第一篇：2011在职硕士英语试题及答案
2011年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试题
PartⅡ Vocabulary and Structure(20 minutes, 10 points)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11.This crime fiction was _______very popular but nobody reads it today.A.once B.ever C.never D.always
12.American woman were ________the right to vote until 1920.A.ignored B.refused C.deprived D.denied
13.Experts have _____ with effective measures to prevent the disease from spreading.A.caught up B.put up C.come up D.kept up
14.We cannot trust Steve any more because he often ____his duty.A.cancels B.abandons C.deserts D.neglects
15.In the early 1980s, though Coke was the leading soft drink, it was losing market _______to Pepsi.A.part B.share C.place D.ratio
16.There is no cure for the disease yet, but these drugs can ______its development.A.break down B.take down C.slow down D.track down
17.In the desert, even a small cup of water may be a ______of life or death.A.business B.matter C.fact D.thing
18.S he had yet become accustomed ______ the fact that she was a rich woman.A.for B.with C.about D.to
19.The organization has published a ________ digest of environmental statistics for five years.A.regular B.frequent C.random D.fixed
20.I want to see the old part of the town where the essence of Beijing is best _____.A.observed B.reserved C.preserved D.conserved
21.Reporters rushed to the airport after the CNN reported that nine passengers ______by a ―terrorist‖ on the plane.A.were holding B.hold C.had held D.were being held
22.Not long ______she registered a new number, she received five calls in one day.A.afterwards B.after C.ago D.since
23.Nice words may win friends, but only one’s good personality can hold ______.A.it B.those C.that D.them
24.It was _______ the chief engineer came _______we began the experiment.A.not until;that B.not until;then
C.until;that D.until;when
25.About fifty million Americans are active in ________ is called fitness walking.A.that B.which C.what D.something
26.We waited for the decision for the whole afternoon, only _______ to return the next day.A.to be told B.were told C.being told D.having been told
27.As a result of the work, he found less time than he ______ for his hobbies.A.must have hoped B.had hoped
C.should have hoped D.has hoped
28.Some of them were well behaved, ________ were insulting.A.and they B.but they C.while others D.as others
29.The journalist feels he has a responsibility to ensure ________ the customers are not misled.A.whether B.so that C.as if D.that
30.The matter ______, we decided to proceed to the next program on the agenda.A.was settled B.settled C.had been settled D.had settled Part III Reading Comprehension(40 minutes, 40 points)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage One
It happens to us all, however hard we may try to delay the process---we grow old.Surgery may remove wrinkles(皱纹), skin which has become less firm may be tightened by a surgical operation on the face, and hair dressers may dye grey hair a more youthful color.But we cannot remain young forever.Advances in medicine have made it possible for more people to stay alive longer.However what is important is the quality of life, and people age differently.Some people remain quite well and able to look after themselves when they get old.But others of the same age are not so lucky.They have to go into a nursing home in order to receive adequate care.The worst aspect of ageing is that often the mind becomes less alert.As people grow older, they often experience loss of short-term memory, although they may well be able to recall quite easily events that happened long ago.Later they may suffer from dementia(痴呆), a disease which gets gradually worse.By no means all elderly people are in this category.Many senior citizens are in possession of all their faculties and see retirement as a time of freedom.Not only that, if they have a generous retirement pension, they are likely to be quite well off, with money to spend on holidays and other luxuries.Because of this, both businesses and government have a new respect for what is known as grey power.By no means, however, does everyone treat OAPs with respect.There are some cultures which are noted for the great respect with which they treat their old people, but many people in other cultures regard the old as having a very low status in society and treat them accordingly.They often consider old people as having one foot in the grave.Someone should remind them that they, too, will be old one day.31.Elderly people who cannot look after themselves go to ______.A.nursing homes B.residences close to hospitals
C.community centers D.homes of their children
32.The worst aspect of ageing is ________.A.inability to look after oneself B.low retirement pension
C.getting more and more forgetful D.inadequate medical care
33.What is the reason that businesses respect the elderly?
A.The elderly are wise.B.The elderly have knowledge.C.The elderly are mentally alert.D.The elderly have spending power.34.―OAP‖(Para.5)most likely means ―_________‖.A.old age program B.old age power
C.old age party D.old age pensioner
35.According to the author, how people treat the elderly relates to _______.A.their occupations B.their cultural backgrounds
C.their education levels D.the amount of their free time Passage Two
The swan is mostly silent through its life, unable to sing sweet songs like most other birds, In Ancient times, however, people believed a swan sings the most beautiful song just before it dies.The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates talked of this 2, 300 years ago.Socrates explained that the swan was singing because it was happy.T he
bird was happy because it was going to serve the Greek God Apollo.Swans were holy to Apollo, the god of poetry and song.The story of the swan’s last song found a place in the works of other writers, including the early English writers Chaucer and Shakespeare.And the expression ―swan song ‖ has long been a part of the English language.At first, ―swan song ‖ meant the last work of a poet, musician or writer.Now, it means the final effort of any person.Someone’s swan song usually is also considered that person’s finest work.A political expression with a similar meaning is ―the last hurrah‖.The expression may be used to describe a politician’s last campaign, his final attempt to win cheers and votes.The last hurrah also can mean the last acts of a politician, before his term in office ends.Writer Edwin O’Connor made the expression popular in 1956.He wrote a book about the final years in the political life of a long time mayor of Boston.He called his book The Last Hurrah.Some language experts say the expression came from a name given to noisy supporters of Andrew Jackson, America’s seventh president.They cheered hurrah so loudly for Andy Jackson during his presidential campaign that they became known as the hurrah boys.Jackson’s hurrah boys also played a part in the election to choose the next president.Jackson’s choice was his vice president, Martin Van Buren.A newspaper of the time reported that Van Buren was elected president: ―…by the hurrah boys, and those who knew just enough to shout hurrah for Jackson.‖ President Jackson really heard his last hurrahs in the campaign of the man who would replace him in the White House.36.In ancient times, people believed that a swan sings most beautifully _______.A.before death B.when is happy
C.for Apollo D.in front of other birds
37.According to Socrates, swans were __________.A.holy birds B.happy birds
C.pets of a Greek God D.in front of other birds
38.The English expression ―swan song‖_________.A.was first used by Chaucer
B.changed its meaning through time
C.means the best song ever created
D.refers to a work of Shakespeare
39.Martin Van Buren _______.A.was the U.S.president before Jackson
B.served as the eighth U.S.president
C.is the author of The Last Hurrah
D.was a political rival of O’Connor
40.President Jackson’s last hurrah was to ________.A.express his gratitude to his supporters
B.win the final cheers from his supporters
C.defeat another candidate in the election
D.help his vice president get elected Passage Three
There is no question that academic enterprise has become increasingly global, particularly in the sciences.Nearly three million students now study outside their home countries——a 57% increase in the last decade.Foreign students now dominate many U.S.doctoral programs, accounting for 64% of Ph.Ds in computer science, for example.Faculty members are on the move, too.Half of the world’s top physicists no longer work in their native countries.And major institutions such as New York University are creating branch campuses in the Middle East and Asia.There are now 162satellite campuses worldwide, an increase of 43% in just the past three years.At the same time, growing numbers of traditional source countries for students, from South Korea to Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯), are trying to improve both the quantity and quality of their own degrees, engaging in a fierce and expensive race to recruit students and create worldclass research universities of their own.Such competition has led to considerable hand-writing in the West.During a 2008 campaign stop, for instance, then-candidate Barack Obama expressed alarm about the threat that such academic competition poses to U.S.competitiveness.Such concerns are not limited to the United States.In some countries worries about educational competition and brain drains have led to academic protectionism.India, for instance, places legal and bureaucratic in front of Western universities that want to set up satellite campuses to enroll local students.Perhaps some of the anxiety over the new global academic enterprise is understandable.Particularly in a period of massive economic uncertainty.But educational protectionism is as big a mistake as trade protectionism is.The globalization of higher education should be embraced.not feared——including in the United States.There is every reason to believe that the worldwide competition for human talent, the race to produce innovative research, the push to extend university campuses to multiple countries, and the rush to train talented graduates who can strengthen economics increasingly knowledge –based economics will be good for the United States, as well.41.A feature of the globalization of the academic enterprise is that more students _____.A.study in foreign countries
B.major in computer science
C.take joint doctoral programs
D.return home after studying abroad
42.A satellite campus is probably a branch campus that a university sets up _________.A.in developed countries B.in another country
C inside another university D.on the Internet
43.The word ―hand-wringing ‖(Para.4)probably means ―________‖.A.anger B.in another country
C.interests D.delight
44.Academic protectionism is characterized by _____.A.enlarging enrollment of local students
B.limiting the growth of Ph.D.programs
C.creating more satellite campuses abroad
D.restricting satellite campuses of foreign universities
45.In the last paragraph, the author tries to emphasize that _____.A.the academic enterprise has become global
B.academic competition has led to protectionism
C.worries over educational competition are understandable
D.educational protectionism cannot be justified Passage Four
Who says your job leaves you no time to hit the gym? A detailed new study of U.S.physical activity patterns shows that men who work full-time whether their jobs are active or sedentary end up getting more exercise than healthy working –age men without a job.The new study comes from researchers at the National Institutes of Health(NIH), As part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2003, some, 1, 800 working-age adults were asked questions about their lifestyle and work habits, and, most importantly, they then agreed to wear an accelerometer—a device to measure their physical activity — over the course of several days.Those data from the accelerometers provide a rare opportunity to nail down how much activity the typical American actually does.They show that men or women who work in active jobs do more physical activity on weekdays than men or
women working in sedentary jobs.That’s perhaps not surprising, but the NIH researchers suggest that it still matters because of an ongoing shift in the economy toward sedentary work.The more surprising finding is the one that compares full-time workers to people who don’t work.The study shows that men with full-time jobs do more physical activity than healthy men without jobs.(―Healthy man, ‖ in this case, were those men who said their primary reason for being out of work was something other than health or disability.)In fact, even sedentary fulltime workers performed more weekday physical activity overall than the healthy non-workers
The results looked very different for women.Women in sedentary jobs did less physical activity on weekdays than their healthy non-working peers.So what drives the gender(性别)difference? The study looks at the patterns, and unfortunately can’t provide too much detail about their causes.There could be many possible answers, including, perhaps, different abilities to pay for leisure time activities, or different attitudes about work and physical activity.It could also be that more non-working women than men are choosing to be at home running around full-time after the kids.But the NIH researchers do find evidence, they write, to suggest that, whatever causes the difference, healthy non-working women ―are replacing work with active pursuits whereas ‖ for some reason —―[non-working ]men generally are not.‖
46.A sedentary job(Para.1)is one that involves ________.A.staying seated a lot B.intensive concentration
C.moving about a lot D.superb skills
47.What is the function of the accelerometers in the study?
A.They record people’s physical activities.B.They measure people’s workload.C.They distinguish gender differences.D.They push people to be more active.48.What is a possible reason for non-working women to be physically active?
A.They are well-educated.B.Their kids keep them busy.C.They are open-minded.D.Their husbands influence them.49.The study tries to identify________.A.the ongoing economy trend
B.evidence for gender differences
C.the American physical activity patterns
D.the relation between work and leisure
50.Who are the least physically active according to the study?
A.Men with sedentary jobs.B.Men with active jobs.C.Healthy women with no jobs.D.Healthy men with no jobs.Part IV Cloze Test(15 minutes, 10 points)
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage.For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Ants first captured the attention of software engineers in the early 1990s.A single ant cannot do much on its own.But a group of ants 51 can solve complex problems.That inspired people like Marco Dorigo, who is one of the founders of a 52 known as group intelligence.Ants are good at choosing the shortest possible route between a food 53 and their nest.This reminds us of a classic computational travelling-salesman problem.Given a list of cities and their 54 apart, the salesman must find
the shortest route needed to visit each city once.As the number of cities 55 , the problem gets more complicated.Ants solve their own problem using chemical signals called pheromones(信息素).When an ant finds food, she takes it back to the nest, 56 a pheromone trail that will attract others.The more ants that 57 the trail, the stronger it becomes.58 the pheromones evaporate(挥发)quickly, so once all the food has been collected, the trail soon goes cold.This rapid evaporation means long trails are less 59 than short ones, all else being equal.Pheromones thus turn the 60 intelligence of the individual ants into something more powerful.51.A.by the way B.as a whole
C.for some time D.on the average
52.A.field B.profession C.company D.fund
53.A.range B.source C.chain D.origin
54.A.locations B.positions C.spaces D.distances
55.A.changes B.holds C.grows D.decreases
56.A.putting aside B.working on
C.waiting for D.leaving behind
57.A.follow B.lead C.surround D.avoid
58.A.Therefore B.Furthermore C.Then D.However
59.A.interesting B.important C.attractive D.visible
60.A.interrupted B.limited C.considerable D.unreliable Part V Translation(30 minutes, 10 points)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.One of the keys to speaking English like a native is the ability to use and understand casual expressions, or idioms, American English is full of idioms.You won’t learn these expressions in a standard textbook.But you will hear them all the time in everyday conversations.You’ll also meet them in books, newspapers, magazines, and TV shows.Idioms add color to the language.Master idioms and your speech will be less awkward, less foreign.You’ll also understand more of that you read and hear.Often a student of English tries to translate idioms word-for-word, or literally.If you do this, you can end up asking, ‖what could this possibly mean?‖ This is why idioms are difficult: they work as groups of words, not as individual words.If you translate each word on its own, you’ll miss the meaning and in many cases end up with nonsense.Part VI Writing(30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic of ―What Do I Do to Stay Healthy? ‖.You may base your composition on the Chinese clues given below and put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.健康的标志是……
为了健康，最重要的是要……
我个人保持健康的做法是……
2011年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试题答案
1.CADDB BCDBA
11.ADCDB CBDAC
21.DBDAC ABCDB
31.ACDDB AABBB
41.ABBDD AABCD
51.DABDC DADCB
英译汉参考译文
要把英语说得像本族人那么地道，关键之一是能够理解和使用通俗用语或习语。美式英语中有大量习语。这些惯用语在一般教材中学不到，在日常对话里却可以经常听到，在图书、报纸、杂志和电视节目里也会碰到。
习语可为语言增色。熟练掌握习语可减少口语表达的拗口、生涩，也有助于提高听力和阅读理解能力。英语学习者常常逐字翻译或按字面意思直译习语，这么做最终可能会抓不住其确切含义，因为习语以词组形式出现，而非一单词形式出现，这正是习语难以掌握的症结所在。孤立译出没一个单词，会丢失习语的本义，在很多情况下，还会使其毫无意义。
写作范文
People today become increasingly concerned about health, a state of physical and mental well-being.For human beings, to be healthy means to be free from physical illness and mental or psychological problems.To say healthy, it’s of great importance to develop good lifestyles and behaviors, and to cultivate positive mentalities as well as individual abilities.Studies have shown that people can improve their physical health via regular exercise, adequate sleep, balanced diet, and absence of alcohol, smoke, and drugs.Also, people can keep mentally healthy if they have a positive mentality of optimism, confidence, resolution, broad vision and so forth.This kind of mentality will contribute quite a lot to their ability to cope with stresses and problems, overcome difficulties and obstacles and meet challenges, which, in turn, ensure a fruitful and happy life.This mentality will also result in strong character and personal satisfaction.To me, health means equal significance.I have made great efforts to try to stay health.Often, I do regular exercises to help strengthen my body and character.Also, I have tried to build healthy self-esteem and confidence, which helps me to see all my abilities and weaknesses together, accept them, and do my best with them.Finally, I always try to be optimistic to help me deal with all the frustrations and stresses in my life.With all this, I am confident to maintain both physical and mental health.
第二篇：2003年在职硕士全国联考英语试题
北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net 2003年在职攻读硕士专业学位全国联考英语试题
Part I
Listening Comprehension
(30 minutes, 15 points)(略)Part II Vocabulary and Structure
(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16.Scientists estimate that about 530 000 other objects, too small to detect with radar，_______ the Earth too.A.being circled
B.are circling
C.are to be circling
D.are being circled
17.During the past years the _______ of automobile accidents in New York City has decreased.A.degree
B.quantity C.number
D.amount
18.Both approaches require that the actor _______ his or her own personal values as well as the character’s.A.must understand
B.should understand C.has to understand
D.need to understand
19.It is wrong for people to think that experts are _______ right when they explain their ideas on some subjects.A.steadily
B.constantly C.persistently
D continuously
20.We had a party last weekend, and it was a lot of fun.So let’s have _______ one this weekend.A.another
B.more C.the other
D.other
21.The brave firemen had fought for days before they managed to _______ the forest fire.A.put on
B.put up C.put off
D.put out
22.You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ______ you don’t mind taking the night train.A.if
B.unless C.though
D.until
23.He _______ that a combination of recent oil discoveries and the advance of new technology will lead to a decline in the price of crude oil.A.predicts
B.compels C.arranges
D.disputes 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net 24._______ in a simple style, the book clearly describes the author’s childhood experiences in a small town.A.Writing
B.To be written C.Being written
D.Written
25.For these reasons, the newspaper is having _______ problems in the north of the country.A.distribution
B.regulation C.recognition
D.destruction
26.The parents were much kinder to their youngest child than they were to the others, _______, of course, made the others jealous.A.which
B.that C.what
D.who
27.―Sorry, there are no tickets _______ for tomorrow’s performance,‖ the ticket officer said politely.A.preferable
B.considerable C.accessible
D.available
28.With temperature _______ so rapidly, we could not go on with the experiment.A.fell
B.fall C.falling
D.fallen
29.History has demonstrated that countries with different social systems can join hands in meeting the common challenges to human _______ and development.A.evolution
B.survival C.satisfaction
D.damage
30._______ before we departed last weekend, we would have had a wonderful dinner party.A.Had they arrived
B.Would they arrive C.Were they arriving
D.Were they to arrive
31.A lot of people were ready to work long hours because high unemployment meant that they could easily be _______.A.separated
B.appointed C.transferred
D.replaced
32._______ that saw the trade between the two countries reach its highest point.A.During the 1990’s
B.That it was in the 1990’s C.It was in the 1990’s
D.It was the 1990’s
33.They have been waiting for many hours.The airplane must have been _______.A.of schedule
B.on schedule C.ahead of schedule
D.behind schedule 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net
34.The manager promised to keep me _______ of how our business was going on.A.informed
B.informing C.to be informed
D.having informed
35.We can’t afford to let the situation get worse.We have to take _______ to put it right.A.decisions
B.advantages C.sides
D.steps
Part III Reading Comprehension
(55 minutes, 40 points)
Directions: There are four passages in this part.Each of the passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage One
The worst thing about television and radio is that they entertain us, saving us the trouble of entertaining ourselves.A hundred years ago, before all these devices were invented, if a person wanted to entertain himself with a song or a piece of music, he would have to do the singing himself or pick up a violin and play it.Now, all he has to do is turn on the radio or TV.As a result, singing and music have declined.Italians used to sing all the time.Now, they only do it in Hollywood movies.Indian movies are mostly a series of songs and dances trapped around silly stories.As a result, they don’t do much singing in Indian villages anymore.Indeed, ever since radio first came to life, there has been a terrible decline in amateur(业余的)singing throughout the world.There are two reasons for this sad decline: One, human beings are astonishingly lazy.Put a lift in a building, and people would rather take it than climb even two flights of steps.Similarly, invent a machine that sings, and people would rather let the machine sing than sing themselves.The other reason is that people are easily embarrassed.When there is a famous, talented musician readily available by pushing a button, which amateur violinist or pianist would want to try to entertain family or friends by himself? These earnest reflections came to me recently when two CDs arrived in the mail.They are historic recordings of famous writers reading their own works.It was thrilling to hear the voices from a long dead past in the late19th century.But today, reading out loud anything is no longer common.Today, we sing songs to our children until they are about two;we read simple books to them till they are about five, and once they have learnt to read themselves, we become deaf.We’re alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo(立体声音响)。
I count myself extremely lucky to have been born before TV became so common.I was about six before TV appeared.To keep us entertained, my mother had to do a good deal of singing and tell us endless tales.It was the same in many other homes.People spoke a language;they sang it, they recited it;it was something they could feel.Professional actors’ performance is extraordinarily revealing.But I still prefer my own reading, because it’s mine.For the same reason, people find karaoke(卡拉OK)liberating.It is almost the only electronic thing that gives them back their own voice.Even if their voices are 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net hopelessly out of tune, at least it is meaningful self-entertainment.36.The main idea of this passage is that _______.A.TV and radio can amuse us with beautiful songs and music B.TV and radio prevent us from self-entertainment C.people should sing songs and read books aloud themselves D.parents should sing songs and read books aloud to their children
37.According to the passage, Italians _______.A.only sing songs in Hollywood B.are no longer fond of music C.only sing and dance in villages D.don’t sing much nowadays
38.Which of the following is NOT the reason for the decline in amateur singing? A.It is easier for people to please themselves with songs through TV and radio.B.Amateurs feel embarrassed for they cannot sing as well as professionals.C.People don’t want to take the trouble to sing songs themselves.D.Famous and talented musicians can easily be met.39.When hearing the voices from the famous writers of a long dead past, the author _______.A.was very excited B.was very frightened
C.thought that writers shouldn’t read their own books D.thought the past recording was not of good quality
40.The author’s attitude toward karaoke is _______.A.negative
B.positive
C.neutral
D.indifferent
Passage Two
If those ―mad moments‖—when you can’t remember what your friend has told you or where you left your keys –-are becoming more frequent, mental exercises and a healthy brain diet may help.Just as bodies require more maintenance with the passing years, so do brains, which scientists now know show signs of aging as early as the 20s and 30s.―Brain aging starts at a very young age, younger than any of us had imagined and these processes continue gradually over the years,‖ said Dr.Gary Small, the director of the Center on Aging at the University of California, Los Angeles.―I’m convinced that it is never too early to get started on a mental or brain-fitness program,‖ he added.In his book, The Memory Bible, the 51-year-old neuroscientist(神经学家)lists what he refers to as the 10 suggestions for keeping the brain young.They include training memory, building skills, reducing stress, mental exercises, brain food and a healthy lifestyle.It’s a game plan for keeping brain cells sparking and neural networks in perfect shape.“Misplacing your keys a couple of times don’t mean you should start labeling your cabinets.4 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net Memory loss is not an inevitable consequence of aging.Our brains can fight back,‖ he said.Dr.Small provides the weapons for a full-scale attack.Simple memory tests give an indication of what you are up against and tools such as ―look‖ and ―connect‖ are designed to make sure that important things such as names and dates are never forgotten.―So if you wanted to learn names and faces, for example, you meet Mrs.Beatty and you notice a distinguishing facial feature, maybe a high eyebrow,‖ said Small.―You associate the first thing that comes to mind.I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create a mental pictures of Warren Beatty kissing her brow.‖
Small admits it may sound a bit strange but he says it works.‖ Mental exercises could be anything from doing crossword puzzles and writing with your left hand if you are right handed or learning a language.It could be anything that is fun that people enjoy doing,‖ he added.He also recommends physical exercise, a low-fat diet and eating foods rich in fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants(抗氧化剂)including blueberries and onions in addition to reducing stress.41.The ―mad moment‖ in the first paragraph refers to the time when we ________.A.don’t listen to our friends B.have lost our important things C.have some mental problems D.have a bad memory
42.In this passage, the author mainly tells us ________.A.everyone has bad memories sometimes no matter how old he is B.we can prevent our mind from aging with various methods C.brain aging starts at the time when we are in the 20s and 30s D.memory loss is not the sign that we are getting old
43.By giving the example ―you meet Mrs.Beatty and you notice a distinguishing …eyebrow‖, Dr.Small is trying to explain the memory tool of ________.A.look
B.physical exercises C.connect
D.mental exercises
44.By saying ―I think of the actor Warren BEATTY so I create … her brow‖, Dr.Small is trying to explain the memory tool of ________.A.remembering facial features
B.reducing stress C.connecting related things
D.observing carefully
45.Mental exercises do NOT include________.A.writing with one’s left hand
C.doing crossword puzzles B.learning a foreign language
D.taking pictures
Passage Three It may look like just another playgroup, but a unique educational center in Manhattan is really giving babies something to talk about.―It’s a school to teach languages to babies and young 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net children with games, songs—some of the classes also have arts and crafts,‖ said Francois Thibaut, the founder of the Language Workshop for Children, a place where babies become bilingual.Children as young as few months are exposed to French and Spanish before many of them can even speak English.Educators use special songs and visual(视觉的)aids to ensure that when a child is ready to talk, the languages will not be so foreign.“Children have a unique capacity to learn many languages at the same time,‖ said Thibaut.―Already at nine months, a child can tell the differences between the sounds he or she has heard since birth and the sounds he or she has never heard yet.‖ Thibaut says the best time to expose children to language is from birth to 3 years old.For the last 30 years, the school has been using what it calls the Thibaut Technique, a system that combines language lessons with child’s play.“I always wanted to learn Spanish, but by the time I got to high school it was too late to pick it up and speak fluently,‖ said Marc Lazare, who enrolled his son at the school.―I figured at this age, two, it’s a perfect time for him to learn.‖
Aside from learning a language, the kids also gain a tremendous sense of confidence.One young student boasted that aside from French, she can speak five languages(though that included ―monkey‖ and ―lion‖).The school gives children the tools to communicate, and sometimes that gives them an advantage over their parents.―I think they sometimes speak French when they think I won’t understand them,‖ said parent Foster Gibbons.Depending on the age group, classes run from 45 minutes up to 2 hours.Even when students are not in class, the program is designed to make sure the learning continues at home.Tapes and books are included so kids can practice on their own.46.The word ―bilingual‖ in the first paragraph probably means ________.A.capable of using two languages
B.both clever and confident C.aware of their own limitations and strengths
D.independent of their parents
47.The passage tells us that the best time for a child to learn languages is ___________.A.before seven years old
B.from birth to three years old C.in his childhood
D.in his teens
48.According to Thibaut, it is possible __________.A.for children to take advantage of their parents by using a foreign language B.to expose children to a foreign language after they can speak English C.to combine language lessons with sports games
D.for children to learn several languages at the same time
49.The school teaches language by __________.A.exposing children to the new environment B.using modern facilities and equipment C.combining language lessons with games D.giving children confidence
50.The best title for this text is __________.A.A Unique Language School for Children 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net B.The Foreign Language for Children to Learn C.Special Songs and Visual Aids in Learning D.The Best Way to Learn a Foreign Language
Passage Four The girls in this sixth grade class in East Palo Alto, California, all have the same access to computers as boys.But researchers say, by the time they get to high school, they are victims of what the researchers call a major new gender(性别)gap in technology.Janice Weinman of the American Association of University Women says, ―Girls tend to be less comfortable than boys with the computer.They use it more for word processing rather than for problem solving, rather than to discover new ways in which to understand information.‖
After re-examining a thousand studies, the American Association of University Women researchers found that girls make up only a small percentage of students in computer science classes.Girls consistently rate themselves significantly lower than boys in their ability and confidence in using computers.And they use computers less often than boys outside the classroom.An instructor of a computer lab says he’s already noticed some differences.Charles Cheadle of Cesar Chavez School says, ―Boys are not so afraid they might do something that will harm the computer, whereas girls are afraid they might break it somehow.‖
Six years ago, the software company Purple Moon noticed that girls’ computer usage was falling behind boys.Karen Gould says, ―The number one reason girls told us they don’t like computer games is not that they’re too violent, or too competitive.Girls just said they’re incredibly boring.‖
Purple Moon says it found what girls want, characters they can relate to and story lines relative to what’s going on in their own lives.Karen Gould of Purple Moon Software says, “What we definitely found from girls is that there is no intrinsic(固有的)reason why they wouldn’t want to play on a computer;it was just a content thing.‖
The sponsor of the study says it all boils down to this: the technology gender gap that separates the girls from the boys must be closed if women are to compete effectively with men in the 21st century.51.According to the passage, girls are victims of the gender gap in technology because __________.A.they can not discover new ways to use computers B.they have the same access to computers as boys C.they are likely to be less comfortable with computers D.they can only use computers for word processing
52.Girls often feel __________.A.bored with computer games
B.comfortable using computers C.it hard to use computers in word processing
D.worried about using computers
53.The research on girls and computers is ____________.A.based on a few recent articles
B.presented by one person 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net C.based on thousands of studies
D.not considered well grounded
54.The software company seems to think ___________.A.if girls had an equal chance of playing games, they would like computers B.if the software was more violent, girls would be more interested C.if the software content was changed, girls would be more interested D.if the character were funny, girls would like them better
55.The gender gap needs to be closed because ___________.A.it isn’t fair that boys are allowed to use computers all the time B.there isn’t enough money for upgrading computers C.most of the causes may boil down to a question of money D.the ability to use computers is important in today’s world
Part IV Close Test
(15 minutes, 5 points)Directions: There are ten blanks in the following passage.For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSCER SHEET with a single line through the center.Visitors to this country are normally admitted for six months, but foreign students can usually stay for one year.They must __56__ an educational institution, and they are required to study for a __57__.Of fifteen hours a week on a daytime course.Prospective students have to show that they can afford their studies, and that they have sufficient __58__ resources to support themselves __59__ in this country.In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, __60__ must be applied for by his prospective employer.The problem here is that the Department of Employment has the right to grant or __61__ these permits, and there is little that can b done __62__ it;it would be extremely unwise for a foreign visitor to work __63__ a permit, since anyone doing so is liable to immediate deportation(驱逐出境)，There are some people from the European countries, who are often given __64__ residence permits of up to five years.Some other people, such as doctors, foreign journalists, authors and others can work without permits, and foreign students are normally allowed to __65__ part-time jobs while they are studying here.56.A.establish
B.purchase
C.prove
D.attend 57.A.minimum
B.maximum
C.minority
D.majority
58.A.natural
B.financial
C.human
D.economical
59.A.after
B.since
C.while
D.before 60.A.it
B.what
C.that
D.which 61.A.receive
B.refuse
C.oppose
D.accept 62.A.for
B.on
C.about
D.with 63.A.with
B.before
C.after
D.without 64.A.temporary
B.interior
C.permanent
D.short 65.A.engage
B.take
C.expect
D.work 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net
试卷二
Part V Translation
(30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The generation gap is so great in Hong Kong that the teenagers there rarely turn to their parents or teachers for advice on anything.Whether it be sex, AIDS, school worries or family problems, adults are not considered up to the job.Until now, no one has asked Hong Kong youth, ―What do you think?‖ Some understanding of the emotions of Hong Kong’s youth, however, has come from the work of Dr.Jeffrey Day —at the University of Hong Kong.His survey of young people does not focus, for example, on how many drugs they take—but tries to answer the question why.Dr.Day hopes the results, which he plans to explain in full next week, will reveal what troubles—as well as pleases—today’s high-school students.Conclusions will be passed on not only to government departments but back to the school which took part.Part VI Writing
(30 Minutes, 15 points)Direction: You are to write in no less than 120 words about the title "Lifelong Learning”.You should base your composition on the Chinese outline given below： 1． 终身学习对每个人的重要性。2． 终身学习的方式有多种„„
3． 你认为你应该采取那种方式，为什么？
参考答案
Part I Listening Comprehension(30 minutes, 15 points)Part II Vocabulary and Structure(20 minutes, 10 points)16.B
17.C
18.B
19.B
20.A
21.D
22.A
23.A
34.D
25.A
26.A
27.D
28.C
29.B
30.A
31.D
32.D
33.D
34.A
35.D
Part III Reading Comprehension(55 minutes, 40 points)36.B
37.D
38.D
39.A
40.B
41.D
42.B
43.A
44.C
45.D 46.A
47.B
48.D
49.C
50.A
51.C
52.A
53.C
54.C
55.D
Part IV Cloze Test 915 Minutes, 5 points)56.D
57.A
58.B
59.C
60.D
61.B
62.C
63.D
64.A
65.B
Part V Translation(30 minutes, 15 points)在香港，代沟的问题很严重，以至于十几岁的孩子很少向父母或老师征询意见。不管是 9 北京工商大学外国语学院 唐义均 tangyijun@263.net 性、艾滋病、学校中遇到的麻烦，还是家庭问题，他们认为成人都帮不上忙。至今为止，没人问过香港的年轻人：“你在想什么？”然而，香港大学的杰弗里•戴博士所作的研究是我们对香港年轻人的情感有了一些了解。他对年轻人的调查，重点不是问他们服用多少种毒品之类的问题，而是试图找到其中缘由。
戴博士计划在下周全面解释研究的结果。他希望研究能解释当今高中学生的喜和忧。研究结论不仅将送呈政府部门，也将通报参加这项调查的学校。
Part VI Writing(30 minutes, 15 points)In today’s society, life-long learning has become very important for everyone.This is because one needs to renew his knowledge continuously in order to meet the needs of his work ad fast development of the society.There are several ways for one to take a life-long learning.One way is to take a part-time education program.It means that one is learning part time while he is working.The program could be at undergraduate level or graduate level.The second way is to study by oneself.You can learn whatever you need for your work on your own.You can learn from books, from FTV programs or from Internet or radio.In my opinion, life-long learning is necessary to us.We should choose one of the ways mentioned above, which depends on your own personal preference and interest.I prefer the first one because this kind of learning is systematic and formal.With the help if the teachers, it is easier to learn sand quicker to get what you need for your work.
第三篇：近两年在职研究生英语试题及答案
Part I Dialogue Communication(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 for each)
Section A Dialogue Completion
Directions: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue.Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1.A: David said he bought a new BMW for ￡5,000!B:____________ Sounds pretty cheap to me!A: Well, that's what he said.A.Are you sure?
B.Come to think of it.C.Do you think so?
D.Is he crazy?
2.A: We just came back from Phoenix.And we had the best vacation in years.B: ______________ I'm glad to hear it.A.Oh, my goodness!
B.How was it? C.Oh, there you go again.D.Good for you.3.A: I just can't stand this class any more!
B: ______________ It's required, and you have to sit in it in order to graduate.A.Well, why not just drop out of it? B.Why, you can say that again!
C.Well, you might as well get used to it.D.Why, I couldn't agree more!
4.A: I don't know about you, but I thought that film was terrific.B: ___________ The action was great, and so was the music.A.Just the same.B.I'm with you there.C.More or less.D.I sure do.5.A: Dan gave me a free ride home, but I paid for the gas.B: You know what they say, ______________
A.there's no free lunch.B.don't bite off more than you can chew.C.one good mm deserves another.D.it's who you know that counts.Section B Dialogue Comprehension
Directions: In this section, you will read 5 short conversions between a man and a woman.At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the best answer to the question from the 4 choices by marking the corresponding better with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.6.Woman: I'd rather not talk about it.Just don't ask.Man: Come on.I think you need to let off some steam.Question: What does the man advise the woman to do?
A.To talk to him about the problem.B.To keep the secret.C.To reduce the workload.D.To have a good rest.7.Woman: Julie's dress looks funny.That style went out last year.Man: Oh, come on, as long as it looks good on her.Question: What does the man try to emphasize?
A.Julie's dress is not outdated.B.Julie's dress does not suit her.C.Julie should follow the fashion.D.Julie looks free in that dress.8.Man: What kind of snacks do you prefer? Woman: Oh, I've got a sweet tooth, you know.Question: What does the woman probably like?
A.Sandwich.B.Hot dogs.C.Ice cream.D.Potato chips.9.Woman: I'm tired of driving all the way to work and back every day.If only carscould drive themselves!
Man: Well, some car manufacturers are working on them.I guess you'll soon buy one if you can afford it.Question: What does the man imply?
A.The woman will be able to buy an intelligent car.B.Cars that drive themselves may be very expensive.C.He is working with a car producer on intelligent cars.D.Driving to work is really a headache.10.Man: Annie, how does it not even cross your mind that you might want a futur with someone? Woman: It's simple.I don't mind being married to my career.Question: What's Annie's attitude towards her future?
A.She will stay with someone unmarried.B.She will live a simple life.C.She will quit her job to get married.D.She will fully focus on her job.Part II Vocabulary(20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 for each)
Section A
Directions: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined.Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A.B.C.D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.11.The news reports completely overlooked the more profound political implications of the events.A.neglected
B.foresaw
C.explored
D.assessed
12.Teachers and nurses who deal with children are obliged to report cases of suspected child abuse to authorities.A.reminded
B.expected
C.compelled
D.requested
13.Your grade will be based in large part on the originality of your ideas.A.creativity
B.popularity
C.feasibility
D.flexibility
14.We suspect there is a quite deliberate attempt to sabotage the elections and undermine the electoral commission.A.conscious
B.desperate
C.clumsy
D.intentional
15.So strange were the circumstances of my story that I can scarcely believe myself to have been a party to them.A.just
B.hardly
C.almost
D.definitely
16.Smoke particles and other air pollutants are often trapped in the atmosphere, thus forming dirty fog.A.constrained
B.caught
C.concealed
D.concentrated
17.Employees in chemical factories are entitled to receive extra pay for doing hazardous work.A.poisonous B.difficult
C.dangerous
D.harmful 18.Curt Carlson, the wealthiest man in Minnesota, owned a hotel and travel company with sales reaching in the neighborhood of ＄9 billion.A.precisely B.merely
C.substantially
D.approximately
19.The tendency of the human body to reject foreign matter is the main obstacle to successful organ transplantation.A.factor
B.constituent
C.barrier
D.break
20.Whenever you need Tom, he is always there whether it be an ear or a helping hand, so you can always lean on him.A.count on
B.benefit from
C.stand for
D.stick to Section B
Directions: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences.For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSERS SHEET.A.takes
B.appears
C.makes
D.goes
22.The world economic recession put an ____________ end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.A.irregular
B.illegal
C.abrupt
D.absurd
23.I'm _____ about how you discovered my website, and am very glad if you enjoy it.A.mysterious B.furious
C.serious D.curious
24.The Labor Party's electoral strategy, based on an _________ with other smaller parties, has proved successful.A.acquaintance
B.integration
C.alliance
D.intimacy
25.The new aircraft will be __________ to a test of temperatures of 65℃ and 120℃.A.suspended
B.suppressed
C.summoned
D.subjected
26.The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful ______ to my ordinary income.A.profit
B.supplement
C.subsidy
D.replacement
27.Chinese people are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by the declining____ of tooth decay.A.treatment
B.incidence
C.consequence
D.misfortune
28.Many countries have conservation programs to prevent certain ____offish from becoming extinct.A.species
B.sources
C.numbers
D.members
29.Susan never took any cookery courses; she learned cooking by ________useful tips from TV cookery programs.A.picking up
B.bringing up
C.putting up
D.pulling up 30.The President __________ his deputy to act for him while he was abroad.A.promoted
B.substituted
C.authorized
D.displaced PartⅢ Reading Comprehension(45minutes, 30point)
Directions: There are 5 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring NSWER SHEET.Passage One
Until last spring, Nia Parker and the other kids in her neighborhood commuted to school on Bus 59.But as fuel prices rose, the school district needed to find a way to cut its transportation costs.So the school's busing company redrew its route map, eliminating Nia's bus altogether.Now Nia and her neighbors travel the haft mile to school via a “walking school bus” a group of kids, supervised by an adult or two, who make the walk together.Like the rest of us, school districts are feeling pinched by rising fuel costs—and finding new ways to adapt.The price of diesel fuel has gone up 34 percent in the past two years.For the typical American school district, bus bills total 5 percent of the budget.As administrators look to trim, busing is an inviting target, since it doesn't affect classroom instruction(or test scores).More than one third of American school administrators have elim/nated bus stops or routes in order to stay within budget.Many parents are delighted to see their kids walking to school, partly because many did so themselves: according to a 1969 survey, nearly half of school kids walked or biked to school, compared with only 16 percent in 2001.Modem parents have been unwilling to let kids walk to school for fear of traffic, crime or simple bullying, but with organized adult supervision, those concerns have diminished.Schools and busing companies are finding other ways to save.In rural areas where busing is a must, some schools have even chosen four day school weeks.Busing companies instruct drivers to eliminate extra stops from routes and to mm off the engine while idling.They are also using computer software to determine the most fuelefficient routes, which aren't always the shortest ones.There could be downsides, however, to the busing cutbacks.If every formerly bused student begins walking to school, it's an environmental winbut if too many of their parents decide to drive them instead, the overall carbon footprint can grow.Replacing buses with many more parent driven cars can also increase safety risks: A 2002 report concluded students are 13 times safer on a school bus than in a passenger car, since buses have fewer accidents and withstand them better due to their size.And some students complain about the long morning hikes, particularly when the route contains a really big hill.31.The “walking school bus” _________.A.does not consume fuel
B.aims to keep children fit C.seldom causes traffic jams
D.is popular with school kids
32.In America the responsibility for busing kids to school lies with _______.A.individual schools
B.school districts
C.teachers
D.parents
33.As regards walking to school, modern parents seem much concerned with the_____.A.time spent on the way
B.changes in the route C.kids' physical strength
D.safety of their children 34.To save money, some schools choose to _____________.A.take the shortest routes
B.shorten the school week C.give drivers better training
D.use fuelefficient buses 35.Busing cutbacks may eventually lead to ___________.A.fiercer competition among bus companies B.more students taking public transportation C.an increase in carbon dioxide emissions D.a decrease in the safety of school buses
36.Which of the following best describes the author's attitude towards busing cutbacks? A.Favorable.B.Critical.C.Objective.D.Indifferent.Passage Two
People are living longer than eve Two r, but for some reason, women are living longer than men.A baby boy born in the United States in 2003 can expect to live to be about 73, a baby girl, about 79.This is indeed a wide gap, and no one really knows why it exists.The greater longevity(长寿)of women, however, has been known for centuries.It was, for example, described in the seventeenth century.However, the difference was smaller thenthe gap is growing.A number of reasons have been proposed to account for the differences.The gap is greatest in industrialized societies, so it has been suggested that women are less susceptible to work strains that may raise the risk of heart disease and alcoholism.Sociologists also tell us that women are encouraged to be less adventurous than men(and this may be why they are more careful drivers, involved in fewer accidents).Even smoking has been implicated in the age discrepancy.It was once suggested that working women are more likely to smoke and as more women entered the work force, the age gap would begin to close, because smoking is related to earlier deaths.Now, however, we see more women smoking and they still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply.One puzzling aspect of the problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men.That is, they report far more illnesses.But when a man reports an illness, it is more likely to be serious.Some researchers have suggested that men may die earlier because their health is more strongly related to their emotions.For example, men tend to die sooner after losing a spouse than women do.Men even seem to be more weakened by loss of a job.(Both of these are linked with a marked decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system.)Among men, death follows retirement with an alarming promptness.Perhaps we are searching for the answers too close to the surface of the problem.Perhaps the answers lie deeper in our biological heritage.After all, the phenomenon is not isolated to humans.Females have the edge among virtually all mammalian(哺乳动物)species, in that they generally live longer.Furthermore, in many of these species the differences begin at the moment of conception; there are more malev miscarriages(流产).In humans, after birth, more baby boys than baby girls die.37.What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A.Men's lifespan remains almost unchanged.B.Researchers have found the causes of the age gap.C.The more advanced a society, the greater the age gap.D.The age gap was noticed only recently.38.As is suggested in Paragraph 2, the two factors relevant to women's longer lifespan are _____.A.diseases and road accidents
B.industrialization and work strains C.their immunity to heart disease and refusal of alcohol
D.their endurance of work strains and reluctance for adventure
39.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is true? A.The great number of male smokers contributes to the age gap.B.The growing number of smoking women will narrow the age gap.C.Female workers are more likely to smoke than male workers.D.Smoking does not seem to affect women's longevity.40.Which of the following phenomena makes researchers puzzled? A.Men's health is more closely related to their emotions.B.Though more liable to illnesses, women still live longer.C.Men show worse symptoms than women when they fall ill.D.Quite a number of men die soon after their retirement.41.The word “edge”in Paragraph 6 means“___________”.A.margin
B.side
C.advantage
D.quality 42.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.The greater longevity of women remains a mystery.B.That women are healthier than men well explains their longevity.C.People are living longer as a result of industrialization.D.Women are less emotionally affected by difficulties in life.Passage Three
Many are aware of the tremendous waste of energy in our environment, but fail to take advantage of straightforward opportunities to conserve that energy.For example, everyone knows that lights should be switched off when no one is in an office.Similarly, when employees are not using a meeting room, there is no need to regulate temperature.Fortunately, one need not rely on human intervention to conserve energy.With the help of smart sensing and network technology, energy conservation processes such as turning off lights and adjusting temperature can be readily automated.Ultimately, this technology will enable consumers and plant managers to better identify wasteful energy use and institute procedures that leadto smarter and more efficient homes, buildings and industrial plants.Until now, wires and cables for power and connectivity have limited the widespread adoption of sensor(传感器)networks by making them difficult and expensive to install and maintain.Batterypowered wireless networks can simplify installation and reduce cost.But their high power consumption and the corresponding need for regular battery replacement has made wireless networks difficult and costly to maintain.Nobody wants to replace hundreds or thousands of window sensor batteries in a large building on a regular basis.The promise of wireless sensor networks can only be fully realized when the wiring for both the data communication and the power supply is eliminated.Doing so requires a tree batteryfree wireless solution, one that can utilize energy harvested directly from the environment.To facilitate the widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks, GreenPeak has developed an ultralowpower communication technology that can utilize environmental energy sources such as light, motion and vibration.This technology, employing onboard power management circuits and computer software to monitor energy harvesters and make the best use of harvested energy, enables sensors to operate reliably in a batteryfree environment.Wireless sensor networks deployed in our offices and homes will have an enormous impact on our daily lives, helping to build a smarter world in which energy is recycled and fully utilized.These wireless platforms, equipped with advanced sensing capability, will enable us to better control our lives, homes and environment, creating a truly connected world that enables people worldwide to live in a more comfortable, safer, and cleaner environment.43.By “human intervention”(Paragraph 2), the author refers to ________.A.the reduction of great energy waste in the environment B.the grasping of straightforward opportunities available C.acts like turning off lights when no one is in the room D.the adoption of smart sensing and network technology
44.Batteries are not an ideal energy source for sensor networks because they__________.A.have to be replaced from time to time
B.contain metals that pollute the environment C.require automatic recharging
D.are difficult and costly to maintain
45.Battery-free wireless sensor networks are made possible by the fact that______.A.there is energy in the environment to be utilized B.the cost of using them has been drastically reduced C.modem data communication consumes little energy D.their maintenance has been greatly simplified
46.According to the passage, Green Peak ___________.A.is the first company to install wireless sensor networks B.promotes the application of wireless sensor networks C.supplies batteries operating on harvested energy
D.benefits handsomely from communication technology 47.The focus of Paragraph 4 is on the ____________.A.replacement of batteries in harvesters
B.monitoring of energy harvested from the environment C.elimination of batteries in sensor networks D.impact of sensor networks on power supply
48.Wireless sensor networks promise to ___________.A.bring businesses high profits
B.further develop the sensing technology C.turn motion into a major source of energy D.improve the daily lives of people worldwide Passage Four
If you haven't heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you've probably been avoiding the media.There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving.You have most likely encountered aggressive driving and/or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing.For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year.Of those fatalities, the agency estimates that about twothirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.Why is this phenomenon occurrifig more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct.One suggestion is sheer overcrowding.In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent.However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent.That means more cars in the same amount of space; and the problem is magnified in urban areas.Also, people have less time and more things to do.With people working and trying to fit extra chores(琐事)and activities into the day, stress levels have never been higher.Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers.These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised.For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard at another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major confrontation.If you are susceptible to Road Rage, the key is to discharge your emotion in a healthy way.If you are the target of another driver's rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.49.The first sentence in Paragraph 1 implies that ______________.A.people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings B.Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months C.one may be raged by media reports and wants to avoid them D.the media coined the term “Road Rage” only a few months ago
50.According to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, last year______.A.drunk driving remained the No.1 killer on the highways
B.more people were killed by aggressive driving than by drunk driving C.two thirds of drivers were killed by aggressive driving D.41,907 people fell victim to aggressive driving
51.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of aggressive driving? A.Increasing number of cars.B.Drivers' stress and anxiety.C.Overcrowded roads.D.Rush hour traffic.52.The word “spell” in Paragraph 3 means“______________”.A.speak
B.cause
C.describe
D.spare
53.Which of the following characterizes aggressive driving? A.Talking while driving.B.Driving fast.C.Yelling at another driver.D.Sounding the horn when passing.54.The last paragraph is intended to ____________.A.tell people how to cope with Road Rage
B.inform people how aggressive drivers could be C.tell people how to control themselves when angry D.warn people against eye contact with another driver Passage Five
In the early 20th century, a horse named Clever Hans was believed capable of counting and other impressive mental tasks.After years of great performance, psychologists discovered that though Hans was certainly clever, he was not clever in the way everyone expected.The horse was cleverly picking up on tiny, unintentional bodily and facial signals given out not only by his trainer, but also by the audience.Aware of the “Clever Hans” effect, Lisa Lit at the University of California and her colleagues wondered whether the beliefs of professional dog handlers might similarly affect the outcomes of searches for drugs and explosives.Remarkably, Dr Lit found, they do.Dr Lit asked 18 professional dog handlers and their dogs to complete brief searches.Before the searches, the handlers were informed that some of the search areas might contain up to three target scents, and also that in two cases those scents would be marked by pieces of red paper.What the handlers were not told was that none of the search areas contained the scents of either drugs or explosives.Any “detections” made by the teams thus had to be false.The findings reveal that of 144 searches, only 21 were clean(no alerts).All the others raised one alert or more.In total, the teams raised 225 alerts.While the sheer number of false alerts struck Dr Lit as fascinating, it was where they took place that was of greatest interest.When handlers could see a red piece of paper, allegedly marking a location of interest, they were much more likely to say that their dogs signalled an alert.The human handlers were not only distracted on almost every occasion by the stimulus aimed at them, but also transmitted that distraction to their animals who responded accordingly.To mix metaphors, the dogs were crying “wolf” at the unconscious signal of their handlers.How much that matters in the real world is unclear.But it might, If a handler, for example, unconsciously “profiled” people being sniffed by a drugor explosivedetecting dog at an airport, false positives could abound.That is not only bad for innocent travellers, but might distract the team from catching the guilty.55.What did psychologists find out about Clever Hans? A.He was as clever as people claimed.B.He was really good at counting.C.He could understand human language.D.He merely responded to human signals.56.Lisa Lit and her colleagues ___________.A.questioned the “Clever Hans” effect B.discovered the “Clever Hans” effect C.confirmed the “Clever Hans” effect D.rejected the “Clever Hans” effect
57.The dog handlers learned before the searches that __________.A.each search area contained three target scents
B.there was actually no target scent in the search area C.some target scents may be labelled with a special mark D.their dogs were expected to f'md the scents of red paper
58.What was most significant about the experiment, according to Dr.Lit? A.The location of the false alerts.B.The regularity of the false alerts.C.The number of the false alerts.D.The timing of the false alerts.59.It can be concluded from the experiment that ___________.A.dog handlers are more likely to be distracted than their dogs B.dogs may act in response to their handlers' bodily signals
C.the cooperation between dogs and their handlers is key to success D.welltrained
dogs can better understand their handlers' signals
60.The author thinks that Dr.Lit's findings _____________.A.should raise our concern in real life B.may not be useful in real situations
C.should be backed up by further evidence D.will be widely applied in the near future
Part IV Close(15 minutes, 15 points, 1 for each)
Directions: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks.For each blank there are 4 choices marked A.B.C.D.Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Zoos have become an important site for the preservation and protection of wildlife resources, 61 those species that are endangered.62 , many zoos displayed live animals for public entertainment.Presently some zoos have become scientific and educational 63 that have contributed to the understanding and conservation of wild animal populations.64 the challenges facing modern zoos are the cost of upgrading old facilities, the struggle to obtain 65 operating funds, and the need to attract more visitors to new and entertaining exhibits.Many 66 zoos in American dries have undergone renovation(翻新)during the last decades of the twentieth century.Among the recent trends in zoo 67 is the construction of new enclosures that resemble natural habitats(栖息地).The replacement of traditional steel bars and concrete floors 68 appropriately designed surroundings improves visitor appreciation of the animals.Such renovations may.69 stress on animals and allow them to interact with one another more naturally.Several major zoos conduct captive propagation programs.A captive propagation program includes the breeding of 70 zoo or wild animals to obtain offspring, usually for release to 71 or for transfer to other zoos.Captive breeding is one method of 72 some species from extinction.Zoos have expanded and improved public education programs also, with education departments that develop programs 73 zoo exhibits.Public activities include inschool programs, zoo tours, special events, and websites.The Zoological Society of New York, for example, conducted a major project with a Western African government to monitor an elephant herd 74 it moved throughout its range.The importance of zoos will increase as natural habitats are diminishing.Through their efforts 75 conservation, education, and environmental advocacy, zoos will continue to play a critical role in wildlife preservation throughout the world.61.A.superficially
B.especially
C.importantly
D.supposedly 62.A.By that time
B.By the time
C.At one time
D.At that time 63.A.institutions
B.associations
C.foundations
D.corporations 64.A.Along
B.Toward
C.Among
D.Through 65.A.limited
B.professional
C.sufficient
D.excessive 66.A.newer
B.older
C.former
D.later
67.A.management
B.improvement
C.achievement
D.assessment 68.A.under
B.for
C.into
D.with 69.A.reduce
B.cause
C.increase
D.avoid 70.A.selected
B.sustained
C.promising
D.surviving 71.A.natural
B.the natural
C.wild
D.the wild 72.A.restraining
B.saving
C.sheltering
D.exempting 73.A.attributed to
B.opposed to
C.referred to
D.related to 74.A.as
B.as if
C.so
D.so that
75.A.in search of
B.in honor of
C.in support of
D.in charge of
Paper Two
Part I Translation(30 minutes, 20 points, 10 for each section)
Section A
Directions: Translate the following passage onto Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Over the years, we tend to think that nuclear technologies and the necessary knowhow to ensure nuclear safety have been developed to a level that possibilities for any major nuclear accidents are almost nonexistent and if it does happen, it will be controlled in the capable hands of nuclear engineers.However, reality has proved again that you just can't be too careful to handle nuclear energy.We don't know for sure yet what will be left behind Japan's nuclear crisis, but it will be certain that it is time to reexamine our nuclear practices and many more efforts need to be made to ensure nuclear safety in the future.Section B
Directions: Translate the following passage into English.Write your translation on the AN SWER SHEET.中国有着 5000 年的文化传统，历经劫波而生生不息，我们一定要充分发扬祖国的文化传统。同时我们也懂得，要学习和借鉴世界先进的文明。只有这样，才能使祖国的文化得到进一步发展，也就是我常说的，只有开放包容，才能使祖国强大。
Part II Writing(30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “How to Handle Stress”.The clues given below are for your reference only, NOT the outline you should follow.Please remember to write your composition clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.1.Common sources of stress.2.Healthy ways to reduce stress.3.How you have overcome stressful situations.参考答案（A卷）
Paper One 【会话技能】
1-10 ADCBA ADCBD
【词汇】
11-20 ADADB BCDDA 21-30 DCDCD BAAAC 【阅读】
31-36 AADBCC 37-42 CDDBCA 43-48 CDABBD 49-54 BBDBCA 55-60 DCCAAA
【综合填空】
61-65 BCACC 66-70 BBDAA
71-75 DBDAC
Paper Two
Section A【英译汉】
这些年来，我们习惯性地认为原子能技术和必要的实践经验已经足以保证核安全。一切重大的核事故几乎都不存在，哪怕其真的发生，也会被有能力的核工程师们控制影响。然而，事实再一次证明处理核能源再小心都不为过。我们还不确定日本的核灾难会留下什么影响，但现在一定是我们重新审查原子能实践的时候了。为确保将来的核安全，我们还需付出很多努力。
Section B 【汉译英】
China has 5000 years of cultural tradition.Having undergone various hardships, the country still maintains its vitality generation after generation.It is imperative for us to fully advance our motherland's cultural heritage as well as to learn from civilizations of the world.Only in this way can our motherland make further development.In other words, preserving our traditional cultures while being open and tolerant will make our country more prosperous.【写作范文】
How to Handle the Stress
Nowadays more and more people have been under various stresses and there has been an increase in stress-related diseases among employees and students.This phenomenon has aroused immediate concern and widespread discussion among the general public.From my perspective, the resources of stresses can be from our work, family and also from the society, and learning how to deal with stresses has far-reaching significance to our body health.As a matter of fact, some solutions to reduce stresses can be illustrated below.The first one that comes to my mind readily is to share our stress with others.It can be enormously helpful because we may feel quite relaxed after talking to others and things even turn better if we get any valuable suggestions from them.What’s more, making time for fun such as listening to music and watching movies may be good medicine.Additionally, it is also a great way to reduce anxiety to do a large number of physical activities.From what has been discussed above, I strongly believe that we should know how to reduce enormous stress because it poses a general threat to human body health.As a common employee, I often feel immense stress at work.In those cases, I always tried to talk with my close friends to hear their advice or just listen to my favorite music.Only by having both mental and physical health can we hope to do our job well in the future.1.__________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A.Other things being equal
B.Were other things equal C.To be equal to other things
D.Other things to be equal 2.He resented ___________ to wait.He expected ________ the minister him at once.A.to be asked, to see
B.being asked, to see C.to be asked, seeing
D.being asked, seeing 3.If the building project ____________ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.A.being completed
B.is completed C.to be completed
D.completed 4.This is one of the questions __________ at the meeting next week.A.discussed
B.discussing C.to be discussed
D.being discussed 5.In the course of a day, students do far more than just ____________ classes.A.attend
B.attended
C.to attend
D.attending 1.They are going to have the serviceman ____________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A.install
B.to install C.to be installed
D.installed 2.Since both he and I work in the same hospital, I can hardly avoid ___________ him.A.being met
B.meeting
C.to be met
D.to meet 3.The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than _____________.A.is necessary
B.being necessary C.to be necessary
D.it is necessary 4.What a lovely party!It´s worth __________ all my life.A.remembering
B.to remember C.to be remembered
D.to be remember 5.Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ____________ alone.A.seen
B.is seen C.to be seen
D.having been seen 1.【答案】A 【解析】在作feel，listen to，hear，have，make，let，watch，see，notice，observe，look at等感官动词以及使役动词的宾语的补足语时，不定式的符号to必须省略；在作help的宾语补足语时，不定式的符号to可以省略，也可不省略，例如：The children were surprised when the teacher had them close their books unexpectedly.老师突然让他们把书都合上，孩子们感到很惊讶。We can make the liquid nitrogen turn back into gas.我们能使液体氮重新变成气体。
2.【答案】B 【解析】avoid作“避免”讲，后面不能跟动词不定式，只能跟名词或动名词作宾语，故C项和D项错误。又由于句子主语I和动词meet在逻辑上是主谓关系，故应使用主动形式的动名词，因此B项是正确的。
3.【答案】A 【解析】than一般用作连词，引导比较状语从句，但有时该词在作用上更像一个关系代词，引导的从句更像一个定语从句，例如：She gave me the impression of having more teeth than were necessary for any practical purpose.她给我的印象是，她的牙很多，远远超出了实际需要。
4.【答案】A 【解析】worth后面可以接动名词，需要注意的是：该动名词须用主动形式来表示被动含义，例如：An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding.人生的目标，是唯一值得寻找的财富。True wisdom is to know what is best worth knowing，and to do what is best worth doing.真正的智慧是知道什么是最值得知道的事情和什么是最值得做的事情。
5.【答案】A 【解析】当从句主语和主句主语相同，而且从句谓语动词是be的形式时，可以将从句主语和be的形式省略。例如：Every one is blind when maddened by love.一旦被爱情冲昏头脑，人便盲目无主。The tree of liberty grows only when watered by the blood of tyrants.自由之树只有用暴君的血来浇灌才能生长。
1.Although a teenager, Fred could resist ____________ what to do and what not to do.A.being told
B.telling
C.to be told
D.to tell 2.A Dream of the Red Chamber is said __________ into dozens of languages in the last decade.A.to have been translated
B.to translate C.to be translated
D.to have translated 3.The letter seemed ___________ by a child.A.to have written
B.to write C.to be writing
D.to have been written 4.As __________ announced in today´s papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.A.being
B.is
C.to be
D.been 5.We left the meeting, there obviously ___________ no point in staying.A.were
B.being
C.to be
D.having 1.【答案】A 【解析】resist后可跟动名词，而不跟不定式作宾语。由于非谓语动词tell和句子主语的逻辑动宾关系，因此A项正确。例如：One cannot help being old，but one can resist being aged.人无法不老，但是可以抵制衰老。I cannot resist going up with this every night，and trying his door.我禁不住每天晚上带着这个东西上楼，去敲他的门。
2.【答案】A 【解析】本题旨在考查不定式的不同形式。不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，例如：He is said to have written a new book about workers.据说他又写了一本关于工人的书。当不定式的逻辑主语为该不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，例如：It is an honor for me to be asked to make a speech here.我很荣幸应邀在这里演讲。根据句意我们知道，本句中的不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生，又因为句子的主语与该不定式具有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以应用不定式的完成被动形式，故A项正确。C项的时态不符合题意，D项忽略了主语和不定式之间的逻辑关系，而B项既不符合时态，又忽略了主语和不定式之间的逻辑关系。由此可见，B项、C项和D项都不是正确答案。
3.【答案】D 【解析】根据句子结构，此处应用不定式的被动式，由于该不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此应使用被动形式，故D项为唯一正确答案。
4.【答案】B 【解析】as可用作关系代词，引导定语从句，起承接前面主句内容或引出后续主句内容的作用，as在从句中作主语或宾语，指代整个主句，例如：As is announced in the papers，our country has launched successfully another communications satellite.报上宣布，我国又成功发射了一颗通信卫星。As is known to all，contributions to computer technology are no longer confined to any one country.众所周知，对计算机技术作出贡献的，已经不再局限于某一个国家了。有时，助动词be可以省略，例如：As discussed in the previous chapter，communicative teaching of English is of great value.正如前一章所讨论的，英语交际教学法很有价值。由此分析可以看出，只有B项最符合题意。
5.【答案】B 【解析】“there+being+名词”是一个独立分词结构，可以作状语，需要注意的是，此时being不可省略。例如：There being no work，they decided to go to the movies.由于无事可做，他们决定去看电影。There being no bus，they had to set out on foot.由于没有公共汽车，他们只好步行前往。
第四篇：中国政法大学在职硕士校考英语试题DA
英语试题 公共英语部分
Put the following passage into Chinese:
1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning.Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail.Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five.Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing.It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children with inner maturity.Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their less-pressured peers.对早期教育的批评引用了关于4岁儿童是否应准备接受正规教育的研究报告。教育工作者发现，年龄较大的幼儿更容易在他们的学业中取得成功，而年龄较小的幼儿更容易失败。幼儿园的孩子在快到五岁时面临的生理、心理、社交和智力发展，似乎并不顺利。此外，快到六岁的孩子上幼儿园时往往会获得更好的成绩，并在学业上比那些刚满五岁上幼儿园的孩子成绩更好。天资聪慧、拥有语言表达技能与准备好上学并不一样。人们很容易将如今大多数内心成熟儿童的表面上自信与精明混淆。事实上，有证据表明，过早教育会适得其反：那些由被父母要求在幼儿园进行应试教育学习的儿童缺乏创造力，对考试更加焦虑，并在幼儿园结束时，与那些未被要求进行应试教育学习的儿童相比，并不能在学习上保持其最初的优势。
Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting.They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home.They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills.But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds.These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.许多心理学家和教育工作者对4岁儿童接受正规教育仍持怀疑态度。他们质疑丰富环境是否能显著地改变贫穷家庭孩子的成长时间表。但并不否认托儿所、幼儿园的舒适环境、让孩子自由玩耍、自由成长、提升社交能力的种种好处。但他们指出，过去孩子在小学一年级学习的知识现已在幼儿园进行学习，他们担心越来越多的孩子被要求在4岁开始学习。这些心理学家和教育工作者认为，家长望子成龙心切，从而剥夺了孩子们的童年。
2、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right is in the air.While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized.However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress—and is even encouraged.As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries.For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people.World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it.Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking.But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施，有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟。另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律。
在某些发达国家中。纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定。然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志——甚至受到鼓励。随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路，它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场，争取更多的吸烟者。
吸烟对人民健康有害。世界各国政府应该开展认真的反对吸烟运动。限制香烟广告，每包香烟上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在诸如影剧院和餐馆等某些公共场所吸烟，这些都是许多国家用以支持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法。同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上。这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为此感到不安。应该做出巨大努力告诉青年人抽烟的危害性，特别是养成抽烟习惯的可怕后果。而且香烟价格应予提高。
从长远观点看，毫无疑问，如果能完全禁止吸烟，那么每个人的境况将得到很大的改善。但对于采取这种极端措施，人们尚无准备。
3、We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen;that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panorama.It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies.This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes.Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development.It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral.The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build.For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.我们被告知，大众媒体是世界上已见到的最大的启蒙机关;例如，在英国几百万人全景看到每个问题的时事节目。的确，在人类历史上从来没有这么多的人如此频繁和如此多的接触到的关于社会的许多通知。这种接触可能是获得某些重要的智力和想象力品质，宽度的判断，多种可能的态度的感觉的出发点。然而，这种接触本身并不带来智力或想象力的发展。它只不过是位于采石场的石头群，而且可以想象地去建造一座大教堂。大众传媒不能建造大教堂，他们展示石头的方式并不总是促使他人建造。因为石头是在一个自给自足的的世界中呈现的，在这个世界里，暗示着只是看着它们，稍微观察它们之间各自有趣的差异点就足够了。
Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to — or feel we should try to — make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals.But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media.The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy.It is within the grain of mass communications.The organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt.They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life.They will stress the ―stimulation‖ the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself;they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo(现状).There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.无论作为公民或私人个人，生活确实充满了我们必须（或者觉得我们应该努力）作出决定的问题。但是，无论是做决定的真正困难，还是它们对每个人的真实和烦人的挑战，通常都不可以通过大众媒体交流。建议真正的选择，个人的决定，这是在大众媒体中找到的不是简单地是保持客户满意的商业愿望的产品。它在大众传播的谷物之内。机构的机构，不管其意图是什么，无论他们的形式（国家，教会，志愿社团，政党），都有既得利益确保公共船不会被猛烈摇晃，并将影响那些在大众媒体中工作的人，他们将被毫不知情地引导到生产形式，尽管他们经历了争议和调查的动议，但不会突破皮肤，这样的查询可能真正伤害。当暴露问题时，他们倾向于移动，完全在民主社会所接受的陈词滥调中，并且不会从根本上质疑这些陈词滥调，也不会使他们对当代生活的特征产生令人不安的应用。他们将强调程序给出的“刺激”，但这很快就成为一个激动的问题，为了本身的兴趣的兴趣;他们将再次帮助接受现状的现状。这种趋势有例外，但它们是不典型的。
The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press.Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgment.Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the ―stimulation‖ they offer than for the fact that stimulation(repeated at regular intervals)may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses.Mass communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters;they tend to castrate(使…丧失活力)them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.结果可以在一百个广播和电视节目中看到，正如普通新闻中公众问题的正常处理一样。可以假定读者或观看者中的不同级别的背景，但是通常发生的是替代判断的过程。这样的程序对于它们提供的“刺激”显然比对于刺激（以固定间隔重复）可能成为代替并且因此妨碍在心理和脉冲中仔细地到达和测试的判断的事实而言更少。那么，大众传播，不要忽视智力问题;他们倾向于阉割（让...丧失活力）他们，让他们坐在壁炉边，时尚而无用，家庭玩弄。
4、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards.It enables people to express themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and influence others.With only a few tools--paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding world.But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting their skills before they can sell any of their works.写作，作为一个职业，能为个人提供一系列的奖励。它使人们能够表达自己，以及娱乐自己娱乐，通知和影响他人。只需要几个工具they can be chosen from a toolbox and applied as necessary.A few other techniques you might find in a speechwriter's toolbox might be the use of imagery, anecdotes and alliteration.So next time you have to prepare a speech or presentation, try applying one or more of these techniques and see if you have what it takes to be a winning speechwriter.这些技巧就像工具一般，当你需要的时候，你只需从工具箱里选择一件合适的就行。在演讲稿撰写者的工具箱中可能会发现的一些其他技术可能是使用图像，轶事和讽刺。
所以，下一次你必须准备一个演讲或演示文稿的时候，试着用上面提到的技巧，看看你是否能成为一个成功的演讲稿撰写人。
11、What makes an original contributor in science is often not only ability, but also something else, something apparently intangible, and not easily detected.This extra something lies deeply within the individual and needs to be nurtured and tested.一个人在科学上要有独创的贡献，往往并非单纯的能力问题，而是还有一些别的因素，一些表面上触摸不着的、难于觉察的东西。这些外加的东西深深寓于个人之中，需要培养并经受考验。
Motivation is a personal trait that is primarily instilled by seniors such as teachers or parents.An important aspect in developing motivation is the setting of goals.A person probably has set long-range goals, or at this point more like dreams, such as winning the Nobel Prize.This is great as long as the individual is realistically working toward short-range goals also.These are the day-to-day accomplishments that really make working hard seem fun.动力是因人而异的，主要由长者逐渐灌输，诸如教师或父母。培养动力的一个重要方面是确定目标。一个人可能已树立起长远的奋斗目标，这在当时看来还很不现实，比方说要获得诺贝尔奖。其实这是很好的，只要他同时能现实地向短期的目标去努力，这些就是日常的成就，这些成就确实能使艰苦工作显得饶有兴趣。
Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline.I addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s life career.Repeated failures at making experiments may be too much for many talented would-be scientists.The determination to continue, with the realization that everything worthwhile takes a great deal of patience, is an essential requirement.These factors, together with inherent dedication, will bring about the realization of one’s aspirations.Through all this it is not the triumph but the struggle that brings about the complete personal satisfaction in knowing that you as a scientist have given your all.要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心和自律精神。此外，一个人应付挫折的能力也是他毕生事业中起作用的一个重要因素。对于许多有天赋的想要成为科学家的人来说，在实验过程中屡遭失败，可能是非常难受的。认识到凡是值得去做的一切事情都需要极大的耐心并决心继续做下去，这是必备的基本条件。这些因素，再加上固有的献身精神，将会促使个人的强烈愿望得以实现。由于这一切并不是胜利，而是奋斗，你会产生一种只有你本人才能领略到的完全的满足，因为你意识到作为一个科学工作者你已经献出了你的一切。
12、I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited;and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.Besides, we can go visit him as frequently as we want and at any time we wish.If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying “good-bye” or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.在我觉得读书好比串门儿——“隐身”的串门儿。要参见钦佩的老师或拜谒有名的学者，不必事前打招呼求见，也不怕搅扰主人。翻开书面就闯进大门，翻过几页就升堂入室；而且可以经常去，时刻去，如果不得要领，还可以不辞而别，或者另找高明，和他对质。
We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.-不问我们要拜见的主人住在国内国外，不问他属于现代古代，不问他什么专业，不问他讲正经大道理或聊天说笑，都可以挨近前去听个足够。
We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.No one will blame us.This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.我们可以倾听前朝列代的遗闻逸事，也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论。反正话不投机或言不入耳，不妨抽身退场，甚至砰一下推上大门——就是说，拍地合上书面——谁也不会嗔怪。这是书以外的世界里难得的自由！
13、The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century.Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts, with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture.They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation.In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground of the historical arena.At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史的前台。跨世纪的青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。
14、The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and non-material.Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight.A boat, a machine, a house—all these objects are part of the material culture.The non-material culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the non-material culture in choosing problems for study.It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them.The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the non-material culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.任何社会的文化一般都被分为两类：物质文化和非物质文化。物质文化包括具有高度、宽度和重量等物理属性的人为现象。/船、机器和房屋――所有这些东西都被归为物质文化的一部分。非物质文化则是人类所处环境的一部分，它影响着人类的行为却缺乏上述的那些物质属性，非物质文化是人作为社会一员所创立和获得的价值观、信仰、传统观念及一切其他习惯和思想。
当代社会学理论在选择说要研究的问题时，往往侧重于非物质文化。比如，社会学理论认为船、飞机、汽车等物品的重要性远不如人们为制造这些东西——确切地说是为规定其使用方法而形成的传统观念的重要性。当代社会学所强调的是，不若是先有了能孕育物质文化的非物质文化，物质文化就无从产生。
15、As a scourge of the modern society, obesity has become the world’s biggest public-health issue today--the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war.Since the World Health Organization labeled obesity an “epidemic” in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and Fast.Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco? Possibly.In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history.But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century’s dining to excess.And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds.That’s why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.作为现代社会的一个祸害，肥胖症已成为当今世界上最大的公共卫生问题。肥胖是导致心脏病的主要原因，死于心脏病的人比死于艾滋病，疟疾，战争的人更多。自从2000年世界卫生组织将肥胖症定为一种流行病以来，肥胖症会带来可怕后果的报道铺天盖地。
公共卫生警告、媒体压力，会说服人们减肥吗，就像说服人们他们最终扔掉把烟草那样？也许。在富裕的世界，健康食品的销售蓬勃发展。新的数字表明，在过去一年中，美国人在记录的历史上第一次略微瘦了一些。但是，即使美国人减去了几盎司，仍需要很多年来解决由半个世纪的过度用餐习惯引起的健康问题。而且，在世界上其他地方，人们还在变胖。这就是为什么现在医生们已经达成共识，政府应该做些什么来阻止他们。
专业英语部分
Put the following paragraphs into Chinese:
1、Case law 判例法is built up out of precedents, and a precedent is a previous decision of a court which may, in certain circumstances, be binding on another court in deciding a similar case.This practice of following previous decisions is derived from custom, but it is a practice which is generally observed.Even in early times the itinerant judges adopted the doctrine of stare decisis, and this doctrine has been developed in modern times so that it means that a precedent binds, and must be followed in similar cases, subject to the powers to distinguish cases in certain circumstances.判例法是由一系列判例组合而成的。所谓判例，是先前的法庭所做的判决，在某些情况下，对另一法庭对类似案件所做的判决有约束力。遵循先前判决的实践是从传统中衍化出来的，但是这种实践确实是被普遍遵循的。早期的巡回法官们就已经采取了遵循先例的原则，这种原则在现代日益发展为一种判例约束，在类似的案件中必须遵循，同时在特定情况下也有区分具体案例的权利。
2、The literal rule.According to this rule, the working of the Act must be construed according to its literal and grammatical meaning whatever the result may be.The same word must normally be construed throughout the Act in the same sense, and in the case of old statutes regard must be had to its contemporary meaning if there has been a change with the passage of time.文义规则。根据这一规则，一项法规的应用必须依照字面和语法的含义进行解释，无论结果如何。对一项法规中同样的词语必须始终做同一解释；对于适用旧法的案件，如果随时间的推移已发生变化，则必须遵循当时的解释。
3、In a very wide sense, the principle of legality – the ―rule of law‖法治 – refers to and requires not only a body of legal precepts but also supporting institutions, procedures, and values.The ―rule of law‖, according to an American Bar Association.Committee Report(published by International Commission of Jurists 1956), includes: ―1, That body of legal precepts governing, 2, those institutions vested with appropriate legal power, and 3, those legal procedures by which those precepts may be applied by those institutions – which together are designed to effect the protection of essential interests of individuals guaranteed by our society through limitations on the authority of the State.‖
在广义上说，罪刑法定原则——“法治”——不仅指一系列的法规，更需要各种机构、程序和价值观的支持。而“法治”，根据美国律师协会，委员会的报告（1956，国际律师会议出版）总结道“
1、法规本身起支配作用；
2、相关机构被赋予一定的法律权力；
3、用以实施相关法规的法律程序。他们共同的目的是通过限制国家权力影响社会对个人根本利益的保护。
4、The Code of Professional Responsibility 职业责任守则points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.职业责任守则规定了激励的方法，同时也提供了处罚违规者的标准。每个律师都必须在内心的良知中找到试金石，以测试自己行为底线的边界。但是，最新一项分析表明，律师所能做到的最高程度的道德行为，其动机来自于社会和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去这种尊敬和信任才是对一名律师的终极处罚。只要法律从业者被这些准则所指引，法律就始终会是一种高尚的职业，这就是它的伟大和力量所在，不允许任何妥协。
5、Crimes and Punishments犯罪与刑罚
Criminal justice is a vast, complex system.Briefly, it is that part of the legal system which, first of all, marks off certain behavior as wrong or “criminal”;second, takes steps to control or prevent that behavior by threats of punishment;and third, if prevention fails, tries to catch and to punish the wrongdoer.Familiar as the system is in some of its aspects, in others it is obscure and much misunderstood.犯罪与刑罚
刑事审判是一个庞大、复杂的系统。简单地说，它是法律系统的一部分，首先，它界定出某种行为是错误的或是犯罪的；其次，它通过采取刑罚措施控制或防止不法行为；第三，如果预防措施失败，刑事审判将试图逮捕和惩罚违法犯罪者。在刑事审判的体系里，有一些方面是为人熟悉的，另一些方面则是模糊不清被误解的。
To begin with, what is a crime? Every country has its own special list.The list is part of an elaborate statute which is usually called the penal code.The code describes conduct that is illegal and therefore criminal;it also sets out punishments.首先，什么是犯罪？每个国家都有自己独特的目录。这份目录隶属精心制定的一部法规——通常被称为刑法典的一部分。刑法典描述什么样的行为是非法的因而是犯罪的；刑法典也设定刑罚。
Some crimes are in the penal codes of every state: murder, manslaughter, robbery, burglary, rape, arson, and so on.Others are less universal.The Georgia code makes it a crime “to be a peeping Tom” or to invade a person's privacy with acts “of a similar nature.” The Georgia code also deals with the sale of obscene literature, shooting guns on Sunday, illegal use of credit cards and dozens of other offenses.每个国家的刑法典都包含的犯罪名录包括：谋杀、过失杀人、抢劫、盗窃、强奸、纵火等。其他的一些犯罪名录则不那么普遍。格鲁吉亚刑法典将“偷窥”或者“侵犯他人隐私”等类似的行为设定为犯罪。格鲁吉亚刑法典也处理贩卖色情文学、礼拜日使用枪支、非法使用信用卡及其他许多违法行为。
The great, classic crimes are part of the social code, whatever their status in the legal code.The layman knows them as crimes.He has a rough working knowledge of what constitutes murder, even though he does not understand the law's technicalities and distinctions.Cold-blooded killing is murder, we know, although few of us can tell the difference between first-degree and second-degree murder, or what “malice” means, or what level of insanity excuses an act of killing.无论在法律法典中的地位如何，那些重要的、经典的犯罪都是社会法典的一部分。外行将这些行为称之为犯罪，即使他不知道那些法律的法律术语和差别，他仍然能对什么是谋杀有粗浅的认识。尽管我们中的少数人能区分一级谋杀和二级谋杀的差别，并且了解什么是“恶意”或者什么程度的愚妄导致杀人，但是我们明白，冷血的杀戮即谋杀。
Punishment, too, is variable.It depends mostly on how serious the crime.Seriousness is not inherent in the criminal conduct;it is a social judgment.Legally speaking, serious crimes are called felonies;less serious crimes are called misdemeanors.The exact line between them is a matter of legal definition.In California, a felony is a crime which can be punished by death or by a year or more in prison;all others are misdemeanors, except for some petty acts(traffic violations, breaches of ordinances)which are called offenses.Offenses carry less of a punishment than crimes and have less of a stigma.A history of parking tickets is not a criminal record.刑罚也具有多变性。刑罚的多变性取决于犯罪的严重程度。严重性不是犯罪行为的内在属性；它属于一种社会的评判。从法律上说，严重犯罪被称为重罪；不太严重的犯罪被称为轻罪。它们之间确切的界限由法律来规定。在加尼福尼亚州，重罪可被判处死刑或者一年以上有期徒刑；除了一些细小的、被称为违法的行为（如交通违法行为、其他违法行为）以外，其他的不法行为都被称之为轻罪。违法行为承担比犯罪轻的刑罚和罪名。收到停车罚单的记录不属于犯罪记录。
6、Law Law, body of official rules and regulations, is generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members.The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history.In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law.It is backed by the coercive power of the state, which enforces the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedies.法律，即正式规章和法则的主体，通常见于宪法、立法、司法意见等，法律通常被用于管理社会和制约其成员的行为。法律的属性和功能的变化贯穿历史。在现代社会，一些诸如立法机关或是法院之类的获准授权机构负责制定法律。法律由国家强制力以适当的惩罚或补救措施得以保障实施。
Formal legal rules and actions are usually distinguished from other means of social control and guides for behavior such as morality, public opinion, and custom or tradition.Of course, a lawmaker may respond to public opinion or other pressures, and a formal law may prohibit what is morally unacceptable.正式的法律法规和法律行为通常和其他诸如道德、舆论、传统习俗等一类的社会调控及行为导向准则区别开来。当然，立法者可以对公众意见或其他压力做出反应，而一部正式的法律则会明确禁止道德上不被接受的行为。
Law serves a variety of functions.Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society.Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized fashion.Property and contract laws facilitate business activities and private planning.Laws limiting the powers of government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible.Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change;for instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.法律具有多种功能。法律打击犯罪，例如，它帮助维持和平、有序、相对稳定的社会。法院通过解决文明风尚方面的纠纷为社会的稳定贡献力量。财产与合同法为商业活动和个人规划提供便利。法律限制政府的权力以帮助社会实现一定的自由度。法律也被用作社会变革机制，例如，不同时代决议通过的法律能够抑制社会歧视，并提高个人在健康、教育、福利方面的生活质量。
Some experts believe the popular view of law overemphasizes its formal, coercive aspects.They point out that if a custom or norm is assured of judicial backing, it is, for practical purposes, law.On the other hand, a statute that is neither obeyed nor enforced is empty law.Social attitudes toward the formal law are a significant part of the law in process.The role of law in China and Japan, for example, is somewhat different from its role in Western nations.Respect for the processes of law is low, at least outside matters of business and industry.Tradition looms much larger in everyday life.Resort to legal resolution of a dispute is truly a last resort, with conciliation being the mechanism that is preferred for social control.一些专家认为，法律的流行观点过分强调法律正式、强制性的方面。他们指出，如果一套风俗或标准以法律为司法后盾作保障，这是出于实用的目的。另一方面来看，一项既不被遵守又不被强制的法规属于一纸空文。公众对正式法律的社会态度在法律实施的过程中意义重大。法律在中国和日本扮演的角色与在西方国家扮演的角色有所不同。仅仅尊重法律的实施是低端的，至少在商业和工业领域外仅靠尊重实施是不够的。传统在日常生活中的影响力比法律大得多。与社会调控机制中被认为是首选的调解方式相比，诉诸法律的确是解决纠纷的最后之选。
Law is not completely a matter of human enactment;it also includes natural law.The best-known version of this view, that God's law is supreme, has had considerable influence in the United States and other Western societies.The civil rights movement, for example, was at least partially inspired by the belief in natural law.Such a belief seems implicit in the view that law should serve to promote human dignity, as for instance by the enforcement of equal rights for all.Muslim societies also embrace a kind of natural law, which is closely linked to the religion of Islam.法律并非完全由人制定；它也包括自然法则。这种观点最有名的版本是“上帝的法律是至高无上的”，该观点已在美国和其他西方社会产生相当大的影响。例如民权运动，至少有部分灵感出自对自然法则的信仰。民权运动的信念似乎隐含在“法律应有助于通过平等人权的强制执行来提升人的尊严”这样的观点中。连穆斯林社会也推崇的一种自然法则，亦与伊斯兰宗教密切相关。
7、The US Constitution The US Constitution consists of seven articles and 27 amendments.The original seven articles took effect in 1789.The 27 amendments were added to the Constitution from 1791 to 1992.The first ten amendments were enacted in 1791;they are often called “the bill of rights.” It is very likely that more amendments will be added.美国宪法由7条正文和27篇修正案组成。最初的7条正文于1789年生效。27篇修正案于1791-1992年间陆续添加。前10篇修正案于1791年颁布，也就是通常所说的“权利法案”。修正案的数量可能仍会继续增加。
People who don’t know anything about civil procedure or property law can recall the basic elements of the constitutional law: separation of powers;checks and balances;judicial review;due process and equal protection of law;freedom of speech, religion, and press.As the supreme law of the land, Constitutional Law texts are generally divided into two parts.The first part is about the allocation of powers.This entails two basic principles of American Constitution: separation of powers and division of powers.Both of the two principles function under one principle--checks and balances.The second part of the Constitution is on the specification of rights and liberties for the individuals.To realize the rights and liberties, the Framers were not only dependent on the allocation of powers, but also on another principle of the Constitution--limited government.即使对民事诉讼或者物权一无所知的人也可以想起宪法中的基本要素：三权分立、分权制衡、合宪性审查、程序正当和平等保护、言论自由、宗教信仰自由和出版自由。作为一国的最高法，宪法文本通常被分为两部分。第一部分是关于权利配置的。美国宪法的两个基本原则：三权分立和权利划分。这两种原则的功能是基于同一原则——分权制衡。宪法的第二部分细述了个人的权利和自由。为了实现自由和权利，立法者不能只依赖权力分配，还要依赖宪法的另一个重要原则——限制政府权力。
When you study Constitutional law, you should learn the sources that judges might rely upon to guide their constitutional interpretation(text of Constitution, intentions of framers, case precedent, policy consequences of alternative interpretations).Learn how judges are likely to weigh these various guides in various contexts.Understand historical trends and understand that judges are ultimately affected by the same economic and social forces as society as a whole.With a solid knowledge of these things, you will be able to make intelligent and potentially convincing arguments--and make reasonable predictions about the likelihood of your arguments being successful in an actual case involving the same issues.当你学习宪法时，你必须了解一些法官可能用来指引自己解释宪法的材料（宪法文本、立法者意图、判例、其他解释的政策影响）。了解法官在各种不能的环境下可能如何权衡这些不同的指导性材料。理解历史趋势，并理解法官最终会受到整个社会同样的经济和社会力量的影响。基于这些扎实的知识，你就可能提出明智和令人信服的论点——进而当在具体案例中涉及到同一问题时，才能对你的观点可能成立做出合理的预测。
8、Damages The amount of money which a plaintiff(the person suing)may be awarded in a lawsuit.There are many types of damages.Special damages are those which actually were caused by the injury and include medical and hospital bills, ambulance charges, loss of wages, property repair or replacement costs or loss of money due on a contract.损害赔偿
损害赔偿是指在一件诉讼案件中原告（起诉人）可能获得的金额。损害赔偿有很多种。特殊损害赔偿是指那些由伤害造成的，包括医疗和住院费、救护车费、误工费、财物维修和更换费用、或者由于合同造成的金钱损失。
The second basic area of damages are general damages, which are presumed to be a result of the other party's actions, but are subjective both in nature and determination of value of damages.These include pain and suffering, future problems and crippling effect of an injury, loss of ability to perform various acts, shortening of life span, mental anguish, loss of companionship, loss of reputation(in a libel suit, for example), humiliation from scars, loss of anticipated business and other harm.损害赔偿的第二个基本领域是一般损害赔偿，它假设由另一方的诉讼引起，但无论在赔偿种类还是损害赔偿金额的决定方面都是主观的。这些包括疼痛和痛苦，未来的问题和受伤的严重影响，丧失某种行为能力的损失，寿命的缩短、精神痛苦、失去伴侣、名誉损失（如诽谤案件中）、屈辱性疤痕、预期业务损失及其它损失。
The third major form of damage is exemplary(or punitive)damages, which combines punishment and the setting of public example.Exemplary damages may be awarded when the defendant acted in a malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton or grossly reckless way in causing the special and general damages to the plaintiff.On occasion punitive damages can be greater than the actual damages, as, for example, in a sexual harassment case or fraudulent schemes.损害赔偿的第三种主要形式是示范性（或曰惩罚性）赔偿，它结合了惩罚和公众示范效应。如果被告以恶意、暴力、强迫、欺诈、肆意或鲁莽的方式给原告造成特别或一般损害，那么就有可能获得损害性赔偿。有时惩罚性赔偿要高于所造成的实际损失，如性骚扰案或欺诈案。
Although often asked for, they are seldom awarded.Nominal damages are those given when the actual harm is minor and an award is warranted under the circumstances.The most famous case was when Winston Churchill was awarded a shilling(about 25 cents)against author Louis Adamic, who had written that the British Prime Minister had been drunk at a dinner at the White House.Liquidated damages are those pre-set by the parties in a contract to be awarded in case one party defaults as in breach of contract.虽然经常被要求，但是很少被给予，象征性赔偿被用于当实际损害很小，对方又同意给予赔偿的情况。最著名的案例是丘吉尔获得了作家路易·亚当1先令（约75美分）的补偿，这位作家曾描述了这位前英国首相在白宫进餐时醉酒的情境。违约赔偿金是指双方预先在合同中约定，以便一方违约时赔付。
9、The Code of Professional Responsibility 职业责任守则points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.职业责任守则规定了激励的方法，同时也提供了处罚违规者的标准。每个律师都必须在内心的良知中找到试金石，以测试自己行为底线的边界。但是，最新一项分析表明，律师所能做到的最高程度的道德行为，其动机来自于社会和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去这种尊敬和信任才是对一名律师的终极处罚。只要法律从业者被这些准则所指引，法律就始终会是一种高尚的职业，这就是它的伟大和力量所在，不允许任何妥协。
10、To begin with, the legal system has structure.The structure of a legal system consists of this kind: the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.Structure also means how the legislature is organized, what a president can(legally)do or not do, what procedures the police department follows, and so on.Another aspect of the legal system is its substance.By this it meant the actual rules, norms, and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先法律制度有其自身的结构。法律制度的结构包括：法院的数量及大小；它们的管辖范围，法院间的上诉程序。制度也意味着立法机关是如何组织的,总统在法律范围内能做什么或不能做什么,警察部门遵循什么程序,等等。法律制度的另外一层含义也可表示实质的法律法规。从这个层面上主要指实际的法律条款，规范以及人们的行为标准。
11、The law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties.In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法所关心的是实现所约定的义务。通常，契约责任是以自由同意为基础的。这种同意表现为当事人明示的允诺或事实上由当事人通过行为而默示允诺。但在某些情况下尽管受约束的一方并未同意，法院仍会推定允诺之存在（往往称为由法律推定的契约即准契约），以免有人不当得利。
12、Paragraph 1 of Article 153 of the Criminal Law is amended as: “Whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in Article 151, Article 152 and Article 347 herein shall, depending on the severity of the circumstances, be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:(1)If he/she smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;(2)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;
(3)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.” 刑法第153条1款修改为：走私本法第一百五十一条、第一百五十二条、第三百四十七条规定以外的货物、物品的,根据情节轻重,分别依照下列规定处罚:
1、他走私货物、物品逃避或回避应缴税额数额较大或构成走私再次被给予行政处罚后一年内两次打击走私，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处
偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金。
2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私货物、物品巨大或者有其他严重情节的，,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金;
3、如果应付偷逃走私货物、物品数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重
情节的，应当处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
13、One article is added after Article 276 of the Criminal Law as Article 267(a): Whoever dodges labor remuneration payable to laborers by transferring property or escaping, or refuses to pay laborers although he/she has the capacity to make payment, if the amount is relatively large, and if he/she still refuses to pay after being so ordered by relevant government departments, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently or separately fined.If serious consequences are caused, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and be concurrently fined.Where an entity commits the crime prescribed in the preceding Paragraph, the entity shall be fined, and the persons directly in charge and other persons subject to direct liabilities shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Paragraph.Whoever commits the crime mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs but has not yet caused serious consequences may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment, provided that he/she, prior to public prosecution, pays labor remuneration to laborers and bear the corresponding compensation liabilities in accordance with the law." 文章276条后增加了一条，作为刑法第267条：
以转移财产、逃匿等方法逃避支付劳动者的劳动报酬或者有能力支付而不支付劳动者的劳动报酬，数额较大，经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金；造成严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。
单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定处罚。有前两款行为，尚未造成严重后果，在提起公诉前支付劳动者的劳动报酬，并依法承担相应赔偿责任的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。
14、Private Law Private law involves the various relationships that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.The area is concerned with rules and principles pertaining to private ownership and use of property, contracts between individuals, family relationships, and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one person by another.Historically, government involvement was usually minimal.Private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law, such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.The relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.Public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.The private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups, associations, organizations, and special legal entities such as corporations.They compete with one another and with government for control of resources, wealth, power, and the communication of ideas and values.Special fields of law, such as labor law, facilitate and control this competition.Much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.The formerly purely private law of property and contracts, for example, is now overlaid with legislation, regulations, and judicial decisions reflecting the competition.The public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.Courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the U.S.Thus, manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.The mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.私法
私法涉及到人与人之间的各种关系，以及确定彼此之间权利和义务的规则。这个领域涉及私有财产所有及使用的原则、个人和家庭关系之间的契约、一方对另一方造成损害的强制赔偿。从历史上看，私法很少涉及到政府。作为道德和习俗的补充，私法也对私下的协议和交往起到指引和保障的作用，但这种情况下在法庭上并不必然具有强制力，比如在私人协会内部的非契约性的承诺和协议。
纯粹私法的相对重要性在近代有所降低。公法主导了由政府控制的社会。民主社会逐渐呈现出公法、私法相结合的趋势。私人领域包括个人和大量的团体、协会、组织和类似公司这种特殊法律实体。他们互相竞争，而且和政府争夺控制资源、财富、权利，以及思想和价值观沟通。法律的特殊领域，如劳动法，推动和控制着这种竞争。
许多类似的法律出现在商业和企业领域。例如，财产和合同以前是纯粹的私法，现在取而代之的立法、法规以及司法判决都体现了竞争。针对税收的公法对私人领域影响深远。法院针对看似私人争议所做的决定，尤其在美国，越来越被视为回应不断变化的社会条件和价值观的驱动力。因此，制造商都经历过由于产品缺陷造成人身伤害的扩大责任。保险机制使得制造商能够把这些费用分摊到普通大众消费者身上。
15、Self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor’s imminent use of unlawful force.Such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant and the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.Where self-defense is asserted, expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant’s belief that she was in imminent danger.The interests in human dignity and privacy which the Fourth Amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.In the absence of a clear indication that in fact such evidence will be found, these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate search.Before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide, he must do everything in his power, consistent with his safety, to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.正当防卫是指当侵害已经出现，或者她有足够理由认为有必要对即将发生的不法侵害进行防卫时，使用暴力对抗侵害是正当的。这种辩护既需要相信被告的陈述，同时存在的事实要能够说服一个理性的人也相信。
当声称正当防卫时，受虐妇女综合症专家的证词可以证明被告对即将发生危险的相信是否具有合理性。
第四修正案对人的尊严和隐私进行了保护，严禁任何仅凭偶然获得的犯罪结果或证据侵犯他人。如果没有明确的迹象表明这样的证据一定会被找到，这些基本人权使得检察官面临如果不立即搜查，证据有可能湮没的风险。当一个人在杀人罪的指控下能够做出有效的正当防卫辩护之前，他必须尽其所能的在保证自己安全的同时，避免危险和杀人。
第五篇：浅谈在职硕士
浅谈在职硕士
在职硕士指在学习期间仍在原工作岗位承担一定工作的研究生。
我们都知道现在有很多方式可以让在职人员得到自我提升和增值，通过读在职研究生的课程学习获得学位证书！
什么是在职硕士呢？它又称不脱产在职研究生，按照学习方式的不同，我国的研究生可分为脱产的研究生和不脱产的研究生，前者是指在高等学校和科研机构进行全日制学习的研究生又称全日制研究生，后者指在学习期间仍在原工作岗位承担一定工作任务的研究生。但按照申请硕士的种类又可以分为单独考试，在职攻读硕士和同等学力申硕。那这3者有什么区别呢？
首先入学的方式不同。单独考试和在职攻读硕士学位都是先考试后入学的，只有在考试通过才能参加课程班的学习。而同等学力申硕是先入学再考试的，属于免试入学的一种，只要在报名后在学习2年左右的课程，就能参加5月的联考，在考试通过后就能拿到硕士学位证。
接着考试的时间不同，单独考试是在每年的一月份进行；在职攻读硕士是每年的七月中旬报名再10月份的倒数第二个周末考试；同等学力是每年的3月份中下旬报名再五月的最后一个周六（或周日)上午进行考试。
然后考试的内容方式不同，单独考试的初试科目均由招生单位自行命题；在职攻读硕士是考英语，语言，数学，逻辑，综合和专业，但同等学力只有考英语和综合科目就可以，当从这方面看，难度比前2者要简单些，何况英语难度只在4级和6级之间。对于我们并不擅长的英语科目来说肯定是越简单越好了。最重要的还是同等学力的考试允许你在4年里分别通过，不像单独考试和在职攻读硕士一样必须一次性通过那么多门科目。这样大家在复习时压力也没那么大。
报名的条件不同，单独考试需要大学本科毕业后在本专业或相近专业连续工作四年，在所在单位和两名高级专业职务的专家推荐等，参加考试的考生一般应限于用人单位推荐本单位定向培养或委托培养的在职人员，限制条件比较多；在职攻读硕士的招生是针对那些在一些领域比较强的学员，想在提升到更高的层次，范围比较窄；同等学力就不一样了，只要你专科毕业满三年，本科毕业满2年就能参加研究生课程进修班学习，申请硕士必须要有学士学位证书，毕业参加工作3年以上。范围广，门槛低，可以满足大众的需要！
再者申报获得硕士学位的流程也不一样，参加同等学力申硕获得学位的流程是：学习期间所获得研究生课程学分——参加全国统考——发表论文——论文答辩通过——获得硕士学位；参加十月联考和单独考试获得学位的流程是：参加入学考试——复试合格——录取交费——课程学习——论文答辩通过——获得硕士学位。对比两方面就能知道同等学力获得硕士学位的难度会比它们两个要低，所以大家关注的也比较多。
当然它们三者并不是只有这么三四点不同，很多细微的需要大家在网上搜索，像华中科技大学软件工程硕士，自主命题，自主划线，自主录取，通过率高！电话：一五三二一八八六一一九，学校的老师会详细给你解答！
点击咨询 