第一篇：医学考博英语历年真题摘要写作
医学考博英语历年真题摘要写作范文
97年题
A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition
This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting.Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is.However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids.This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai.What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism.The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% of the total amount of calories.If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body.Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition.Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done without.Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD)
In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC)they used to reject.In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully.PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China.Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles.There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC.In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students.Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles.Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice.Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in universities.Though it contributed to students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先
Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions.However, scientists find that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits.This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people.Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases.Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein.Fourth, light food should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases.Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.Writing Drill 6
Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases.It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying.These methods have different functions.Laughter activates over 80 muscles.In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion.Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress.Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc.that medication alone can’t do.2013年医学考博英语正确的复习方法：http://www.xiexiebang.com/product/PR000082 2013年医学考博英语协议全程班：http://www.xiexiebang.com/product/PR000276
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第二篇：医学历年考博真题总结
国家医学考试中心2005年病理学（博士全国统考题）
一、简答题（20）：
1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：
1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈？
协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）
协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）
一、名词解释（30分）：
APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT
二、填空（？分记不清了）
1.已发现与遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症相关的基因有（）（）（）（）。2.WHO将MDS分为（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七类。3.先天性再生障碍性贫血包括（）（）（）。4.遗传球主要的分子病变涉及（）（）（）（）。
5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成体则主要由（）合成。
6.WHO关于伴有重现性细胞遗传学异常的AML分类为（）（）（）（）。
7.国际多发性骨髓瘤工作组在MM新的分期标准中采用的两项客观指标为（）（）。
8.国际组织细胞协会将langerhans细胞组织细胞增多症分为单系统疾病和多系统疾病。其中单系统疾病中的单部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。9.诊断幼年型粒单细胞白血病的最低实验室标准有（）（）（）。10.MYH-9相关性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。
11.VitK依赖的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。
12.Gaucher病分为（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型为（）缺乏所致，C型为（）缺乏所致。
13.Downey将传单患者异型淋巴分为（）（）（）。
14.B淋巴细胞在发育过程中首先表达的免疫球蛋白为（），其次为（）。15.CD34基因在染色体体定位为（），相应的受体为（）。16.Hodgdin's病的四种病理亚型为（）（）（）（）。
三、简答（好像每题5分）： 1.反应停治疗MM的机理。
2.患儿，女，4岁，1年前外院诊断ITP，持续皮质激素（1mg/kg.d），治疗效果欠佳。此次来诊时PLT20*109/L，双下肢散在出血点。若你接诊，如何处理。3.给严重贫血的PNH患者输浓缩红细胞是否正确？为什么？ 4.简述成人ALL（不包括成熟B-ALL）的预后分组。
四、问答（任选2题，好像每题12分？）1.试述ITP的发病机理。2.试述AIHA的治疗。3.试述AML-M5的治疗。
协和医科大学2004年博士研究生入学考试妇产科学试卷
协和医科大学2004年博士研究生入学考试妇产科学试卷
一、名词解释 先期化疗
HELLP syndrome LEEP USI FETAL DEATH TTTS
四、简答题
1、异位妊娠的保守治疗指征
2、“吊床”学说
3、交界性肿瘤的特点
4、？
五、论述题
1、宫腔镜治疗的并发征及其处理
2、宫颈癌的手术方式及其指征
3、子宫内膜异位症的治疗新进展及其前景
协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
一,名词解释(大约有67个,是关于代谢与分子部分的，只记得三个)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.转化 二,填空(有关代谢的)1.胆固醇：合成部位、直接前体
2.糖酵解:关于整个过程消耗几个ATP,生成几个ATP，NADH，是人就会答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只记得这些)
三,选择
10道题,是关于代谢的,能量代谢占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的电子传递，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸键，某某反应步骤放不放ATP之类，很简单。
四，为什么静脉注射时用G而不是6-P-G? 五，骆驼峰中的脂肪怎样转变为水？ 六，忘了，应该是简单的。
七，2',3'-双脱氧核苷怎样抑制HIV? 八，给小鼠喂食N标记的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有无N标记，如有，有几个？ 九，选择：(蛋白质和酶部分,以前的真题上都有,EASY)十，一种蛋白质在一种组织中含量极低，无法分离纯化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,问如何初步确定它的有无？
十一，什么叫蛋白质组？什么叫蛋白质组学？ 协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
一,名词解释(大约有67个,是关于代谢与分子部分的，只记得三个)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.转化
二,填空(有关代谢的)1.胆固醇：合成部位、直接前体
2.糖酵解:关于整个过程消耗几个ATP,生成几个ATP，NADH，是人就会答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只记得这些)
三,选择
10道题,是关于代谢的,能量代谢占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的电子传递，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸键，某某反应步骤放不放ATP之类，很简单。
四，为什么静脉注射时用G而不是6-P-G? 五，骆驼峰中的脂肪怎样转变为水？ 六，忘了，应该是简单的。
七，2',3'-双脱氧核苷怎样抑制HIV? 八，给小鼠喂食N标记的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有无N标记，如有，有几个？ 九，选择：(蛋白质和酶部分,以前的真题上都有,EASY)十，一种蛋白质在一种组织中含量极低，无法分离纯化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,问如何初步确定它的有无？
十一，什么叫蛋白质组？什么叫蛋白质组学？
协和医科大学2004年分子生物学（博士）
1.名解: 同工酶 染色体 染色质 核基质 转化
密码子的偏嗜性 基因簇
2.简答
为什么核酸和蛋白都是有方向的? 信号转导的cAMP通路 什么是内切酶的星号活性
3.判断对错,说明理由 关于乳糖操纵子的
4.论述
给定一个cDNA序列,如何表达,纯化到蛋白质
5.填空
协和生化的老主任是谁(这道题好变态)谁用什么实验证明了核酸是遗传物质 可以磷酸化的氨基酸是哪三个 带苯环的氨基酸是哪三个
DNA在多少nm有最大的光吸收,为什么? 南方医科大学2005年肿瘤学（博士）
南方医科大学2005年肿瘤学（博士）
（共计21条题）
一、简答题（6选4，每题15分）
1.恶性肿瘤细胞放疗损伤的4R 变化及其临床意义。2.肿瘤外科在恶性肿瘤多学科综合治疗中的地位。3.自体造血干细胞移植的适应症。对何种肿瘤最有效。
4.拓扑异构酶对恶性肿瘤的意义？举出针对拓扑异构酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化疗药名称各一个。5.肿瘤多步骤转移机制。6.细胞信号传导途径的基本组成要素。
二、论述题（选择二题，每题20分）
7.从放疗的局部治疗角度论述放射治疗领域的新进展。（何领域？何进展？反正是这方面）8.目前抗癌药物的开发和应用，除细胞毒药物外，尚有那些药物作用靶点。并举例说明。
（内科考生必答）
9.Indolent（非？）霍杰金淋病瘤的．．．（化疗方案？机理？效果？反正是治疗方面）
（内科考生必答）
10.食管癌吞钡造影X线的主要表现。（胸科考生必答）11.肝癌行肝切除术后的并发症及其原因。12.肝癌行肝动脉栓塞化疗的原理（及？？）。13.基因突变方式及其检测方法。14.基因治疗策略。
15.烷化剂的作用机理。举出3种药物名称。（抗癌药理考生必答）16.说出化疗的毒性反应有那些方面？并各举出一个典型的药物名称。
（抗癌药理考生必答）
17.甲状腺癌（肿瘤？）的诊断、影像（CT）和鉴别诊断。（头颈科考生必答）18.根治性颈淋巴清扫术的并发症及其预防措施。（头颈科考生必答）19.提高大肠癌疗效有那些措施。
20.腹部肿块按性质如何分类。举例说明。
21.肺癌淋巴引流的肺和纵隔淋巴结分群与分组。（胸科考生必答）天津医科大学2003年眼科学
天津医科大学2003年眼科学（博士）
一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）
1、眼表
2、圆锥角膜
3、规则散光
4、对比敏感度
5、基底细胞癌
6、AMD
7、ROP
8、Exotropia
9、Epicanthus
10、Fungal keratitis
二、简答题（每题5分，共40分）
1、简述青光眼临床分类
2、简述干眼症临床表现
3、简述Fuchs综合征临床特点
4、简述调节性内斜视的临床分类
5、简述真菌性角膜炎的临床表现
6、简述低视力概念及国际诊断标准
7、简述视网膜色素变性临床表现及遗传方式
8、简述增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的临床表现
三.问答题（共40分）
1.介绍房水成分，作用及循环径路（10分）
2.说明弱视的临床分类，主要发病机制，治疗时机和方法（15分）3.试述眼科影像诊断技术的进展（15分）首都医科大学2002年神经解剖学
首都医科大学2002年神经解剖学（博士）
简答：
被盖中央束
阴捕神经
黑质
蓝斑
论述：
１脑干的非脑神经节脑干的运动型交叉纤维Wallenberg的解剖基础
２副交感神经系统的二级神经元交通支 颌部区的立毛肌支配（不知道该题是否准确）
３小脑皮质神经元环路 海马结构的分层和分区 脑室的边界和CSF的循环 首都医科大学近年的神经解剖及普外考博真题
首都医科大学近年的神经解剖及普外考博真题
２００３年神经解剖试题 名词解释
1.肋间壁神经 2.鼻睫神经 3.Ⅶ 颅神经
4.great petrosol N 5.confluence of sinuse 6.rentral tegmentrol decussation 简答
1.底丘脑的神经纤维联系
2.下肢非意识感觉到大脑的纤维联系 3.如何理解cerebelar glomorulus 论述
1.边缘系统组成；PAPEZ环路；Hippocampal分层。2.白质通路和灰质通路；牵涉痛；Otic Ganglion。3.叙述下列的神经支配及走行：
鼓膜张肌，蚓状肌，梨状肌，输尿管。4.脑血管
虹吸部的概念，Paracentral lobule，Lingual gyrus, wernicle 区的血供，Galen V 定义．
２００３大外科试题（选择题省略）１简答：
Thomas sign.脊髓休克 腹管综合征 APUD CELL 肿瘤相关抗原 ２论述：
感染性休克的诊断依据 胰岛素瘤的定性定位诊断
２００２神经解剖试题 简答： 被盖中央束 阴捕神经 黑质 蓝斑 论述：
１脑干的非脑神经节 脑干的运动型交叉纤维 Wallenberg的解剖基础
２副交感神经系统的二级神经元
交通支
颌部区的立毛肌支配（不知道该题是否准确）３小脑皮质神经元环路
海马结构的分层和分区
脑室的边界和CSF的循环
２００１神经解剖
一、名词解释（1-7题，5×7=35；2-12题，3×5=15）
1、边缘系统
2、脊髓灰质板层
3、后屈束
4、内侧纵束
1、攀缘纤维
2、下橄榄核
3、桥小脑三角
4、phrenic n.5、celiac plexus
10、obturator n.11、locus reculeus
12、carvernous sinus
二、问答题（10×5=50）
1、纹状体 ① 位置及组成 ② 纤维联系 ③ 化学递质环路 ④ 动脉供应
2、网状结构 ① 定义 ② 主要核团 ③ 机能组合
3、神经支配 ① 肾上腺髓质 ② 斜方肌 ③ 二腹肌 ④ 蚓状肌
4、解剖基础 ① 交叉性瘫痪 ② 屈曲反射 ③ 翼状肩 ④ 猿手
5、“听新闻记纪录”的解剖学基础 浙江大学2004博士入学考试生理题
浙江大学2004博士入学考试生理题
一名词解释（20）1暗适应 2离子通道 3体温调定点 4有效不应期
二问答题（任选4题，80分）
1PO2,PCO2,H+对呼吸的影响？其中枢和外周机制如何 2脂肪÷食物在消化道中消化和吸收的机制
3安静和应激情况下，对肾血流量如何分配？各有何意义？ 4颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受器的反射过程及调节血压的意义 5学习与记忆的突触生理学机制和特点 6胰岛素的生理作用及分泌调节机制 浙江大学2004博士入学考试免疫题
浙江大学2004博士入学考试免疫题
一 名词解释
1超抗原2 抗原决定簇3kir 4nkt 5互补决定去区 6趋化因子
二大题 抗原提成相关基因作用 2II 性与IV型超敏反应区别
3树突转细胞在免疫刺激和耐受中的作用机制 4Tc细胞的 杀伤细胞作用机制
5趋化作用，ADCC，及调理作用区别
2004年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题
2004年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题
一名解（原题为英文）1。休克抑制期 2。骨不连
3。骨筋膜室综合征 4。非少尿型肾功衰 5。预存自体回输血 二。问答题
1。创伤的检查与诊断方法
2。脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3。腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4。周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5。股骨头缺血坏死的FICAT分期 6。你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7。骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征。
西安交通大学医学院2003年骨科学博士题
西安交通大学医学院2003年骨科学博士题
外科总论部分：
一：名词解释（3分/题）1.基因诊断
2.初期复苏ABC 3.ARDS 4.冷休克 5.应激性溃疡
二：简答题（7.5分/题）
1.肿瘤的国际分期，试以乳癌的分期说明 2.急性排斥反应
三：问题题（10分/题，选答两题）1.创伤修复过程
2.代谢性酸中毒的病因和诊断 3.炎症介质在全身感染中的作用
骨外专业部分：
一：名词解释（3分/题）1.Frank's分型 2.嗅鞘细胞
3.Weak up test 4.新月征
5.腱鞘巨细胞瘤
二：简答题（7.5分/题）1.臀肌挛缩症的防治
2.颈椎骨折不稳定后路固定方法
三：问题题（10分/题，选答两题）1.膝关节炎防治进展
2.长段骨缺损的治疗新进展 3.外固定器在骨科上的应用
西安交大医学院2004年消化内科考博试题 部分
西安交大医学院2004年消化内科考博试题
一、名词解释（6题，每题5分）
1.肝肺综合症 2.自身免疫性肝炎 3.晕厥 4.5.6.二、问答（5题，每题10分）
1、实质性急性肾衰的常见病因
2、肺栓塞的诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗
3、IBS罗马Ⅱ诊断标准
4、肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的治疗
5、溃疡性结肠炎和Crohn病的鉴别诊断
三、填空（20分）
武汉大学2004年医学考博试题
武汉大学2004年医学考博试题
消化内科试题 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD的诊断与治疗 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID诱发溃疡的机制 病生试题
一、简答题 简述凋亡的基本过程 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？
二、论述题 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？ 2 何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。
2004军事医学科学院考博试题－细胞生物学
2004军事医学科学院考博试题－细胞生物学
细胞生物学（以下试题任选五题，每题20分）
1、简述质膜的特性
2、什麽是受体，受体的基本类型。当用表皮生长因子刺激细胞时，简述其信号转导通路Ras-MAPK途径和JAK-STAT途径
3、分泌性蛋白在粗面内质网合成时，都涉及那些结构和因子，这些结构和因子是如何协调蛋白质多肽合成的。
4、溶酶体的概念，基本类型，标志酶，主要的生物学功能及其相关疾病。
5、什麽是细胞凋亡，细胞凋亡的生物学意义。Bcl-2蛋白家族在细胞凋亡中的作用。
6、RNA干涉的基本概念，作用机质，应用范围。
7、简述真核细胞蛋白激酶的分类和特性。
8、线粒体的基本结构。怎样理解线粒体是半自主的细胞器。线粒体除了参与体内的能量代谢外，还参与那些基本的细胞生物活动？
生物化学（带*是分子生物学，遗传学，细胞生物学等，具体还有哪些我忘了，其他专业的可任选8个名词/5个问答）名词： *
1、结构域 *
2、Tm *
3、不对称转录 *
4、核小体 *
5、融合蛋白
*
6、蛋白质和核酸的紫外吸收 *
7、点突变
*
8、（暂时忘了，想起了再告诉大家）
9、酶原
10、酶的活性中心
11、糖孝解及其代谢的两步重要反应
12、逆转录酶
其他等我想起再告诉大家 问答题：
*
1、简述蛋白质的理化性质。蛋白质的二维电泳的基本原理及其应用 *
2、简述质膜膜受体的类型及功能
*
3、什麽是半保留复制，其有什麽生物学意义？ *
4、真核细胞的顺式作用元件的基本种类，与顺式作用元件结合的基本调节因子（转录因子）的基本结构模式都有那些？ *
5、DNA和蛋白质印迹技术的基本原理。简述在Western blotting中都需要注意哪些问题？
6、DNA碱基序列中的chagarff规则 山东大学2004年内分泌考博试题
山东大学2004年内分泌考博试题
名释： Goodpasture syndrome 2 SIADN 3 异源内分泌综合征 4 肝肾综合征 6 伴瘤综合征
问答题 亚急性甲状腺炎的诊断与治疗 2 肾小管酸中毒的分型和机制 3 引起继发性高血压的病因 4 伴瘤综合征的诊断与治疗
论述题 骨质疏松的病因，诊断与治疗 四川大学2004年骨科考博专业试题
四川大学2004年骨科考博专业试题
一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineering Colles’ fracture
Bone-fascia compartment syndrome Galeazzi’s fracture Thomas sign
二、问答题：
⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义？
⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义？
⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义？请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则？
⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？ ⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？ ⒍病案分析
男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。X光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。请给出治疗方案并说明理由。苏州大学2004年博士入学外科学考试题
苏州大学2004年博士入学外科学考试题
一． 名词解释：
1.Legg-Calve-Perthes病
2.Garden力线指数
3.腕管综合征
4.Hangman骨折
5.骨嗜酸性肉芽舯
二 论述题。
1.如何根据胸腰段脊柱骨折的临床表现，辅助检查（X线、CT、MRI等）选择治疗方法。
2.简述腰椎划脱症的病因分类和手术指征。
3.简述影响全髋关节置换术远期疗效的因素和相关的预防措施
4.试述加快骨折愈合的生物学方法有哪些，你对BO有何看法 苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题
苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题
第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。
1.侧支循环的概念和意义，并举例说明。
2.试述椎骨间的连接。
3.从形态和功能上比较肩关节与髋关节的异同。
4.腋淋巴结及其与乳房淋巴结回流的关系。
5.试述筋膜。
6.脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系及其意义。
7.试述Willis动脉环。
8.内囊的位置和内容，内囊损伤后的表现及其原因。
9.试述血脑屏障。
10.椎体束的组成、行经和支配。
中南大学湘雅三医院2003年耳鼻咽喉科学专业博士研究生入学试题 及 答案
中南大学湘雅三医院2003年耳鼻咽喉科学专业博士研究生入学试题
2003年中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉科学专业博士研究生入学试题
一、名词解释（20分）1． nasal cycle 2． Ostiomeatal Complex(OMC)3． Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)4． Laryngeal obstruction 5． bone conduction
二、简答题（每小题10，共计30分）1． 简述鼻源性头痛的特点。
2． 简述喉癌的分型及各自的临床特点。
3． 简述颈部肿块skandalakis的“4个80%规律”与“3个7规律”。
三、问答题（每小题15分，共计30分）1．试述面神经全长的分段及分支。2．试述颈部的境界、分区及各区的境界
四、病例分析（20分）
女，50岁。回缩性涕血6月，右颈部肿块4月，右耳鸣、重听，右面颊麻木感1月。体查：双侧鼻甲不大，中鼻道宽敞，无浓性分泌物。鼻咽部右侧咽隐窝饱满，粗糙伴血痂，伸舌正中，软腭运动正常，双侧扁桃体不大。会厌活动良好，双侧声带瓷白色，活动好，关闭佳。右侧外耳道宽敞，鼓膜光锥变形，鼓膜内陷，有液平面。颈部气管居中，甲状腺不肿大，右侧颈部可扪及5×4cm大小肿块，质硬，不活动，无压痛。问题
1． 写出你的初步诊断
2． 有那些措施对你进一步明确诊断有意义？
2003年博士研究生耳鼻咽喉科学专业入学试题答案
一、名词解释（20分）
1.nasal cycle:正常人体鼻阻力呈现昼夜及左右规律性和交替性变化，这种变化主要受双侧下鼻甲充血状态的影响，约间隔2—7h出现一个周期，称之为生理性鼻甲周期或鼻周期。2.Ostiomeatal Complex: 鼻和鼻窦炎症性疾病的发病机理和病理生理学现代概念认为：中鼻甲、中鼻道及其附近区域的解剖结构的生理异常和病理改变最为关键，该区域称为窦口鼻道复合体。
3.Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)：一般是指成人在7小时的夜间睡眠中，至少有30次呼吸暂停，每次发作时，口、鼻气流停止流通至少10秒以上；或呼吸暂停指数大于5。称之为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征。
4.Laryngeal obstruction：因喉部或其邻近组织病变，喉部通道阻塞而引起呼吸困难。临床上称之为喉阻塞。
5.bone conduction ：声波直接经颅骨途径使外淋巴发生相应波动，并激动耳蜗的螺旋器产生听觉，称之为骨传导。包括移动式和压缩式两种骨传导。二．简答题（每小题10，共计30分）1．简述鼻源性头痛的特点。
（1）一般都有鼻部病变，如鼻塞、脓涕等，多在窦内脓性物排出后缓解；（2）鼻急性炎症时加重；（3）多为深部头痛；（4）鼻腔粘膜收缩或使用表面麻醉剂后，头痛可以减轻；（5）头痛有一定部位和时间。
2． 简述喉癌的分型及各自的临床特点。
根据喉癌发生的部位，将喉癌分为声门上型、声门型和声门下型。其临床表现分述如下。声门上型：早期可无显著症状。可能有喉部不适感；以后可出现吞咽疼痛，放射至耳部。痰中带血，有臭味。该区淋巴管丰富，易出现淋巴结转移，预后较差。
声门型：早期出现声嘶，进行性加重。肿块较大时能阻塞声门引起呼吸困难。该区淋巴管较少，不易向颈淋巴结转移，且容易早期诊断，预后较好。声门下型：早期症状不明显，不易发现。肿瘤溃烂时出现咳嗽及痰中带血；向上侵犯声带时，可出现声嘶；肿瘤增大可阻塞声门下出现呼吸困难。常有气管前或气管旁淋巴结转移。
3． 简述颈部肿块skandalakis的“4个80%规律”与“3个7规律”。
关于颈部肿块的性质，skandalakis总结了4个80%，即80%是肿瘤，其中80%是恶性，恶性中80%是淋巴结转移，原发癌中80%来自锁骨上。关于病程skandalakis总结出3个7的规律，即7天者多为炎症，7个月者多为肿瘤，7年者多为先天性肿块。
三、问答题（每小题15分，共计30分）1．试述面神经全长的分段及分支。
面神经的全长可分为8段：1.运动神经核上段；2.运动神经核段；3.小脑脑桥角段；4.内耳道段；5.迷路段；6.鼓室段；7.乳突段；8.颞骨外段。
自上而下，面神经的分支有：1.岩浅大神经；2.镫骨肌神经；3.鼓索神经；4.面神经出茎乳孔后发出分支；5.面部分支：（1）颞支；（2）颧支；（3）颊支；（4）下颌缘支；（5）颈支.2．试述颈部的境界、分区及各区的境界：
颈部境界：上界为下颌骨下缘、下颌角、乳突和上项线和枕外隆突的连线，下界为胸骨颈静脉切迹、胸锁关节、锁骨、肩峰至第七颈椎棘突的连线。
分区：以斜方肌前缘为界分为前后两部，斜方肌前缘以前的部分为颈前外侧部，斜方肌前缘以后的部分称为颈后部或项部。由胸锁乳突肌分成颈前三角区和颈后三角区。颈前三角区：两边为胸锁乳突肌前缘，底为舌骨体上缘及下颌骨下缘。颈前三角区又分为颌下三角、颏下三角、颈动脉三角、肌三角。颌下三角位于二腹肌前腹、后腹和下颌骨下缘之间，颏下三角位于两侧二腹肌前腹内侧缘和舌骨体上缘之间。颈动脉三角位于胸锁乳突肌前缘，二腹肌后腹及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之间。肌三角位于颈中线，胸锁乳突肌前缘，及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之间。
颈后三角区：位于锁骨上缘，斜方肌前缘及胸锁乳突肌后缘之间。颈后三角区又分为锁骨上三角和枕三角。锁骨上三角位于锁骨上缘，胸锁乳突肌后缘，肩胛舌骨肌下腹下缘之间。枕三角位于胸锁乳突肌后缘，肩胛舌骨肌下腹上缘和斜方肌前缘之间。
四、病例分析（20分）
1．（1）鼻咽癌？（2）鼻咽癌右侧颈淋巴结转移？（3）右侧鼓室积液
2．（1）鼻咽部活检；（2）电子纤维鼻咽镜或纤维鼻咽镜或鼻内镜检查；（3）影像学检查 CT和MRI；（4）EB病毒血清学检查；（5）颈部淋巴结穿刺细胞学检查或活检；（6）颈部、腹部B超和胸片检查
复旦大学医学院2004年神经病考博士试题
复旦大学医学院2004年神经病考博士试题
一 名词解释
MASS REFLEX COMA VIGIL CADASAL 迈热病 二 IHS 的诊断标准
三 多巴胺代谢通路,(图表示)各种抗帕金森病的药物的作用机制
四 右侧延髓背外侧综合症的临床表现
五 大脑静脉回流,及海绵窦炎性血拴的临床表现
六 MS 的诊断标准
七 常见的颠痫综合类型及特征.复旦大学医学院2004年内科学
复旦大学医学院2004年内科学（博士）
（任选五道，每题20分）
1、急性冠脉综合征的定义，治疗原则
2、自发性腹膜炎的定义、发病机理，诊断标准，哪些病人需预防性使用抗生素？
3、肺癌的诊断技术及进展，如何选择合理利用？
4、甲亢的临床类型，Graves病的发病机理
5、肾性贫血的原因，是否需要补铁，为什么？
6、血液恶性肿瘤的治疗中，针对蛋白分子靶向治疗进展？
中山医科大学1995-2000年招收攻读博士研究生入学试题 外科
中山医博士试题（95外科）
1.水电解质平衡
2.肝癌门静脉转移的临床病理生理
3.胃近端癌R2根治手术方法
4.膀胱肿瘤病理分期
5.纵隔肿瘤及分区
6.肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则
7.全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症
8.硬膜外血肿临床表现治疗原则
9.尿道损伤的治疗原则
中山医博士试题（96外科）
必答题
1.腹股沟疝定义，里脱疝、瑞契疝定义及临床特点
2.前列腺癌诊断
3.肝门部胆管癌病理、临床表现、诊断
4.骨结核好发部位、治疗原则
选答题
1.胆道出血病因及临床表现治疗（普外）
2.骨折愈合临床标准(骨外)3.睾丸肿瘤标记(泌尿外)4.颞区硬膜外血肿表现(脑外)二尖瓣狭窄手术指征(心外)
中山医博士试题（97外科）
一.多器官衰竭诊断标准
二.吻合口溃疡病因及诊断
三.肝癌治疗新进展
四.脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗
五.肾癌与肾盂肾癌鉴别诊断
98博士研究生入学考试试题--外科学
1.休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？（20分）
2.外伤性心包填塞的病因、急救处理原则。（16分）
3.上消化道出血剖腹探查的顺序。（16分）
4.胆管癌的病因，姑息治疗方法中你认为那种最好？（16分）
5.睾丸生殖系肿瘤的分类及治疗原则。（16分）
6.L4椎体滑脱的治疗原则。（16分）
中山医博士试题（99外科）
一． 名词解释
1． 手部无人区（2分）
2． 脊柱侧弯（1分）
3． 应力缓冲效应（2分）
二． 问答题
1． 人工关节松动的原因（10分）
2． 二尖瓣狭窄并左心衰的临床表现及治疗（20分）
3． 应激性溃疡的治疗原则（12分）
4． 肝功能分级及其临床意义（10分）
5． BPH的病理改变及鉴别诊断（20分）
6． 试述胎粪性腹膜炎的临床分型（13分）
7． 小脑幕切迹疝的临床表现（10分）
中山医博士试题（2000外科）
1.颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择？
2.听神经瘤的临床表现和治疗？
3.泌尿系梗阻的常见原因及诊断治疗原则（以上尿路结石为例）？
4.消化性溃疡穿孔修补术和根治术选择原则？
5.外伤性气胸的病理生理改变与剖胸探查指征？
6.手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？ 中山医科大2003年内科考博试题
中山医科大2003年内科考博试题
1.ARDS定义诊断治疗
2.食管喷门失弛缓症的诊断和治疗
3.糖尿病血脂紊乱分型及诊断治疗—1999年美国标准
4.急进型肾小球肾炎的病理分型及治疗
5.纯红再障的诊断及治疗
中山大学医学院2004年药理考博题
中山大学医学院2004年药理考博题
1.阿托品的临床应用 2.量效曲线的参数和意义
3.直接作用在血管平滑肌的药物及机制 4.钙拮抗剂对正常心肌电生理的作用 5.苯二氮卓类的药理作用 今天肿瘤26选7，我选了：
1.肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用 2.信号传导的组成
3.拓扑异构酶在肿瘤中的意义并列举1.2的代表药物各两个 4.根治性化疗的机理及临床应用 5.肿瘤外科新进展
6.基因突变的类型及检测方法 7.肿瘤药物的不良反应及列举药物 其他还有提高结肠癌治疗效果的方法、预防性手术定义及举例、中晚期食管癌临床表现及机理、凋亡特点及机制、AFP临床意义及应用、介入方法及机理、肺癌淋巴结转移途径、致癌药物机理及举例、术前放疗原则、简述免疫治疗、喉癌手术？？？、鼻咽癌术后复发处理？？？、蒽环类药物机理
2004年中山大学医学院外科考博试题
2004年中山大学医学院外科考博试题
膝关节半月板损伤的诊断（10）什么叫血管源性脑水肿（4）
肱骨髁上骨折的分型和手术适应征（7）
胃癌根治术的淋巴结程度，胃癌D2手术淋巴结清除范围（12）典型食管癌的临床表现（7）初期复苏的主要内容（4）
结肠腺瘤癌变的手术适应征（7）胆囊腺瘤的手术适应征（7）肾癌的外在表现（7）
上消化道大出血的治疗原则（12）
前列腺增生和前列腺癌发生在什么部位，它们的鉴别诊断（10）
更正：上消化道出血的常见原因，外科治疗原则？ MODS的中英文全称； 肾癌的肾外表现；
胆囊息肉的诊断方法，无症状胆囊息肉的手术指证？ 膝关节损伤的临床表现以及诊断； 肝功能Child分级中的A级标准；
2004年中山大学医学院生化专业基础试题
2004年中山大学医学院生化专业基础试题
一、名词解释（10*3）
1.分子伴侣、2.随从链、3.尿素循环、4.基因诊断、5.基因重组、6.底物水平磷酸化、7.一碳单位、8.生物转化、9.KLENOW 片段、10.邻近效应
二、简答题（8*5）
1、a－螺旋的特点
2、DNA双螺旋的类型及结构特点
3、遗传密码的特点
4、红细胞糖代谢的特点
5、mRNA的加工修饰包括哪些内容
6、真核基因组的结构特点
7、如果一酶与底物作用的反应曲线成“S”型，解释其原因
8、NADPH参加反应的类型
三、论述题（3*10）
1、人类基因组计划已经完成，今后分子生物学的工作重点应该是什么？
2、为什么在缺氧的条件下，糖酵解反应能够持续进行？
3、如果要用基因工程方法生产胰岛素，如何获得胰岛素基因？ 2004年中山医博士肿瘤学部分试题
2004年中山医博士肿瘤学部分试题
1-7题选答4条。每条10分
1.简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。2.术前放疗的原则 3.根治性化疗的理论基础和原则 4.肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？
5.蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6.肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？ 7.8-25选3，各20分。1.肺癌转移的各站淋巴结
2.化疗药物有哪些不良反应？举例说明。3.颈清术有哪些并发症？处理原则？ 4.基因突变的形式和检测方法? 5.AFP对肝癌诊断和治疗的意义
中国科学院上海药物研究所2003年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
中国科学院上海药物研究所2003年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
（任选6题）
1． 举例说明分子生物学技术在药理学研究的优越性。2． IC50，LD50，EC50的定义和意义。3． 举例说明抗癫痫药物的作用靶点。
4． RBA中，特异性结合与非特异性结合的区别是什么？KD和Bmax的意义是什么？如果在RBA中，某药对配体结合有抑制作用，怎样用RBA方法进一步区分这种抑制是竞争性的还是非竞争性的？
5． 简述非甾体抗炎药的最新研究进展。
6． 列举出五种与肿瘤发生发展密切相关的酪氨酸激酶，并简要叙述两条酪氨酸激酶介导的信号传导通路。
7． 参与特异性免疫应答的效应细胞有哪些？并做简要说明。
8． 免疫抑制剂的分类？可以用于治疗哪些疾病？以2种为例，说明它们的作用机理。中国科学院上海药物研究所2004年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
中国科学院上海药物研究所2004年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
（任选6题）
1． 试述帕金森病的病变机理及治疗药物。
2． 离子通道的生理功能是什么？有哪些类别？药物如何影响离子通道的活动？对于每一类离子通道，各举出1~2种作用于该通道的药物。3． 目前正在进行临床研究的防止动脉粥样硬化的药物有哪些类型？简述它们的作用机制。4． 根据Vaughan Williams的分类方法，抗心律失常药物可分为哪几类。它们的药理作用特点是什么？
5． 简述非甾体抗炎药的作用机理。
6． 去年抢救SARS的病人的一项重要治疗措施是大剂量糖皮质激素疗法，简述糖皮质激素的主要药理作用及不良反应。
7． 结合实例简述基于信号传导通路新型抗肿瘤药物的研究进展及其意义。8． 说明Wester Blot 实验方法在分子药理学研究中的用途，并简述实验的主要步骤、结果评定和意义。
第三篇：医学考博英语真题备考经验谈（精选）
医学考博英语真题备考经验谈
不知不觉考博已经过去一年了，前几天看到同学现在还在为了考博英语焦头烂额，觉得可以把自己的一点经验总结一下，希望对大家有所帮助。我是2013年参加的博士英语考试，考了两次，一次是卫生部统考，一次是自己学校的考试。两次都考上了，得了两份录取通知书。
纵观整个复习过程，我个人认为最关键的一点就是多做题，不管是全国的还是北大等高校自己出的考试题，多做题都是最有效的方法。真题这块是不容忽视的，在复习其他专项之前要看，为的是了解题型和重难点，在复习专项之后要看，主要是测试自己复习的效果如何及现在差距。
了解好真题后，首先是单词，个人认为是最费时间，效果最差的一项。我提前一年起背博士英语单词，但是效果不好，记不住，做题的时候觉得效果不好。北大等学校的考题基本上还是一个都不认识，只能蒙。虽然这样，词汇还是需要系统记忆的，我当时用的是《华慧考博英语词汇10000例详解》你们可以参考。
阅读部分，我觉得要多做题，平时就要训练在规定时间内的阅读速度和阅读量，养成快速阅读的习惯，不要被一两个单词阻碍。要时刻模仿考试时的环境和紧张程度。全国统考的阅读不难，平时多练习《医学考博英语阅读专项训练》很有好处。其他学校的阅读难易程度就参差不齐了，北大，天津的出奇的难，中南大学的就比较简单。
作文的关键就是要实实在在的写，不能只是在脑子里打草稿，一定要动笔，一个字一个字写，有时候只有动笔才能发现自己的问题，而且还能练习书写速度和质量。
翻译部分，全国统考没有，只有自己出题的学校有，而且很难。通常能见到政治方面的中翻英，有的学校还有英翻中，也不是很好组织语言。建议大家平时多看看China Daily的网站。这样的主观题目是拉分的关键部分，有的学校这样的部分占到40％，很有难度，建议参加这些学校考试的同学买一本历年来各校考试题的合集，发狠的做。我买了一本，一共40套，做了25套左右，虽然经常被打击的想撕书，但最后考的时候还是有点效果的。还有就是听力，没办法，练吧。不太好的同学建议找到听力的原文，跟着带子朗读，进而背过，这是一个很好的短期内提高听力的办法。最后就是辅导班，建议大家有条件的话尽量去学一下，华慧考博网真题班，虽然可能比较贵，但就我去年的经验来看，还是物有所值的。
考前2-3个月每天要做模拟题或真题，每天看着表，一天一套，不要管分数，坚持做，做错的能搞懂就搞懂，搞不懂就背过。虽然方法笨了点，但是很有效。这些只是自己的一点备考经验，希望对大家有用！
第四篇：清华大学历年法理学 考博真题
清华大学法学院法理学历年考博真题
（个别题目表述可能有所出入，仅供复习参考）
2006年
1、论活法。
2、论法的合法性。
3、论宪法的政治属性与法律属性。
2007年
1、论历史法学派的“历史”。
2、论法的正当性基础。（或法律与道德的关系）
3、论习惯法的概念与功能。
2008年
1、论法学与人文学科和社会科学的关系。
2、《物权法》和《劳动合同法》的出台引起社会很大反响，请评析这一现象。
3、论为权利而斗争。
2009年
一、简论题（任选一题）
1、慎子说：“法非从天下，非从地生，发于人间，合于人心而已”。试分析之。
2、德沃金说：“法律是道德的一个部门。”试分析之。
3、简述吴经雄在中国法学史上的地位。
二、材料分析题。
题干给的是历史法学的一段材料，要求分析之。（内容很长，大约千字有余。）
2010年
仅一道题：晚近三十年中国法制建设的经验。（100分）
2011年
只记得有以下两题：
1、简述中国司法的特质。
2、试论中国法理学研究的现状。
第五篇：中国人民大学-考博英语真题
中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题
客观题部分
请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！II.Vocabulary(10 points)PartA(5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices
marked iL B, C arm 1).Choose the:one thatbest completes the
sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across
the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A.previously B.vLrtually
C.primarily D.domestically The sentence should read,;“She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany.” Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
1.International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__
patriotism.A.obsolete
B.aggressive C.harmonious D.amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A.dilemmas B.countenances C.concessions D.junctions 3.People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A.strive
B.ascertain
C.justify D.adhere 4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife
for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A.conservation B.maintenance C.storage
D.reserve 5.According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points.last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A.soared
B.mutated
C.plummeted D.fluctuated 6.Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and
frustrated thousands of users around the world.A.genius
B.vires
C.disease
D.bacteria 7.The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the.worst form of
competition in schools.A.negligent B.edible
C.fabulous D.disproportionate 8.The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his
grandparents lived.A.reconciled
B.consolidated C.deteriorated
D.attributed 9.During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to
practice his Chinese.A.passed on B.passed up C.passed by D.passed out 10.When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be
distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies
C.platitudes D.analogin Part B(5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase
underlined.Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and
D.Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square
bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example: The secretary is Very competent;she can finish all these letters within one
..;.,ca, ODe bour.A.careful
B.industrious C.clever
D.capable In this sentence, “competent” is closest-;n m e:zting to “capable”.Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [DD] 11.He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional
roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A.depict
B.advocate
D;criticize D.analyze 12,.They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirm B.achieve C.match
D exaggerate
13.The most urgent thing is to find a dump.for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A.imminent B.recyclable C.smelly D.poisonous i4.British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A.allies
B.delegates C.voters
D.juries
15.The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and our own retirement security is ,chilling.A.frightening B.promising
C.freezing D.revealing 16.Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A.secret plan B.bold attack
C.clever design D.joint effort 17.Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A.trustworthy B.intelligent
C.diligent D.meticulous 18.Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A.intriguing B.exasperating: C.demonstrative D.unprovoked 19.The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for.nocturnal raids in the forest.A.illegal
B.night-time
C, brutal D.abusive 20.Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight, A.mercurial B, gallant
C.ardent D.frugal III.Cloze(10 points)Directions : Read the following passage.Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full-time passion.The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D candidates ___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet.Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on Yahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community.They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material ___32___ on the Intemet.The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for “Yet
Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”.but Filo and Yang insist they selected the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos.Yahoo? itself first ___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was ___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files ___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape.As a result Stanford's computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc.Today, Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.1.A.became
B.grew
C.mm
D.intend 2.A.made
B.saw
C.looked
D.turned 3.A.in
B.on
C.about
D.fer 4.A.touch
?.contact
C.n-ack
D.record 5.A.founded
E.found
C.argued
D.reported 6.A.unwieldy
B.tough
C.tamable
D invaluable
7.A.exchanged
B.shank
C.sold
D.converted 8.A.explain
B.serve
C.discover
D.evaluate 9.A.which
B.that
C.actually
D.eagerly 10.A.relative
B.interactive C.bound
D.contacted 11.A.fluently
B.efficiently C.exactly
D.actually 12.A.transmitted B.purchased C.sold
D.13.A.about
B.bound
C.going
D.supposed I4.A.fable
B.model
C.name
D.brand 15.A.supported
B.resided
C.lived
D.launched 16.A.connected B.lodged
C.introduced D.linked 17.A.over
B, away
C.inside
D.beneath 18.A.housed
B.caught
C.hosed
D.bidden 19.A.average
B.normal
C.ordinary
D.equal 20.A.attains
B.detains
C.maintains D.contains IV.Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young children spend on academic activities.Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited.Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes.However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often
result.To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting.When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination.The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space.If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated.Once students can form letters
within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students
who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room.The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes.After the students have made several
airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class.To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and
misbehave in the media center.Reading is incompatible with talking.The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and read them while in the center.Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep.The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very
boring.Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs students and raise their interest in the course.41.The purpose of this passage is to___ A.inform B.persuade
C.debate
D.narrate 42.Guthrie identified three methods for__ A.educating students
B.altering bad habits C.avoiding undesired action
D.forming good hobbies 43.Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method? A.Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the
child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B.Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young
children and gradually increase session length but not to where students
become frustrated or bored.C.Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is
introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D.A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his
parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44.To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth.Over time.watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king.What method is used in this example? A.The threshold method.B.The fatigue method.C.The incompatible response method.D.The punishment method.45.We can draw the conclusion from the passage that A.The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted
response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes
exhausted B.The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a
response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be
performed simultaneously
C.The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde
into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes
a cue for not performing it D.The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child
make response incompatible with unwanted response Passage 2 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing.Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wralts.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market.“Nova” is Latin for new(star)“ and means ”star“ in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like ”no va“, meaning ”it doesn't go“.Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning.When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant”(for advertising ,egetables)became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”.No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff aarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest.The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique
called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back.Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46.The best title of this passage might be __.A.Culture Is Very Important ia Advertishag B.Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations C.Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries D.Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 47.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage? A.hesitation B.mistake C.stutter D.default 48.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? A.Cultural shocks
B.Faulty translations C.Avoid cultural oversights D.Prevent blunders 49.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “ca ” most probably mean____ A.an animal used in perfume for its smell B.a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals C.a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals D.an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals 50.One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___ A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.B.use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of
blunders C.avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes D.explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3 It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses.In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down.Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers.It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies wi！be swept out more quickly in hard times;it is the company he worries about.His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of.his company and the industry.so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase.At the very topexecutives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual.Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits.His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running.But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf eyes.He likes to work.He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search fares,” is a growing industry.America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51.We can infer from the second paragraph that___
A.promotion depends on amiability
B.chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level
C.it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his
subordinates
D.a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the
industry 52.The term “aerobic exercise”(fa'st line in second last paragraph)is a kind Of
____
A.hallucination exercise
B.physical exercise
C.meditation exercise
D.entertainment 53.From the last paragraph we can gather that ____
A.there are too many aggressive executives
B.individual talent is not essential for a company
C.the job of an “executive search rum” is corporate head-hunting
D.it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial
ranks 54.For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________
A.they can conduct their business
B.they can indulge themselves
C.they can cultivate their mind
D.they can exercise as well as socialize 55.What is NOT tree according to the article? A.Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B.Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C.All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D.Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4 In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh.he had four, dod in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech.Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his words, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuku.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword.The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded;the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage tho attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories.Here life and fiction become joined.The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code;but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building(he became expert at karate and kendo)and, most important, through the discipline writing.In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage.His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask(1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56.The article implies that A.Mishima refused to join the army when he was young B.Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer C.Mishima is a person who'is hard m define D.Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer 57.The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was A.Fo capture the commanding genera!
B.to urge the government to declare a war against America C.to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemment
D.to force the Emperor to give up the throne 58.In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____ A.was web received by the soldiers B, was laughed at by the soldiers C.impressed the commanding general D, left a deep impression tO the soldiers 59.What IS true according to article? A.The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B.The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnpt C.Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D.one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60.Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___ A, written “Patriotism”, one of his most powerful stories B.written eighty short stories C.published “A Forest in Flower” D.published “Confession of a Mask” 主观题部分
请用钢笔或圆珠笔将此部分试题的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！V.Translation(20 points)Fart A.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy.Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could not be further delayed.Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the SurpluS actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased;a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze.Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发层成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。世界各国 和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中 获得了丰厚的回报。我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活 动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。在中国的投资活动一 定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促进中国 和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。VI.Writing(20 points)Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title “My Understanding of GlobaIization”.Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.
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