2009年清华大学考博英语作文真题及

第一篇：2009年清华大学考博英语作文真题及

2009年清华大学考博英语作文题目及范文

关键词：考博英语写作

题目：

近些年学术界出现了，学者们盲目追求发表文章的数量，而忽视文章质量的现象，请以“quantity and quality of works”为题目阐明个人观点，书写工整、字数不少于300字。考博.中国

参考范文：

The past years witnessed considerable improvement in scientific research in this country.One typical sign is the mounting number of papers published in SCI and SSCI periodicals.However, the quality of many such papers and works is doubtable.One proof is that the average citation frequency of these papers has remained unchanged for years.This phenomenon has given rise to heated debate.Personally, I believe that this phenomenon should be viewed from more than one perspective.On the one hand, it must be admitted that there has appeared an undesirable trend in Chinese academic circle in the past years, that is, too much emphasis has been put on the number of papers published rather than the quality of these papers, or substantial efforts and contribution in scientific research.Taking a look around, one can find examples too many to enumerate.The number of papers, especially the number of papers published in SCI or SSCI periodicals has been regarded as the most important or the single criteria in uating a scientific researcher.It is even directly related to his salary and opportunity for promotion.This trend has led Chinese academy to an unhealthy road of development.As we can see, many scholars have become more of writers than researchers.Some even plagiarize in order to publish more papers.On the other hand, however, we should not hastily say no to the quantitative uation of scientific researchers.In fact, the number of papers is a critical index in measuring the achievement of a scholar or an academic institution.As we can see, nations with developed sciences rank among the top in SCI and SSCI publications.Quantitative uation is especially necessary in some disciplines in China where there are not sufficient experts to give an objective assessment.To sum up, we should not go to extremes in this matter.While we should continue to adopt the quantity of works as an index in uating scientific researchers, we should not lay as much emphasis on it as we did.Instead, more freedom and a looser environment should be provided for researchers so that they can give full play to their talent.Only in this way can we expect a boom of science in this country.考博英语怎么复习？http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yingyu_fuxi.html 考博英语真题汇总专题http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/kaobo_zhenti.html 2012考博英语词汇http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/kaobo_yingyu_cihui.html 2012考博英语作文模板http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/kaobo_yingyu_zuowen.html

2012医学考博专题http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yixue_kaobo.html 2012医学考博英语http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yixue_kaobo_yingyu.html 2012医学考博英语听力http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yixue_yingyutingli.html

第二篇：清华大学历年法理学 考博真题

清华大学法学院法理学历年考博真题

（个别题目表述可能有所出入，仅供复习参考）

2006年

1、论活法。

2、论法的合法性。

3、论宪法的政治属性与法律属性。

2007年

1、论历史法学派的“历史”。

2、论法的正当性基础。（或法律与道德的关系）

3、论习惯法的概念与功能。

2008年

1、论法学与人文学科和社会科学的关系。

2、《物权法》和《劳动合同法》的出台引起社会很大反响，请评析这一现象。

3、论为权利而斗争。

2009年

一、简论题（任选一题）

1、慎子说：“法非从天下，非从地生，发于人间，合于人心而已”。试分析之。

2、德沃金说：“法律是道德的一个部门。”试分析之。

3、简述吴经雄在中国法学史上的地位。

二、材料分析题。

题干给的是历史法学的一段材料，要求分析之。（内容很长，大约千字有余。）

2010年

仅一道题：晚近三十年中国法制建设的经验。（100分）

2011年

只记得有以下两题：

1、简述中国司法的特质。

2、试论中国法理学研究的现状。

第三篇：中国人民大学-考博英语真题

中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题

客观题部分

请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！II.Vocabulary(10 points)PartA(5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices

marked iL B, C arm 1).Choose the:one thatbest completes the

sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across

the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A.previously B.vLrtually

C.primarily D.domestically The sentence should read,;“She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany.” Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer

[A] [B] [C] [D]

1.International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__

patriotism.A.obsolete

B.aggressive C.harmonious D.amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A.dilemmas B.countenances C.concessions D.junctions 3.People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A.strive

B.ascertain

C.justify D.adhere 4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife

for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A.conservation B.maintenance C.storage

D.reserve 5.According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points.last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A.soared

B.mutated

C.plummeted D.fluctuated 6.Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and

frustrated thousands of users around the world.A.genius

B.vires

C.disease

D.bacteria 7.The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the.worst form of

competition in schools.A.negligent B.edible

C.fabulous D.disproportionate 8.The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his

grandparents lived.A.reconciled

B.consolidated C.deteriorated

D.attributed 9.During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to

practice his Chinese.A.passed on B.passed up C.passed by D.passed out 10.When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be

distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies

C.platitudes D.analogin Part B(5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase

underlined.Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and

D.Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square

bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example: The secretary is Very competent;she can finish all these letters within one

..;.,ca, ODe bour.A.careful

B.industrious C.clever

D.capable In this sentence, “competent” is closest-;n m e:zting to “capable”.Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer

[A] [B] [C] [DD] 11.He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional

roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A.depict

B.advocate

D;criticize D.analyze 12,.They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirm B.achieve C.match

D exaggerate

13.The most urgent thing is to find a dump.for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A.imminent B.recyclable C.smelly D.poisonous i4.British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A.allies

B.delegates C.voters

D.juries

15.The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and our own retirement security is ,chilling.A.frightening B.promising

C.freezing D.revealing 16.Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A.secret plan B.bold attack

C.clever design D.joint effort 17.Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A.trustworthy B.intelligent

C.diligent D.meticulous 18.Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A.intriguing B.exasperating: C.demonstrative D.unprovoked 19.The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for.nocturnal raids in the forest.A.illegal

B.night-time

C, brutal D.abusive 20.Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight, A.mercurial B, gallant

C.ardent D.frugal III.Cloze(10 points)Directions : Read the following passage.Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full-time passion.The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D candidates ___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet.Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on Yahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community.They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material ___32___ on the Intemet.The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for “Yet

Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”.but Filo and Yang insist they selected the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos.Yahoo? itself first ___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was ___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files ___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape.As a result Stanford's computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc.Today, Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.1.A.became

B.grew

C.mm

D.intend 2.A.made

B.saw

C.looked

D.turned 3.A.in

B.on

C.about

D.fer 4.A.touch

?.contact

C.n-ack

D.record 5.A.founded

E.found

C.argued

D.reported 6.A.unwieldy

B.tough

C.tamable

D invaluable

7.A.exchanged

B.shank

C.sold

D.converted 8.A.explain

B.serve

C.discover

D.evaluate 9.A.which

B.that

C.actually

D.eagerly 10.A.relative

B.interactive C.bound

D.contacted 11.A.fluently

B.efficiently C.exactly

D.actually 12.A.transmitted B.purchased C.sold

D.13.A.about

B.bound

C.going

D.supposed I4.A.fable

B.model

C.name

D.brand 15.A.supported

B.resided

C.lived

D.launched 16.A.connected B.lodged

C.introduced D.linked 17.A.over

B, away

C.inside

D.beneath 18.A.housed

B.caught

C.hosed

D.bidden 19.A.average

B.normal

C.ordinary

D.equal 20.A.attains

B.detains

C.maintains D.contains IV.Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1

Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young children spend on academic activities.Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited.Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes.However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often

result.To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting.When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination.The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space.If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated.Once students can form letters

within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students

who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room.The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes.After the students have made several

airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class.To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and

misbehave in the media center.Reading is incompatible with talking.The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and read them while in the center.Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep.The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very

boring.Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs students and raise their interest in the course.41.The purpose of this passage is to___ A.inform B.persuade

C.debate

D.narrate 42.Guthrie identified three methods for__ A.educating students

B.altering bad habits C.avoiding undesired action

D.forming good hobbies 43.Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method? A.Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the

child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B.Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young

children and gradually increase session length but not to where students

become frustrated or bored.C.Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is

introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D.A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his

parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44.To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth.Over time.watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king.What method is used in this example? A.The threshold method.B.The fatigue method.C.The incompatible response method.D.The punishment method.45.We can draw the conclusion from the passage that A.The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted

response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes

exhausted B.The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a

response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be

performed simultaneously

C.The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde

into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes

a cue for not performing it D.The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child

make response incompatible with unwanted response Passage 2 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing.Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wralts.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market.“Nova” is Latin for new(star)“ and means ”star“ in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like ”no va“, meaning ”it doesn't go“.Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning.When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant”(for advertising ,egetables)became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”.No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff aarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest.The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique

called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back.Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46.The best title of this passage might be __.A.Culture Is Very Important ia Advertishag B.Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations C.Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries D.Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 47.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage? A.hesitation B.mistake C.stutter D.default 48.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? A.Cultural shocks

B.Faulty translations C.Avoid cultural oversights D.Prevent blunders 49.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “ca ” most probably mean____ A.an animal used in perfume for its smell B.a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals C.a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals D.an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals 50.One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___ A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.B.use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of

blunders C.avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes D.explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3 It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses.In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down.Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers.It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies wi！be swept out more quickly in hard times;it is the company he worries about.His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of.his company and the industry.so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase.At the very topexecutives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual.Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits.His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running.But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf eyes.He likes to work.He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search fares,” is a growing industry.America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51.We can infer from the second paragraph that___

A.promotion depends on amiability

B.chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level

C.it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his

subordinates

D.a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the

industry 52.The term “aerobic exercise”(fa'st line in second last paragraph)is a kind Of

____

A.hallucination exercise

B.physical exercise

C.meditation exercise

D.entertainment 53.From the last paragraph we can gather that ____

A.there are too many aggressive executives

B.individual talent is not essential for a company

C.the job of an “executive search rum” is corporate head-hunting

D.it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial

ranks 54.For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________

A.they can conduct their business

B.they can indulge themselves

C.they can cultivate their mind

D.they can exercise as well as socialize 55.What is NOT tree according to the article? A.Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B.Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C.All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D.Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4 In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh.he had four, dod in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech.Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his words, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuku.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword.The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded;the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage tho attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories.Here life and fiction become joined.The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code;but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building(he became expert at karate and kendo)and, most important, through the discipline writing.In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage.His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask(1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56.The article implies that A.Mishima refused to join the army when he was young B.Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer C.Mishima is a person who'is hard m define D.Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer 57.The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was A.Fo capture the commanding genera!

B.to urge the government to declare a war against America C.to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemment

D.to force the Emperor to give up the throne 58.In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____ A.was web received by the soldiers B, was laughed at by the soldiers C.impressed the commanding general D, left a deep impression tO the soldiers 59.What IS true according to article? A.The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B.The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnpt C.Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D.one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60.Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___ A, written “Patriotism”, one of his most powerful stories B.written eighty short stories C.published “A Forest in Flower” D.published “Confession of a Mask” 主观题部分

请用钢笔或圆珠笔将此部分试题的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！V.Translation(20 points)Fart A.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy.Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could not be further delayed.Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the SurpluS actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased;a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze.Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发层成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。世界各国 和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中 获得了丰厚的回报。我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活 动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。在中国的投资活动一 定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促进中国 和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。VI.Writing(20 points)Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title “My Understanding of GlobaIization”.Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.

第四篇：马克思主义考博真题

07年 马哲原理

1、试论马克思主义的哲学观。（40分）

2、试论马克思主义哲学的批判的革命的本质及其现实意义。（30分）

3、试论马克思恩格斯关于社会公平的思想。（30分）

原著

1、“人们自己创造自己的历史，但他们并不是随心所欲的创造自己的历史„„” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

2、“人的思维的至上性与非至上性……真理与谬误的……” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

3、“认识由感性到理性……从现象到本质，再到更深刻的本质”（关于现象和本质的那段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

4、“认识和实践……”（关于实践和认识无限反复循环的一段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

5、试论恩格斯在马克思主义哲学创立过程中的地位和作用。（20分）

6、试论马克思恩格斯关于政治解放和人类解放的关系的思想。（区别和联系）（20分）08年

马哲原理：

1.试述费尔巴哈和马克思关于人的论述。

2．阐述实践标准的确定性和不确定性的论述，并谈谈其现实意义。3．试论述历史规律的客观性及其特点。马哲史：

1.“人体解剖是猴体解剖的一把钥匙„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。2.“我们不能得意于对自然界的胜利„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。3.“考察的客观性。”要求说出出处、含义和意义。4．“使马克思主义哲学具有中国风格、中国气派”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。04年 马哲原理

1、如何从哲学角度理解社会发展。

2、实践在现实生活中的超越意义。原著

1、《提纲》的伟大变革。

2、列宁三者统一思想。

3、毛泽东《实践论》《反对本本主义》《人的正确思想从哪里来》的内在联系。05年 马哲原理

1、马克思主义中国化特点、主要经验及其意义。

2、和谐社会的哲学基础。

3、人与社会矛盾的当代特点及出路。原著

1、《提纲》第二条。

2、《政治经济学批判序言》两个“不会”“必然”。

3、《终结》 “过程集合体”。

4、列宁《谈谈辩证法问题》最后一段“唯心主义的认识论根源”。

5、文本研究对发展马哲的意义。06年：

马哲原理：

1、试论马克思主义世界历史理论对中国现代化的意义。

2、简述真理是一个过程的思想及其意义。

3、试述社会历史发展的决定论和选择论的辩证关系及其意义。原著：

1.引文为马克思《1857-1858手稿》中关于人的发展阶段理论一段话，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。

2、引文为为“随着自然科学的发展，唯物主义必然改变自己的形式......”一段话，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。

3、引文为列宁“两个归结于”一段论述，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。

4、简述毛泽东在《实践论》和《矛盾论》中对马哲中国化的贡献。07年 马哲原理

1、试论马克思主义的哲学观。（40分）

2、试论马克思主义哲学的批判的革命的本质及其现实意义。（30分）

3、试论马克思恩格斯关于社会公平的思想。（30分）

原著

1、“人们自己创造自己的历史，但他们并不是随心所欲的创造自己的历史„„” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

2、“人的思维的至上性与非至上性……真理与谬误的……” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

3、“认识由感性到理性……从现象到本质，再到更深刻的本质”（关于现象和本质的那段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

4、“认识和实践……”（关于实践和认识无限反复循环的一段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）

5、试论恩格斯在马克思主义哲学创立过程中的地位和作用。（20分）

6、试论马克思恩格斯关于政治解放和人类解放的关系的思想。（区别和联系）（20分）08年

马哲原理：

1.试述费尔巴哈和马克思关于人的论述。

2．阐述实践标准的确定性和不确定性的论述，并谈谈其现实意义。3．试论述历史规律的客观性及其特点。马哲史：

1.“人体解剖是猴体解剖的一把钥匙„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。2.“我们不能得意于对自然界的胜利„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。3.“考察的客观性。”要求说出出处、含义和意义。4．“使马克思主义哲学具有中国风格、中国气派”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。

中国人民大学中国哲学专业历年考博试题

2000年： 西哲：

1、亚里士多德对柏拉图理念说的批判与继承。

2、安瑟尔谟关于上帝存在的本体论证明。

3、休谟因果说评述。

4、斯宾诺莎唯理论的认识。

5、费尔巴哈对黑格尔唯心主义体系的批评和继承。中哲；

1、庄子对老子思想的继承和发展。

2、《坛经》的心性论综述。

3、朱熹的格物致知思想述评。

4、章太炎儒学观的演变。

5、道家思想的现代意义。2001年 西哲

1、德谟克利特的原子论。

2、康德的感性。

3、经验论的。

4、托马斯·阿奎那的理性和信仰的关系。

5、黑格尔的矛盾。中哲：

1、离间白和合同异的异同。

2、郭象的独化论述评。

3、王阳明的“四句教”的哲学意义。

4、谭嗣同的仁学。

5、以德治国的现实意义。2002年 西哲：

1、柏拉图的理念论。

2、培根的四假象说。

3、休谟的习惯性联想。

4、托马斯·阿奎那关于上帝存在的证明。

5、康德的实践理性批判。中哲：

1、先秦天道观的区别。

2、董仲舒的人副天数说。

3、法藏华严宗的判教理论。

4、严复的中西观。

5、中西哲学的比较。2003年 西哲：

1、亚里士多德的四因说。

2、笛卡儿、斯宾诺莎、莱布尼茨的“天赋观念说”的异同。

3、贝克莱的“存在即是感知和被感知”。

4、黑格尔的辩证法述评。中哲：

1、老子的“道”的思想和现代意义。

2、葛洪对道家思想的改造。

3、二程学说的异同。

4、孙中山的进化论思想。

5、中国哲学同现代化的关系。2004年 西哲：

1、柏拉图理念论。

2、斯宾诺莎实体学说。

3、康德“哥白尼革命”。

4、黑格尔的“思维与存在的同一性。” 中哲：

1、荀子对孔子“礼”思想的继承和发展。

2、南北朝时佛性与人性之辨。

3、王廷相的道体论及其在气学中的地位。

4、维新派知行观的特点。

5、儒佛价值观的融合与冲突。2005年 西哲：

1、亚里士多德的中道思想与孔子中庸思想比较。

2、笛卡儿是在面临什么样的挑战下提出他的形而上学基础的？他是如何构建他的形而上学基础的？

3、贝克莱的“存在即感知与被感知”。

4、康德的“人为自然立法”。中哲：

1、先秦法家的道论。

2、董仲舒对先秦儒家的改造。

3、朱熹的“无极太极之辩”

4、康有为哲学创新中的中国特色。

5、中国哲学中天人关系的现代意义。2007年 中哲： 1．《易传》的哲学思想 2．葛洪的哲学思想 3．《四书》与宋明理学的关系 4．龚自珍、魏源的哲学思想 5．“和”的中国哲学资源 西哲：

1．柏拉图的洞穴隐喻

2．斯宾诺莎的伦理学思想与庄子人生哲学的异同 3．康德的纯粹理性批判 4．举例说明西方哲学概念在诠释中国哲学中的积极作用和消极作用

2009年（凭记忆，可能有误差，请谅解）中哲：

1，儒家的仁爱和墨家兼爱之间的异同 2，董仲舒的天人合一思想 3，宋明理学中天理的含义

4，评述康有为的“公羊三世说” 5，评述中国儒学与现代化的兼容性 西哲：

1，普罗泰格拉“人是万物的尺度”，并用柏拉图的理念论加以评析 2，中世纪两大派

3，康德是怎样完成他的批判的

4，逻各斯和中国哲学中“道”的异同 中国人民大学2010年博士初试题目 中国哲学：

道家哲学的现实意义近代国学争论 宋明理学分系

《易传》中的天人思想 华严宗一与多关系 综合： 一

1.人与自然的关系及其现实意义 2.唯物史观实现的革命性变革

3.为什么说实践的观点是马克思主义认识论的首要的基本的观点

二

1.庄子的齐物论

2.道教的一个什么思想

3.朱熹的“理一分殊”

4.科学规律的合理性与可错性，并举例说明

三

1.柏拉图为什么把世界二重化，分为可知世界与可感世界？从知识论和存在论的角度回答 2.笛卡尔为什么坚持身心二元论？它的形而上学意义及缺陷

3.黑格尔的思维与存在的统一

4.论可能世界 专业课：2011

历史唯物主义在马克思主义中的地位和作用。

马克思恩格斯公平观。

“黑人就是黑人，只有在一定关系下，黑人才是奴隶；纺纱机就是纺织棉花的工具，只有在一定关系下，纺纱机才是资本。”这段话的出处、含义以及意义。

“考察的客观性（不是枝节，是自在之物本身）”，这句话的出处、含义以及意义。

哲学综合：

马哲原理（三选二）

历史唯物主义的基本观点以及对社会科学方法论的意义

矛盾特殊性的含义以及在实际工作中的意义

科学技术是第一生产力

西哲（四选二）

什么是怀疑主义？怀疑主义在西方哲学史上的意义

亚里士多德“

”（一段关于存在论的话），谈谈这种科学的特征以及在西方哲学史上的演变

上帝本体论证明以及康德对证明的批判

逻辑是什么，它的哲学含义

第五篇：医学考博英语真题备考经验谈（精选）

医学考博英语真题备考经验谈

不知不觉考博已经过去一年了，前几天看到同学现在还在为了考博英语焦头烂额，觉得可以把自己的一点经验总结一下，希望对大家有所帮助。我是2013年参加的博士英语考试，考了两次，一次是卫生部统考，一次是自己学校的考试。两次都考上了，得了两份录取通知书。

纵观整个复习过程，我个人认为最关键的一点就是多做题，不管是全国的还是北大等高校自己出的考试题，多做题都是最有效的方法。真题这块是不容忽视的，在复习其他专项之前要看，为的是了解题型和重难点，在复习专项之后要看，主要是测试自己复习的效果如何及现在差距。

了解好真题后，首先是单词，个人认为是最费时间，效果最差的一项。我提前一年起背博士英语单词，但是效果不好，记不住，做题的时候觉得效果不好。北大等学校的考题基本上还是一个都不认识，只能蒙。虽然这样，词汇还是需要系统记忆的，我当时用的是《华慧考博英语词汇10000例详解》你们可以参考。

阅读部分，我觉得要多做题，平时就要训练在规定时间内的阅读速度和阅读量，养成快速阅读的习惯，不要被一两个单词阻碍。要时刻模仿考试时的环境和紧张程度。全国统考的阅读不难，平时多练习《医学考博英语阅读专项训练》很有好处。其他学校的阅读难易程度就参差不齐了，北大，天津的出奇的难，中南大学的就比较简单。

作文的关键就是要实实在在的写，不能只是在脑子里打草稿，一定要动笔，一个字一个字写，有时候只有动笔才能发现自己的问题，而且还能练习书写速度和质量。

翻译部分，全国统考没有，只有自己出题的学校有，而且很难。通常能见到政治方面的中翻英，有的学校还有英翻中，也不是很好组织语言。建议大家平时多看看China Daily的网站。这样的主观题目是拉分的关键部分，有的学校这样的部分占到40％，很有难度，建议参加这些学校考试的同学买一本历年来各校考试题的合集，发狠的做。我买了一本，一共40套，做了25套左右，虽然经常被打击的想撕书，但最后考的时候还是有点效果的。还有就是听力，没办法，练吧。不太好的同学建议找到听力的原文，跟着带子朗读，进而背过，这是一个很好的短期内提高听力的办法。最后就是辅导班，建议大家有条件的话尽量去学一下，华慧考博网真题班，虽然可能比较贵，但就我去年的经验来看，还是物有所值的。

考前2-3个月每天要做模拟题或真题，每天看着表，一天一套，不要管分数，坚持做，做错的能搞懂就搞懂，搞不懂就背过。虽然方法笨了点，但是很有效。这些只是自己的一点备考经验，希望对大家有用！