第一篇:世卫组织总干事2011年世界卫生日致辞
世卫组织总干事2011年世界卫生日致辞
时间:2011-4-11 10:16:16
When the first antibiotics were introduced in the 1940s, they were hailed as “wonder drugs”, the miracles of modern medicine.And rightly so.Widespread infections that killed many millions of people every year could now be cured.Major diseases, like syphilis, gonorrhoea, leprosy, and tuberculosis, lost much of their sting.The risk of death from something so common as strep throat or a child’s scratched knee virtually vanished.抗生素于上个世纪40年代首次现身时,被人们惊呼为“神药”,是现代医学的奇迹。情况也的确如此。曾经每年夺去数百万人生命的广泛存在的感染,现在得以治愈。梅毒、淋病、麻风和结核等主要疾病失去了锋芒。链球菌性咽喉炎或孩子划伤腿等常见病患造成死亡的风险基本上已不复存在。
The powerful impact of these medicines sparked a revolution in the discovery of new drugs.The human condition took a dramatic turn for the better, with significant jumps in life expectancy.这些药物的巨大影响引发了一场发现新药的革命。人类的状况得到了极大好转,期望寿命有了显著提高。
The message on this World Health Day is loud and clear.The world is on the brink of losing these miracle cures.今年世界卫生日传达的信息清晰而响亮:世界即将失去这些神药。
The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens has accelerated.More and more essential medicines are failing.The therapeutic arsenal is shrinking.The speed with which these drugs are being lost far outpaces the development of replacement drugs.In fact, the R&D pipeline for new antimicrobials has practically run dry.耐药病原体已经加速出现和蔓延。越来越多人们必需的药物正在失效。可供选择的治疗手段
日益减少。我们失去这些药物的速度远远超过其替代药物的开发速度。新抗菌剂的研发线事实上已日趋枯竭。
The implications are equally clear.In the absence of urgent corrective and protective actions, the world is heading towards a post-antibiotic era, in which many common infections will no longer have a cure and, once again, kill unabated.The implications go beyond a resurgence of deadly infections to threaten many other life-saving and life-prolonging interventions, like cancer treatments, sophisticated surgical operations, and organ transplantations.With hospitals now the hotbeds for highly-resistant pathogens, such procedures become hazardous.其影响同样不言而喻。如不采取紧急的纠正和预防行动,世界将进入后抗生素时代,许多常见感染将不再有药可医,死亡将再次有增无减。其影响不仅仅是致命感染会卷土重来,还会威胁到其他许多挽救和延长生命的干预措施,如癌症治疗、复杂的外科手术、器官移植等。随着医院现在成了高度耐药病原体的温床,上述操作也变得风险重重。
While hospital “superbugs” make the biggest headlines, these especially deadly pathogens are just the extreme expression of a much broader, and more disturbing picture.医院的“超级病菌”成了最引人注目的新闻,但这些致死性极强的病原体只是更大规模、更令人不安情况的冰山一角。
The development of resistance is a natural biological process that will occur, sooner or later, with every drug.The use of any antimicrobial for any infection, in any dose, and over any time period, forces microbes to either adapt or die in a phenomenon known as “selective pressure”.The microbes which adapt and survive carry genes for resistance, which can be passed on from one person to another and rapidly spread around the world.出现耐药是每种药物迟早都会发生的自然生物过程。针对某种感染使用某一剂量的某种抗菌
剂一段时间,会迫使微生物或是适应,或是死亡;这种现象称为“选择压力”。适应并存活下来的微生物携带耐药基因,可以从一个人传给另一个人,并在世界上快速蔓延开来。
This natural process has been vastly accelerated and amplified by a number of human practices, behaviours, and policy failures.Collectively, the world has failed to handle these fragile cures with appropriate care.We have assumed that miracle cures will last forever, with older drugs eventually failing only to be replaced by newer, better and more powerful ones.This is not at all the trend we are seeing.人类的一些做法、行为和政策失误,大大加速并放大了这一自然过程。全世界都未能以恰当的谨慎来对待这些易受影响的药物。我们想当然地以为神药永远存在,旧药最终失效,而更新、更好、作用更强的药物会取代它们。但我们现在看到的趋势却并非如此。
Faulty practices and flawed assumptions have clearly made the inevitable development of drug resistance happen much sooner, rather than later.For some diseases, like malaria, our options are very limited as we have only a single class of effective drugswith which to treat more than 200 million falciparum cases each year.Although new drugs are under development, especially through the Medicines for Malaria Venture, a public-private partnership, early signals of artemisinin resistance have already been detected.耐药性迟早都会出现,而错误的做法和站不住脚的假设明显地让它提前发生,而非延后。对疟疾等疾病,我们的选择余地十分有限,因为只有青篙素类复合制剂这一类有效药物,每年用来治疗2亿多恶性疟病例。尽管通过“疟疾药物开发项目”这一公私合作机制以及其他机制正在开发新药,但人们已经发现了青篙素耐药的早期征兆。
Similarly, gains in reducing child deaths due to diarrhoea and respiratory infections are at risk.And, while TB deaths are declining, in just the past year nearly half a million people developed multidrug-resistant TB, and a third of
them died as a result.These are just a few of the stark warnings that must be heeded.我们在减少腹泻及呼吸道感染造成的死亡儿童人数方面所取得的成就也同样面临危险。还有,结核造成的死亡人数不断下降,但仅去年就有近50万人出现了耐多药结核,并造成其中1/3的人死亡。这些只是我们必须注意的严峻警告中的一部分。
The responsibility for turning this situation around is entirely in our hands.Irrational and inappropriate use of antimicrobials is by far the biggest driver of drug resistance.This includes overuse, when drugs are dispensed too liberally, sometimes to “be on the safe side”, sometimes in response to patient demand, but often for doctors and pharmacists to make more money.我们对转变目前的局势负有全责。抗菌剂的不合理及不当使用,目前是出现耐药的最主要原因。它包括发药过于随便导致的过度用药;有时是“为保险起见”,有时是因为患者要求,但经常是因为医生和药师想挣更多的钱。
This includes underuse, especially when economic hardship encourages patients to stop treatment as soon as they feel better, rather than complete the treatment course needed to fully kill the pathogen.This includes misuse, when drugs are given for the wrong disease, usually in the absence of a diagnostic test.它还包括用药不足,尤其是患者因经济困难而感觉稍好就停止用药,而不是坚持完成杀死所有病原体所需的整个疗程。还包括用药与疾病不符(通常是在缺乏实验室诊断的情况下)导致的药物误用。
In many countries, this includes a failure to keep substandard products off the market, to ensure that antimicrobials are dispensed only by a licensed prescriber, and to stop over-the-counter sales of individual pills.在许多国家,它还包括未能杜绝劣质药品进入市场,未能确保抗菌剂只能由合法注册的处方人员开出,未能阻止零散药片作为非处方药出售。
And this includes the massive routine use of antimicrobials, to promote growth and for prophylaxis, in the industrialized production of food.In several parts of the world, more than 50% in tonnage of all antimicrobial production is used in food-producing animals.In addition, veterinarians in some countries earn at least 40% of their income from the sale of drugs, creating a strong disincentive to limit their use.The problem arises when drugs used for food production are medically important for human health, as evidence shows that pathogens that have developed resistance to drugs in animals can be transmitted to humans.它还包括在食品工业化生产中大量常规地使用抗菌剂来促进生长和防病。在世界不少地区,抗菌剂产量的总吨数中,有50%以上是用于产肉动物。此外,有些国家兽医的收入中,至少有40%来源于卖药,极不利于抗菌剂的限制使用。当用于食品生产的药物对人类健康有着重要意义时,问题就出现了,因为证据显示,动物中的耐药病原体可以传给人。
On this World Health Day, WHO is issuing a policy package to get everyone, especially governments and their drug regulatory systems, on the right track, with the right measures, quickly.Governments can make progress, working with health workers, pharmacists, civil society, patients, and industry.We all can plan and coordinate our response.We can expand surveillance efforts.We can improve drug regulatory and supply systems.We can foster improved use of medicines for human and animal health.We can actively prevent and control infections in health services and beyond.And, we must stimulate a robust pipeline for new antimicrobials, diagnostics and vaccines.值此世界卫生日之际,世卫组织发布了一套政策,让每个人,尤其是政府及药品监管体系,端正方向,迅速采取正确措施。政府可与医务人员、药剂人员、民间团体、患者和企业合作,携手前进。我们所有人都可计划和协调自己的应对行动。我们可以扩大监测工作。我们可以改善药品监管供应系统。我们可以倡导改善人类与动物卫生中的用药。我们可以积极防控卫生服务内外的感染。我们必须鼓励建立针对新的抗菌剂、诊断工具及疫苗的强有力的研发线。Drug resistance costs vast amounts of money, and affects vast numbers of lives.The trends are clear and ominous.No action today means no cure tomorrow.At a time of multiple calamities in the world, we cannot allow the loss of essential medicines – essential cures for many millions of people – to become the next global crisis.耐药造成了巨大的经济损失,众多人的生命受到影响,这种不祥的趋势显而易见。今天不采取行动,就意味着明天无药可用。在这个世界发生着多重灾难的时刻,我们不能让失去数百万人所必需的基本药物成为下一次的全球危机。
第二篇:世卫组织总干事第15届世界烟草或健康大会发言时间
世卫组织总干事第15届世界烟草或健康大会发言时间:2012-05-31 15:40来源:口译网 作者:口译网 点击:1356次
Galvanizing global action towards a tobacco-free world
-Keynote address at the 15th World Conference on Tobacco or Health Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization Singapore 20 March 2012
激励全球行动,走向无烟世界
——在第十五届世界烟草或健康大会上的主旨发言 世界卫生组织总干事 陈冯富珍博士 新加坡
2012年3月20日
Excellencies, honourable ministers, distinguished delegates, members of civil society, ladies and gentlemen,各位阁下、尊贵的各位部长、尊敬的代表们、民间社会的成员们、女士们、先生们:
I am pleased to speak at the opening of this 15th World Conference on Tobacco or Health.I thank Singapore’s Health Promotion Board for organizing this event, and am pleased that WHO has provided technical support.很高兴能够在第十五届世界烟草或健康大会开幕式上发表讲话。感谢新加坡健康促进委员会主办此次活动,很高兴世卫组织为其提供了技术支持。
This conference is being held at a time when we are at a crossroads in our efforts to rid the world of a killing addiction.In principle, the balance is entirely in our favour.In a perfectly sane, reasonable, and rational world, with a level playing field, the anti-tobacco community would surely speak with the loudest voice and carry the biggest stick.本次会议召开之际,我们正处于使世界摆脱一项致命性成瘾嗜好的努力的十字路口。原则上,天平完全倾向于我们。在一个完全清醒、理智和合理的世界中,只要有公平的竞技场,禁烟者必定声音最响亮,力量最强大。
Evidence for the physical harm, and economic costs, of tobacco use keeps growing, and I am certain that this conference will expand the evidence base even further.烟草使用戕害身体,造成经济代价的证据不断增加,我坚信,本次会议也必将进一步扩展这一证据基础。
Tobacco use is the world’s number one preventable killer.We know this statistically, beyond a shadow of a doubt.In a world undergoing economic upheaval, with populations ageing, chronic diseases on the rise, and medical costs soaring, tackling a huge and entirely preventable cause of disease and death becomes all the more imperative.烟草使用是全世界头号可预防死因。统计数字告诉了我们这一点,没有什么疑问。在这样一个经济动荡、人口老龄化、慢性疾病不断增长和医疗费用扶摇直上的世界上,应对一项巨大并完全可预防的致病致死因素变得益发迫切。
We know that tobacco directly harms the user’s health in multiple ways.We know that tobacco products kill their consumers.我们知道,烟草以多种方式直接危害使用者的健康。我们知道,烟草制品会杀害其消费者。
We know that tobacco smoking, like a drive-by shooting, kills innocent bystanders who are forced to breathe air contaminated with hundreds of toxic chemicals.We know what tobacco exposure during pregnancy does to the fetus, another innocent, blameless, and entirely helpless victim.我们知道,吸烟就像飞车枪击一样,伤及无辜路人,因为他们被迫吸入含有数百种有毒化学物质的空气。我们知道,妊娠期接触烟草暴露会对胎儿造成何种影响,他们是另一些无辜、没有过错却又完全无助的受害者。
We know that tobacco use is not a choice.It is a powerful addiction.The true choice is between tobacco or health.我们知道,烟草使用不是一项选择。它是一项强烈的成瘾。真正的选择在于要烟草还是要健康。
We have evidence, and we have instruments.As a tool for fighting back, we have the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, with 174 parties now committed to implementing the treaty’s articles and obligations.These parties govern nearly 90% of the world’s 7 billion people.If safety from tobacco lies in numbers, we have them.我们有证据,我们也有手段。我们有《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》作为反击手段,现已有174个缔约方承诺履行公约各项条款和义务。这些缔约方治理着全世界70亿人口中的近90%。如果烟草威胁下的安全倚赖于数量,那么我们已经拥有了数量。
But we also know that implementation falls short, for many reasons, in many countries.We have addressed this problem as well.We have a practical, cost-effective way to scale up implementation of provisions in the treaty on the ground.That is, the best-buy and good-buy measures for reducing tobacco use set out in the MPOWER package.但我们也知道,由于诸多原因,在许多国家,实施工作跟不上。我们处理了这一问题。我们掌握了具有成本效益的实际方法,用以加强条约条款的现场实施。即MPOWER系列政策中载明的用于减少烟草使用的各种最划算和美而不费的措施。
We have abundant country experiences that demonstrate the effectiveness of these measures.Evidence also shows how these measures can have a value-added impact.在证明这些措施的效验方面,我们具有丰富的国家经验。证据还显示了这些措施如何具有增值效应。
For example, in a study published earlier this year, researchers demonstrated that smoke-free workplaces actually decrease smoking in homes.These findings soundly refute industry-sponsored propaganda.例如,在今年年初发表的一项研究报告中,研究人员表明,无烟工作场所实际上能够减少在家吸烟。这些发现充分驳斥了由烟草行业资助的宣传。
Just two weeks ago, another major study, involving more than 700,000 deliveries, found that smoking bans have significant health benefits for unborn babies.This proved true for women who smoke but also for women who have never consumed tobacco yet were exposed to second-hand smoke.就在两个星期前,另外一项涉及70多万次分娩的重大研究发现,禁烟对未出生婴儿有重大健康利益。这项结论无论对于吸烟的女性,还是从未使用过烟草但接触二手烟雾的女性而言,都被证明是正确的。
And we have an enemy, a ruthless and devious enemy, to unite us and ignite a passionate commitment to prevail.同时,我们还有一个敌人,一个无情而阴险的敌人,它把我们联合在一起,并激发我们高昂的必胜决心。
Unfortunately, this is where the balance no longer tips so strongly in our favour.The enemy, the tobacco industry, has changed its face and its tactics.The wolf is no longer in sheep’s clothing, and its teeth are bared.很不幸,正是这一点使天平不再如此强烈的偏向我们。我们的敌人——烟草行业已经变换面孔和策略。这匹狼不再披着羊皮,它已张开血盆大口。
Tactics aimed at undermining anti-tobacco campaigns, and subverting the Framework Convention, are no longer covert or cloaked by an image of corporate social responsibility.They are out in the open and they are extremely aggressive.旨在破坏禁烟活动,颠覆《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》的伎俩不再遮遮掩掩,也不再披上公司社会责任的外衣。它们公然跳出,极具攻击性。
The high-profile legal actions targeting Uruguay, Norway, Australia, and Turkey are deliberately designed to instil fear in countries wishing to introduce similarly tough tobacco control measures.那些针对乌拉圭、挪威、澳大利亚和土耳其的高调法律诉讼,是一些蓄意行为,目的是恐吓那些希望采用类似严格烟草控制措施的国家。
What the industry wants to see is a domino effect.When one country’s resolve falters under the pressure of costly, drawn-out litigation and threats of billion-dollar settlements, others with similar intentions are likely to topple as well.这一行业希望看到的是多米诺效应。当费用高昂且旷日持久的诉讼压力以及数十亿美元的清算威胁动摇了一个国家的决心,其他有类似打算的国家很可能也会倒下。
Numerous other countries are being subjected to the same kind of aggressive scare tactics.It is hard for any country to bear the financial burden of this kind of litigation, but most especially so for small countries like Uruguay.This is not a sane, or reasonable, or rational situation in any sense.This is not a level playing field.许多其他国家都受制于此类咄咄逼人的恐吓策略。任何国家都难以承受此类诉讼的财政负担,对于乌拉圭等小国来说,情况尤其如此。从任何意义上讲,这都不是清醒、理智和合理的情况。这不是公平竞技。
Big Tobacco can afford to hire the best lawyers and PR firms that money can buy.Big Money can speak louder than any moral, ethical, or public health argument, and can trample even the most damning scientific evidence.We have seen this happen before.大型烟草公司有钱可花,能够买通大牌律师和公关公司。万贯金钱的发言权胜过任何道德、伦理或公共卫生论辩,还能够践踏最有力的科学证据。我们已经见识这些。
It is horrific to think that an industry known for its dirty tricks and dirty laundry could be allowed to trump what is clearly in the public’s best interest.想到竟然能够听任一个尽人皆知充斥肮脏伎俩和黑幕的行业压倒明显的最佳公共利益,这着实令人震惊。
And there are other tactics, some new, others just old butts in new ashtrays.还有其他伎俩,有些是新的,有些则是新烟缸中的旧烟蒂。
In some countries, the tobacco industry is pushing for joint government-industry committees to vet or screen all policy and legislative matters pertaining to tobacco control.Don’t fall into this trap.Doing so is just like appointing a committee of foxes to look after your chickens.在一些国家,烟草行业正在推动建立政府—行业联合委员会,审核或筛查所有与烟草控制相关的政策和立法事务。不要落入这个陷阱。这样做就如同委托狐狸组成的委员会去照料鸡雏。
More and more, investigations are uncovering the tobacco industry’s hand in court cases filed against tobacco control measures.调查越来越多地揭露了烟草业向法庭提起反对烟草控制措施的诉讼。
Paying people to use a country’s judicial system to challenge the legality of measures that protect the public is a flagrant abuse of the judicial system and a flagrant affront to national sovereignty.This is direct interference with a country’s internal affairs.花钱雇人利用一国的司法制度挑战保护公众的措施的合法性,是对司法制度的公然滥用,也是公然冒犯国家主权。这是对国家内政的直接干预。
Members of civil society,民间社会的成员们,We need you, now more than ever.我们比以往任何时候都更加需要你们。
Experience has shown that, when government political resolve falters or weakens under industry pressure, coalitions of civil society can take up the slack and carry the day.We need this kind of outcry, this kind of rage.经验表明,当政府的政治决心在行业压力之下动摇或减弱时,民间社会联盟能够收拾残局,克敌制胜。我们需要这样的呐喊,这样的激情。
Shaping public opinion is vital.If tough tobacco legislation wins votes, politicians will back it, and fight back against industry.影响公共舆论至关重要。如果严苛的烟草立法能够拉来选票,政客们就会支持它,反击烟草业。
Last year’s high-level UN meeting on noncommunicable diseases adopted a political declaration.To reduce risk factors and create health-promoting environments, heads of state and government agreed on the need to accelerate implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.去年,联合国非传染性疾病高级别会议通过了一项政治宣言。为减少风险因素并创建促进健康的环境,国家元首和政府首脑同意需要加速实施《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》。
They recognized that substantially reducing tobacco consumption contributes to reducing NCDs and has considerable health benefits for individuals and countries.They also recognized the fundamental conflict of interest that exists between the tobacco industry and public health.他们承认,大幅度减少烟草消费可以减少非传染性疾病,并对个人和国家产生巨大的健康利益。他们还承认了烟草业与公共卫生之间存在根本性的利害冲突。
When I addressed that meeting, I reminded participants that full implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control would deliver the single biggest preventive blow to heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory disease.I called on heads of state and government to stand rock-hard against the despicable efforts of the tobacco industry to subvert this treaty.我在那次会议上致词时,曾提醒与会者,全面实施《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》将成为预防心脏病、癌症、糖尿病和呼吸系统疾病的单一最大预防措施。我呼吁国家元首和政府首脑坚定各自立场,坚决反对烟草业颠覆这一公约的可耻行径。
Ladies and gentlemen,女士们,先生们:
I have a final comment.我还有最后一点评论。
I come from a culture that shows great respect for its elders.So let me say that some of the older people in this audience may recall the Virginia Slims marketing campaign that targeted young professional women.我出身于一个极为尊重老年人的文化。因此,请允许我说,出席今天会议的某些老人可能还记得专门针对年轻职业女性的弗吉尼亚细长香烟的市场营销运动。
That campaign sought to hook teenaged girls and young women by portraying smoking as a symbol of emancipation and self-assertive freedom.Its slogan was memorable: “You’ve come a long way, baby.”
这场运动将吸烟描绘成为象征着解放和自我张扬的自由,试图引诱少女和年轻女性。它的广告语也令人难忘:“你已进步多多,宝贝。”
Let me turn that around, addressing my own personal marketing campaign to the tobacco industry.让我颠倒过来,向烟草业宣示我个人的市场营销运动。
“We’ve come a long way, bullies.We will not be fazed by your harassment.Your products kill nearly 6 million people each year.You run a killing and intimidating industry, but not in a crush-proof box.Tobacco industry: the number and fortitude of your public health enemies will damage your health.”
“我们已经进步多多,恶霸们。我们不会因你们的骚扰而胆怯。你们的产品每年杀害近600万人。你们是在经营杀戮和恐吓行业,但你们不是活在不怕磕碰的保险柜中。烟草行业:你们在公共卫生领域的敌人,人员之众多,意志之坚强,必将损毁你们的健康。”
Ladies and gentlemen,女士们,先生们:
I sincerely hope that this conference, including the high-level ministerial panel on countering tobacco industry interference, will again tip the balance entirely in our favour.我衷心希望,本次会议,包括有关对抗烟草行业干扰的高级别部长级小组会议,将会再次使天平完全倾向于我们一方。
This conference is our watershed event.I sincerely hope that this event further damages the health of an industry that aggressively sells a health-destroying addiction.本次会议是一次具有转折点意义的活动。我衷心希望,一个猖獗出售损毁健康的成瘾性的行业,其健康将因本次活动受到进一步打击。
We can, and must, stop this industry’s massive contribution to sickness and death, dead in its tracks.我们能够,并且必须阻止这一行业所导致的大量疾病和死亡,刻不容缓。
I wish you a most productive meeting.Thank you.我预祝这次会议卓有成效。谢谢。
原文链接:http://
第三篇:世界卫生日致辞
世界卫生日致辞
2014年4月7日
每年都有 100 多万人死于由蚊子、苍蝇、扁虱和锥蝽臭虫等其他昆虫携带的疾病。这些病媒传染的疾病——包括疟疾、登革热、黄热病、日本脑炎、南美锥虫病和利什曼病——造成另外数亿人患有慢性疾病并遭受巨大痛苦。
气候变化、生境改变和国际贸易及旅行的增加,正使得更多人接触到传播这些疾病的病媒。这些疾病对所有区域构成威胁,包括已消除这一威胁的国家,但受影响最大的是世界上最贫穷者,特别是那些居住在远离保健服务的偏远农村社区或在城市棚户区的穷人。病媒传染的疾病严重影响人们的健康,也严重妨碍减贫和可持续发展。
当我们努力实现千年发展目标和制定2015年后的发展议程时,务必要认识到投资于病媒控制和预防疾病是一项明智和必要的投资。我们有应对这些疾病的科学知识,并制定了行之有效的干预措施。例如,在非洲,7亿多顶驱虫蚊帐已协助大幅度减少疟疾发病率,尤其是儿童和孕妇。
持续的政治承诺才能挽救数百万人的生命,并产生重大的社会和经济回报。但必须要认识到,病媒控制不仅限于卫生部门;计划不周的发展倡议——例如为增加粮食产量砍伐森林、建造大坝或灌溉——可能增加疾病负担。解决这一问题要求在许多领域进行统筹、协调和联合的努力,包括环境、农业、水和公共卫生、城市规划以及教育等。
人人都可在消除病媒传染的疾病中发挥作用,包括国际组织、各国政府、私营部门、民间社会、社区团体和个人。值此世界卫生日之际,我敦促各国和发展伙伴把病媒控制作为优先事项。让我们共同努力,解决对人类健康和发展造成这一严重但完全可以预防的威胁。
第四篇:世卫组织总干事在执行委员会会议上的讲话
世卫组织总干事在执行委员会会议上的讲话
时间:2015-02-25 字体:大 中 小
世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍博士在执行委员会第136届会议上的报告
(瑞士日内瓦 2015年1月26日)
主席先生、尊敬的执行委员会委员、各位阁下、联合国系统的同事们、女士们、先生们,我们是在世界因多种原因动荡不定,面临深刻的经济、社会和人口转型的时刻召开这次会议的。社会不平等加剧了,全球总财富有更多的部分掌握在少数富人和有权有势者手中。大量冲突、派系争斗和恐怖主义活动显示了人类非人性的阴暗一面。
去年一年,再度无情地提醒我们关注新的和流行性疾病的持续威胁。埃博拉显然是一个最耸人听闻和最具悲剧性的例子。
目前,我们面对种种威胁,包括当下横扫整个阿拉伯半岛的中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒、蹂躏禽类养殖场的高致病性禽流感的多种新菌株,以及不断出现导致高死亡率的H5N1和H7N9禽流感人类病例。
世界卫生组织《组织法》提及不平衡发展是一种“共同的危害”,并提及推动“人类关系的和谐”的活动的重要性。
如果公共卫生还能对整个世界有所贡献,那它就是:越来越多的证据表明,运转良好的和包容性的卫生系统将有助于社会凝聚、平等和稳定。它们将社会聚拢在一起,帮助缓解社会紧张局势。
如我以前说过的,在所有政策方案中,全民健康覆盖是实现社会公正的最强大工具之一。
卫生系统以及支撑它们的基础设施,例如有水电供应的实验室和医院,连同背后的道路系统和充足的人员和救护车,不是在资金充裕或其它优先考虑得到满足的情况下,才会想起进行投资的奢侈品。
它们是抵御二十一世纪社会中日益频繁的种种冲击的不可或缺的缓冲,无论冲击是来自气候变化,还是来自失控的病毒。没有这一缓冲,人类健康将在更为广泛的层面上受到冲击。一场最初的卫生危机可以演化为人类、社会、金融和安全危机。
女士们、先生们,大家的议程涉及当今一些最为紧迫的公共卫生问题:气候变化带来的健康后果,越来越多的抗菌药物失效造成的威胁,还需要克服市场失灵,市场失灵导致临床医生在治疗埃博拉一类早已认定的和致命的疾病时一筹莫展。
世卫组织去年的健康与气候变化问题会议提醒世界注意,人类实际上是气候变化导致的最重要的濒危物种。该次会议吸引了大约400名与会者,也是世卫组织曾经召开的第一次碳中和会议。
许多媒介传播疾病对气候变化高度敏感。登革热即为其中之一。近些年来,传播此种疾病的主要昆虫病媒悄无声息地在全世界蔓延,目前出现在150多个国家。干蚊子卵如同偷渡者一样伴随国际货运长途旅行。气候变化则可能引发更为广泛的传播。
在世界各个地区,日益众多的病源体对抗菌药物产生了耐药性。这对人类健康造成了严重后果,尤其是在生产线上,可以取而代之的产品少得可怜。世界正在走向后抗生素时代,在这个时代,许多原本普通的传染病很可能再度戕害生命。
由于缺乏有效的抗生素,一些现代医学中已有的最为先进的干预措施,例如器官移植、髋关节臵换手术、癌症化疗,以及早产儿护理,都变得过于危险。
对这些后果,可以有一个简单的表述,也即我们所谓的现代医学的终结。治疗一些结核病和淋病的临床医生已经一筹莫展,因为即使作为“最后手段”的药物也不再有效。
临床医生的一筹莫展,还有另一个重大原因:当前的制度和激励措施不能够刺激人们开发新的医药产品,用来治疗主要是影响穷人的疾病。如果我们对公正和包容性卫生保健的承诺是严肃的,我们就负有道德义务,必须运用科学研究和药物创新的力量,减轻穷人一些与卫生相关联的苦难。
女士们、先生们,随着国际发展共同体进入2015年后时代,我们可以为一些极其鼓舞人心的趋势和成就而庆贺。公共卫生因《千年发展目标》而受益良多。
去年,一份报告披露了一个极好的消息,显示儿童死亡率的下降要比以往任何时候都更快。2013年,每日死亡的儿童比1990年少1.7万人。孕产妇的死亡率也在下降,但却不够快。这些努力仍在继续中,世卫组织的新目标包括终止新生儿死亡,再接再厉来增进青少年健康。
在所有卫生相关千年发展目标中,降低孕产妇死亡率是最困难的一个。要做到这一点,依赖的不是交付单一干预措施,例如疫苗、蚊帐以及混合药物,而是依赖运转良好的卫生系统,获得熟练接生人员的帮助,接受紧急产科护理服务。终结新生儿死亡同样依赖卫生系统的多重功能。
许多艾滋病专家相信,这一流行病在去年达到了临界点。2013年底,全世界有将近1300万人接受了抗逆转录病毒治疗,其中将近1200万人生活在低收入和中等收入国家。艾滋病专家还将告诉你,世卫组织对这一疾病的公共卫生方针,以及对临床指南的梳理和简化为这一里程碑式的成就作出了多大贡献。
全球遏制疟疾规划发表了迄今为止最鼓舞人心的报告。进展是真实的和巨大的,得到了大规模分发经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐工作的支持。进展还缘于世卫组织在以下方面的工作,即对药物和诊断方法进行资格预审,密切监督药物和杀虫剂耐药性的发展,以及采取因地制宜的战略。
在以往成功的基础上,遏制结核病的雄心也高涨起来,世卫组织确认了消除这一疾病的30多个目标国家。这一目标得到了在诊断结核病广泛耐药性方面进展的支持。
如同世卫组织的其它许多规划一样,艾滋病、结核病和疟疾规划也都有助于激励创新,利用新技术的好处。
下个月,我们将发表一份关于被忽视的热带病全球状况的报告。大家知道,这些疾病拖累10多亿民众沦入贫困境地。该报告只用三个统计数据即向你说明了所取得的成果,以及它们的规模。
对消除淋巴丝虫病的核查已在六个国家展开。非洲一个国家网络的持续努力将非洲昏睡病的发病率减少了90%。2006年以来,向地球上一些最贫穷的人交付了50多亿次抗寄生虫治疗。
这一举措为摆脱贫困铺平了道路。
女士们、先生们,我们将在2015年后时代面临的卫生挑战是巨大的。随着慢性非传染性疾病的渐趋猖獗,富国与发展中国家卫生问题之间的明显分野消失了。
世界各地的健康都受制于普遍的压力,例如不健康产品的全球化营销、人口老龄化,以及迅速的城市化。这些力量造成了多种卫生负担,需要同时以不同的战略来加以解决。
伴随古往今来传染病带来的死亡负担,又有更多人死于非传染性疾病的新的负担。迅速的无计划的城市化增添了第三个负担:死于道路交通事故和精神疾患、物质滥用,以及城市贫民区盛行的暴力。
关于青少年健康问题的报告清楚指明了这些负担如何从世卫组织一个区域到另一个区域而互有不同。
在美洲,人际暴力造成的死亡占低收入和中等收入国家男性青少年死亡的三分之一。在富余国家,大多数青少年死亡来自交通伤害。
在东地中海区域,战争或冲突是青年人死亡的主要原因。对东南亚区域的女童来说,死亡的主要原因是自杀。在撒哈拉以南非洲,主要原因是艾滋病毒/艾滋病。
去年召开的第二次国际营养大会强调了另外一个双重负担。在同一些国家、社区甚至家庭中,极端的营养不足和营养过剩越来越多的同时并存。该次大会再度表明,国际制度,例如国际贸易制度如何对健康产生重大、有时是决定性的影响。
疾病的此类非卫生驱动因素强调需要各国政府制定协调一致的政策,避免在某个部门效果很好的战略,却给健康带来极其严重的后果。
营养大会如同联合国大会审查非传染性疾病的控制进展情况的会议一样,赋予了世卫组织许多紧迫的使命。我们在今后也有大量工作有待去做,因为各个规划都转入了2015年后时代,都在调整其目标和战略。
各理事机构批准了越来越多的全球行动计划和基础战略,指导我们的工作。在本届会议上,大家将审议关于疟疾问题的一项。
世卫组织改革也在大家的议程上。我相信,大家将像往常一样,认真审视与改革相关的报告和建议,并着眼于世卫组织今后的作用和职责。
女士们、先生们,我们今后面对的挑战要比本世纪发轫之初更为复杂。就许多挑战而言,仅仅提供医疗产品是不够的,因为削除若干重大卫生威胁,要求多个非卫生部门采取行动。
这还需要行为改变,其中包括公共卫生中最艰巨的任务之一——改变人类行为,但也包括改变强大的经济运营者的行为。
公共卫生,强调全体人口的防范以及在享有增进健康和拯救生命的干预措施方面的公正性,它的运作日益处在危机四伏的世界背景下。这些危险,许多是源于人类对我们人满为患的星球环境、粮食生产体系、资源,包括脆弱的抗菌药物管理不善。
一些危险,例如肥胖症,是触目可见的。其它则来自隐密和活跃的微生物世界。还有一些危险,端赖世卫组织的监督职能,才引起人们注意,世卫组织监测全球趋势,当这些趋势显露不祥苗头时,随即发出警示。
随着经济的增长,基本药物价格翻了一番还多,即是危险之一。空气污染导致的伤害是另一个危险。通过呼吁减轻这一伤害,我们可以看到世界在多大程度上依赖世卫组织的监测职能,相信我们所制定的标准。
在昨日关于埃博拉问题的特别会议上,大家指出了其它许多危险。请允许我在结束发言时简单描述一下当下人们很少注意的另一场疫情:马达加斯加的鼠疫。
这是一场地理上集中,不难管理的疫情,世卫组织决意加以遏制。鼠疫在马达加斯加很流行,季节性疫情因贫穷和无计划的城市化这双重因素而加剧。早期发现疾病,治疗将是有效的。该国由世卫组织支助的巴斯德研究所的研究人员,开发了廉价和可靠的诊断检测方法,在15分钟内即可得出结果。
但去年11月暴发疫情有一些令人不安的情况。将这一古老疾病从老鼠身上传播给人类的跳蚤对一线杀虫剂产生了耐药性。鼠疫在首都城市立足,肆虐于人口密集的贫民窟。这很令人担忧,因为大约8%的病例将发展为致死性的肺鼠疫,并在人与人之间直接传播。
上个星期,印度洋热带风暴引发的洪水和一场龙卷风袭击了马达加斯加,成千上万的民众流离失所,数不胜数的老鼠也四散奔逃,加剧了有更多啮齿类动物传播流行病的风险。
在大家讨论2016-2017年规划预算方案和世卫组织改革等项目时,我请大家牢记需要一个强大和灵活的世卫组织,随时准备应对此类种种意外、挫折和错综复杂的危险。
谢谢大家。
摘自:http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2015/136-executive-board/zh/
第五篇:万国邮政联盟总干事2010世界邮政日致辞
Message on World Post Day 2010
from Edouard Dayan, Director-General of the Universal Postal UnionOctober, 2010
创新的邮政,相关的邮政
——2010世界邮政日致辞
万国邮政联盟总干事
2010年10月9日
With the surge in new information and communication technologies transforming our world, many are wondering whether Posts really do have a future.My response is a categorical yes.随着新的信息通信技术不断改变着我们的世界,有些人想问邮政还有没有将来。我可以完全肯定地回答:有!
Posts offer a whole host of services – both traditional and new – to meet the communication needs of billions of people and businesses every day.Instead of retreating before these new technologies, which are changing our concept of communication almost every day, Posts are changing too and showing that they can also be innovative.邮政提供了一整套传统的和新的服务,以满足几十亿人及企业每天的通信交流的需求。面对着这些几乎每天都在改变我们通信概念的技术,邮政也在发生变化,而且邮政也能创新。
Some 65% of the world's national Posts now offer online services, including online bill payments(16%), e-postage services(13%)and delivery of items against e-signatures(10%).Another 12% offer Internet shop¬ping(e-commerce), and, a full 40% provide public Internet access points.A new top level domain name,.post, recently assigned by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN), in sponsorship with the UPU, will enable the postal sector to establish a solid base in cyberspace for developing secure and trusted e-postal services.现在65%左右的国内邮政提供网上服务,其中包括网上账单付费业务(16%),电子邮票服务(13%),电子签名投递服务(10%)。另有12%提供网上购物服务(电子商务),共有40%的邮政部门为公众提供互联网上网服务。最近互联网名称与数字地址分配机构分配的新的高级域名.post,将使邮政部门在网络空间建立牢固的基础,并创建安全可靠的电子投递服务。
This is a course that needs to be followed.While Posts worldwide continue to process more than
483 billion letters per year, mail volumes continue to decline as a result of electronic substitution and the recent financial crisis(particularly in industrialized countries and depending on the state of the economy).这将是一个趋势。虽然世界各地的邮政部门每年继续处理4830亿封信件,但由于电子信件以及最近的经济危机,邮件的数量还在继续下滑。
And although physical mail will not be disappearing overnight any time soon despite this downward trend, Posts are looking to the future by diversifying their products and services.Thanks to e-commerce, parcel volumes are taking off.Posts in many countries are seeing annual growth rates of 20% in parcel volumes due to online sales.Posts are also offering more and more financial services, customized e-services, logistics services, administrative services and many others.当然信件不会因这一趋势而在一夜之间消失,但邮政部门正通过实现其产品和服务的多样化来面对未来。电子商务的出现使包裹投递的数量迅速增加。网络销售使很多国家的邮政包裹投递总量增加了20%。邮政部门也在提供更多服务,如金融服务,客户化电子服务,行政管理服务等。
All of these services also create jobs and support local businesses.A study of 5,561 municipalities in Brazil revealed that the opening of a postal bank branch in one of these municipalities over four years directly resulted in a 14% increase in the number of new jobs and a 23% increase in the number of new small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs).More generally, economists agree that postal services help to increase a country's gross national product by at least 1%.所有这些服务也将创造就业并支持地方企业。对巴西的5561个市的研究表明,在其中一个市建立一个邮政银行支行就可以在4年中新增14%的工作机会及23%中小型企业。更笼统地说,经济学家认同邮政服务至少可使一个国家的国内生产总值增加1%。
On this 9 October, World Post Day, let us remember the very relevant and valuable role the Post plays in the day-to-day lives of billions of people and businesses, not only as a means of communication, but also as an essential driver of economic growth.让我们在10月9日,世界邮政日这一天,记住邮政在几十亿人每天的生活及各类企业活动中所起的十分相关及重要的作用。邮政不仅是一种通信工具,它也是驱动经济增长的重要因素。