-12-1英语演讲稿Chapter2

第一篇：-12-1英语演讲稿Chapter2

Chapter2.The Pleasures of Reading

There are many things I like to do in this world: Playing football, playing computer games….But what I like to do best is reading, for I have obtained lots of pleasures from reading books, all kinds of good books.Reading is a pleasure of the mind, your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader.Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work.Your own imagination works along with the writer’s or even goes beyond his.Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop, as you understand his.All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us with in the covers of the books.The most unfortunate people in the world are those who have never discovered how interesting it is to read good books.I’m determined to read even more good books and try even harder to make great contributions to our dearest motherland, to make her most beautiful country in the world.Dear friends, go to libraries.Start reading books at once.Just as an old Chinese saying goes:-------Reading is always profitable.参考译文：

读书的乐趣

世上有几件我爱做的事情：踢足球，上网玩游戏等。然而我最喜欢的，还是读书。我从读书之中享受到无穷的乐趣。

读书对人的心智来说，是一种享乐：强烈的进取心，渊博的知识，敏捷的反应力，这些都能造就一个出色的读书者。读书怡人，不仅在于能使读者聆听到作者的心声，且能激起读者心声的共鸣。你的想象随着作者的想象驰骋，你的想象甚至能超越作者的想象，更加深邃，更加绚烂。你的经历，在与作者身世的比较、碰撞、磨合的过程中，使你读出与作者相同或相反的结论。这样，在你设身处地地读懂作者心灵的同时，你的心灵也得到了升华。

历史长河中人类智慧的集合，漫长数世纪以来惊天地、泣鬼神的往事，手指一拈，跃然而现于书页上的字里行间！既经济实惠，又快捷便当。嗨！活在这个世界上，却领略不到读书的乐趣，该是多么不幸啊！我已下定决心，多读书，读好书，读好书，不懈努力，多学知识以报效我亲爱的祖国。

亲爱的朋友们：到图书馆去吧，走进书的海洋，展开书页读起来吧，逢好书必读。这正应了中国一句老话：

“开卷有益”啊！

第二篇：物流管理英语Chapter 7教案

Chapter 7

International Logistics

教学目的和要求：

1、Gain an understanding of the characteristics of international logistics

2、Get an overview of components of international logistics management

3、Get the basic knowledge of trade terms and international insurance

4、Be familiar with various international logistics intermediaries

教学重点：

1、The characteristics of international logistics

2、Components of international logistics management

3、Trade terms and international insurance

4、Various international logistics intermediaries

教学过程：

1.New Words and Expressions

2.International Trade and International Logistics

The movement of goods across national boundaries

1)Historical Development of International Logistics

International logistics evolved into the art and science of determining eminently concrete aspects of business arrangement, from transportation and packaging, to warehousing and inventory management.2)Definition of International Logistics

International logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the flow and storage of goods, services and information from the point of origin to a point of consumption(revised to between, since there is reverse logistics)located in a different country.International logistics is actually about moving and exchanging goods across borders to promote world economic development and optimal allocation of world resources by utilizing international logistics network, facilities and technology based on the principle of international division of labors and collaboration and international practices.The ultimate objective is to get the right goods or services to the right place located in a different country, at the right time, lowest cost, minimum risk, and in the desired condition, by selecting the best way and method, while making the greatest contribution to the firm and the world as a whole.3)Features of International Logistics

a)Difference in environment, higher risks

b)Complex ways of transport

c)Advanced information system

d)Standardization requirement

4)Government’s Interest in International Logistics

a)Economic importance

Cost of insurance and transport always accompany import and export, and they are service imported or exported.b)National defense concerns

Transportation gave countries ability to project power domestically, regionally, and globally.It strengthened the economy by promoting trade that further improved the military powers.c)Government support for its international carriers

Developing countries use their own carriers as a rate equalizer to avoid being exploited by the more developed countries and keep abreast of transport technology.Cabotage technically does not involve international trade but it should be mentioned.It is a worldwide practice and it means the each nation reserves for its own carriers the exclusive rights to carry domestic traffic.3.Components of International Logistics Management

1)International Transportation

International transportation is eminently more complicated, involving different modes of transportation, different carriers, different transportation documents, and much greater transit times.Its inherent risks and hazards are also much more significant. Transport regulation

The purpose of regulation is to ensure that transportation services are provided adequately and that users of these services are protected from excessive prices or unfair practices. Cargo preference

Preference cargos are the single most important incentive for U.S.-flag operators in the international trade to remain under U.S.registry.The cargo preference laws provide a vital base of cargo to help offset foreign-flag advantages. Nondiscrimination

Nondiscrimination is a legal concept designed to protect competition and fair business practice.In terms of international transportation, it means two things.A carrier cannot charge different prices for similarly situated shippers, and they cannot refuse service to any shipper. Cabotage

Shipping cargo between two points in the same country is known as cabotage. Equipment balance

When there is the same amount of cargo going in both direction of a trade lane(trade balance), there will be the same amount of equipment going in both directions of that trade lane, this is called equipment balance.2)International Insurance

a)The principal perils

 Free From Particular Average(F.P.A.) With Average(W.A.) All Risks

b)Exclusions

 Loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the Insured  Loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor  Loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured goods prior to the attachment of this insurance  Loss or damage arising from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods, loss of market and/or delay in transit and any expenses arising therefrom  Risks and liability covered and excluded by the Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses and Strike, Riot and Civil Commotion Clauses of this Company

c)Commencement and termination of cover

This insurance attaches from the time the goods hereby insured leave the warehouse or place of storage named in the Policy for the commencement of the transit and continues in force in the ordinary course of transit including sea, land and inland waterway transits and transit in lighter until the insured goods are delivered to the consignee’s final warehouse or place of storage at the destination named in the Policy or to any other place used by the Insured for allocation or distribution of the goods or for storage other than in the ordinary course of transit.d)Duty of the insured

It is the duty of the Insured to attend to all matters as specified hereunder, failing which the Company reserves the right to reject his claim for any loss if and when such failure prejudice the rights of the Company. The Insured shall take delivery of the insured goods in good time upon their arrival at the port of destination named in the Policy.In the event of any damage to the goods, the Insured shall immediately apply for survey to the survey and/or settling agent stipulated in the Policy.If the insured goods are found short in entire package or packages or to show apparent traces of damage, the Insured shall obtain from the carrier, bailee or other relevant authorities certificate of loss or damage and/or shorthanded memo.Should the carrier, bailee or the other relevant authorities be responsible for such shortage or damage, the Insured shall lodge a claim with them in writing and, if necessary, obtain their confirmation of an extension of the time limit of validity of such claim. The Insured shall, and the Company may also, take reasonable measures immediately in salvaging the goods or prevention or minimizing a loss or damage thereto.The measures so taken by the Insured or by the Company shall not the considered respectively, as a waiver of abandonment hereunder, or as an acceptance thereof.In case of a change of voyage or any omission or error in the description of the interest, the name of the vessel or voyage, this insurance shall remain in force only upon prompt notice to this company when the Insured becomes aware of the same and payment of an additional premium if required The following documents should accompany any claim hereunder made against this Company: Original Policy, Bill of Lading, Invoice, Packing List, Tally Sheet, Weigh Memo, Certificate of Loss or Damage and/or Shortland Memo, Survey Report, Statement of Claim If any third party is involved, documents relative to pursuing of recovery from such party should also be included.Immediate notice should be given to the Company when the Cargo Owner’s actual responsibility under the contract of affreightment “Both to Blame Collision” clause becomes known.





e)The time of validity of a claim

The time of validity of a claim under this insurance shall not exceed a period of two years counting from the time of completion of discharge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at the final port of discharge.3)Packaging

4)Terms of Payment

International means of payment are more involved, with the risks of nonpayment and currency fluctuation calling for specific strategies that are never used in domestic transactions.Non-payment risk is higher in international transactions for:  less credit information is available  lack of personal contact: no way to evaluate the character of the importer  collections are difficult and expensive  no easy legal recourse: there is no court with jurisdiction over international disputes  mistrust

a)Cash in Advance

In a Cash in Advance transaction, the exporter requests that the customer provide payment in advance, before the shipment of the goods can take place.Payment is usually made with an electronic SWIFT fund transfer from the customer’s bank to the exporter’s bank. Buyers in an area of instability  Buyer has bad credit  Exchange rate control  Goods are made to order  Buyer’s market

b)Open account

The exporter just sends an invoice to the importer along with the shipment and trusts the customer to pay within a reasonable amount of time.Just opposite to Cash in Advance.c)Documentary collection

It is a process by which an exporter asks a bank to “safeguard” its interests in the foreign country by not releasing the documents(B/L)until the importer satisfies certain requirements, most often paying the exporter(D/P)or signing a financial document(a draft)promising that it will pay the exporter within a given amount of time(acceptance)(D/A).d)Letters of credit

A L/C is a conditional payment commitment of the bank in addition to commercial credit that it will pay the “beneficiary” upon the presentation of certain documents.The exporter and the importer agree on a sale under “Letter of Credit” terms. The importer/buyer applies for an LC from bank. The importer’s bank(issuing bank)issues a LC and sends it to the exporter’s bank(notification bank) The Notification bank notifies the exporter that an L/C was issued, and it is OK to ship the goods to the importer.The notification bank should check a number of things: L/C is drawn on a legitimate bank, content meets requirement, irrevocable L/C. The exporter ships the goods and gives documents to Notification bank. The Notification bank checks that the documents match the requirements of the LC, and sends them to the Issuing bank.Issuing bank verifies that the documents match the requirements of the LC and notifies the importer that everything is in order. The issuing bank pays seller and buyer pays issuing bank.5)Trade Terms

 EXW  FCA  FAS  FOB  CFR  CIF  CPT  CIP  DES  DEQ  DAF  DDU  DDP

6)Customs and Customs Clearance

a)What does Customs do

 National security is a broad area that refers mostly to military threats. Revenue collection by customs is the source of funds for the country.

 Managed trade and competitiveness refer to policies to promote the nation’s economy. Gray making importing, also known as parallel importing, refers to the practice of importing a product contrary to the wishes of the producer, who normally has their official distributor. Protecting national interests is the catchall for any goal the nation wishes to pursue.b)How does Customs operate

Entry restriction-certain products may be completely restricted from entry, or only under certain conditions.Rates-duties vary dramatically.Most are simply a nominal tax, while other are intended to discourage imports of a certain product.Information-Customs requires that certain information be provided on imports and exports.Government data on economic trends is collected this way.Another reason for submitting information is to control the import/export of some products.7)Inventory Management

Major international inventory issues are longer performance cycle, more in-transit inventory, border crossings, more complex location decisions, more shrinkage and more safety stock.4.International Logistics Infrastructure

1)Free Trade Zone

A Free Trade Zone is, for Customs purposes, still “outside” of the country;goods can be shipped to the FTZ without being subject to duty and quotations.Once in the FTZ, the goods can be transformed, assembled, repackaged, and so on.If the goods are re-exported, they never pay duty in the host country in which the FTZ is located;if they are sold in the host country, it is only after leaving the FTZ that they have to pay duty.The main reasons for using FTZ

 Delay tariff  Avoid tariffs before shipment  Processing  Correct mistakes  Sell

Merchandise in a FTZ may be stored, repackaged, repaired, tested, relabeled, displayed as well as manufactured, assembled, salvaged and destroyed.2)Ports

A port is the intersection of different modes of transport.Factors that influence the competitiveness of ports:

 Location in relation to markets  Location in relation to its competitors  Inland connections  Infrastructure and technology  Accessibility to the trade lane  Management

Most ports are run by a commission assigned by a local or regional government, called port authority.Types of port authorities:

 Landlord port: the landlord port is one in which the port owns and manages infrastructure, and private parties mange everything else. Tool port: the port also owns the superstructures, but private parties rent assets through concessions or licenses. Service port: the service port is where the port has completed ownership and management. Privately owned port

5.International Logistics Intermediaries and Logistics Alliances

Intermediaries refer to many companies or individuals that facilitate trade.Some of them work for shippers, some for carriers, and some for consignees.Sometimes these arrangements become more elaborate, such as alliances.1)Main International Logistics Intermediaries/Facilitators

International Logistics Intermediaries function as third-party logistics providers, firms that provide outsourced or “third party” logistics services to companies for part, or sometimes all of their supply chain management functions.Third party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated operation, warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customer’s needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements for their products and materials.Types of International Logistics Intermediaries or facilitators:

 International freight forwarder is an individual or a company that books or otherwise arranges space for shipments between countries via common carriers. Customs brokers are private individuals, partnerships, associations or corporations licensed, regulated and empowered by Customs to assist importers and exporters in meeting national requirements governing imports and exports. Non-vessel Operating Common Carriers(NVOCC)buy space from carriers and resell them.NVOCCs essentially act as if they were a carrier, but they do not own or control any of the ships, planes, etc. Export Trading Company(ETC)and Export Management Company(EMC)assist companies in marketing their product in other countries.2)International Logistics Alliances

In logistics, at least as much as any other industry, there has been a strong trend toward alliances in order to promote efficiency.Criteria of a good match:

 Individual excellence  Importance       Interdependence Investment Information Integration Institutionalization Integrity 11

第三篇：英语语言学教案Chapter 9

Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

Chapter 9 Language and culture

Objectives After this period, the students are supposed to understand the relations between language and culture.2 master the following notions: culture, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, cultural overlap and diffusion and intercultural communication.Key points and Difficulties

The definition of culture The relationship between language and culture Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Linguistic evidence of cultural differences Cultural overlap and diffusion Intercultural communication Teaching presentation 1 Revision 1）Ask the students to answer the following questions；

（l）What is register? How does it affect our choices of linguistic forms?（2）What are the differences between diglossia and bilingualism?（3）How do social factors influence the use of language? Check homework.2 Definitions of culture

(1)Culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and languages that characterize the life of the human community.(2)In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs of customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.(3)Types of culture: Material Culture: concrete, substantial and observable.Spiritual Culture: abstract, ambiguous, and hidden.What has been grown and brought up with(through beliefs, traditions, education and other institutional mechanisms);Culture changes slowly with the development of the society.3 The relationship between language and culture

(1)Language expresses cultural reality and embodies cultural identity.(2)Culture affects its people‟s imagination or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in their life.(3)Culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem.Linguistic competence is one variety of cultural competence and speech behaviour is one variety of social behavior.The relation of language to culture is that of part to whole.(4)Since the knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people‟s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people, it is extremely difficult to separate the two.On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being, permeates and embodies cultural reality.On the other hand, 三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570 Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.3 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(1)Edward Sapir(/səˈpɪər/;January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939)was a German-born American anthropologist-linguist and a leader in American structural linguistics.His name is borrowed in what is now called the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.He was a highly influential figure in American linguistics, influencing several generations of linguists across several schools of the discipline.(2)Benjamin Lee Whorf(April 24, 1897 in Winthrop, Massachusetts – July 26, 1941)was an Americanlinguist.Whorf is widely known for his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought.An important theme in many of his publications, he has been credited as one of the fathers of this approach, often referred to as the “Sapir–Whorf hypothesis”, named after him and his mentor Edward Sapir.Originally educated as a chemical engineer, he took up an interest in linguistics late in his life, studying with Sapir at Yale University.In the last ten years of his life he dedicated his spare time to linguistic studies, doing field work on Native American languages in the United States and Mexico.He managed to become one of the most influential linguists of his time, even while still working as a fire inspector for the Hartford Fire Insurance Company.He published a grammar of the Hopi language, studies of Nahuatl dialects, Maya hieroglyphic writing, and the first attempt at a reconstruction of Uto-Aztecan.He also published many articles in the most prestigious linguistic journals, many of them dealing with the ways in which he saw that different linguistic systems affected the thought systems and habitual behaviour of language users.；

(3)Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, through their studies of American Indian languages, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave.The interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.(4)The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak version.While the strong version believes that the language patterns determine people‟s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influence the later.(5)The study of the linguistic relativity or SWH has shed two important insights: A.There is nowadays a recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think B.More than in Whorf‟s days, however, we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language.“The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc [English Socialism], but to make all other modes of thought impossible.It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought--that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc--should be literally unthinkable, at least as far as thought is dependent on words.Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect method.This was done partly by the invention of new words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever...A person growing up with Newspeak as his sole language would no more know that „equal' had once had the secondary meaning of ”politically equal,“ or that „free' had once meant ”intellectually free,“ than, for 三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570 Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

instance, a person who had never heard of chess would be aware of the secondary meanings attaching to „queen' or „rook.' There would be many crimes and errors which it would be beyond his power to commit, simply because they were nameless and therefore unimaginable.” The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis theorizes that thoughts and behavior are determined(or are at least partially influenced)by language.If true in its strongest sense, the sinister possibility of a culture controlled by Newspeak or some other language is not just science fiction.Since its inception in the 1920s and 1930s, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has caused controversy and spawned research in a variety of disciplines including linguistics, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and education.To this day it has not been completely disputed or defended, but has continued to intrigue researchers around the world.Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf brought attention to the relationship between language, thought, and culture.Neither of them formally wrote the hypothesis nor supported it with empirical evidence, but through a thorough study of their writings about linguistics, researchers have found two main ideas.First, a theory of linguistic determinism that states that the language you speak determines the way that you will interpret the world around you.Second, a weaker theory of linguistic relativism that states that language merely influences your thoughts about the real world.Edward Sapir studied the research of Wilhelm von Humboldt.About one hundred years before Sapir published his linguistic theories, Humboldt wrote in Gesammelte Werke a strong version of linguistic determinism: “Man lives in the world about him principally, indeed exclusively, as language presents it to him.” Sapir took this idea and expanded on it.Although he did not always support this firm hypothesis, his writings state that there is clearly a connection between language and thought.From “The Status of Linguistics as a Science”(1929)Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression in their society.It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection: The fact of the matter is that the „real world' is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group.No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality.The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached...Even comparatively simple acts of perception are very much more at the mercy of the social patterns called words than we might suppose...We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation.As the underlined portions show, Sapir used firm language to describe this connection between language and thought.To Sapir, the individual is unconscious to this connection and subject to it without choice.Benjamin Lee Whorf was Sapir's student.Whorf devised the weaker theory of linguistic relativity: “We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe...”(1940/1956).He also supported, at times, the stronger linguistic determinism.To Whorf, this connection between language and thought was also an obligation not a choice.From “Science and Linguistics”(1940/1956): “We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face;三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570 Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds–and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way–an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language.The agreement is, of course, an implicit and unstated one, but its terms are absolutely obligatory;we cannot talk at all except by subscribing to the organization and classification of data which the agreement decrees.” Both Sapir and Whorf agreed that it is our culture that determines our language, which in turn determines the way that we categorize our thoughts about the world and our experiences in it.For more than fifty years researchers have tried to design studies that will support or refute this hypothesis.Support for the strong version has been weak because it is virtually impossible to test one's world view without using language.Support for the weaker version has been minimal.Yet this hypothesis continues to fascinate researchers.Problems with the hypothesis begin when one tries to discern exactly what the hypothesis is stating.Penn notes that the hypothesis is stated “more and less strongly in different places in Sapir's and Whorf's writings”(1972:13).At some points, Sapir and Whorf appear to support the strong version of the hypothesis and at others they only support the weak version.Alford(1980)also notes that neither Sapir nor Whorf actually named any of their ideas about language and cognition the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.This name only appeared after their deaths.This has lead to a wide interpretation of what researchers consider to be the one and only hypothesis.Another problem with the hypothesis is that it requires a measurement of human thought.Measuring thought and one's world view is nearly impossible without the confounding influence of language, another of the variables being studied.Researchers settle for the study of behavior as a direct link to thought.If one is to believe the strong version of linguistic determinism, one also has to agree that thought is not possible without language.What about the pre-linguistic thought of babies? How can babies acquire language without thought? Also, where did language come from? In the linguistic determinist's view, language would have to be derived from a source outside the human realm because thought is impossible without language and before language there would have been no thought.Supporters of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis must acknowledge that their study of language in the “real world” is not without doubt if their language influences how they categorize what they seem to experience.Penn writes, “In short, if one believes in linguistic relativity, one finds oneself in the egocentric quandary, unable to make assertions about reality because of doubting one's own ability to correctly describe reality”(1972:33).Yet another problem with the hypothesis is that languages and linguistic concepts are highly translatable.Under linguistic determinism, a concept in one language would not be understood in a different language because the speakers and their world views are bound by different sets of rules.Languages are in fact translatable and only in select cases of poetry, humor and other creative communications are ideas “lost in the translation.” One final problem researchers have found with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is Whorf's lack of empirical support for his linguistic insights.Whorf uses language nuances to prove vast differences between languages and then expects his reader to infer those differences in thought and behavior.Schlesinger attacks Whorf's flimsy thesis support: “...the mere existence of such linguistic diversities is 三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570 Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

insufficient evidence for the parallelist claims of a correspondence between language on the one hand and cognition and culture, on the other, and for the determinist claim of the latter being determined by the former”(1991:18).Schlesinger also fails to see the connection between Whorf's linguistic evidence and any cultural or cognitive data.“Whorf occasionally supplies the translations from a foreign language into English, and leaves it to the good faith of the reader to accept the conclusion that here must have been a corresponding cognitive or cultural phenomenon”(1991:27).One infamous example Whorf used to support his theory was the number of words the Inuit people have for „snow.' He claimed that because snow is a crucial part of their everyday lives and that they have many different uses for snow that they perceive snow differently than someone who lives in a less snow-dependent environment.Pullum has since dispelled this myth in his book The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax(1991).He shows that while the Inuit use many different terms for snow, other languages transmit the same ideas using phrases instead of single words.Despite all these problems facing the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, there have been several studies performed that support at least the weaker linguistic relativity hypothesis.In 1954, Brown and Lenneberg tested for color codability, or how speakers of one language categorize the color spectrum and how it affects their recognition of those colors.Penn writes, “Lenneberg reports on a study showing how terms of colors influence the actual discrimination.English-speaking subjects were better able to re-recognize those hues which are easily named in English.This finding is clearly in support of the limiting influence of linguistic categories on cognition”(1972:16).Schlesinger explains the path taken in this study from positive correlation to support for linguistic relativity: “...if codability of color affected recognizability, and if languages differed in codability, then recognizability is a function of the individual's language”(1991:27)Lucy and Shweder's color memory test(1979)also supports the linguistic relativity hypothesis.If a language has terms for discriminating between color then actual discrimination/perception of those colors will be affected.Lucy and Shweder found that influences on color recognition memory is mediated exclusively by basic color terms–a language factor.Kay and Kempton's language study(1984)found support for linguistic relativity.They found that language is a part of cognition.In their study, English speakers' perceptions were distorted in the blue-green area while speakers from Tarahumara–who lack a blue-green distinction–showed no distortion.However, under certain conditions they found that universalism of color distinction can be recovered.Peterson and Siegal's “Sally doll” test(1995)was not intended to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis specifically, but their findings support linguistic relativity in a population who at the time had not yet been considered for testing–deaf children.Peterson and Siegal's experiment with deaf children showed a difference in the constructed reality of deaf children with deaf parents and deaf children with hearing parents, especially in the realm of non-concrete items such as feelings and thoughts.Most recently, Wassman and Dasen's Balinese language test(1998)found differences in how the Balinese people orient themselves spatially to that of Westerners.They found that the use of an absolute reference system based on geographic points on the island in the Balinese language correlates to the significant cultural importance of these points to the people.They questioned how language affects the thinking of the Balinese people and found moderate linguistic relativity results.There are, on the other hand, several studies that dispute the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.Most of these studies favor universalism over relativism in the realm of linguistic structure and function.For example, Osgood's common meaning system study found that “human beings the world over, no matter what their 三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570 Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

language or culture, do share a common meaning system, do organize experience along similar symbolic dimensions”(1963:33)In his universalism studies, Greenberg came to the conclusion that “agreement in the fundamentals of human behavior among speakers of radically diverse languages far outweighs the idiosyncratic differences to be expected from a radical theory of linguistic relativity”(1963:125).Alford's interpretation of Whorf shows that Whorf never intended for perception of the color spectrum to be used to defend his principle of linguistic relativity.Alford states, “In fact, he is quite clear in stating that perception is clearly distinct from conception and cognition, or language-related thinking”(1980).Even Dr.Roger Brown, who was one of the first researchers to find empirical support for the hypothesis, now argues that there is much more evidence pointing toward cognitive universalism rather than linguistic relativity(Schlesinger 1991:26).Berlin and Kay's color study(1969)found universal focus colors and differences only in the boundaries of colors in the spectrum.They found that regardless of language or culture, eleven universal color foci emerge.Underlying apparent diversity in color vocabularies, these universal foci remain recognizable.Even in languages which do not discriminate to eleven basic colors, speakers are nonetheless able to sort color chips based on the eleven focus colors.Davies' cross-cultural color sorting test(1998)found an obvious pattern in the similarity of color sorting behavior between speakers of English which has eleven basic colors, Russian which has twelve(they distinguish two blues), and Setswana which has only five(grue=green-blue).Davies concluded that the data showed strong universalism.Culture influences the structure and functions of a group's language, which in turn influences the individual's interpretations of reality.Whorf saw language and culture as two inseparable sides of a single coin.According to Alford, “Whorf sensed something „chicken-and-egg-y' about the language-culture interaction phenomenon”(1980).Indeed, deciding which came first the language or the culture is impossible to discern.Schlesinger notes that Whorf recognized two directions of influence–from culture to language and vice versa.However, according to Schlesinger, Whorf argues that “since grammar is more resistant to change than culture, the influence from language to culture is predominant”(1991:17).Language reinforces cultural patterns through semantics, syntax and naming.Grammar and the forms of words show hierarchical importance of something to a culture.However, the common color perception tests are not strongly linked to cultural experience.Schlesinger agrees: “Whorf made far-reaching claims about the pervasive effects of language on the mental life of a people, and all that experimental psychologists managed to come up with were such modest results as the effect of the vocabulary of a language on the discriminability of color chips”(1991:30).In 1955, Dr.James Cooke Brown attempted to separate language and culture to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.He suggested the creation of a new language–one not bound to any particular culture--to distinguish the causes from the effects of language, culture, and thought.He called this artificial language LOGLAN, which is short for Logical Language.According to Riner, LOGLAN was designed as an experimental language to answer the question: “In what ways is human thought limited and directed by the language in which one thinks?”(1990).Today with the help of the Internet, many people around the world are learning LOGLAN.Riner appears positive in the continuing work with LOGLAN to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: 三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570 Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

“As far as we can yet know, LOGLAN can accommodate precisely and unambiguously the native ways of saying things in any natural language.In fact, because it is logically rigorous, LOGLAN forces the speaker to make the metaphysical(cultural, worldview)premises in and of the natural language explicit in rendering the thought into(disambiguated)LOGLAN.Those assumptions, made explicit, become propositions that are open for critical review and amendment–so not only can the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis be tested, but its details can be investigated with LOGLAN”(1990).Further research and linguistic development is necessary to find out if LOGLAN will defend or dispute the theory of linguistic relativism.Other aspects of this hypothesis which warrant further research include another look at Peterson and Siegal's study involving deaf children, and Lucy's suggestion of a new theoretical account of language and thought.In Peterson and Siegal's study there are revealed two naturally occurring groups–deaf children of hearing parents and deaf children of deaf parents--which allow for a within culture test of linguistic relativity(Skoyles 1999).Their results offer direct evidence that language molds thought.Additional research in this area with specific testing of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in mind could prove successful.Also, Lucy states that all linguistic relativity proposals claim that language has some influence on thoughts about reality.He further suggests that “a theoretical account needs to articulate exactly how languages interpret experiences and how those interpretations influence thought”(1997:291).In his introduction to Whorf's body of work, John Carroll suggests a reason why so much attention and controversy surround the theory of linguistic relativism.Carroll states, “Perhaps it is the suggestion that all one's life one has been tricked, all unaware, by the structure of language into a certain way of perceiving reality, with the implication that awareness of this trickery will enable one to see the world with fresh insight”(1956:27).The world is getting smaller with the diffusion of computers and new communications technology.Interaction between members of different cultures is becoming easier and more prevalent.On a global scale, the hypothesis could be taken as a possible rationalization why foreign nations fail to communicate successfully.Awareness of linguistic relativity, however, should lead to a better understanding of cultural diversities and help to bridge intercultural communication gaps.4 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences

(1)Greetings and terms of address(2)Thanks and compliments(3)Color words(4)Privacy and taboos(5)Rounding off numbers(6)Words and cultural-specific connotations(7)Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors 5 The significance of cultural teaching and learning

Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.When learning a foreign or second language, we should not only learn the mere imitation of the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms, but also learn to see the world as native speakers do, that is to say, learn the ways in which the foreign language reflects, the ideas, customs, and behavior of that society, learn to understand their “language of the mind”, or acculturation.Cultural overlap, diffusion and intercultural communication

三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570 Sanmenxia Polytechnic

A New Concise Course in Linguistics

(1)Cultural overlap refers to the identical part of culture between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.For example, the superior tends to refer to himself or herself by means of kinship terms, such as

“Have daddy/mummy/teacher told you that?”

(2)Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, this phenomenon is known as cultural diffusion.One typical example of cultural diffusion is the appearance of loan words.The practice of observing holidays of foreign origins and accepting concepts from other cultures.The attitude towards cultural diffusion(esp.cultural imperialism owing to linguistic imperialism)Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the worldwide expansion of one language.(3)Intercultural or cross-cultural communication is communication between people from different cultures(their cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.)In cross-cultural communication, we need to pay special attention to the significant differences regarding social relations and concept of universe from different perspectives such as language, food, dress, attitude towards time, work habits, social behavior and religious belief that can cause frustrations in communications and contacts.7 Homework

1)Revision exercises on page139.2）Have you ever find any instances or examples of cultural imperialism in the present China? What are they? And what are the causes or reasons behind them? 3)How do deal with language imperialism and nationalism? 8 Bibliography

1.戴炜栋、何兆熊主编：《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002 2.Saussure, F.de.Course in General Linguistics, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.3.Hockett, C.F.A Course in Modern Linguistics, New York: Macmillan, 1958.4、胡壮麟，《语言学教程》[M]，北京大学出版社，2001年。

5、凌征华，《英语语言学》[M]，湖南人民出版社，2006年。9 Reflection

三门峡职业技术学院

新编简明英语语言学教案

0398-2183570

第四篇：物流管理英语Chapter 6教案

Chapter 6

Information Technology in a Supply Chain

教学目的和要求：

1、Understand the importance of information and information technology in a supply chain

2、Know at a high level how the supply chain drivers use information

3、Describe the various SC-related information technologies and information systems that have been developed over the past several decades

4、Understand the major applications of supply chain information technology and the processes that they enable

5、Discuss the impact of information technology on supply chain management in the future

教学重点：

1、The importance of information and information technology in a supply chain

2、How the supply chain drivers use information

3、The various SC-related information technologies and information systems that have been developed over the past several decades

4、The major applications of supply chain information technology and the processes that they enable

5、The impact of information technology on supply chain management in the future

教学过程：

1.New Words and Expressions

2.The Role of IT in a Supply Chain

Information is a key supply chain driver because it serves as the glue that allows the other supply chain drivers to work together with the goal of creating an integrated, coordinated supply chain.Information is crucial to supply chain performance because it provides the foundation on which supply chain processes execute transactions and manages make decisions.IT consists of the hardware, software, and people throughout a supply chain that gather, analyze, and execute upon information.Information is the key to the success of a supply chain because it enables management to make decisions over a broad scope that crosses both functions and companies.Information is a key ingredient not just at each stage of the supply chain, but also within each phase of supply chain decision making—from the strategic phase to the planning phase to the operational phase.1)Facility

Determining the location, capacity, and schedules of a facility requires information on the trade-offs among efficiency and flexibility, demand, exchange rates, taxes, and so on.2)Inventory

Setting optimal inventory policies requires information that includes demand patterns, costs of carrying inventory, costs of stocking out, and cost of ordering.3)Transportation

Deciding on transportation networks, routings, modes, shipments vendors requires information including costs, customer locations, and shipment sizes to make good decisions.4)Sourcing

Information on product margins, prices, quality, delivery lead times, and so on, are all important in making sourcing decisions.5)Pricing and revenue management

Te set pricing policies, one needs information on demand, both its volume and various customer segment’s willingness to pay, as well as many supply issues such as the product margin, lead time, and availability.3.Brief History of Information System Connectivity

The development of SC information systems closely follows the inside-outside development approach.The development of these systems began with a very narrow focus on inventory and has gradually expanded to encompass other areas of the organization, progressively building on the structure of previous applications.Economic order quantity(EOQ)and reorder point(ROP)systems were followed by material requirements planning(MRP)systems, which helped determine when orders should be placed for various components to avoid stockouts and excess inventory.Distribution requirements planning(DRP)systems, which extended MRP thinking to the distribution network, helped determine the correct amount of products to produce as well as the correct locations to which to ship finished goods.These systems were followed by just-in-time(JIT), quick response(QR), continuous product replenishment(CPR), and efficient consumer response(ECR)systems that helped better match buyers’ demands with the production and delivery of suppliers.These systems naturally grew into other systems such as vendor-managed inventory(VMI), where organizations are responsible for managing the inventory levels of their customers.Customer relationship management(CRM)systems complemented these systems, helping companies track and analyze customer behavior.CRM systems also enabled managers to evaluate the effect of specific sales and marketing efforts.The term customer relationship management(CRM)encompasses all strategies, methodologies, tools, and other technology-based capabilities that help an enterprise organize and manage its customer relationships.The focus of CRM is on providing optimal value to customers through pre-sale interactions, sales processes, and post-sale interactions.4.The Supply Chain IT Framework

From an enterprise’s perspective, all processes within its supply chain can be categorized into three main areas: processes focused downstream, processes focused internally, and processes focused upstream. Customer relationship management(CRM)

 Internal supply chain management(ISCM)

 Supplier relationship management(SRM)

1)Customer Relationship Management

The CRM macro process consists of processes that take place between an enterprise and its customers downstream in the supply chain.The goal of the CRM macro process is to generate customer demand and facilitate transmission and tracking of orders.Weakness in this process results in demand being lost and a poor customer experience because orders are not processed and executed effectively. Marketing

 Sell

 Order management

 Call/service center

2)Internal Supply Chain Management

ISCM is focused on operations internal to the enterprise.ISCM includes all processes revolved in planning for and fulfilling a customer order. Strategic planning

 Demand planning

 Supply planning

 Fulfillment

 Field service

3)Supplier Relationship Management

SRM includes those processes focused on the interaction between the enterprise and suppliers that are upstream in the supply chain.The major SRM processes are the design collaboration, sourcing, negotiation, buy, and supply collaboration processes.4)The Transaction Management Foundation

5.Supply Chain IT in Practice

Select an IT system that addresses the company’s key success factors.Every industry and even companies within an industry can have very different key success factors.By key success factors, we mean the two or three elements that really determine whether or not a company is going to be successful.It is important to select supply chain IT systems that are able to give a company an advantage in the areas most crucial to the success of the business. One way to help ensure success of IT projects is to design them so that they have incremental steps. Use IT systems to support decision making, not to make decisions.Think about the future.Although it is more difficult to make a decision about an IT system with the future in mind than the present, it is very important that managers include the future state of the business in the decision processes.6.The Future of IT in the Supply Chain

 Most likely to occur: SC executives expect an increased demand for on-line technical information, an increased integration role for the purchasing functions of organizations, the elimination of human intervention in the procurement-through-payables transaction process, an improvement in efficiencies as a result of Web-based systems, and the continued use of Internet/Web-based links with suppliers. Least likely to occur: Based on what SC executives believe is unlikely to happen, we can draw the following conclusions:

 Web-based tools will not erode the leverage advantages of larger buyers

 Industry-sponsored e-markets will not become primary sourcing tools

 Reverse auctions will not account for more than 20 percent of the spend

 Neutral e-markets are less likely to be utilized than industry sponsored e-marketplaces

 Strategic alliances/relationships will not become less important as a result of e-commerce

1)ERP Ⅱ

SC-wide information connectivity 2)E-Marketplaces

One unique application of the Internet has been the creation of e-marketplaces.In terms of SCM, e-marketplaces can add value by helping companies identify new resources of supply or new customers.They can also help facilitate transactions between buyers and suppliers by being mediator between the various parties.3)Radio frequency technology

RFID tags have the potential to deliver a completely new level of transparency to supply chains and their customers.4)Electronic on-line bidding events: the reverse auction

Reverse auctions are when suppliers bid for a buyer’s business.These auctions result in a downward pressure on the price of the product or service being sold.Electronic reverse auctions are simply auctions that take place over the Internet or some other electronic technology.

第五篇：Chapter 2 被动语态(教案)

Chapter 2 被动语态

一 概念：当句子的主语是动作的执行时，谓语的形式叫主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式叫做被动语态。

二 构成“助动词be+过去分词”主动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，也可以构成否定或疑问句。

不同时态的被动语态例句

Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover.This city was liberated=(be+liberate+ed)+ed in 1948.=被=be+ed We liberated the city in 1948.The matter will be discussed tomorrow.The question is being discussed at present.The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.The bridge has been built this month

The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema He said the book would be returned as soon as he finished it.三、用法： 需要强调动作的承受者;2 只知道动作的承受者，不知道谁是动作的执行者； 论述科技内容的文体需要强调客观性和科学性。

四、不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：

appear, die disappear, end(vi.结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

(错)The price has been risen.(对)The price has risen.(错)The accident was happened last week.(对)The accident happened last week.(错)The price has raised.(对)The price has been raised.(错)Please seat.(对)Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

五、不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock.Your story agrees with what had already been heard.六、系动词无被动语态：

appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

1）It sounds good.2）The steel feels cold

3)The method proved(to be)effective.七、带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life

She dreamed a bad dream last night.八、当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。

(对)She likes to swim.(错)To swim is liked by her.九、“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：

1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如: :

The glass is brok． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）

The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）

2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：

The magazine is published in Shanghai．这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）

The door is locked． 门锁着。（系表结构）The door has already/just been locked．门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态）The shop is opened．这家商店开门了。（系表结构）The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday．这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态

3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

所以下列句子都是被动语态：

The machine is being repaired． 机器正在修。

A new school will be built here． 这里将要建一所新学校。

十、用某些不及物动词表示被动意义，如carry ,cut, drive, iron, keep, lock, open, pick, read, sell, shut, tear, wash, wear, write等等。这类动词 既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。作不及物动词时，形式上虽为主动，却表示被动意义。例如：

Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。

His novel sells well.他的小说畅销。

The car drove easily.这车很容易开。

Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的笔写起来很滑。

在上述句子中，主语通常指物，起动作承受者的作用，也可以说是不及物动词的逻辑宾语。但是有时也有用人称主语的。例如：

The girl does not photograph well.这女孩不上像。

比较：The girl has not been photographed well.这女孩的照片没拍好。

十一、某些感觉动词的主动态表示被动意义。例如：

This shirt feels much softer than that one.这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多

That book smells old.那本书有一股霉味。

These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好。

以上这些动词都不能用进行时表示。若用进行时，则表示主动含义。

比较：The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在闻油漆的气味。

十二、动词get,come,go之后接过去分词，表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语和非正式的书面语言，更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意义的过去分词。例如：

After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地无私地干了好几年，终于得到提升。

They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.由于节日交通阻塞，他们被耽误了。

The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松开了。

The woman”s complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投诉无人理睬。

十三、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型 中，动名词(doing)相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done)，在意思上没有多大差别。例如：

The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花园需要浇水。

The problem requires studying with great care.

The problem requires to be studied with great care.这个问题需要仔细研究。

These jobs want doing at once.

These jobs want to be done at once.这些工作需要马上就做。

用法相似的结构还有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,习惯不用动词不定式。如： That won”t bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。

The little girl can”t stand criticizing.小女孩经不起批评。

The food is not worth eating.这种饭菜不值一吃。

It”s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.很值得花一番功夫去学会怎么做这事。

值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用 动名词的主动式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用动词不定式的被动式，两者不可混淆。

十四、在某些性质形容词＋动词不定式的句型中，其动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。（difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe, dangerous）例如：

The question is easy to answer.这问题容易回答。

That book is difficult to understand.那本书难懂。

在这种句型结构中，动词不定式和主语的关系实际上是一种逻辑上的动宾关系，可以说是动词不定式作主语变换来的，相当于It”s easy to answer the question.和It”s difficult to understand that book.由于把动词宾语放在主语位置，所以和不定式的关系构成一种被动关系。

7、有些动词不定式不论用主动形式还是被动形式，动词不定式和主语的关系都是被动的。例如：

Nobody was to blame(to be blamed)for the accident.这个事故，谁也不能责怪。

The house is to let(to be let).这房子出租。

There are a lot of books to read(to be read).有许多书要读。

Those cars are to rent(to be rented).那些汽车出租。