第一篇：翻译学2
提纲
1.哲学的本性 2.哲学的转向 3.柏拉图的理念 4.后现代哲学 5.描述翻译学 6.翻译参数 7.“忠实/信”
8.哲学中有关语言的问题 9.语言的交际性
10.奈达功能对等翻译理论 11.结语
1.哲学的本性
哲学的本性是：“哲学是自由思想”(张志伟，2005：２)它的探索是无止境的，开放性的。“有多少哲学家就有多少种关于哲学的定义，而且相互之间从来没有达到过起码的共识。不仅如此，在哲学领域中，几乎所有的问题、概念、理论学说和体系都处在‘众说纷纭莫衷一是’的境地，套用近代英国哲学家霍布斯的一句话，哲学简直就是‘一切人反对一切人的战场’。”(张志伟，2005：２)“按照哲学的本性而论，哲学不是让人有智慧，而是让人知道自己没有智慧而去追求和热爱智慧的学问„„哲学问题并不是世界本身产生出来的问题，而是人产生出来的问题，不过它们并不是哲学家闲极无聊制造出来显示自己智力的东西，其实都来源于我们的日常生活。在日常生活中许多事情可能是自明的，在哲学家看来却大有问题，例如‘我是谁’的问题。„„看起来我们都知道‘我是谁’，然而‘我’在哪里呢？‘我’究竟是心灵还是身体，抑或是心灵与身体的统一？心灵在成熟，身体也在成长，这是不是说‘我’也始终在变化呢？如果‘我’是变动不居的，‘我’与‘我’有没有同一性呢？„„只一个‘我’就可以问出一大堆问题来。实际上，日常生活中许多看上去不证自明的东西都是经不起追问和推敲的。”(张志伟，2005：３)
2.哲学的转向
第一次转向是柏拉图《斐多篇》中苏格拉底所说的，从在个别的具体事物中寻找前具体事物的根源转向为在“心灵世界”（即“理念”）中寻找当前具体事物的根源，这一转向标志着人类超越物质性和有限性而突出精神性和奔向无限性的第一步。但苏格拉底——柏拉图的“理念”是独立于人的精神意识而存在的。近代哲学的创始人笛卡尔提出了“我思故我在”的命题，明确地建立了近代哲学中人的主体性原则，从而进一步推进了人类超越物质性和有限性而突出人的精神性和奔向无限性的内在冲动，这是西方哲学史上的第二次转向。康德沿着主体性哲学的方向，更进而把先验性看作是必然性知识的来源，这事人类内在冲动过程中一个新的里程碑，也可以算作是西方哲学史上的第三次转向（胡塞尔就是这样看的）。不过，我还是想把康德哲学归人从笛卡尔到黑格尔的近代主体性哲学的大范畴之内。黑格尔是主体性哲学之集大成者，他完善了主体性哲学，他的“绝对精神”或“绝对理念”是绝对的主体，实际上是把人的主体性夸大到至高无上、登峰造极的神圣地位。人类企图超越物质性和有限性的内在冲动在黑格尔这里可谓达到了顶点，但这个定点也是他走下坡路的开始。黑格尔死后，他的绝对主体被一些现当代哲学家们从各种角度撕得粉碎。西方现代人文主义思潮的哲学，其主要特征之一就是批判以黑格尔为代表的主体性哲学。(张世英，2009：178-179)
3.柏拉图的理念
理念或模式是自在和自为的，有实体性；它们是实体，是实在或实质的模式，即万物原始、永恒和超越的原型，先于、脱离和独立于事物而存在，不像事物那样受变化的影响。我们看见的个别事物是这些永恒模型的不完善的复制品或反映，个别事物有生有灭，而理念或模式则永存不息。事物或复制品是繁多的，但一类事物永远只有一个理念。这样独立的模式或理念是无数的，没有任何东西因为太卑下或不重要而没有它的理念。有事物、关系、性质和行为的理念，有桌椅、床、颜色和色调的理念；有健康、静止和运动的理念，有大小和相似的理念，还有真、善、美的理念。(梯利，2004：66)对理念的追求是对绝对真理的追求，主体被排斥在真理之外，真理也被当作一个被动的客体，只能被认识，不能与主体共同进步。法国的数学家、科学家和哲学家笛卡尔的“我思故我在”在西方哲学界掀起一场革命。“当我思考的时候，这个进行思考的“我”是存在的，即“我思故我在”。这是笛卡儿哲学中的第一原理，也是他认识论的核心。此后的哲学家对认识论的重视，就始于笛卡儿。精神比物质具有确定性，我的精神又比他人的精神有确定性。在笛卡儿影响下，所形成的一切哲学都有主观主义倾向，倾向于把物质看成唯有通过精神和推理才可认识的。”（转引罗素，2008：118-119）
4.后现代哲学
西方现当代哲学特别是欧洲大陆人文主义思潮的哲学家如尼采、海德格尔、伽达默尔等人已不满足于以主体客体关系为前提的追问方式，特别是不满足于概念哲学追求形而上的本体世界，追求抽象的、永恒的本质，而要求回到具体的、变动不居的现实世界。马克思在《费尔巴哈论纲》指出：“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改造世界。”
大体来说，后现代主义者反对那种独立于人之外的概念哲学，主张哲学应当从抽象的天国回到具体的人世和现实生活；他们反对主体与客体二分，强调人与世界物我交融。
这种哲学思潮并不是主张停留于当前在场的东西之中，它也要求超越当前，只不过它不像旧的概念哲学那样主张超越到抽象的永恒的世界之中去，而是从当前在场的东西超越到其背后的未出场的东西，这未出场的东西也和当前在场的东西一样是现实的事物，而不是什么抽象的永恒的本质或概念，所以这种超越也可以说是从在场的现实事物超越到不在场的（或者说未出场的）现实事物。
所谓“在场”（presence）或在场的东西（the present）”是指当前呈现或当前呈现的东西之意，也就是平常说的出息或出席的东西，所谓“不在场（absence）”或“不在场的东西（the absent）”就是指未呈现在当前或缺席之意。从“在场的东西”超越到“不在场的东西”被称为“横向超越”。无论是“在场的”还是“不在场的”，它们均指现实事物，而非它们体现的理念。
事物所隐蔽于其中或者说植根于其中的未出场的东西，不是有穷尽的，而是无穷尽的。具体地说，任何一个事物都与宇宙万物处于或远或近、或直接或间接、或有形或无形、或重要或不重要的相互联系、相互作用、相互影响之中。（张世英，2009：29）
理念属于“恒常的在场（constant presence）”范畴。从现实事物到理念的追溯被称为“纵向超越”。从感性中个别的、变化着的、有差异的、表面现象的、具体的东西追问道理性或理解普通的、不变的、同一的、本质性的、抽象的东西的纵深路线，达到对外在的客观事物之根底的把握。
无论是实物、事件还是思想，它们都有自己的理念。把“在场的”和“不在场的”联系起来的也是理念，但它不是普通的理念，而是代表普世法则的理念。正是它们使想象变成了可能。这些普世法则就是哲学中的思维、存在、主体、客体、普遍性、特殊性、整体、个体、本质、现象、有限、无限、一、多、质、量、因果、目的、必然、自由、运动、中庸等。认知主体根据普世法则进行联想或想象，把在场的事物与其背后的相关的事物联系在一起。在场的事物与其背后的相关的事物之间的关系是普世法则作用的结果，它们之间关系的存在不以人的意志为转移。认识主体可以看不见它们的存在，但它们确实地存在着。
虽然“在场的”的“不在场的”联系是无穷尽、无底的，但认识主体对它们的认识是有底的。如何把握好有底与无底呢？人的能力是有限的，所以他的行为是有目的性的。无穷地找寻“在场的”背后的“不在场的”会使认识主体迷失自己的目的和目标。把握有底和无底之间的关系有一个度的问题，也就是用中庸的普世法则，在“在场的”和“不在场的”众多因素之间找到一个平衡点，这个点以行为的目的为参考。
5.描述翻译学
1972年，霍尔姆斯（J.Holmes）在哥本哈根召开的第三届国际应用语言学会意上发表了《翻译学的名与实》（The Name and Nature of Translation Studies）一文。本文被普遍认为翻译学成为独立学科的宣言。霍尔姆斯勾画了翻译学的整体框架，翻译学由纯理论翻译学和应用翻译学组成，纯理论翻译学又细分为翻译理论和描述性翻译学。描述翻译学包括三个分支：产品导向的描述性翻译学（product-oriented DTS）、功能导向的描述性翻译学（function-oriented DTS）和过程导向的描述性翻译学（process-oriented DTS）。
描述翻译学包括三个分支：产品导向的描述性翻译学（product-oriented DTS）、功能导向的描述性翻译学（function-oriented DTS）和过程导向的描述性翻译学（process-oriented DTS）。
产品导向的描述性翻译研究探讨已经存在的翻译作品。可以对单个的原语文本—目的语文本配对进行描述或分析，也可以对同一个原语文本的一个或多个目的语文本展开比较分析。它们可以累积成为更大规模的翻译研究，探讨某一特定时期、特定的两种语言之间的或是某种文本类型的翻译。大规模的研究可以是历时性的（顺着时间的发展），也可以是共时性的（某一特定的时间点或时间段）。
功能导向的描述性翻译研究指的是“在接受语的社会文化背景之下描述[翻译的]功能：这是对背景而不是对文本的一个研究”，也可以被称之为“社会翻译研究”，今天更多地称之为“文化导向的翻译研究”（cultural studies-oriented translation）。它探讨的问题包括哪些书籍在何时何地被翻译，产生了何种影响。
过程导向的描述性翻译研究与翻译的心理学有关，它主要致力于挖掘译者大脑中所发生的事情。（杰里米·芒迪，2007：17-19）
描述翻译学的三个分支均把“在场的”翻译纳入一个“不在场的”大背景之中。产品导向的描述性翻译学把同一文本的不同译本进行对比分析，功能导向的描述性翻译学把文本与社会文化联系起来，过程导向的描述性翻译学与翻译过程中译者的心理有关。虽然描述翻译学更为关注与翻译有关的文化层面，但把“在场的”翻译与“不在场的”与翻译有关的文化因素和译者的心理因素有机结合起来本身就有深远的意义。它的价值不仅在于把文化因素和心理因素融入翻译研究，更为重要的是它给翻译研究者的启示：认识和研究任何客体不能平面化，而要立体化。这意味着对翻译的研究还会有更多的新的有待发现的“不在场的”领域，所以描述翻译学还有巨大的发展空间。把“在场的”翻译与“不在场的”因素溶为一体，翻译的各个要素、各个层面均可成为翻译学研究的对象，充分体现了翻译学的跨学科特征。
“在场的”与“不在场的”关系有远近之分。位于翻译学中心的永远是两种语言间的信息转换。在这个中心的外围还会有很多中心，它们都给语言间的信息转换这样或那样的影响，给翻译研究者对翻译实践的研究这样或那样的视角。有关它们的理论从不同的距离和视角对翻译实践进行宏观和微观的指导。
翻译是把信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言。这种语言之间的转换是“在场的”，它构成了问题的中心。每一个在场的东西，就其当场出现而言，都是一个中心，它以其他未出场的东西为其周边，换言之，显示在当前的东西以隐蔽在其后的东西为周边。
问题在于，中心与周边两种，何者起决定性作用？何者是基础？„„ 实际上，在场的东西由不在场的东西构成，中心由周边构成。因此，在场的东西应由不在场的东西来界定其意义，中心应由周边来界定其意义。中心是周边的显现，„„ 中心与周边不可分，而且周边是第一位的。（张世英，2009：309）
6.翻译参数
就翻译而言，语言转换是中心，但起决定性作用的不是语言本身，而是遮蔽的翻译参数，即作者、译者和读者等代表的翻译参数系统。它们又分别有自己的子系统：作者参数由原语语言文化、意识形态、审美取向、作者主体性、原文本等参数组成；译者由目标语语言文化、意识形态、审美取向、读者的需求、爱好和认知语境、机构、译者主体性等参数组成；读者主体性构成了读者参数系统。究竟选择什么的文本？谁的作品？哪部作品？为谁翻译？选择什么翻译策略和翻译方法？翻译想达到什么样的效果和反响？是这些周边因素决定了具体的语言层面的转换。所以，周边决定中心，翻译参数决定翻译策略和技巧。
7.“忠实/信”
如何忠实于原文是个十分复杂的问题。对作品理解的不同会不可避免地产生不同的译文。而对作品的理解会随着时代的变迁、词义的变化导致译者对阐释的依赖，而阐释文本的不同、资料的匮乏等因素都会引起对原文的不同理解。另外，逐字翻译出的译品在译语文化的读者心中引起的联想与原作在原语文化中引起的联想有着巨大差距，并在很多情况下很难被译语读者接受，因此大大影响了译品在译语文化的流行。鉴于以上情况,“忠实”则重新被界定为保持原作的神韵、风味和功能，如傅雷的“神似”、钱钟书的“化境”和奈达的“功能对等”等。它们虽然不像逐字翻译那么死板，但原作者仍然是自由创作，而译者则必须忠实源语；源语是主人，译者是仆人。
二十世纪60年代，以源语文本为中心的翻译观受到了挑战。源语文本已不再被看作一个封闭自足的语言系统。“读者反应论”把读者摆到了重要的位置。文本不再被看作语言中静止不变的标本，而是读者理解作者意图并把它创造性再现于另一文化的语言表现。作品的意义并非作者的意图而是所说的事实本身。作品的真正意义存在于不同时代不同人对它的不同的理解中。作品的意义是一个不断向未来开放的结构。人、人的历史性和人类文化之间的交流等因素对决定作品的意义起着十分重要的作用。由此作为读者的译者由仆人的地位上升为翻译的主体。译者不可避免地会表现出自我的创造力，他的思想意识、世界观、诗学等个性特征必然会融入他的译品之中。在新的翻译理论的冲击下，作者和原作的中心地位开始动摇。
翻译理论发展到今天，译者忠实的对象已由单一的作者和原作变成了与源语和译语相关的由许多因素组成的语境。随着翻译实践范围的扩大，其忠实的对象更趋复杂多样。不仅译者的诗学已成为需要忠实的一个因素，翻译客户的具体要求以及出版社的意图和要求也不可避免的在一定程度上制约译者的翻译策略、翻译手段、翻译标准等。变异了的“忠实”已经由原来单一的忠实于源语进化为既忠实作者翻译参数又忠实于译者和读者翻译参数。究竟忠实的对象倾向于何方要由具体的语境来决定，即对翻译参数进行综合考虑，而不是以不变应万变，永远单一地忠实于作者翻译参数。由此引发的一个问题就是对原文忠实到什么程度。
一谈到翻译马上就想到忠实。这是由翻译的本质属性所决定的。翻译就是把信息从一种语言转化为另一种语言。另一种语言表达的信息是以第一种语言为基础的，所以忠实于原文是一件毋庸置疑的事。但问题是究竟忠实于什么或究竟忠实于谁？忠实到什么程度？什么因素会影响忠实的程度？
现在已经很少有人坚持翻译就是准确地把信息从一种语言转换为另一种语言。忠实是个相对的概念，忠实的对象不仅包括原著，还包括忠实于赞助人、目标语读者和译者自己。翻译时由于两种语言文化之间的差异、目标语读者的认知水平和需求、目标语文化的制约以及译者双语水平的限制和译者主体性的张扬，译文对原著不可能不作改变或变形。译者所能做到的是原语与译语之间的近似对等。
原则上讲，对原著越忠实越好。但事实并不尽然，这些改变或变形形成一个忠实于原文的连续体，或曰忠实度。理论上说，忠实度的两极为零忠实度和100%忠实度。但在现实中，这两中情况都没有可能性，因为所谓零忠实度的翻译是伪译，不属于翻译的范畴；100%忠实于原著超出了人的能力范围。事实上，忠实度并非总是越高越好。针对不同的语言文化、文本的体裁、目标语读者的认知语境和需求、目标语文化的需求、意识形态的制约和译者翻译目的等因素，译者应找到一个平衡各种因素的点，也就是说忠实得恰到好处。这个点未必是译者可以达到的离忠实极最近的点，也就是说，极端的忠实未必总是好事。过于忠实的译本可能会受到目标语意识形态的封杀，也可能因为认知语境的原因得不到读者，也有可能让目标语读者看到一个在某些方面有明显不足的作品，其不足是原文本所固有的，而译者是有能力对此加以改进的。
8.哲学中有关语言的问题
哲学思维和对语言问题的思考密不可分，二者的联系和纠缠源远流长。和人类其他的活动相比，哲学思维须臾不能脱离语言，因为思想的对象和思想过程本身，都必须依靠语言才能转变成他人所能把握的东西。在古希腊，语言和理性、规律是同一个词，在基督教的圣经教诲中，语言和世界的开端是合二为一。
圣经《约翰福音》第一章开篇有言：“太初有道，道与上帝同在，道就是上帝„„万物是借着他造的。”哲学家兼神学家奥古斯丁把道解释为语言，赋予了语言本体论的地位，语言成为世界万物的基始。“你用了和你永恒同在的‘道’，永永地说着你要说的一切，而命令造成的东西边造成了，你惟有用言语创造，别无其他方式„„。”（转引徐友漁、周国平、陈嘉映等，1996：14.）
英国逻辑学家奥卡姆的威廉认为人的理智活动必须借助于符号来进行。符号有两种：一种是自然符号，即我们的概念，它是由外界客体和我们心智之间的相互作用而自然产生的，（亚里士多德把它叫做内心经验）它的产生与我们使用语言的活动无关。另一种是人工符号，即语言。（转引徐友漁、周国平、陈嘉映等，1996：21.）法国哲学家、神学家阿贝拉尔认为，人的思想活动先于语言，或独立于语言。（转引徐友漁、周国平、陈嘉映等，1996：19.）古希腊哲学家苏格拉底认为：没有纯粹的个人语言，语言是一种社会活动。名称不是唯一的。异族人给予事物的名称就与希腊人给予事物的名称不同。名称依赖于一个群体的共同使用，而不是个人的任意使用。（转引徐友漁、周国平、陈嘉映等，1996：8.）
英国经验主义者洛克指出，语言的最根本作用是用作人类社会联系的工具。文字有双重功用，一是记载思想，而是传达思想。人使用词，首先是为了记录自己的思想，表达自己的观念，因此，自此的原始的直接的意义，就在于使用文字的人心中的观念。另一方面，要使交流得以进行，人们还必须假定他们使用的字词标记了听话人心中的观念。（转引徐友漁、周国平、陈嘉映等，1996：26-27.）
各个时代多数哲学家都按“事物—思想（或观念）--语言”的模式考虑问题，即，思想或观念反映事物，而语言是思想或观念的外在表达符号或工具，语言的优缺点就在于它们是否准确地表达了思想或观念。
言意之辨是指语言符号与思想意义的关系问题，一方面，它是指说话人/作者能否通过语言符号来表达自己的思想；另一方面，它又是指听话人/读者能否通过语言符号理解说话人/作者的思想。
早在先秦时期，《易传》作者在论述言、象、意的关系时，一方面认为“书不尽言，言不尽意”，强调圣人之言意不能一致的矛盾；另一方面又肯定圣人可以借助言、象表达己意。《易传》关于言、意问题的说法，正好为理学经典诠释的历史性、时代性双重定向提供方法论依据。强调言、意之间有着内在关联性，有利于面向经典文本的历史性；而强调言、意之间的矛盾性，则有利于经典诠释中根据现实要求而进行思想创新。
德国哲学家、新教神学家施莱尔马赫在人们对摩西经文有不同理解时说：“如果两个或更多的人声称自己正确，那就应该认为摩西具有所有这些见解，而种种不同的解释都是正确的。具有最高权威的著述是能让人在其中看到自己正确见解的著述，而不是仅表达一种正确意义而排斥其他见解的著述，是包含已经发现和尚待发现及不可发现的真理的著述。”（转引徐友漁、周国平、陈嘉映等，1996：16.）
语言的最小承载单位是一个重要问题，英国哲学家罗素和维特根斯坦的逻辑原子论也是一种意义的原子论。它主张，一个完整的命题由于描述了一件事态或对应一项事实而具有完整的意义，它们通过负载的逻辑符号连接成了一个负载的整体，这就是人类为的全部知识，这是一种由部分构成整体的思路。（转引徐友漁、周国平、陈嘉映等，1996：35.）
9.语言的交际性
洪水过去后，挪亚又活了350岁，挪亚是950岁时死去的。挪亚的三个儿子的后裔形成了人类的三大支系，居住在世界各地，雅弗是北方民族的始祖，闪是闪米特人的始祖，而含则是非洲民族——含米特人的始祖。
挪亚的后代繁殖得越来越多，遍布地面。那时候人们的语言、口音都没有分别。他们在往东边迁移的时候，在示拿这个地方遇见一片平原，就在那里住下。因为在平原上，用作建筑的石料很不易得到，他们就发明了制造砖的方法，用泥做成方块，再用火烧透，他们就拿砖当石头，又拿石漆当灰泥，建造起繁华的巴比伦城。人们为自己的业绩感到骄傲，他们决定在已比伦修一座通天的高塔，来传颂自己的赫赫威名，并作为集合全天下弟兄的标记，以免分散。因为大家语言相通，同心协力，阶梯式的通天塔修建得挺顺利，很炔就高耸入云。
上帝是不允许凡人达到自己的高度的。他看到人们这样统一强大，心想，他们语言都一样，如果真修成宏伟的通天塔，那以后还有什么事干不成呢？上帝曾把希望具有他那样智慧的人赶出伊甸园，又用剑与火看守生命树上的果子，不让人分享。今天他要再一次制止人类接近自己的狂妄。上帝就离开天国到人间，变乱了人们的语言。人们各自操起不同的语言，感情无法交流，思想很难统一，就难免出现互相猜疑，各执己见，争吵斗殴。这就是人类之间误解的开始，当然这也注定世间要增加一种本属多余的职业——翻译。
修造工程因语言纷争而停止了，通天塔终于半途而废。人们分裂了，按照不同的语言形成许多部族，又分散到世界各地。上帝在这里变乱了人们的语言。“变乱”一词在希伯来语中读作“巴比伦”。所以，以后人们就管那座城市叫巴比伦城，管那座半途而废的塔叫巴比伦塔。（创31：1一31：9）
这一则关于语言的神话或寓言含意深刻：人类彼此最根本的隔绝是语言的隔绝，那是因为人类冒犯了上帝而招致的惩罚，因此，人类最终的得救必须包括可理解性、可交流性问题的解决。
10.奈达功能对等翻译理论
奈达的语言学思想和翻译思想介绍：(1)奈达是语言的共性论者（a universalist）。他坚持认为，各种语言具有同等的表达力。“一种语言所能表达的事情，必然能用另一种语言来表达。”（郭建中.2000:62）他认为，人类的共性多余差异，在人类经验和表达方式中，都存在着一种“共核”（common core）。如white snow=white as frost。
(2)奈达提出动态对等（dynamic equivalence）概念，后又改为“功能对等”（functional equivalence）。他认为，“所谓翻译，是在译语中用嘴切近而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。”在“功能对等”中，奈达对“信息”作了进一步的界定，声明“不但是信息内容的对等，而且尽可能地要求形式对等。”（郭建中.2000:65）
他提出了“最高层次的对等”和“最低层次的对等”。前者指的是“译文达到高度的对等，使目的语听众或读者在理解和欣赏译文时所做出的反应，与原文听众或读者的理解和欣赏所做出的反应基本上一致。”“最低层次的对等”指的是“译文能达到充分的对等，使目的语的听众或读者能理解和欣赏原文或读者对原文的理解和欣赏。”在“最高层次的对等”和“最低层次的对等”之间可有各种不同层次的对等。（郭建中.2000:69）
11.结语
翻译不是科学，传统的翻译是艺术还是科学之争是概念不清、范畴混淆造成的。就翻译而言，翻译学才是科学，翻译学的语言学理论是翻译学的一个分支，其本身又由多个次分支组成，如翻译的语义学研究、翻译的系统功能语言学、翻译的语用学、翻译的文体学、翻译的语篇分析研究和翻译的类型研究。
单从语言学的角度来说，译文的“信”意味着译文要忠实于原著，首先在内容上，其次在形式上。译文的“达”指的是译文的语言要充分考虑到读者的认知语境，要有很好的可理解性和可交流性。翻译学是研究有关翻译的科学，其目的是指导翻译实践，而翻译学的语言学理论研究如何帮助译者更好地协调对原著的忠实和目的语读者的认知语境之间的关系。
参考文献
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翻译是科学还是艺术？
第二篇：翻译
一.翻译：
1.正是他35年前送给我的那些书使我成了教师。2.黄昏时，我碰巧在回家的路上遇到她。3.他说他将于第二周到达。
4.我在电话里已经和他交谈过，但实际上我从来没有见过他。5.整日呆在家里做作业，一点趣儿都没有。6.我在为这次长途旅行整理行装。
7.她专心听着，把他说的话一字不漏的记下来。8.他充分利用他在那儿的时间学习英语。9.目前妇女在科学领域发挥着重要的作用。10.这个城镇变化太大了，你会认不出来它的。11.对于这个问题你有什么看法吗？
12.这个机构对开始经营自己生意的人提供切实可行的指导。13.信不信由你，尽管她满身缺点，我仍然喜欢她。14.这是我们第一次在中国过圣诞。15.结婚前他们相爱了十年。
一．1.It was those books he gave me thirty-five years ago that made me become a teacher.2.I happened to see her on my way home at dusk.It happened that I saw her on my way home at dusk.3.He said that he would arrive the next week.4.I’ve talked to him on the telephone but I’ve never actually met him face to face.5.It is no pleasure staying at home doing homework all day.6.I am packing my things up for the long journey.7.She listened carefully and set down every word he said.8.He made good/full use of his time there to learn English.9.At present, women are playing an important part in science.10.The town has changed so much that you wouldn’t recognize it.11.Do you have any thoughts on this problem? 12.The agency offers practical guidance to people starting their own businesses.13.Believe it or not.I’m fond of her although she has shortcomings of all kinds.14.It is the first time we have celebrated Christmas in China.15.They had been in love for 10 years before getting married.二.翻译：
1.在老师的帮助下，我被一所大学录取了。2.你知道宇宙是什么时候形成的吗？
3.最重要的是，别忘了把你们的意见寄来。4.你能就音乐欣赏给我们提些建议吗？ 5.他喜欢表演并享受随之而来的祝贺。
6.他看上去很面熟，但我记不起他的名字了。7.你准备用现金支付还是用支票支付？
8.必须制定法律来惩罚那些危害野生生物的人。9.骑骆驼在沙漠中旅行是令人难忘的经历。
10.如果人们在不行动起来，采取有效措施保护野生动物的话，愈来愈多的野生动物将会灭绝。二.1.With the help of my teacher, I was admitted to university.2.Do you know when the universe first came into being？ 3.And above all, remember to send us your comments.4.Could you give us some advice on how to enjoy music.5.He enjoys performance and the congratulations afterwards.6.He looks very familiar but I can’t remember his name.7.Do you plan to pay in cash or by cheque? 8.Laws must be passed to punish those who do harm to wildlife.9.Traveling in the desert by camel is really an unforgettable experience.10.If people don’t take action and adopt effective measures to protect wild animals, an increasing number of them will die out.三.翻译：
1.为了按时完成这项任务，他们夜以继日的工作着。2.过不了多久他们就会回来的。3.她生了一个健康漂亮的婴儿。4.她有学语言的天赋。
5.捉弄残疾人是很不礼貌的。
6.这家旅馆使我想起我们去年住过的那一家。7.我怎么才能重新得到他们的支持呢？ 8.那棵老树从地面到树梢至少有三十米。
三．1.They are working day and night in order to accomplish the task on time.2.They will be back before long.It won’t be long before they come back.3.She gave birth to a fine healthy baby.4.She has a gift for learning languages.5.It is very rude to play a trick on the disabled.6.This hotel reminds me of the one we stayed in last year.7.How can I win back their support? 8.The old tree must measure at least 30 metres from top to bottom.四.Translation: 1.我宁愿说实话而不愿撒谎。2.他说服不了他姐姐改变主意。
3.我们昨天是在百货大楼举行的会议。4.她虽然有很多缺点，但我们都很喜欢她。5.小华坚持自己没有撒谎，不该向我道歉。6.他唯一在乎的东西就是钱。
7.一旦你明白了这条规则，你就再也没有困难了。8.我被他说服了，所以我不得不让步。9.在战争结束时柏林城变成了一片废墟。10.死亡人数已上升至50人。
11.事故发生后，伤员被立刻送往医院。
12.正当我们处境危险时他们来援救我们了。13.黄河在这转了个大弯。
14.我们骑骆驼旅行真是一次难忘的经历。15.她刚刚起床，还没有穿好衣服。
16.既然他决心已定，再与他争论已毫无用处。17.到时我们惊奇的发现他还活着。
18.今年夏天我们在乡下度过了一段快乐时光。
19.2008年5月12日，人们向往常一样去上班、上学，全然不知一场灾难即将降临。20.我们迫不及待的等着你的加入。
21.我们误了公共汽车，看来我们只好步行了。
22.发生在汶川的大地震使成千上万的人无家可归。23.人们不在意的一些事件也可能导致灾难的发生。24.不知不觉中一年结束了。
25.我谨向那些帮助过我的老师致谢。
26.没有任何语言足以表达我对你们的歉意。
27.地震中幸存下来的人们向部队表示深深的谢意，感谢部队为拯救他们所做出的巨大努力。
28.无论发生什么事情，我们都不能丧失希望与信心。29.到了车站，我们环顾四周，却没有发现任何人。30.有消息说，洪水过后，全村到处都是残垣断壁。四.1.I prefer telling the truth to lying.2.He couldn’t persuade his sister to change her mind.3.It was in the department store that we held the meeting yesterday.4.She has many shortcomings, but we are all fond of her.5.Xiao Hua insisted that she didn’t tell a lie and not apologize to me.6.The only thing he cares about is money.7.Once you understand this rule, you’ll have no difficulty.8.I was persuaded by him, so I had to give in.9.The city of Berlin was in ruins at the end of the war.10.The number of deaths has reachedrisen to 50.11.After the accident, the injured were sent to hospital right away.12.They came to our rescue when we were in danger.13.The Huanghe river makes a wide bend at this point.14.Our journey by camel was quite an experience.15.She had just got out of bed and wasn’t properly dressed.16.Since he has made up his mind, it is no use arguing with him.17.When we arrived, we were surprised to find him still alive.18.This summer, we had a nice time in the countryside.19.On May 12th, 2008, people went to work or school as usual, not knowing at all that a disaster was just around the corner.20.We can’t wait for you to join us.21.We have missed the bus.It looks as if we will have to walk.22.The big earthquake that shook Wenchuan left tens of thousands of people homeless.23.The events that people think little of may lead to disasters.24.The year is at an endhas come to an end before we know it.25.I would like to express my thanks to the teachers who have helped me.26.No words are strong enough to express my apology to you.27.The people who survived the earthquake expressed their deep thanks to the army for the great efforts they had made to rescue them.28.We can’t lose hope and confidence no matter what happens to us.29.When we arrived at the station, we looked around but found nobody.30.Word came that the whole village lay in ruins after the flood.五.汉译英：
1．-----尽管年轻，他已取的了很大的成就。
-----是的，你也一样。(as;so)2．这种风俗习惯已经存在了两千多年，这令很多外国人非常吃惊。（around）3．他整天上网，但不喜欢玩电脑游戏，我也是这样。
4．在我国，北方人以小麦为主食，而南方人以大米为主食。5．他既能与别人一起愉快的工作，也能独自做很多事情。
6．我因粗心而考试不及格，所以这怪不得别人，只能怪我自己。(have)7．与动物交朋友可有助于我们理解动物保护的重要性。
8．直到我失去了这位朋友，我才意识到我们之间的友谊对我意味着什么。（倒装句）9．尽管我们从没谋面，我们却是最好的朋友。
10．当我感到沮丧的时候，他总是愿意听我倾诉并尽力帮助我。(down)五.1．-----Young as he is, he has made great achievements.-----So he has, and so have you.2.The custom has been around for more than two thousand years, which astonishes many foreigners.3.He surfs the Internet all the time but does not enjoy playing computer games, so it is with me./ It is the same with me.4.In our country, people in the north live on wheat while people in the south live on rice.5.He can not only work with others happily but also do many things all alone.6.I failed in the examination because of my carelessness, so I have nobody but only myself to blame.7.Making friends with animals can help us understand the importance of protecting them.8.Only after I lost such a friend, did I realize what the friendship between us meant to me.9.Although/ Despite the fact that we have never met each other, we are best friends.10.When I am feeling down, he will always listen to me and try to help me.六.汉译英：
1．这种植物不是到处都有的。（find）
2．天快黑的时候，他们来到了一个偏僻的小村庄。（find）3．他在回家的路上看到了一场交通事故。4．你还有什么地方不清楚吗？
5．由于他们理解汉语还有一定的难度，所以我不得不一遍又一遍的重复我说过的话。6．请再说一遍，我没听清。
7．在一个小孩的带领下，我们轻而易举的就找到了Mr.Smith的住处。8．妇女要求同工同酬。
9．在国际贸易中，具有一定的英语知识是十分必要的。10．他们国家盛产石油，而我们国家却一点没有。六．1.This plant can’t be found everywhere.2.As it was getting dark, they found themselves in a lonely small village.3.On his way back home, he saw a traffic accident.4.Is there anything that is not clear to you? 5.I had to repeat what I said again and again, because they still had some difficulty in understanding Chinese.6.I beg your pardon? I didn’t catch what you said.7.With a boy leading us, we had no difficulty in finding Mr.Smith’s house.8.Women demand equal pay for equal work.9.It is very necessary to have a knowledge of English in international trade.10.Their country has plenty of oil, while ours has none.七.汉译英：
1． 下个月他们将去北戴河避暑。
2．他经常旅游的原因是想品尝不同种类的食品。3．她戴着墨镜，以免眼睛被太阳灼伤。
4．祝你在香港玩的愉快，顺便说一下，代我向李华问好。
5．徒步旅行时，一定要记住这些基本的规则, 他们都与你的安全相关。（keep）6．他受到我们大家的爱戴和敬佩。
7．根据上周所作的调查，有百分之六十的学生反对这项决定。8．上周该地区发生了一次地震，许多楼房和汽车受损。（which）
9．我们开个聚会庆祝你的生日吧！同时，你看我们都邀请哪些人参加。10．过去，孩子们在街上玩是很平常的事。
七．1．Next month, they will go to Beidaihe to get away from hot weather.2．The reason why he often go traveling is that he wants to try new kinds of food.3．She is wearing her sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sun./ to prevent her eyes from being burned by the sun.4．Have a nice time in Hongkong.By the way, say “Hi” to Li Hua for me.5．When hiking, you must keep in mind these basic rules, which have much to do with your safety.6．He was loved and admired by all of us.7．According to the survey done last week, 60% of the students are against the decision.8．Last week, an earthquake happened in this area, in which many buildings and cars were damaged.9．Let`s have a party to celebrate your birthday.At the same time, who do you think we will invite.10．In the past, it was common for children to play in the street.八．汉译英：
1．Rachel 承认她费了很大的劲儿才理解了这项任务。(time)2．有朝一日，我实现了我的目标，我就幸福了。3．他仔细聆听，然后执行老师的指示。
4．他虽没有创出新的纪录，但他做出了很大的努力。（attempt）5．他向她求婚，但她拒绝了。
6．我非常珍惜和你一起度过的那些时光。7．马铃薯最初是由南美传入欧洲的。
8．这个城镇变化太大了，你会认不出她来的。9．人们普遍认为她是该国最优秀的作家之一。10．人们嘲笑她，因为她经常戴那么奇怪的帽子。
八．1．Rachel admitted that she had a hard time understanding the assignment.2.Some day when I achieve my goals, I will be happy.3．He listened carefully and carried out the teacher’s instructions.4.He failed to set a new record, but it was a good attempt.5.He asked her to marry him but she refused.6.I treasure the moments I spent with you.7.Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America.8.The town has changed so much that you wouldn’t recognize it.9.She is generally regarded as one of the best writers in the country.10.People make fun of her because she wears such strange hats.九．汉语译：
1.——这是一封写给Mr.Brown的信，你能教给他吗？——好的。我一见到他就给他。2.遇到麻烦时可请他帮忙。
3．请写下你的名字和地址，以便我们必要时能与你联系。4．桌子上并排放着两个瓶子。
5．请尽快完成那份报告，越快越好。
6．那天晚上我们像平常一样大约在十点半睡觉。7．我偶尔顺路去看一看他。8．他热切希望你见见他的朋友。9.她靠什么谋生？
10．前些天，我们就学生如何打发他们的业余时间在2000名学生之间进行了一次调查。九.1.-----Here is a letter addressed to Mr.Brown.Could you give it to him?-----OK.The moment I see him, I will give it to him.2．When in trouble, you can turn to him for help.3.Please put down your name and address so that we can get in touch with you when necessary.4.Two bottles stand side by side on the table.5.Please get that report done as soon as possible-----the sooner the better.6.We went to bed that evening at 10:30 as usual.7.I drop in on him once in a while.8.He is eager for you to meet his friends.9.How does she makeearn her living? 10.The other day, we did a survey among 2,000 students on how they spend their spare time.十.汉译英：
1．我从事园艺工作十余年，从中获得了很大的满足。2．我们必须提高对顾客的服务质量。3．他因谋杀被判处死刑。
4．她喜欢弹钢琴，而她妹妹却喜欢打篮球。5．看到孩子们被照顾的很好，他感到非常满意。6．越来越多的公司在设立网站，这毫不奇怪。
7．我既没忘记告诉他这个消息也没忘记提醒他注意安全。8． 从头顶飞过的飞机的噪音可以损害人们的听觉。9．他的助手请他尽快在这张支票上签字。
10．周末，我宁愿呆在家里洗洗衣服、看看书。
十.1.I have been working in the garden for over 10 years, from which I get a lot of satisfaction.2.We must raise the quality of service to our customs.3.He was sentenced to death because of murder.4.She enjoys playing the piano while her sister likes playing basketball.5.He feels very content to see his children taken good care of.6.It is no surprise that an increasing number of companies are setting up web sites.7.I neither forgot to tell him the news nor remind him about his safety.8.People may have their hearing harmed by the noise of the planes passing overhead.9.His assistant requested him to sign the cheque as soon as possible.10.On weekends, I would rather stay at home and do some cleaning and reading.十一.汉译英：
1.我五点钟开车去接你。
2.这场事故发生在离她家仅一个街区的地方。3.我认为努力实现这一目标是每一个公民的责任。4．我们应该尊重老人、尊重父母、尊重老师。
5．根据规定，每位学生每次可借五本书，借阅时间为十天。6．如果有幸被选作志愿者，我将尽力提供最好的服务。
7．学校图书馆从周一到周五上午9点到下午7点开门，周末休息。8．我喜欢摄影，因为它能让我记录下生活中的美丽时刻。
9．我想参加和平与友谊夏令营，因为这是和各国青年交朋友并学习他们文化的绝佳机会。10．现在给你写信是想问一问你能否帮我个忙。十一.1.I will drive over to pick you up at 5.2.The accident took place only a block from his home.3.I think it is every citizen’s duty to work hard to achieve this goal.4.We should show our respect for old people, our parents and our teachers.5.According to the rule, every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for 10 days.6.If I have the honour of being chosen as a volunteer, I will try my best to offer the best service.7.The school library is open from 9 am to 7 pm from Monday to Friday(on weekdays)and closed on weekends.8.I am interested in photography because it allows me to record the beautiful moments in my life.9.I would like to join the Peace & Friendship Camp since it would be a great opportunity to make friends with young people from different countries and learn about their cultures.10.Now I am writing to ask whether you are able to do me a favour.十二.英译汉：
1．多年来他们一直在讨论迁居乡间的事。2.我和那家公司六年没有来往了（have）。3．我们偶尔到公园野餐。
4．我希望你已充分利用了你的时间。
5．顺便说一下，你不能总是靠你父母生活。6．你这次考试成绩不好，换句话说，你没及格。
7．我的眼睛一定有毛病，我下周到医院去检查一下。8．谁也不能阻止这项计划的实施。
9．随着现代工农业的发展，废物也愈来愈多了。10．当母亲接受治疗时，孩子可能要与她隔离开。
十二．1．For years they have talked about moving to the country.2.I have had nothing to do with that company.3.We go for a picnic in the park once in a while.4.I hope you have made good use of your time.5.By the way, you can’t depend on your parents for a living all the time.6.Your performance in the exam is bad;in other words, you failed.7.Something must be wrong with my eyes.I will have them examined in hospital next week.8.No one can stoppreventkeep the plan from being carried out.9.With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced.10.The child may be separated from his mother while she receives treatment.十三 英译汉：
1．令我感到很惊讶的是，这家餐馆实际上是非常不错的。2．这个系为学生开设了各种各样的课程。3．努力工作，你的梦想迟早会实现的。
4．前些天，我们就学生对校服的意见与看法在我校500名学生之间进行了一次调查。5．你老是打断我是不太礼貌的。
6．经过漫长的航行，回到家时他们又渴又饿。7．政府应该制定出团结而不是分裂人民的法律。8．他抬起头来惊讶的望着我，不知该说什么。9．不论将来你遇到什么事，我都会支持你。10．出与安全考虑，那个站台被拆除了。
十三.1.Much to my surprise, the restaurant was actually very nice.2.Students are offered a wide variety of courses in this department.3.Work hard and your dreams will come true sooner or later.(in time)4.The other day, we did a survey on our school uniform among 500 students in our school.5.It wasn’t very polite of you to keep interrupting me.6.After the long voyage, they arrived home, hungry and thirsty.7.The government should make laws aiming to unite, not divide, people.8.He looked up at me in surprise, not knowing what to say.9.I will support you no matter what happens to you.10.The platform was taken down for safety reasons.十四．汉译英：
1．如果当时你动动脑子，你现在就不至于陷入困境。2．努力提高人民的生活水平是每一个政府官员的职责。3．我们一个劲地往上爬，一直爬到山顶。
4．我经常想起我的一位朋友，过去我常常和他一起在这家公园散步。5．我一收到他的来信就立刻拆开读了起来。6．现在电话几乎取代了电报。7．这种疾病蔓延全国。
8．我不知道我能否说服他，但至少我会试一试。9．经常进行体育运动对我们的健康有好处。10．老师要求我们尽量多背些美妙的诗歌。
十四.1.If you had used your head, you wouldn’t be in trouble now.2.It is the duty of every government official to try his best to raiseimprove people’s standards.3.On and on we climbed, until we got to the top of the mountain.4.I often think of a friend of mine , with whom I used to take a walk in the park.5.As soon as I received his letter, I tore it open and began to read it.6.Nowadays, telephones have almost taken the place of telegrams.7.The disease spread throughout the country.8.I don’t know if I can persuade him, but at least I can have a try.9.Often having sports can do some good to our health.10.The teacher asked us to learn by heart as many excellent poems as possible.
第三篇：实用翻译
扬州大学外国语学院 研究生学期作业
学课学程科名专
期 称 业
2008-2009第二学期
实用翻译实践
英语语言文学
研究生学号 研究生姓名
M080336
李岩
广告英汉语的特点与翻译原则
摘要：
广告是推销商品及其公司的重要宣传手段，因此在经济全球化的今天广告翻译就显得尤为重要。本文指出广告英汉语有其独特的词汇与语言特点，并由此特展开讨论，进而提出广告翻译的原则。
关键词：广告翻译；词汇特点；语言特点；翻译原则
引言
广告是消费者获取商品经济信息的重要来源，其形成和传播的媒体多种多样，目的在于说服消费者接受其产品或服务。随着经济全球化的日益加强，商品贸易的国际往来也日趋频繁。为了抢占国际市场，向国外推销国内产品的竞争也显现出前所未有的激烈程度，而广告是推销商品及其公司的重要宣传手段，因此在当今这个跨文化交际日益频繁的世界里，如何正确地翻译异域广告使之适应于目标语的大众需求就显得尤为重要了。而广告中体现企业文化底蕴和产品特色的广告语言确切地说才是真正的语言精华，因此本文结合大量广告实例探讨广告英汉语的特点，并且进一步说明广告翻译的原则。
一． 广告英汉语的词汇特点
英词广告中出现频率很高的词是形容词以及形容词的比较级或最高级，如 “new”，“good”，“wonderful”，“amazing”，“the most”，“the best”，而汉语广告中的四字结构数量很大，言简意赅。在广告原文明白易懂，表层意思和深层意思基本一致的情况下，可根据原文的上下文和所传达的信息选用适当的词进行翻译，一般以直译为主。
例一：The new digital era.数码新时代。（索尼影碟机）
例二：Lucky Chocolate Toffe Brings Luck.幸福太妃糖，幸福地获得。
例一采用直译法，“new” 一词体现了英语广告中常用形容词的特点；例二虽然没有完全采用直译法，但“lucky”一词同样体现了英语广告中常用形容词的特点，而且“lucky”和“luck”突出了消费者的精神需要，即对幸运的渴求，因此更能吸引消费者。
例三：Your trip can always be a carefree experience as our meticulous services keep you feel at home.Innovative decor, well-equipped guest rooms, elegant dining venues, attentive services and friendly smile…Only when you visit the Windsors can you discover how considerate we are！(宾馆广告)您的旅行可以一直是无忧无虑的，这是因为，我们周到的服务会使您感到宾至如归。富有创意的装饰，设备良好的客房，环境优雅的餐厅，细心的服务和友善的微笑„„只 有当您光临温莎公寓时，您才会感觉到我们做得是多么细致入微！
例四：金杯牌汽床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。
The technological design of the “Golden Cup” brand air-filled bed cushions is advanced with novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns.They are comfortable and convenient to carry.例三这则广告依据英语的词序直接翻译而来，译文用了直译法，既保留了原文内容又保留了原文形式，能够在很大程度上再现原广告的风格，有明白易懂的特点，而且英文广告多采用形容词，译文则多是四字词语，言简意赅；例四中的汉语广告用六个四字结构的词语并列突显出产品的特点，通俗易懂且文字对仗符合汉语广告的特点。
二． 广告英汉语的语言特点
广告的功能在于宣传产品、吸引大众注意力、推销所需，一则优秀的广告必须做到吸引眼球，具有说服力，给人以深刻的印象。要达到这一目的，语言是不可或缺的手段。口语化、简洁易懂、形象生动的广告语言使人感到亲切，可以在很短的时期内把它看完，容易打动读者，使其留下深刻印象。下面本文就从三个方面来讨论广告英汉语的语言特点。
1.口语化
广告语言只有通俗易懂才更有利于产品及其品牌的推广，而口语化的表达能够在短时间内让人产生亲切感，容易产生共鸣，引发消费者的购买欲望，从而增强广告的说服力。
例一：用了，就知道离不开它。（超能洗衣粉）
由于洗衣粉属于日化用品，所以使用口语化的表达就非常符合产品的定位。广告语无需借用华丽的语言给产品罩上光环，而是用最朴实的语言拉近产品和消费者之间的距离，介绍切实的使用体验，更提升了广告的可信度。
例二：Getting places in the business world is easier if your banker is there to meet you.这样一则银行宣传的广告语选用了非常口语化的措辞，如 Getting places in the business world（在商界占一席之地），我们知道要想在商界获得成功是非常不容易的事情，按照对词语涵义的解析，obtain比get要更合适，可以表现出在商界立足的不易。但是本广告语恰恰弃用了obtain，采用通俗口语化的get，淡化在商界立足的难度，以此更衬托出银行服务的作用。
2.简洁易懂
简练的语言使广告一目了然，容易让受众记住从而接受，进而传播，以此达到推销产品的目的。因此，广告语大多以最精简的形式出现在大众面前。
例如：Where miracle happens.---奇迹发生的地方。
这是一则很多人都钟爱的赛事NBA的广告语。这是一条短语式广告，语言简练而醒目，抓住了人们渴望奇迹的心理，同时也凸显出NBA球员超强的能力、素质以及赛事的精彩激烈，令人对之期待倍增。
3.形象生动
形象生动的语言使广告更加醒目，令人过目难忘，从而达到推销产品及品牌的效果。形象生动的语言往往通过对多种修辞方法的运用实现。修辞是语言的精华，许多广告成功的诀窍在于运用各种修辞方法，常见的有比喻、双关、拟人、排比、压韵、夸张等等。
例一：Life is a journey.Travel it well.(暗喻)人生如旅程，应尽情游历。（United Airlines 联合航空）
此广告通过使用暗喻手法，把人生比作旅程，表面意思是应该尽情游历人生，实际是表达了在联合航空您能享受到一流的服务，让您的飞行旅途犹如游历快乐的人生。
例二：Coke refreshes you like no other can.（双关）
本句广告语利用can在英语中的多重含义达到双关的目的，既可以把它当作情态动词，表示能做到某事的能力，又可以把它作为名词，表示听、罐，双重含义都强化了一个概念：该品牌饮料能带来无与伦比的清爽感觉。
例三：Unlike me，my Rolex never needs a rest.（拟人）和我不一样，我的劳力士全年无休。（劳力士手表）
这则广告通过把产品拟人化，让人感觉该品牌手表就像一位朋友，既亲密又忠诚，全年无休毫无怨言地守护着主人，与此同时又是在表明该产品的质量值得信赖。
例四：Take Toshiba, take the world.(头韵、排比)拥有东芝，拥有世界（Toshiba 电子）
这则东芝电子的广告运用头韵、排比的修辞方法使句子读起来朗朗上口，一目了然，令人过目难忘，从而达到推销产品及品牌的效果。
除了以上提到的几种修辞，还有夸张、反语、压韵等很多修辞手法都能在实际应用中起到意想不到的效果。不过无论以什么方式，最终的目的都是给人留下深刻的印象，达到推销产品的目的。
三． 广告翻译的原则
汉英广告有其独特的词汇和语言特点，因此广告的翻译也就和普通文体的翻译有所不同。广告的目的决定了其翻译仍然应该具有广告效应，因此，在进行忠实翻译的同时应该兼顾到广告语言的特征，做到灵活处理，使译文简洁流畅，形象生动。
1.忠实原则
忠实原则是任何文体翻译的最基本的准则，对广告翻译犹是如此。在翻译广告时很多时候我们也可以严格地忠实于原文，并且也能够取得很好的广告效果。比如：
例一：Let’s make things better.（Philips）
让我们做得更好。
例二：Challenge the limits（Samsung）
挑战极限。
这两则广告所采用的方法就是严格忠实于原文的直译，从词汇的选择上我们可以看到是一一对应；从句法上来说，两则广告的译文和原文一样，都是采用的祈使句；从文体风格上说，例1 中“let’s”所表达出来的口语色彩在译文中得到了很好的体现，而例2 中原文坚定有力的语气在译文中通过使用四字短语得到了很好的保留。
但是，广告是一种非常特殊的文体，广告效果是否达到要看广告是否得到受众的认同。而一则成功的广告就是已经被大众所接受和认可了的。要想把一则好的中文或英文广告翻译成英语或中文，并且也要达到同样的广告效果就要考虑一系列复杂的因素，其中最重要的是文化的因素。比如说我国早年生产“凤凰”牌自行车，在国内销量很好，不仅因为自行车的质量优异、造型美观，还因为“凤凰”在中国文化中意味着“龙凤呈祥”、“吉祥如意”之意，符合了消费者企盼吉祥的心理。但当“凤凰”牌自行车销往国外时却少有人问津，原因是商品名称“凤凰”翻译成“Phoenix”，在西方人看来Phoenix意味着“凤凰涅槃，浴火重生”，是不幸的象征，纵使产品质量再好，西方人也不愿购买。这里采用的直译方法产生的实际效果与预期效果背道而驰，当西方人看到这些词语的时候就让他们产生不好的联想，他们还会对广告感兴趣吗？由此可以看出，在做广告翻译时，要忠实的不是原文字面上的意义，而是原文所具备的功能。因此在一些时候允许译者做一定限度的创造。
2.通俗易懂
对于广告的翻译来说通俗易懂显得更为重要，因为广告的读者具有更多的选择空间和更大的选择的权利，即使一个读者是带着真的想购买产品的目的来读广告的，那么一旦他发现该广告深奥难懂，读起来不知所云的话他不会付出太大的心力去体会广告的内涵，他一定会转向其他的广告，更何况大多数的读者并没有购买产品的意愿，所以我们在翻译广告作品的时候一定要让自己翻译出来的英文句子符合英文的语法，显得地道，4 这样不仅会让西方读者容易懂，还会让他们产生一种亲切感。除了要注意到英语的语法规则，尽量使翻译出来的句子显得流畅易懂外，还有一个比较容易操作的捷径就是仿写，可以仿照本身就已经存在的英语广告，例如：
红枚相机新奉献。My love’s like a Red Rose!
这则广告的翻译就来源于 Robert Burns 那首著名的诗 My love’s like a red ,red rose，通过改写，使读者读了感到亲切自然，更能接受广告所宣传的产品。
3.追求美感
广告的翻译是一门艺术，译者往往要绞尽脑汁地使他们的翻译，也就是一条新的广告做到新颖、醒目、有说服力、并能展现出一种美来。一则表现了美的广告则更容易得到读者的认同，因此很多情况下广告翻译需要灵活处理。例如：
例一：Good to the last drop.滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。
这是某咖啡品牌的广告及翻译。汉语多使用四字短语使表达朗朗上口，具有美感，因此译文既契合了原著的意境，又兼顾到译文语言的表达习惯，让人听起来就感受到该咖啡给人带来的舒适享受，激发购买欲望。此条广告译文就在忠实于原著的同时又加入了新的创作，使广告充满美感，不失为一则上乘的翻译。
例二： 质量第一，顾客第一，信誉第一。
Quality first，Customers first，and Prestige first!这则广告的原文采用中国人所喜爱的四字词语，同时重复了三次“第一”，采用排比句，具有很强的气势，给人一种感觉就是该公司很有气魄，一定会说到做到。而英文翻译也使用了排比句，也同样重复了三次first，不仅保留了原文的气势，也保留了原文的“形美”，便于读者记忆，甚至能让读者“过目不忘”。
结论
由于广告本身是宣传的一种手段，已经形成了一种独特的文体，具有自己的语言特征及翻译准则，所以在进行翻译的时候也必须考虑到译文的宣传效果以及译文语言的特点，并遵从广告翻译的原则，需要根据不同的文化背景，从具体情况出发，灵活地传达出原文的意义，译出雅俗共赏、简洁凝练、生动有趣的中英文广告，以达到商品宣传和促使消费者购买的目的。
参考文献：
1.崔刚.广告英语［M］.北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993.2.邓炎昌, 刘润清.语言与文化［M］.北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.3.冯庆华.实用翻译教程［M］.上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.4.刘晓梅.目的论与汉英广告翻译［J］.西安外国语大学学报, 2007(6).5.谭卫国.英汉广告修辞的翻译［J］.中国翻译，2003,(3).6.傅仲选.实用翻译美学［M］.上海: 上海外语教育出版社，1993.
第四篇：翻译
Unit One Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets into English.He argues that while accepting all the glory and money that comes with being famous, an athlete should be a role model for teenagers to look up to 他认为，在接受名人所带来的一切荣誉和金钱的同时，运动员应该成为青少年的榜样。
1.Most nutrition experts have pointed out that a balanced diet is critical to health1大多数营养专家指出均衡的饮食对健康是至关重要的。
2.By involving his students in different forms of debate, he intendsto develop their critical thinking ability2、通过让学生参与不同形式的辩论，培养学生的批判性思维能力。
3.4.Contrary to our expectation, Jane did not make a fuss over her son’s intention 意图to pursue an academic career3、出乎我们意料的是，简并没有为儿子打算从事学术事业而大惊小怪。
5.Before he applied for the job as a door-to-door salesman, I advised him to ponder whether he was physically fit for walking many miles a day在他申请一个挨家挨户推销的推销员之前，我建议他考虑一下他是否适合每天步行几英里。
6.Unlike his sister who takes everything seriously, Mike rarely exert himself in courses that he is not interested in不像他姐姐认真对待每一件事，迈克很少在他不感兴趣的课程中发挥自己的作用。
7.The key point made in this article is that students can benefit a lot from after activities本文的重点是学生可以从课外活动中受益匪浅。
8.Soon after he joined the new company, he found himself confronted with the most challenging task in his career他刚加入新公司不久，就发现自己面临着最具挑战性的工作。VI.Translate the following sentences into Chinese:
1.In college you will move from being teacher-taught to master-inspired, after which you must become a self-directed learner.在大学里，你将从聆听老师授课转向受大师启迪，之后你会变成一个自我管理的学习者。
2.Please take each subject seriously, for even if what you learn isn’t critical for your life, the skills of learning will be something you cherish forever.即使你所学的不是你生活中最重要的，也要认真对待大学里的每一门功课，学习的能力将会让你受用终身。
3.College friends will be the best in your life because they are not only physically closer than your family but the bonds will be strong as you gain independence and enter adulthood together.大学时代的朋友将会成为你生命中最好的朋友，因为在大学你和朋友能够比跟家人更近距离地交往，而且你们一块成长，一起独立，这种关系就会很牢固。
4.Keep your high school friends and stay connected to them, but do not use them as substitutes for college friendship.要跟高中时代的朋友保持联系，但不要用他们来代替大学的友谊。
5.Whatever decisions that confront you, you must take control of your life.不管你面临着做出什么决定，你都必须把握自己的人生。Exercises of Unit 2 Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)If you learn English in a part of the world where British influence is historically predominant, you will end up speaking a variety of English which has a distinctively British character.如果你是在历史上受英国影响显著的地方学习英语，那你最后讲的英语将带明显的英国特征。
2)The most noticeable differences, thanks to Noah Webster, are in the spelling, but even there we are talking about only a few common alternatives, such as color vs colour, and only a few hundred in all.诺亚.韦伯斯特认为二者最明显的区别在拼写方面。然而，在拼写上，指的也是一些常见的可替换词，比如color 和colour。而且这些可替换词加起来总共也就几百个。
3)Far more difficult is when we don’t, as in the alien lexical world(to British ears)of baseball and the corresponding alien world(to American ears)of cricket.当这些词的概念不同时，就更难理解了。就像（在英国人听来）棒球的词汇很陌生，（在美国人听来）板球的词汇也同样陌生。
4)Quite plainly the only reason there were rules in the English language was to bend and break them, to maximum effect.很明显，英语语言里存在规则的唯一原因就是可以改变和打破这些规则，以最大程度的达到效果。
Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese given in brackets into English.1)She saw a dress in the shop window and it tookher fancy immediately她在商店橱窗里看到一件衣服，立刻看中了它。
2)Being fully prepared, she rattled off all the names in one breath她准备充分，一口气一口气说出了所有的名字。
3)Illegally imported reptiles such as snakes and crocodiles often ended up as shoes, belts and handbags非法进口的爬行动物如蛇和鳄鱼经常以鞋子、皮带和手提包而告终。
4）Although the play was staged in a small theatre, it was packed with enthusiastic audiences虽然这出戏在一个小剧场上演，但却充满了热情的观众。
5）The movie succeededthanks to the fine acting by all cast由于演员们的出色表演，这部电影获得了成功。
6）In the middle of the night he was woken up by a sudden bang andsat up in alarm午夜时分，他突然被一声巨响惊醒了，惊慌的坐了起来 7）Thankfully, he wasn’t hurt, but heshould never have been there in the first place谢天谢地，他没有受伤，但他一开始就不应该到那里去。
8）The tourists are suggested to take a cable car to the top of the mountain andtake in the magnificent views there游客们建议乘缆车到山顶，欣赏那里壮丽的景色。
Unit 3 Exercises 2.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)
If pressed, the average American might point to the early twentieth century and Sam’s frequent appearance on army recruitment posters.要是追问普通美国人这一人物形象，他们可能会说起20世纪早期，在征兵海报上频频亮相的山姆形象。
2)
The War of 1812 sparked a renewed interest in national identity which had faded since the revolutionary war.1812年的战争激发了美国民众对民族身份新的热情，而这种热情自独立战争以后便已消失殆尽。
3)
The Civil War saw a major transition in the development of Uncle Sam as his image was associated with that of Abraham Lincoln.美国内战期间，山姆大叔的形象因和亚伯拉罕.林肯联系在一起而经历了巨大的变化。4)
The famous “I Want You” recruiting poster by James Montgomery Flagg set the image of Uncle Sam firmly into American consciousness.詹姆斯.蒙哥马利.弗拉格设计的“我需要你加入美国军队”的著名海报把山姆大叔的形象深深植根在了美国人民的意识之中。
3.Complete the sentences by transltating the Chinese given in brackets into English.2)As early as 1830,there were inquiries into the origin of the term “Uncle Sam ”早在1830年初，就有人对“Uncle Sam”这个词的起源进行了调查。3)The final version of Uncle Sam that we are most familiar with todaycame about in 1917.我们最熟悉的《山姆叔叔》的最终版本是在1917年出版的。
4)
Despite this strong relationship in popular culture between Uncle Sam and the government,he was not officially adopted until 1950尽管山姆大叔和政府之间的流行文化有着密切的关系，但直到1950他才正式通过。5)
Sam, like Yankee Doodle and Brother Jonathan, originated in popular culture山姆，像扬基歌和乔纳森兄弟，起源于流行文化。Unit 8 Exercises 2.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)
He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他跟邦迪谈了一会儿，提出的问题反映出他疑团重重。
2)
The eloquent speaker, however, made no mention of our meeting, of our trouble, of our demand, to say nothing of our prospects.然而，那位能言善辩的演讲者没有提到我们会面，没有提到我们的麻烦，也没有提到我们的要求，更没有提到我们的前途了。
3)
He warned that the improvement in bilateral relations might be jeopardized by a continuation of the war.他警告说，连续的战争有可能会危及到双边关系的改善。
4)
The mystery remained unsolved in spite of the painstaking efforts the detectives made in the investigation.尽管侦探费了九牛二虎之力进行调查，但谜团仍然没有解开。5)The president announced , with obvious relish, that the planes took off from “Shangri-la”.总统得意洋洋地宣布，飞机是从香格里拉起飞的。
6)My assistant, who had carefully read through the instruction before his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.尽管我的助手在实验前认真阅读了指令，但却没有得到令人满意的结果，因为他机械照搬。
7)Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults.任何有理智的人都不会指望在广告中看到全部真相，这就像不能指望申请工作者会说出他的缺点和严重的过失一样。
8)The characteristics of his family claim some attention from all who would understand Napoleon and the influence which he was to wield over modern Europe.那些想要了解拿破仑其人以及他对近代欧洲产生的影响之人，必须了解他的家庭特征。
9)Everyone acknowledges that Newton was a great man;yet few have more than the vaguest acquaintance with his living personality.大家都承认牛顿是位伟人，但是很少有人对他的个性有大概的了解。10)He would be a short-sighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.谁光守着自己的城堡而不往外看，那他就是一位目光短浅的指挥官。3.Complete the sentences by transltating the Chinese given in brackets into English.1)I have never heard of that guy, much less have I seen him我从来没有听说过那个家伙，更不用说我见过他了。
2)His income used to be too small to support his family.他的收入过去太小，无法养活家人。
3)As long as you never lose heart , you will surely succeed in the future.只要你不灰心，你将来一定会成功的。
4)
His intelligence, coupled with hard work，made him a very qualified teacher.他的聪明才智加上勤奋，使他成为一名合格的教师。
5)
The more we got to know him, the more we love him as a person.我们越了解他，我们就越喜欢他这个人。
6)Students’ progress in learning is due to the improvement of teachers’ work efficiency学生的学习进步是教师工作效率提高的结果。
7)He is eager to shield his children from the press他渴望保护自己的孩子免受媒体的伤害。
8)He is an American professor, as I can tell from his accent他是一位美国教授，从他的口音我可以看出来。
9)I think it would be sensible to leave early in case there is a heavy traffic我认为如果交通拥挤，早走是明智的。
10)Scientists have come up with new ways of saving energy which is indeed a great scientific breakthrough科学家们提出了节约能源的新方法，这确实是一项重大的科学突破。
I.Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks:
1.Before going to bed she __A____ herself that the door was locked.A.assured B.ensured C.insured
D.sured 2.The girl student is always attentive ___C__ what the teacher says in class.A.with
B.of
C.to
D.by 3.This college English teacher left __B____ for commercial business.A.academy B.academia C.academic D.academics
4.The two parties signed a ____B____ with each other on this project.A.bind
B.bond
C.bound
D.pond 5.The curious is inquisitive ____D__ things around her _____ instinct.A.of„in
B.with„for
C.in„with
D.about„by 6.He had not __C__ courage to fight against the outlaws.A.efficient
B.effective
C.sufficient
D.proficient 7.We can _____A_ the truth from a mass of confused evidence.A.evolve
B.revolve
C.resolve
D.dissolve 8.I shall confide this duty ___D__ you, because I confide _____you.A.to„to
B.in„in
C.in„to
D.to„in 9.I don't want to make a __B___ over such a trifle.A.font
B.fuss
C.dogma
D.lullaby 10.He had _C_____ long and deeply over this question before finding a solution.A.wondered
B.wounded
C.pondered
D.pounded 11.We should ___A____ , rather than ______ , every day of our college life.A.cherish„perish
B.perish„cherish
C.treasure„pleasure
D.pleasure„treasure 12.Rare _D____ home to see his parents.A.he goes
B.he go C.he will go
D.does he go 13.The new model is a testament ___C___ the skill and dedication of the workforce.A.by
B.at
C.to
D.with 14.Please let me __A___ a toast to our friendship and cooperation.A.propose B.dispose C.disclose
D.enclose 15.I can’t ____C__ a lot of noisy people when I’m working.A.look up to
B.look down on
C.put up with
D.put through 16.You must also become __D_____ and ______ of others.A.tolerable„supportable
B.intolerable„supportive
C.tolerant„supportable
D.tolerant„supportive 17.If you are unsure where to _A_____ help, ask your family doctor.A.go for
B.go to
C.go against
D.go with 18.The only thing that __D____ is that you have learned something.A.affairs
B.businesses
C.events
D.matters
第五篇：翻译
大学英语六级翻译常考句型
During the meeting,hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him 他一开始说话，就被听众打断了
Surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot(没有选择，只能投降)The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son's having been admitted to the university(她的儿子被大学入取了)The lecture was so boring that the students couldn't help yawning(学生忍不住打起哈欠)I'll be very grateful if you could be kind enough to give me a ride to school(好心载我一程去学校)(除非你和保险公司签订了货物保险合同)Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled to a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.It is reported that local health organization was established 25 years ago(据说当地的卫生组织25年前就成立了)when Dr.Mark became its first president.Mrs.Smith shut the window lest the noise outside(should)interfere with her son's sleep(外面的噪声会影响她儿子睡觉)The new mayor was charged with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate(未能履行他降低通货膨胀率的承诺)When confronted with such question, my mind goes blank(每当我遇到这类问题，我脑袋一篇空白)，and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.The customer complained that no sooner had he started the computer than it stopped working(他刚启动计算机，它就不运转了)What upset me was not what he said but the way he said it.(不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式)This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story.(与其说是短篇小说，还不如说是新闻报道)The court ruling deprive him of his political right.(剥夺他的政治权力)Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, while animal behavior depends mostly on instinct.(然而动物的行为主要依靠本能)。
The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, enables more women to take full advantages of employment of opportunities.(使得更多的妇女能够充分利用就业机会)The likely reactions of the market needs considering carefully before action are token(在采取行动之前需要认真考虑)He made such a contribution to the university that they named one of the buildings after him.(以他的名字为其中一栋楼命名)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considering insufficiently popular with all members.(因为考虑他无法得到全体成员的欢迎)Americans eat twice more protein than(两倍多的蛋白质)they actually need every day。
When you speak English, your pronunciation should be correct, otherwise you can't make yourself understood.(否则人家就听不懂你的意思了)
My little daughter Marry, began to adapt herself to campus life after entering college for three months.(进入大学三个月后开始慢慢适应校园生活)Many drivers think it necessary that the government should lay down more stricter traffic rules(政府制定更加严格的交通规则)
Depending on what you are looking for you have to judge for yourself, how relevant the material to you(這些材料對你來說有多大相關性)The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.(等到完成的時候恐怕早就失去了所有價值)It was imperative that the secretary(should)get these documents prepared before Tuesday.(秘書在周二之前把這些文件準備好)No matter how frequently performed,(無論多麽頻繁的演奏)the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.To minimize the possibility of theft,(爲了最大限度的減少盜竊的發生的可能性), install a good alarm system.I don't think it is wise of you to show off your greater knowledge in front of the director.(我認爲在把主任面前賣弄你懂得更多知識是不明智的)，for it may offend him.With repeated hacker's attack on your system, we came to realized the necessity of hiring a computer security expert.(我們正逐漸意識到請一位計算機安全專家的必要性)Your work is good on the whole, but there is still room for improvement(但是仍然有需改要改善的餘地)The sun gives off light and warmth, which makes it possible for plants to grow(這使得植物生長成爲可能)
The father thought he could talked his daughter into changing her mind(他可以説服女兒改變主意)Nowadays advertising fees of new products are out of proportion to the cost of production.(與生産成本不成比例)Few people don't complain about the tedium of their jobs(很少人不抱怨工作点掉乏味), but they will feel more bored if they do not work.Henry has prepared a party for his girl friend, only to be told that she could not come by then(结果却被告知他到时候不能来)The chief reason for the population growth is more a fall in death rates than a rise in birth rates.Ture friendship foresees the needs of others rather than proclaims of ones'own.(而不是声明自己的要求)Although I liked the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it(但真正让我觉得买下它的)was the beautiful view through the window。
The government was accused of failure to fulfill its to improve urban traffic conditions.(没能实现其改善城市交通状况的承诺)Only in this way could we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.(我们才能在毕业之后尽快适应社会)No sooner had I lit the candle than it was put out(我刚点着蜡烛，就被风吹灭了)I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to write off my debt in return for certain services(作为一些服务的回报，我的老板慷慨的同意将我的欠款一笔勾销)Being out of work and having two children, the couple found it impossible to make ends meet(夫妻两发现勉强维持升级是不能的)Generally speaking, when taken according to the direction(按照说明服用时), the drug has no side effect。
Some people argue that most crime can be attributed to the greed for money.(可归咎于对金钱的贪婪)
Finding it difficult to adapt to that climate there(发现很难适应那里的气候), he decided to move to the north.Over a third fo the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.(没有机会享受医疗保健服
incentive鼓励，刺激 curb限制，抑制 consumption消费 institute设立，制定 penalty惩罚 census人口普查
population density人口密度
densely/sparsely populated人口稠密/稀少 aging of population人口老化 family planning计划生育
to practice family planning实行计划生育 to curb population growth控制人口增长
to have fewer and but healthier children少生优生 baby boom生育高峰
environment protection环境保护 ecological生态的
prerequisite/precondition先决条件
['pri:'rekwizit] sustain维持
exploit/develop开发，利用 perspective观点，看法 extinction（生物）灭绝 deteriorate恶化 [di'ti?ri?reit] urbanization都市化
vegetation coverage植物覆盖 marine life海洋生物 discharge排放
to protect rare animals and plants保护珍稀动物和植物 wild animal/wild life野生动物
renewable/non-renewable resources可更新/不可更新资源 ecological balance生态平衡 natural reserve自然保护区 ecosystem生态系统
environmental pollution环境污染
integrated control of environmental pollution环境污染综合防治 afforestation植树造林 shelterbelt防护林带
soil erosion水土流失
desertification沙化 acid rain酸雨
foreign policies对外政策
cornerstone基石
reiterate重申
[ri:'it?reit] observe/abide by遵守 in compliance with遵照
open vast vistas开辟广阔的前景 confrontation对抗
to seek common grounds while reserving differences求同存异 friendly exchanges友好往来 nato北约
unesco联合国教科文组织 un联合国
opec世界石油输出国组织 apec亚太经合组织 wto世界贸易组织 imf国际货币基金组织 education教育
input in education教育投入
communal participation社会参与
enhance the moral awareness of提高......的思想品德 professional ethics 职业道德 credit system学分制
guarantee job assignments包分配 multi-disciplinary多学科的 key university重点大学
national expenditure on education 国家教育经费 account for...%占百分比
intercultural communication国际文化交流 equal stress on integrity and ability德才兼备
to become educated through independent study自学成材 compulsory education普及教育、义务教育
preschool/elementary/secondary/higher/ education学前/初等/中等/高等教育 adult education成人教育
vocational and technical education职业技术教育 institutions of higher learning高等学校 in-service training course在职进修班 compulsory/optional course必修/选修课 record of formal schooling学历 diploma文凭，学历证明
economy and reform经济与改革
gnp(gross national product)国民生产总值 per capita人均
give incentive to鼓励
improve economic environment改善经济环境
rectify economic order整顿经济秩序
['rektifai]
control inflation控制通货膨胀
invigorate enterprises搞活企业
[in'viɡ?reit] poor management/poorly managed管理不善
primary/secondary/tertiary industry第一/第二/第三产业 foreign funded enterprises外资企业 joint venture合资企业
wholly foreign owned funded enterprises独资企业 living standard生活水平industry 工业
fixed assets固定资产
sino-foreign joint venture中外合资企业 autonomy in operation经营自主
deficit亏空，赤字
['defisit] economic strength经济实力
total industrial and agricultural output value工农业总产值 national economic system国民经济体系
to work for more and better economic result提高经济效益 national revenue国民收入 consumption level消费水平
foreign trade and special economic zones对外贸易和经济特区 interior areas内地
trading partner贸易伙伴
corporate income tax企业所得税 export/import duty出口/进口关税
to coordinate the development协调发展 to be approved by the state国家批准 balance of payment收支平衡
transnational corporation跨国公司
economic and technological development zone经济技术开发区 utilize foreign investment利用外资 direct foreign investment国外直接投资
to improve investment environment改善投资环境
technology and knowledge intensive project技术密集，知识密集型项目 favorable/unfavorable trade balance 顺差/逆差 women and children妇女儿童 legal system法制
enact制定，颁布
[i'n?kt] minor未成年人
self recognition对自我价值的认识 only child独生子女
self-centered以自我为中心的
the elderly and the family老人和家庭 life expectancy预期寿命
to become common practice蔚然成风
well-being幸福，福利
respecting the old and loving the young尊老爱幼 population and family planning人口与计划生育
从100套真题中提炼而出的25个经典句子
1.Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。['dwel?] 2.Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？
3.Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。4.Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.由于其对人体的影响刺激,一般使用酚作为防腐剂已基本停止.5.Any profit organizations to survive and ultimately consumers must produce usable or needed products.'? 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6.The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7.It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning.简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
10.The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11.Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12.Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.Billie Holiday's作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13.Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14.Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15.Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.['k?ktai] 受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
16.The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
17.Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18.Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。
19.When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
20.Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21.Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
22.The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。23.Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。
24.Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance's solid is higher than the density of its liquid.大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。
25.The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。
21.all that is needed is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.2.after being interviewed for the job, you will be required to take a language test.3.nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people rather than harm them.4.they usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.5.helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, which, of course, made the others jealous.6.no matter how frequently performed, the works of beethoven always attract large audiences.7.only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests.8.the pressure to compete causes americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.9.your hair wants cutting,.you’d better have it done tomorrow.10.other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.11.homework done on time will lead to better grades.12.had it not been for my illness i would have lent him a helping hand.13.realizing that he hadn’t enough money and not wanting to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.14.the fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now.15.published as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.16.i have kept that portrait where i can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in london.17.believing the earth to be flat, many feared that columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.18.as might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.19.after the arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school.20.you see the lightning the instant it happens, but you hear the thunder later.21.great as newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.22.if only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.23.living in the central australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.24.all things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.25.a survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, the results of which were surprising.26.the girl’s being educated in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.27.all flights having been canceled BECause of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.28.while orbiting the SUN, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth.29.the computer has brought about surprising technological changes in the way we organize and produce information.30.the house was very quiet, isolated as it was on the side of a mountain.31.i don’t mind your delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.32.corn originated in the new world and thus was not known in europe until columbus found it being cultivated in cuba.33.we agreed to accept whoever they thought was the best tourist guide.34.having been judged the best in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.35.i’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than share a room with someone else.36.whatever difficulties we may come across, we’ll help one another to overcome them.37.once the fourth biggest city in the united states, st.louis has now become the 24th largest city.38.the mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass.39.in fact，peter would rather have left for san franCISCO than stayed in new york
40.although a teenager，fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.41.but for the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.42.they always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.43.professor wang, known for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.44.it is high time that such practices were ended.(整理：admin
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