化被发生”。

2)确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语来充当英语译文的主语

有时候,汉语主语中心词的修饰语可能是整个句子的突出部分。在翻译的时候,为了正确传达原文中突出的,我们就可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语确定为英语译文的主语。如: 例11. 中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)China has a long history in her diet culture.说明:在这个例子中,汉语的主语是“中国的饮食文化”,其主语中心词是“文化”。如果确定“文化”为英语译文的主语,则原来汉语句子只能生硬的转化为“文化具有历史”这样的英语结构。所以我们可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语“中国”确定为英语译文的主语,这样一来,整个句子的逻辑结构就非常清楚,突出了“中国在饮食文化方面具有悠久的历史”这个。

例12. 他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色。(选自陈宏薇和李亚丹 新编汉英翻译教程)

He was a giant of a man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.说明:在这个例子中,从形式上看,汉语的主语中心词是“身材”,单似乎随后的三个部分的内容“生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色”都是在说明“他”,而不是“他的身材”。因为我们不能说“他的身材生了一副大长方脸”,所以,我们就确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语“他”来充当英语译文的主语。

4.增加主语

汉语句法具有开放性和松散性,句子不一定要有主语,因而有许多无主句,如“出太阳了”,“昨晚放了一场电影”等;另外一些句子,在上下文意思清楚的情况下,主语往往承前省略,出现许多主语省略句。在将这些无主句和省略句译为英语时,必须补出主语,以形成英语译文中主谓齐备的格局。但是,补出什么作主语是一个十分复杂的问题。译者必须透彻理解上下文,仔细斟酌原文的确切含义,反复推敲英语的表达方式,才能补出恰当的主语,否则会歪曲原文的意思。增加主语的方法一般有以下几种: 1)增加泛指的主语“we,you,one”等。

汉语句子在泛指的时候,显然可以增加上英语表示泛指的主语。如:

例13. 充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。(上海理工大学04年考博英语翻译试题)

We should take advantage of non public-owned economy,including individual,privately owned etc.,to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement,enlarging employment,and flourishing the market.例14. 然而,要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际如何,考试是考不出名堂来的。(中国人民大学02年考博英语翻译试题)

But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift,intelligence or practical abilities of a person.

例15. 凡事应该适度,适度是最安全的。(天津大学01年考博英语翻译试题)

One should be moderate in all things,and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英语代词it作主语

在英语中,代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富,它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三点了(It’s 3 o’clock now)等,当然,它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。如:

例16. 自从理查德尼克松(Richard Nixon)同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。(武汉大学03年考博英语翻译试题)

It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.说明:在这个例子中,汉语原文是一个明显的表示时间的无主句。我们则可以增加英语的代词it来充当英语译文的主语。

例17. 大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。(中国人民大学03年考博英语翻译试题)It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.说明:在这个例子中,汉语的原文主语是“的研究所”。但是如果我们确定“大学的研究所”作为英语译文的主语,则没有办法很好的体现汉语原文的强调语气“才是”。所以,我们就可以增加代词it,用英语的强调句型来翻译。

例18. 知道这个答案是有用的„„如果你想到英语国家去念大学,或者你想找一份需要英语技能的的话,通过语言考试那就至关重要了。

It’s useful to know the answer„ it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or university in an English-speaking country,or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.说明:在这个例子中,我们可以非常清楚的看到,汉语原文有非常显着的用英语代词it充当形式主语来翻译的特征:那就是,如果汉语句型通常呈现出“„是很重要/有用/有意义的”等结构,或者是“据说(It is said„),有人认为(It is taken that„)”等结构。

3)增加there be„

显然,如果汉语原文表达的是“有、存在、出现”等概念,我们则可以用英语的there be„句型来翻译。如:

例19. 还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们,他们还需要政府的资助。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)

There will still be some people living in extreme poverty,who are still in need of the government‘s financial support.例20. 举例来说,在早先的法国洞穴绘画里,早于公元前10,000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。(大学02年考博英语翻译试题)

For example,among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10,000 B.C.,there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.从上述分析中我们可以知道,汉语的语言句法和逻辑结构比较松散,而英语则有非常清楚的语法结构和严谨的逻辑结构。而英语句子基本上是围绕主语来展开句型结构的,正因此,我们有必要在汉英翻译中,确定英语的主语。只要确定了汉语原文中用什么来充当英语译文的主语,我们就基本上能选择出一个合适的谓语动词来。可以这么说,英语的语法结构的表现在英语的谓语上,或者说表现在主语和谓语之间的相互制约。所以,谓语的选择也是汉英翻译中一个非常重要的问题。

例1. 当前,国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。(中国社会科学院04年考博英语翻译试题)At present,the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2. 和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。(同上)Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the wo rld.以上两个例子中,汉语句子的主语是名词,由于名词在英语句子中可以直接充当主语,所以在翻译的时候可以直接对应下来,确定这个名词为译文的主语。

2)汉语和英语都有一个共同的特点,就是代词可以充当主语,所以,我们当然还可以直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英语译文的主语。如:例3. 我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费,比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。(中国社会科学院02年考博英语翻译试题)We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavio r of over-consumption,such as the excessive use of air conditioners,private cars and disposable products at will.例4. 如今我们有许多不同的选择:除传统的家常菜以外,还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food,convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在汉语中,除了上述名词和代词可以作主语之外,动词也可以直接充当主语,英语的动词原形则不能。可是,我们非常清楚的知道,英语中的动名词或者动词不定式形式则可以充当主语。所以,如果我们要确定汉语的动词主语来充当英语译文的主语时,必须要使用这个动词的动名词形式或者不定式形式。如:例5. 帮助真正的穷人,要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来,符合所有人的利益。(中国社会科学院03年考博英语翻译试题)Helping the truly poo r is much wo rthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6. 推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展,是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。To continue to propel the modernization drive,to achieve reunification of the motherland,and to safeguard wo rld peace and promote common development are the three histo rical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3. 重新确定主语由于汉语和英语两种语言存在着较的的差异,有时候,确定汉语句子的主语为英语译文句子主语的时候,常常会导致英语句子的逻辑比较混乱,而不能直接对应。所以,这时候,就有必要从原句中挑出其他词来,充当英语译文的主语。1)把汉语确定汉语原文的宾语为英语译文的主语宾语是动作所及的对象,常常是人或者物。在翻译中,我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语来充当英语译文的主语。但是,在这种情况下,一般需要用英语的被动句式来翻译。如:例7. 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic wo rks and in understanding great scientific concepts.(中国科学院02年3月考博英语翻译试题)说明:在这个例子中,我们可以看到,汉语的主语太长,如果直接用汉语原文的主语来充当英语译文的主语,就显得有点头重脚轻。这个时候,我们就可以利用“英语句子多用被动句”的特点,确定汉语原文的宾语“智慧”来充当英语译文的主语。

例8. 为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展,我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。(中国社会科学院02年考博英语翻译试题)The speed of refo rm of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained,rapid and sound development of the national economy.说明:在这个例子中,汉语原文的主语应该是“我们”。但是,这个我们属于泛指的,不专门针对某一个人或者某几个人。当然,一方面,我们可以采用选取汉语原文的“我们”来充当英语译文的主语,而把这个句子的译文安排为“We must accelerate„”这样一个结构。但是,直接选用汉语原文的宾语“国有企业的改革步伐”来充当英语译文的主语,并且不提出这个泛指的主语“我们”,更适合英语的表达方式。例9. 目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。(同上)At present,a sweeping and profound social and economic refo rm is being carried out in China.说明:在这个例子中,汉语是一个无主句。显然,一方面,我们可以确定汉语的宾语为英语的主语,使用英语的被动结构来翻译,避免了需要去找一个动作发出者来充当主语的情况。

以上例子清楚的说明,选择汉语原文的宾语充当译文主语的情况下,通常是需要用英语的被动结构来翻译的。但是,并不是说所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如:例10. 中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.说明:我们可以看到,上面这个例子中,汉语原文的主语是“中国的饮食方式”,谓语是“发生”,宾语是“许多变化”。当一旦确定了宾语“许多变化”为英语译文主语的时候,这个英语译文的逻辑结构就可以直接用主动结构:Many changes are taking place„。因为在英语中,“变化”与动词“发生”的搭配是符合逻辑,而不能说“变化被发生”。

2)确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语来充当英语译文的主语有时候,汉语主语中心词的修饰语可能是整个句子的突出部分。在翻译的时候,为了正确传达原文中突出的,我们就可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语确定为英语译文的主语。如:例11. 中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)China has a long histo ry in her diet culture.说明:在这个例子中,汉语的主语是“中国的饮食文化”,其主语中心词是“文化”。如果确定“文化”为英语译文的主语,则原来汉语句子只能生硬的转化为“文化具有历史”这样的英语结构。所以我们可以把主语中心词前面的修饰语“中国”确定为英语译文的主语,这样一来,整个句子的逻辑结构就非常清楚,突出了“中国在饮食文化方面具有悠久的历史”这个。例12. 他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色。(选自陈宏薇和李亚丹 新编汉英翻译教程)He was a giant of a man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.说明:在这个例子中,从形式上看,汉语的主语中心词是“身材”,单似乎随后的三个部分的内容“生一副大长方脸,嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色”都是在说明“他”,而不是“他的身材”。因为我们不能说“他的身材生了一副大长方脸”,所以,我们就确定汉语原文主语中心词的修饰语“他”来充当英语译文的主语。

4.增加主语汉语句法具有开放性和松散性,句子不一定要有主语,因而有许多无主句,如“出太阳了”,“昨晚放了一场电影”等;另外一些句子,在上下文意思清楚的情况下,主语往往承前省略,出现许多主语省略句。在将这些无主句和省略句译为英语时,必须补出主语,以形成英语译文中主谓齐备的格局。但是,补出什么作主语是一个十分复杂的问题。译者必须透彻理解上下文,仔细斟酌原文的确切含义,反复推敲英语的表达方式,才能补出恰当的主语,否则会歪曲原文的意思。增加主语的方法一般有以下几种:

1)增加泛指的主语“we,you,one”等。汉语句子在泛指的时候,显然可以增加上英语表示泛指的主语。如:例13. 充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。(上海理工大学04年考博英语翻译试题)We should take advantage of non public-owned economy,including individual,privately owned etc.,to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement,enlarging employment,and flourishing the market.例14. 然而,要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何,考试是考不出名堂来的。(中国人民大学02年考博英语翻译试题)But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift,intelligence o r practical abilities of a person.例15. 凡事应该适度,适度是最安全的。(天津大学01年考博英语翻译试题)One should be moderate in all things,and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英语代词it作主语在英语中,代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富,它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三点了(It’s 3 o’clock now)等,当然,它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。如:例16. 自从理查德8226;尼克松(Richard Nixon)同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。(武汉大学03年考博英语翻译试题)It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.说明:在这个例子中,汉语原文是一个明显的表示时间的无主句。我们则可以增加英语的代词it来充当英语译文的主语。例17. 大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。(中国人民大学03年考博英语翻译试题)It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research wo rk at a basic level.说明:在这个例子中,汉语的原文主语是“大学的研究所”。但是如果我们确定“大学的研究所”作为英语译文的主语,则没有办法很好的体现汉语原文的强调语气“才是”。所以,我们就可以增加代词it,用英语的强调句型来翻译。例18. 知道这个答案是有用的„„如果你想到英语国家去念大学,或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话,通过语言考试那就至关重要了。It’s useful to know the answer„ it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college o r university in an English-speaking country,o r if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.说明:在这个例子中,我们可以非常清楚的看到,汉语原文有非常显着的用英语代词it充当形式主语来翻译的特征:那就是,如果汉语句型通常呈现出“„是很重要/有用/有意义的”等结构,或者是“据说(It is said„),有人认为(It is taken that„)”等结构。

3)增加there be„显然,如果汉语原文表达的是“有、存在、出现”等概念,我们则可以用英语的there be„句型来翻译。如:例19. 还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们,他们还需要政府的资助。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)There will still be some people living in extreme poverty,who are still in need of the government‘s financial suppo rt.例20. 举例来说,在早先的法国洞穴绘画里,早于公元前10,000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。(复旦大学02年考博英语翻译试题)Fo r example,among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10,000 B.C.,there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.从上述分析中我们可以知道,汉语的语言句法和逻辑结构比较松散,而英语则有非常清楚的语法结构和严谨的逻辑结构。而英语句子基本上是围绕主语来展开句型结构的,正因此,我们有必要在汉英翻译中,确定英语的主语。只要确定了汉语原文中用什么来充当英语译文的主语,我们就基本上能选择出一个合适的谓语动词来。可以这么说,英语的语法结构的表现在英语的谓语上,或者说表现在主语和谓语之间的相互制约。所以,谓语的选择也是汉英翻译中一个非常重要的问题。

三、汉英翻译三步策略之二:找谓语

在汉语和英语两种语言的对比中,有一个最显着的特点:就是汉语中,几乎所有词类都可以充当谓语;而英语中则只有动词才能充当谓语。一般来说,我们在汉英翻译的过程中,随着主语的确定,凭我们作为汉语母语的使用者,几乎总能在汉语原文中,找出一个对应的谓语来。但是,和汉语原文主语对应的谓语,不一定能充当英语译文的谓语。在弄明白怎么选择汉语原文中的一个合适的谓语去充当译文的谓语之前,我们有必要对汉语的谓语和英语的谓语做一个简单的对比。如图所示:

区别汉语的谓语英语的谓语1没有人称、时态、和数的变化有人称、时态、和数的变化2常常是动词作谓语只有动词作谓语3名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语无4少用被动句多用被动句5有“连动式”谓语无6有“兼语式”谓语无

正因为有以上区别,在我们做汉英翻译的时候,就可以利用英汉语两种语言的各自的特点,选择合适的谓语来翻译。所以,简单归纳起来,谓语的选择主要有以下几种方式:

1.选择谓语要注意时态、人称和数的变化

由于英语的动词具有人称、时态和数的变化,而汉语没有这样的变化方式。所以,在翻译中,一定要注意这种最基本语法一致原则。一般来说,要确定汉语原文的在译文中的基本时态,应该没有问题。因为毕竟汉语是我们的母语,我们对汉语原文的理解水平应该是能把握好时态这个问题的。但是,一定要在英语译文中注意不要犯“时态、人称和数”这个基本错误。如:

例1. 过去的五十年并不是发明创新的黄金时期。(同等学历01年汉译英试题)The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations.说明:在这个例子中,原文虽然有明显的时间词提示我们,所选择的谓语需要用过去时态,但是,大多数人忽略了谓语动词需要用单数的问题,所以必须加以注意。

例2. 实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态,提高了我国经济水平。(中国社会科学院03年考博英语翻译试题)

Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside,its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.说明:在这个例子中,有“以来”这个汉语词提示我们,在译文中要用跟过去相关的时态。同时汉语原文的谓语“改变了”和“提高了”中的“了”也给我们提示,译文需要用完成时态。

2.常常选择汉语原文的动词谓语作英语译文的谓语,但是选择谓语需要注意“瞻前顾后” 由于汉语中的动词也常常充当位于成分,既然英语中只有动词才能作谓语,我们就可以选择汉语原文的动词谓语充当英语译文的谓语。但是,一定要注意的是,由于汉语语言本身“意合”的特点,所以与汉语主语能够顺利搭配的谓语,在英语译文中则不一定能在逻辑上搭配起来。那么,我们就需要选择一个和确定好的主语能够逻辑搭配的谓语,这就需要权衡,甚至是改变我们前面已经确定的主语,重新确定一个和这个谓语动词能逻辑搭配的主语,并且不改变汉语原文的意义,以利于我们得到一个“准确通顺”的译文。我把这种权衡并选择一个合适的谓语的现象叫“瞻前”。同时,所选择的谓语如果要带宾语的话,一定要思考谓语动词和下文的宾语在逻辑上能够搭配,这也需要权衡,甚至改变我们已经选择好的谓语动词。我们这种权衡并选择一个合适的谓语的现象叫“顾后”。如:

例3. 中国加入世贸组织以后,外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多,自身发展的空间也越来越大。(中国人民大学04年考博英语翻译试题)

After China’s entry into WTO,more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development.说明:在这个例子中,汉语原文的主语是“机会”以及“空间”,相应的谓语分别是“越来越多”(more and more)和“越来越大”(larger)。但是,考虑到英语译文中,opportunity和more,以及space和larger不能构成一个合适的主谓关系,所以,我们需要重新选择一个谓语。考虑到英语中more可以修饰opportunity,我们就可以确定more opportunities(越来越多的机会)充当主语,同时,按照英语译文的搭配方式,给增加一个谓语动词create。这样,就可以把原文“外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多”这层含义用“越来越多的机会将(被创造)出来给外商参与中国投资活动”这个逻辑顺序来翻译。同样的方法,也可以解决“自身发展的空间也越来越大”这个句子。

例4. 迄今为止,教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法。(中国人民大学02年考博英语翻译试题)

So far,there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.说明:在这个例子中,汉语原文的主语是“教育工作”,谓语是“没有找到”,宾语中心词是“方法”。但是如果我们翻译为“Education hasn’t found the way„”的话,一方面英语译文中的主谓逻辑搭配不是特别恰当,另一方面,我们也不好安排汉语原文中“比考试更有效、更可靠”这层意义。但是,考虑到汉语原文中出现了“没有”这个词,其实是典型的英语There be„句型的标志。所以,我们则需要改变所确定的主语和谓语,用英语There be„句型来翻译就更适合英语的语言习惯了。

3.对汉语中名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语的情况,一般可以用英语的“系表结构”来翻译

汉语中,充当谓语的可以是名词、数量词和形容词等,这个特点是英语不具有的。如“我人,你呢”中的,“北京人”就是汉语名词作谓语;“他81了”中的数词81就是谓语;“今天天气热,昨天凉快。”中的“热”和“凉快”就是形容词充当谓语。这种情况,其实我们可以从英语的角度来思考的话,英语的名词、数量词和形容词不能充当谓语,但是可以充当表语,所以英语中的“系表结构”刚好可以解决这些问题。如: 例5. 投资规模偏大。(四川大学04年考博英语翻译试题)The investment scale is too large.例6. 很多道路太窄。(天津大学02年考博英语翻译试题)Many of the roads are too narrow.1. 如果汉语原文有明显的被动意味,则应该选择对应的谓语动词,并且用英语的“被动结构”来翻译

汉语中,很少使用“被”字句,通常由“受到、得到、加以、得以、为„所、由„来、是„的”等词来表现被动意味,有时候甚至没有明显的标志词。如果我们在汉英翻译中,能够读出原文中的明显的被动意味,当然需要选择对应的谓语动词来翻译为英语的“被动句”。如: 例7.

此外,对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们,他们目前的生活状况必须改善。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)

Furthermore,the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.说明:这个例子中,汉语原文虽然没有明显的被动句的标志词,但是,我们知道“生活状况必须改善”这个主干结构中,逻辑上应该是“生活状况必须被改善”。所以,我们需要选择“改善”这个词来翻译为英语的被动结构。

例8. “学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。(湖北省03年考博英语试题联合考试翻译试题)

Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.例9. 美国的经济体制主要是围绕着私人企业和以市场为导向而建立起来的。(四川大学04年考博英语翻译试题)

The economic system of U.S.A.is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.例10. 他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变。(武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题)Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.例11. 各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决,世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。(中国社会科学院04年)

Each country‘s human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people,while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.2. 对汉语的“连动式”特殊句型,可以选择一个主要动词作为英语译文的动词谓语,其他次要动词用英语的“非谓语动词”形式,介词的形式,或者用“and”来连接几个动词 “连动式”是汉语语言的一种特殊句式,是指“谓语由两个或者两个以上的动词构成,在动词短语中没有停顿,也没有关联词语,两个动词短语共用一个主语”(刘月华等 《使用现代汉语语法》北京:商务印书馆 P.701)。如,“我去问”。“他们结了帐搬走了”。而在英语中,众所周知,英语的一个句子只有一个能充当谓语的动词,绝对不可能两个动词连接在一起。这看起来似乎是给我们汉英翻译增加了障碍。其实不然,因为英语中,动词除了充当谓语以外,还有所谓的“非谓语动词”形式。这就给我们解决翻译汉语“连动式”这个特殊句型提供了一个突破口。

这样看来,由于原文是汉语,我们作为中国人,在理解汉语的时候,几个连续动作中,要找出一个主要动词来并不困难。我们可以根据几个动作发生的先后来选择主要谓语动词,也可以根据几个动作之间的关系来选择主要动词。对于次要动词,一般有以下几种处理方式: 1)用分词和不定式等非谓语动词来翻译次要动词,如:

例12. 我们花很少的钱就能够买到一份日报。(西南财经大学04年考博英语翻译试题)We spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.例13. 市政府于底启动了一项“净空”工程,关闭了大气污染严重的企业。(首都经贸大学06年考博英语翻译试题)

The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year,closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.2)用英语的介词短语可以表达汉语中的动词概念,如: 例14. 我将乘飞机离开北京。I will leave Beijing by plane.3)用英语“and”连接词来连接几个动作

例15. 从社会总体、长远的利益出发,政府可以运用税收、转移支付等方式适当调节收入分配差距,扶助弱势群体,维护整个社会的和谐、稳定。(财政部财政科研所05年,略有改动)

From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives,the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.说明:很显然,在汉语原文中,有一系列的动词。我们可以选择“运用”作为主要动词,突显原文几个动词之间的时间先后顺序,或者几个动词之间的目的关系。这样以来,后面的“调节”和“扶助”就可以用动词不定式来翻译。同时,在“扶助”和“维护”两个动词间,当然可以用英语的“and”来连接。3. 对汉语中的“兼语式”特殊句型,可以选择汉语原文中第一个动词充当英语译文的谓语动词,汉语第一个动词后面的结构则可以采用“宾语和宾语补足语”的形式来翻译 “兼语式”也是汉语中的一种特殊句型,是指其“谓语是由一个动宾结构和一个主谓短语套在一起构成的,谓语中前一个动宾结构兼作后一个主谓结构的主语”(刘月华等 《使用现代汉语语法》北京:商务印书馆 P.708)。如:“你请他来”这个句子中,主语是“你”,谓语中的第一个动词“请”所带的宾语是“他”;而“他”这个宾语又兼作后面动词“来”的主语。这个结构看起来似乎和英语中的句型没有太大关系,但是我们仔细研究就可以知道,汉语的“兼语式”几乎都应该是的结构。而这个结构,刚好契合了英语的“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构。所以,我们“一般”可以把汉语的“兼语式”谓语翻译为英语的““主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。如: 例16. 疼痛使他喊出了声。The pain made him cry out.例17. 我等他来。

I am waiting for him to come.

第四篇:北京考博英语辅导班讲义

北京考博英语辅导班讲义(;不断增加中)

英语翻译与写作常用动宾词组

一、政治类:

把„捐给慈善机构 donate „to charities

把„看成社会公敌 look upon „ as a threat to society 把„列为基本国策 list„..as fundamental national policies 把„作为指导 take„ as the guide

把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice „ 把握大局 grasp the overall situation

摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness

保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee(protect)women’s rights against infringement

采取各种措施 adopt various measures 参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs 充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength 打破僵局 break the deadlock 打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone 得出结论 draw(arrive at, come to reach)a conclusion 锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army 对„具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on 对„做出重要(巨大)贡献 make important(great, major)contributions to

反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism 反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government 高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner

给„带来机遇和挑战 present(bring)both opportunities and challenges to

根除(防止,消除)*** root out(prevent, eliminate)corruption 观察当今世界 observe the present-day world 缓和紧张状况 ease the tension 回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle 加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform 加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy

坚持统一,反对分裂,增加了解,化解歧见 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences 减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden 解放思想 emancipate our minds 解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing 解决新问题 resolve new problems

进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world 进入新时期 enter a new period 进行和谈 hold peace talks

进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment 就„接受妥协 accept a compromise on 开发西部 remake the west 开始生效 go into effect(enter into force)开拓前进 open up new ways forward

科教兴国 rejuvenate our country through science and education 理顺关系 rationalize the relationship 履行权利和义务 perform the responsibilities and obligations 迈出重要的一步 make an important step 热爱和平love peace 深化改革 deepen the reform 审时度势 size up the situation

实现发展繁荣 bring about development and prosperity 实现民族独立 realize national independence 实现夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes

实现小康目标 achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life

实现中华民族伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

实行新政策 practice new policies

受到全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide 缩小差别 bridge(narrow)the gap 完成中华民族的振兴大业 implement the revitalization of our nation 维护世界和平maintain world peace

吸收各国文明的先进成果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations

下放权力给 delegate the management of...(to...)响应号召 respond to the call 修改法律 amend the laws 宣布„召开 announce the opening of 徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 依法治国 govern the country according to law 引起全国的关注 arouse the concern of the whole nation 引起全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide 赢得一个又一个胜利 win one victory after another

在„中起(至关)重要作用 play a major(crucial, an important)role in 增强凝聚力 enhance the rally power

增强综合国力和国际竞争 enhance comprehensive(overall)national strength and international competitiveness 展望伟大征程 look into the great journey 展现生机和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality 战胜无数的困难 overcome numerous difficulties 振兴西部 revive the west 振兴中华民族 rejuvenate(revitalize)our nation 政企不分 mix up the functions of the government and enterprises 政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management 政务公开 make government affairs public 主张各国政府采取行动 urge governments of all countries to take action 抓住机遇 seize the opportunity 转变政府职能 transform(shift)the government functions 追求进步 pursue progress 追求真理 seek the truth 走进新时代 march(stride)into the new era.遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties 遵循规则 follow the principles

二、经济类

爱岗敬业 cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work 保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持国有股 keep the State-held shares

保证下岗职工的基本生活 guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers 被指控接受贿赂 be accused of accepting bribes 采取不同的办法 adopt various methods 采取反垄断措施 take anti-monopoly measures 承担风险 bear(take)risk 筹集足够的资金 raise enough funds(capital, proceeds)创收外汇 earn foreign exchange(currency)刺激国内经济需求 spur domestic demand 刺激国内需求 stimulate domestic demand 从粗放经济转变为集约经济 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy

从国外引进先进技术和管理 introduce from abroad the advanced technology and

经验 management expertise

促进地区间的合作 promote regional cooperation 促进改革 promote reform

促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy 打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打假 take strong measures against fake and shoddy products(crack down on counterfeit goods)打破垄断 break the monopoly 对„提出控告(投诉)lodge complaints against„ 对„造成(构成)威胁 form(pose)a threat to„

夺回失去的市场 take back lost market

发挥自身优势 give full play to one’s advantages 防范和化解金融风险 take precautions against and reduce financial risks 改善投资环境 improve the environment for investment 赶超先进 surpass the advanced 给„带来积极影响 bring a more positive impact on„

根据市场作出调整 gear ourselves to the market orientation 公证财产 notarize the properties

和„达成(签订)协议 reach(sign)an agreement with 和„进一步合作 further cooperation with 和„有合作关系 have cooperative ties with 活跃市场 enliven the market 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 计算出准确的工资水平figure out an exact salary level 加快经济发展和结构调整 speed up economic development and restructuring

加快竞争步伐 accelerate the competition 加快努力 speed up efforts

加强风险防范 prepare oneself against possible risks 加强管理 reinforce the management 减缓通货紧缩的压力 ease the seriousness of deflation 减轻„的负担 reduce(lighten)the burden of(on)

减员增效 downsize for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency 剪彩 cut the ribbon 解除劳动关系 sever labor relation

解放生产力 emancipate the productive forces(free the productivity)精简机构 streamline government organs 竟争上岗 compete for the post 举报非法行为 disclose any illegal activities 开辟更多渠道 open more channels 开发(青睐)中国市场 tap(favor)the Chinese market 开拓市场 exploit markets

控制通货膨胀 control inflation(keep inflation under control)扩大贫富差距 widen the gap between the rich and the poor 扩大消费市场 expand consumption market 留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

面对可能的压力和竞争 face possible pressure and competition 牟取暴利 seek excessive profits平衡经济(的发展)balance economy 取缔非法收入 ban unlawful incomes(illegal earnings)

让„处于同一起跑线 put„ on the same platform and at the same starting point

让位于竞争需要 give way to the need for competition 申请专利 apply for a patent 实现目标 realize the goal 适应„的发展 adapt oneself to the development of 损失惨重 suffer great losses

缩小不平衡状态 decrease the imbalance 缩小„间的距离 narrow the gap between 提高公务员工资 raise the salaries of civil servants 提高管理水平raise the management level 提高居民生活 improve residents’ standard of living 调整产业结构 adjust the industrial structure

推广科研成果 turn laboratory achievements into commercial(mass)production(commercialize laboratory achievements)退还大量钱款 give back an amount of money 脱贫致富 cast(shake, throw)off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity

完善服务 perfect services 为„带来多种经济和社会效益 bring multiple economic and social benefits to„

为„提供巨大商机 present huge business opportunities 吸收游资 absorb idle fund 吸引外商投资 attract foreign investment 下海 plunge into the commercial sea 陷入困境 land oneself in deep trouble

向„投资巨额资金 invest huge amounts of money into 消灭假冒伪劣产品 wipe out fake products 以经济建设为中心 focus on the central task of economic construction 以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality

优胜劣汰 select the superior and eliminate the inferior

优先发展公共运输 give priority to the development of public transportation

有巨大潜力 have huge potential for

与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global market

在„建立分公司 set up branches in 造成很大压力 pose a big pressure on 造成损失 cause a loss to 增加农业投入 invest more in agriculture 占领市场10% occupy(take, account for)10 percent of the market 招商引资 attract(bid for, invite)investments(from overseas)制订„法律 make a law of

制定优惠政策 work out favorable policy 制造假象 create smoke screens to do

阻碍„的经济发展

handicap(hamper)the economic development 阻止人才流失 stop the talent flight(brain drain)遵循市场经济的规律 follow the law of market economy

三、文化生活类

把„列为世界自然文化遗产 list „as a world natural heritage site 摆架子(摆谱儿)put on airs(show off, keep up appearances)保护文化遗产 protect cultural heritage(relics)博采各国文化之长 draw on strong point of the cultures of other countries 不注重历史 neglect history 采取保护态度 take protective attitude 承担应有的义务 undertake the due obligations 承前启后,继往开来 build on the past and prepare for the future, inherit the past

and usher in the future 充分发挥知识分子的积极性

give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals 和创造性

触击现行法律的盲区 touch a blank area of the existing law 创建卫生城市 build a nationally advanced clean city

辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new(ring out the old year and ring in the new)

从事电子商务工作 conduct e-commerce

促进儿童身心健康发展 promote the healthy development of children both physically and mentally 促进交流 promote the communication 促进文化市场健康发展 facilitate the sound development of the markets for cultural products 促进相互了解 enhance(further)mutual understanding 得到群众的广泛支持 enjoy grass-root support 抵住„的诱惑 resist the temptation of 对„持欢迎态度 take a welcoming attitude to 对„情有独钟 show special preference(favor)to 发挥„的聪明才智 develop one’s own talents and wisdom 发挥潜力 tap one’s potential 繁荣文学艺术 enable literature and art to flourish promote flourishing literature and art 反映中国的灿烂文化 reflect the rich culture of China 放下架子 relinquish haughty airs(get off one’s high horse, throw off one’s airs)

腐蚀人的灵魂 poison one’s mind 改进教学 improve teaching and learning 给学生减负 alleviate the burden on students 和„持相同观点 share views similar to 互派访问学者 exchange visiting scholars 激发旅游热情 stimulate enthusiasm for traveling 继承历史文化优秀传统 carry on the fine cultural traditions handed from history carry on the fine historical and cultural traditions 加强文化基础设施建设 build more cultural establishments 讲诚信,反欺诈 honor credibility and oppose cheating 交换意见 exchange views(ideas, opinions)教书育人 impart knowledge and educate people 经受住暴风雨的考验 weather the storm

精心编写教材 compile the textbooks with great care 净化因特网 purify the Net

举办文化节(展览会)hold(conduct, give)cultural festivals(an exhibition)举行学术会议 hold an academic meeting 开创假日经济 initiate Holiday Economy 开发潜力 exploit one’s potential 开阔视野 widen one’s vision(horizon)开设课程 offer courses 开展对外文化交流 conduct cultural exchange with other countries 开展群众性文化活动 carry out mass activities on culture 攀登事业的高峰 climb one’s career ladder 评估学业成绩 evaluate academic scores(achievements)破除迷信 eradicate superstition

普及九年制义务教育 make nine-year compulsory education universal 普及科普知识,传播科学 popularize scientific and technological knowledge, spread

思想,倡导科学精神 scientific thought and advocate the scientific spirit 启发学生 enlighten the students 容纳三千名旅客 accommodate 3000 passengers 扫除文盲 eliminate(wipe out)illiteracy 上网 get on(have access to, be wired to)Internet 实施以德育为核心、以创新 carry on the quality education centering on moral education

精神和实践能力为重点的 and emphasizing creativity and practice 素质教育

使英语达到更高水平push one’s English to a higher level 受到„的关注 receive attention from 疏导游客 divert tourists 疏通关系 lubricate relationships 树立企业良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image 刷卡, 划卡 punch the card;stamp the card 陶冶情操 cultivate one’s taste(temperament)

提倡文明的生活方式 advocate civilized lifestyle(way of life)提高公务员的综合素质 improve the overall quality of civil servants 提高全民反毒品的意识 raise the consciousness of the entire people vs.drugs 提高知名度 raise one’s prestige 提供受教育机会 offer a chance of education 通过资格考试 pass qualification examinations 透过现象看本质 see through the appearance to perceive the essence 推动人类文明进步 push forward human civilization 挖墙脚 undermine the foundation of sth.(cut the ground from under sb’s feet)

物质文明,精神文明一起抓 pay equal attention to(place equal emphasis on)the material progress and cultural(ethical)progress 相互促进 help each other forward 向世界展示中国文化建设 introduce China’s achievements of cultural advancement to 的成就 the world 向学生传授知识 impart knowledge to students 消除误解 clear up misunderstanding 消除愚昧 eliminate ignorance 形成文明、健康、崇尚科学 form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practice 的社会风尚

以全新的面貌进入新世纪 enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look 因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude 引起激烈争论 spark a hot debate 营造良好的文化环境 create a healthy cultural environment 影响身心健康 affect physical and psychological health 有力地推动教育的发展 give a big push to the development of education 与各国人民交往 communicate with people of all countries 增强自我保护意识 strengthen one’s awareness of protecting one’s right 找工作 hunt for a job 值得重视(关注)deserve one’s attention 制止盗版软件 control the pirated software 重视(优先考虑)教育发展 give priority to the development of education 重视实用性 place stress on practicality 尊重知识,尊重人才 respect knowledge and respect competent people

四、科技环保类

帮助减缓全球变暖速度 help slow down the pace of global warming 保持生态平衡 keep ecological balance 保持水土 preserve soil and water 保护和改善生活和生态环境 protect and improve the living environment and the

保护珍稀野生动植物 protect rare wild animals and plants 保留为自然耕地 reserve as natural farmland 采用环保技术 adopt environmental protection technique 采用新的开采方法 apply new exploitation methods 参加城市重建 participate in the reconstruction of the city 参加环保运动 take part in environmental protection activities 产生巨大的水文效应 produce great hydrological effects 崇尚绿色生活方式 pursue a “green” life 创造良好的生态环境 create a pleasant ecological environment 促进城市可持续发展 promote the sustainable development of the city 发展太阳能 develop solar energy 防治污染 prevent and control pollution 非常注重保护森林 pay great attention to the conservation of forest 改善生态环境 improve the eco-environment(ecological environment)关闭化工厂 close chemical plants 加大污染治理力度 strengthen pollution control 加强城市绿化 strengthen the greening of the city 加强环境保护 strengthen environmental protection 加强生态建设 improve the eco-construction 加强水土保持 reinforce the conservation of water and soil 坚持门前三包制度 adhere to “the three responsibilities in the gate area”

减少机动车辆 reduce the number of vehicles 减少浪费 reduce waste 揭开人类生命的奥秘 decode the secret of human life 进一步加快环保规划 further speed up environmental protection plans 禁止露天焚烧 prohibit burning out in the open 开展保护野生动物宣传教育 advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals 开展绿色活动 advocate green activities 扩建管道网络 expand the pipe network 普及环保知识 popularize environmental protection knowledge 窃取密码 snatch password 窃取知识产权 lift intellectual property

实行严格的机动车排放标准 implement strict vehicle emission standards 使电脑死机 crash computers 使用再生纸 use recycle paper 探索„的奥秘 probe the mysteries of

淘汰或改造燃煤锅炉 eliminate or convert coal-burning boilers 提高环境管理水平raise the environmental management level 提高居民的环保和生态意识 improve residents’ environmental and ecological awareness

提高清洁能源的比重 increase the supply of clean energy resources 投放电脑病毒 unleash viruses 完善城市基础设施建设 perfect the construction of urban infrastructure 为大量野生动植物提供栖息地 provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants 为人类提供水和食物 supply water and food for human beings 享受国家一级保护 enjoy first-class protection of the State 削减污物排放 decrease the disposal of pollutants 抑制传染病的传播 strain the spread of infectious diseases 引发一系列的问题 result in a series of problems 预防爱滋病蔓延 prevent the widespread of AIDS 增强环境意识 enhance the awareness of the importance of(raise the consciousness about)environmental protection 战胜非典 defeat SARS

治理沙地和水土流失问题 tackle the problems of sand and soil erosion 注重节约资源 attach importance to saving resources

五、人口类

不服从父母 disobey their parents 倡导人力资源管理 advocate the management of human resources 调查性和婚姻状况 conduct a survey on sex and marriage 对子女寄予厚望 pin great hopes on their children 反映人们的私生活 reflect people’s private lives 鼓励创建文明家庭 encourage the idea of “Civilized Families” 过孤独的生活 lead an isolated life 坚持计划生育的基本国策 stick to the basic state policy for family planning

进行全国人口普查 carry out national population census

禁止他人作克隆人的实验 inhibit others from doing human cloning experiments 开辟人类历史新纪元 start a new chapter in the history of human 控制人口数量(增长)control the population size(growth)实现向低出生、低死亡、低 bring about a transition to the modern population reproduction

自然增长的现代人口再生 pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and

产类型的转变 low natural growth rate 损害人类社会的道德观 damage the morality of human society 缩小代沟 narrow the gap 提倡晚婚晚育 encourage late marriage and late childbirth 提出离婚 ask for a divorce 提高人口素质 improve the population quality 维护和促进人民的生存权 safeguard and promote the people’s rights to subsistence and 和发展权 development

维护***和不断改善***状况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation

享受优越的生活条件 enjoy good living condition 显示明显的差异 display a marked difference 优化人口结构 optimize the population structure 优生优育 bear and rear better children 占总人口的10% account for 10% of the total population 造成不同的思想和观念 result in a different ideology and concepts 造福人类和科学 benefit mankind and science 正确处理经济发展同人口、correctly handle the relationship of economic development

资源、环境的关系 versus(with)population,natural resources and environment

征求父母的意见 ask for her parents’ opinion 挣零花钱 earn their pocket money 重视人口老年化问题 pay attention to the problem of an aging population

逐渐削弱长辈的权威 undermine the authority of the older generation 尊重和保障*** respect and guarantee human rights

六、体育类

避开与„比赛 avoid playing against 标志一个历史时刻 mark a historic time 表现完美 give some very good performance 剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody 采取新的计分方法 adopt a new scoring system 参加火炬接力 participate in the torch-relay 参加热身赛 take part in a key warm-up game 参加申办活动 participate in the bidding campaign 超过世界记录 surpass the world record 成为国家的骄傲 become the pride of the nation 创新世界纪录 set a new world record 达到国际体育标准 reach the standard for international games 打败比利时队 defeat Belgium 打破恶性循环 break the wretched cycle 打破世界纪录 beat(break, cut)the world record(for „)担任中国国家队主教练 serve as the head coach of the Chinese national team 夺冠 take the crown 反对使用兴奋剂 oppose the use of performance-enhancing drugs 符合举办奥运会的要求 meet the requirements of hosting the Olympic Games 更具进攻性 become more aggressive 鼓舞队员的士气 boost the morale of the team members 获得认可 gain recognition 获得团体冠军 win the team title 激发中国青年的雄心壮志 fuel the ambitions of Chinese youths 急于获胜 gain an eagerness to win 建立职业联赛和俱乐部 set up a professional league and clubs 角逐世界杯 compete for the World Cup 满意抽签结果 satisfy with the draw 面对强手 face strong rivals 鸣笛终止比赛 blow a whistle to stop the end of the match 配备各种设施 furnish and equip with all facilities 取得经验 gain experience

取得世界杯决赛资格 qualify for the World Cup finals 确保中国进入决赛 ensure China’s appearance in the final 申奥 bid(apply)for being the host country of the Olympics 失去男子单打冠军 miss out on men’s singles gold 实现零的突破 fulfill the zero(gold medal, medal, etc)breakthrough 使其他选手相形见绌 dwarf other athletes 使生命焕发活力 wake up one’s life 使中国以3∶2取胜 give the Chinese a 3-2 victory 提出比赛建议 make comments on the contests 提高中国队的水平raise the level of the Chinese team 挑选选手 choose players 同教练反应一致 share the same reaction with their coach 为奥林匹克运动做出贡献 make contribution to the Olympics movement and world peace 卫冕世界冠军 regain world champion

吸引中国大学生优秀选手 attract China’s top university players 向世界顶级球队学习learn from the world’s top teams 与对手较量 take on an opponent 与强队竞争 compete with strong teams 增进友谊 strengthen friendship 展示技能 demonstrate their skills 展示中国足球的最新发展 demonstrate(show)the latest development of China’s soccer 支持北京申办2008年奥运会 support Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympic Games 主办奥运会 host the Olympic Games 主办中国大学生篮球联赛 sponsor the China University Basketball Association league 抓住练习和学习的机会 grasp the chance to practise and learn

第五篇:北京考博英语辅导班讲义

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

北京考博英语辅导班讲义(;不断增加中)英语翻译与写作常用动宾词组

一、政治类:

把…捐给慈善机构 donate …to charities

把…看成社会公敌 look upon … as a threat to society 把…列为基本国策 list…..as fundamental national policies 把…作为指导 take… as the guide

把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice … 把握大局 grasp the overall situation

摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness

保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee(protect)women’s rights against infringement 采取各种措施 adopt various measures 参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs 充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength 打破僵局 break the deadlock

打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone 得出结论 draw(arrive at, come to reach)a conclusion 锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army

对…具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on 对…做出重要(巨大)贡献 make important(great, major)contributions to 反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism 反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government 高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner

给…带来机遇和挑战 present(bring)both opportunities and challenges to 根除(防止,消除)*** root out(prevent, eliminate)corruption 观察当今世界 observe the present-day world 缓和紧张状况 ease the tension 回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle 加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform 加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy

坚持统一,反对分裂,增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 了解,化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences 减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden 解放思想 emancipate our minds 解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing 解决新问题 resolve new problems

进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world 进入新时期 enter a new period 进行和谈 hold peace talks

进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment 就…接受妥协 accept a compromise on 开发西部 remake the west 开始生效 go into effect(enter into force)开拓前进 open up new ways forward

科教兴国 rejuvenate our country through science and education 理顺关系 rationalize the relationship

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

履行权利和义务 perform the responsibilities and obligations 迈出重要的一步 make an important step 热爱和平love peace

深化改革 deepen the reform 审时度势 size up the situation

实现发展繁荣 bring about development and prosperity 实现民族独立 realize national independence 实现夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes

实现小康目标 achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 实现中华民族伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 实行新政策 practice new policies

受到全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide 缩小差别 bridge(narrow)the gap 完成中华民族的振兴大业 implement the revitalization of our nation 维护世界和平maintain world peace

吸收各国文明的先进成果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations 下放权力给 delegate the management of...(to...)响应号召 respond to the call 修改法律 amend the laws 宣布…召开 announce the opening of 徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 依法治国 govern the country according to law 引起全国的关注 arouse the concern of the whole nation 引起全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide 赢得一个又一个胜利 win one victory after another

在…中起(至关)重要作用 play a major(crucial, an important)role in 增强凝聚力 enhance the rally power

增强综合国力和国际竞争 enhance comprehensive(overall)national strength and

international competitiveness 展望伟大征程 look into the great journey

展现生机和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality 战胜无数的困难 overcome numerous difficulties 振兴西部 revive the west 振兴中华民族 rejuvenate(revitalize)our nation 政企不分 mix up the functions of the government and enterprises

政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management 政务公开 make government affairs public 主张各国政府采取行动 urge governments of all countries to take action 抓住机遇 seize the opportunity 转变政府职能 transform(shift)the government functions 追求进步 pursue progress 追求真理 seek the truth 走进新时代 march(stride)into the new era.遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties 遵循规则 follow the principles

二、经济类

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

爱岗敬业 cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work 保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持国有股 keep the State-held shares

保证下岗职工的基本生活 guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers 被指控接受贿赂 be accused of accepting bribes 采取不同的办法 adopt various methods 采取反垄断措施 take anti-monopoly measures 承担风险 bear(take)risk 筹集足够的资金 raise enough funds(capital, proceeds)创收外汇 earn foreign exchange(currency)刺激国内经济需求 spur domestic demand 刺激国内需求 stimulate domestic demand 从粗放经济转变为集约经济 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy 从国外引进先进技术和管理 introduce from abroad the advanced technology and 经验 management expertise

促进地区间的合作 promote regional cooperation 促进改革 promote reform

促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy 打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打假 take strong measures against fake and shoddy products(crack down on counterfeit goods)打破垄断 break the monopoly 对…提出控告(投诉)lodge complaints against… 对…造成(构成)威胁 form(pose)a threat to… 夺回失去的市场 take back lost market

发挥自身优势 give full play to one’s advantages

防范和化解金融风险 take precautions against and reduce financial risks 改善投资环境 improve the environment for investment 赶超先进 surpass the advanced 给…带来积极影响 bring a more positive impact on…

根据市场作出调整 gear ourselves to the market orientation 公证财产 notarize the properties

和…达成(签订)协议 reach(sign)an agreement with 和…进一步合作 further cooperation with 和…有合作关系 have cooperative ties with 活跃市场 enliven the market 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 计算出准确的工资水平figure out an exact salary level 加快经济发展和结构调整 speed up economic development and restructuring 加快竞争步伐 accelerate the competition 加快努力 speed up efforts

加强风险防范 prepare oneself against possible risks 加强管理 reinforce the management 减缓通货紧缩的压力 ease the seriousness of deflation 减轻…的负担 reduce(lighten)the burden of(on)

减员增效 downsize for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency 剪彩 cut the ribbon

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

解除劳动关系 sever labor relation

解放生产力 emancipate the productive forces(free the productivity)精简机构 streamline government organs 竟争上岗 compete for the post 举报非法行为 disclose any illegal activities 开辟更多渠道 open more channels 开发(青睐)中国市场 tap(favor)the Chinese market 开拓市场 exploit markets

控制通货膨胀 control inflation(keep inflation under control)扩大贫富差距 widen the gap between the rich and the poor 扩大消费市场 expand consumption market 留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

面对可能的压力和竞争 face possible pressure and competition 牟取暴利 seek excessive profits平衡经济(的发展)balance economy 取缔非法收入 ban unlawful incomes(illegal earnings)

让…处于同一起跑线 put… on the same platform and at the same starting point 让位于竞争需要 give way to the need for competition 申请专利 apply for a patent 实现目标 realize the goal 适应…的发展 adapt oneself to the development of 损失惨重 suffer great losses

缩小不平衡状态 decrease the imbalance 缩小…间的距离 narrow the gap between

提高公务员工资 raise the salaries of civil servants 提高管理水平raise the management level 提高居民生活 improve residents’ standard of living 调整产业结构 adjust the industrial structure

推广科研成果 turn laboratory achievements into commercial(mass)production(commercialize laboratory achievements)

退还大量钱款 give back an amount of money 脱贫致富 cast(shake, throw)off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity 完善服务 perfect services 为…带来多种经济和社会效益 bring multiple economic and social benefits to… 为…提供巨大商机 present huge business opportunities 吸收游资 absorb idle fund 吸引外商投资 attract foreign investment 下海 plunge into the commercial sea 陷入困境 land oneself in deep trouble

向…投资巨额资金 invest huge amounts of money into 消灭假冒伪劣产品 wipe out fake products

以经济建设为中心 focus on the central task of economic construction

以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality

优胜劣汰 select the superior and eliminate the inferior

优先发展公共运输 give priority to the development of public transportation 有巨大潜力 have huge potential for

与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global mark

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

et

在…建立分公司 set up branches in 造成很大压力 pose a big pressure on 造成损失 cause a loss to 增加农业投入 invest more in agriculture 占领市场10% occupy(take, account for)10 percent of the market 招商引资 attract(bid for, invite)investments(from overseas)制订…法律 make a law of

制定优惠政策 work out favorable policy 制造假象 create smoke screens to do

阻碍…的经济发展

handicap(hamper)the economic development 阻止人才流失 stop the talent flight(brain drain)遵循市场经济的规律 follow the law of market economy

三、文化生活类

把…列为世界自然文化遗产 list …as a world natural heritage site 摆架子(摆谱儿)put on airs(show off, keep up appearances)保护文化遗产 protect cultural heritage(relics)博采各国文化之长 draw on strong point of the cultures of other countries 不注重历史 neglect history

采取保护态度 take protective attitude 承担应有的义务 undertake the due obligations 承前启后,继往开来 build on the past and prepare for the future, inherit the past and usher in the future 充分发挥知识分子的积极性

give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals 和创造性

触击现行法律的盲区 touch a blank area of the existing law 创建卫生城市 build a nationally advanced clean city

辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new(ring out the old

year and ring in the new)

从事电子商务工作 conduct e-commerce

促进儿童身心健康发展 promote the healthy development of children both physically and mentally 促进交流 promote the communication 促进文化市场健康发展 facilitate the sound development of the markets for cultural products 促进相互了解 enhance(further)mutual understanding 得到群众的广泛支持 enjoy grass-root support 抵住…的诱惑 resist the temptation of

对…持欢迎态度 take a welcoming attitude to 对…情有独钟 show special preference(favor)to

发挥…的聪明才智 develop one’s own talents and wisdom 发挥潜力 tap one’s potential

繁荣文学艺术 enable literature and art to flourish promote flourishing literature and art 反映中国的灿烂文化 reflect the rich culture of China 放下架子 relinquish haughty airs(get off one’s high horse, throw off one’s airs)腐蚀人的灵魂 poison one’s mind

改进教学 improve teaching and learning

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

给学生减负 alleviate the burden on students 和…持相同观点 share views similar to 互派访问学者 exchange visiting scholars 激发旅游热情 stimulate enthusiasm for traveling 继承历史文化优秀传统 carry on the fine cultural traditions handed from history carry on the fine historical and cultural traditions 加强文化基础设施建设 build more cultural establishments 讲诚信,反欺诈 honor credibility and oppose cheating 交换意见 exchange views(ideas, opinions)教书育人 impart knowledge and educate people 经受住暴风雨的考验 weather the storm

精心编写教材 compile the textbooks with great care 净化因特网 purify the Net

举办文化节(展览会)hold(conduct, give)cultural festivals(an exhibition)举行学术会议 hold an academic meeting 开创假日经济 initiate Holiday Economy 开发潜力 exploit one’s potential

开阔视野 widen one’s vision(horizon)开设课程 offer courses 开展对外文化交流 conduct cultural exchange with other countries 开展群众性文化活动 carry out mass activities on culture 攀登事业的高峰 climb one’s career ladder

评估学业成绩 evaluate academic scores(achievements)破除迷信 eradicate superstition

普及九年制义务教育 make nine-year compulsory education universal

普及科普知识,传播科学 popularize scientific and technological knowledge, spread 思想,倡导科学精神 scientific thought and advocate the scientific spirit 启发学生 enlighten the students 容纳三千名旅客 accommodate 3000 passengers 扫除文盲 eliminate(wipe out)illiteracy

上网 get on(have access to, be wired to)Internet 实施以德育为核心、以创新 carry on the quality education centering on moral education 精神和实践能力为重点的 and emphasizing creativity and practice 素质教育

使英语达到更高水平push one’s English to a higher level 受到…的关注 receive attention from 疏导游客 divert tourists 疏通关系 lubricate relationships 树立企业良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image 刷卡, 划卡 punch the card;stamp the card 陶冶情操 cultivate one’s taste(temperament)

提倡文明的生活方式 advocate civilized lifestyle(way of life)提高公务员的综合素质 improve the overall quality of civil servants

提高全民反毒品的意识 raise the consciousness of the entire people vs.drugs 提高知名度 raise one’s prestige

提供受教育机会 offer a chance of education 通过资格考试 pass qualification examinations 透过现象看本质 see through the appearance to perceive the essence

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

推动人类文明进步 push forward human civilization 挖墙脚 undermine the foundation of sth.(cut the ground from under sb’s feet)

物质文明,精神文明一起抓 pay equal attention to(place equal emphasis on)the material progress and cultural(ethical)progress 相互促进 help each other forward 向世界展示中国文化建设 introduce China’s achievements of cultural advancement to 的成就 the world 向学生传授知识 impart knowledge to students 消除误解 clear up misunderstanding 消除愚昧 eliminate ignorance 形成文明、健康、崇尚科学 form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practice 的社会风尚

以全新的面貌进入新世纪 enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look 因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude 引起激烈争论 spark a hot debate 营造良好的文化环境 create a healthy cultural environment 影响身心健康 affect physical and psychological health 有力地推动教育的发展 give a big push to the development of education 与各国人民交往 communicate with people of all countries 增强自我保护意识 strengthen one’s awareness of protecting one’s right 找工作 hunt for a job 值得重视(关注)deserve one’s attention 制止盗版软件 control the pirated software 重视(优先考虑)教育发展 give priority to the development of education 重视实用性 place stress on practicality 尊重知识,尊重人才 respect knowledge and respect competent people

四、科技环保类

帮助减缓全球变暖速度 help slow down the pace of global warming 保持生态平衡 keep ecological balance 保持水土 preserve soil and water 保护和改善生活和生态环境 protect and improve the living environment and the 保护珍稀野生动植物 protect rare wild animals and plants 保留为自然耕地 reserve as natural farmland

采用环保技术 adopt environmental protection technique 采用新的开采方法 apply new exploitation methods 参加城市重建 participate in the reconstruction of the city 参加环保运动 take part in environmental protection activities 产生巨大的水文效应 produce great hydrological effects 崇尚绿色生活方式 pursue a “green” life

创造良好的生态环境 create a pleasant ecological environment 促进城市可持续发展 promote the sustainable development of the city 发展太阳能 develop solar energy 防治污染 prevent and control pollution 非常注重保护森林 pay great attention to the conservation of forest 改善生态环境 improve the eco-environment(ecological environment)关闭化工厂 close chemical plants 加大污染治理力度 strengthen pollution control 加强城市绿化 strengthen the greening of the city

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

加强环境保护 strengthen environmental protection 加强生态建设 improve the eco-construction 加强水土保持 reinforce the conservation of water and soil 坚持门前三包制度 adhere to “the three responsibilities in the gate area” 减少机动车辆 reduce the number of vehicles 减少浪费 reduce waste 揭开人类生命的奥秘 decode the secret of human life 进一步加快环保规划 further speed up environmental protection plans 禁止露天焚烧 prohibit burning out in the open 开展保护野生动物宣传教育 advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals 开展绿色活动 advocate green activities 扩建管道网络 expand the pipe network 普及环保知识 popularize environmental protection knowledge 窃取密码 snatch password 窃取知识产权 lift intellectual property

实行严格的机动车排放标准 implement strict vehicle emission standards 使电脑死机 crash computers 使用再生纸 use recycle paper 探索…的奥秘 probe the mysteries of

淘汰或改造燃煤锅炉 eliminate or convert coal-burning boilers 提高环境管理水平raise the environmental management level 提高居民的环保和生态意识 improve residents’ environmental and ecological awareness 提高清洁能源的比重 increase the supply of clean energy resources 投放电脑病毒 unleash viruses 完善城市基础设施建设 perfect the construction of urban infrastructure 为大量野生动植物提供栖息地 provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants 为人类提供水和食物 supply water and food for human beings 享受国家一级保护 enjoy first-class protection of the State 削减污物排放 decrease the disposal of pollutants 抑制传染病的传播 strain the spread of infectious diseases 引发一系列的问题 result in a series of problems 预防爱滋病蔓延 prevent the widespread of AIDS 增强环境意识 enhance the awareness of the importance of(raise the consciousness about)environmental protection 战胜非典 defeat SARS

治理沙地和水土流失问题 tackle the problems of sand and soil erosion 注重节约资源 attach importance to saving resources

五、人口类

不服从父母 disobey their parents 倡导人力资源管理 advocate the management of human resources 调查性和婚姻状况 conduct a survey on sex and marriage 对子女寄予厚望 pin great hopes on their children 反映人们的私生活 reflect people’s private lives 鼓励创建文明家庭 encourage the idea of “Civilized Families” 过孤独的生活 lead an isolated life 坚持计划生育的基本国策 stick to the basic state policy for family planning

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

进行全国人口普查 carry out national population census

禁止他人作克隆人的实验 inhibit others from doing human cloning experiments 开辟人类历史新纪元 start a new chapter in the history of human 控制人口数量(增长)control the population size(growth)实现向低出生、低死亡、低 bring about a transition to the modern population reproduction 自然增长的现代人口再生 pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and 产类型的转变 low natural growth rate 损害人类社会的道德观 damage the morality of human society 缩小代沟 narrow the gap 提倡晚婚晚育 encourage late marriage and late childbirth 提出离婚 ask for a divorce 提高人口素质 improve the population quality 维护和促进人民的生存权 safeguard and promote the people’s rights to subsistence and 和发展权 development

维护***和不断改善***状况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights

situation

享受优越的生活条件 enjoy good living condition 显示明显的差异 display a marked difference 优化人口结构 optimize the population structure 优生优育 bear and rear better children 占总人口的10% account for 10% of the total population 造成不同的思想和观念 result in a different ideology and concepts 造福人类和科学 benefit mankind and science 正确处理经济发展同人口、correctly handle the relationship of economic development 资源、环境的关系 versus(with)population,natural resources and environment 征求父母的意见 ask for her parents’ opinion 挣零花钱 earn their pocket money 重视人口老年化问题 pay attention to the problem of an aging population 逐渐削弱长辈的权威 undermine the authority of the older generation 尊重和保障*** respect and guarantee human rights

六、体育类

避开与…比赛 avoid playing against 标志一个历史时刻 mark a historic time 表现完美 give some very good performance 剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody 采取新的计分方法 adopt a new scoring system 参加火炬接力 participate in the torch-relay 参加热身赛 take part in a key warm-up game 参加申办活动 participate in the bidding campaign 超过世界记录 surpass the world record 成为国家的骄傲 become the pride of the nation 创新世界纪录 set a new world record 达到国际体育标准 reach the standard for international games 打败比利时队 defeat Belgium

打破恶性循环 break the wretched cycle 打破世界纪录 beat(break, cut)the world record(for …)

北京考博英语辅导班讲义

担任中国国家队主教练 serve as the head coach of the Chinese national team 夺冠 take the crown 反对使用兴奋剂 oppose the use of performance-enhancing drugs 符合举办奥运会的要求 meet the requirements of hosting the Olympic Games 更具进攻性 become more aggressive 鼓舞队员的士气 boost the morale of the team members 获得认可 gain recognition 获得团体冠军 win the team title 激发中国青年的雄心壮志 fuel the ambitions of Chinese youths 急于获胜 gain an eagerness to win 建立职业联赛和俱乐部 set up a professional league and clubs 角逐世界杯 compete for the World Cup 满意抽签结果 satisfy with the draw 面对强手 face strong rivals 鸣笛终止比赛 blow a whistle to stop the end of the match 配备各种设施 furnish and equip with all facilities 取得经验 gain experience

取得世界杯决赛资格 qualify for the World Cup finals 确保中国进入决赛 ensure China’s appearance in the final

申奥 bid(apply)for being the host country of the Olympics 失去男子单打冠军 miss out on men’s singles gold

实现零的突破 fulfill the zero(gold medal, medal, etc)breakthrough 使其他选手相形见绌 dwarf other athletes 使生命焕发活力 wake up one’s life

使中国以3∶2取胜 give the Chinese a 3-2 victory 提出比赛建议 make comments on the contests 提高中国队的水平raise the level of the Chinese team 挑选选手 choose players 同教练反应一致 share the same reaction with their coach 为奥林匹克运动做出贡献 make contribution to the Olympics movement and world peace 卫冕世界冠军 regain world champion

吸引中国大学生优秀选手 attract China’s top university players 向世界顶级球队学习learn from the world’s top teams 与对手较量 take on an opponent 与强队竞争 compete with strong teams 增进友谊 strengthen friendship 展示技能 demonstrate their skills 展示中国足球的最新发展 demonstrate(show)the latest development of China’s soccer 支持北京申办2008年奥运会 support Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympic Games 主办奥运会 host the Olympic Games 主办中国大学生篮球联赛 sponsor the China University Basketball Association league 抓住练习和学习的机会 grasp the chance to practise and learn

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