第一篇：11科技英语英文摘要的典型语句-1第十一课
11科技英语英文摘要典型语句-1第十一课
科技英语英文摘要典型语句-1
Model Sentence in Abstract of English for Science and Technology
典型语句是指撰写摘要时经常用的语句。归纳如下:
作者观点和文章内容的常用语句 常用词：
–deal with论及，涉及
–describe阐述–explain解释–illustrate说明
–introduce引入，介绍–present给出–report给出
Example
The physical and chemical properties of the crystal are dealt with.论及了此晶体的物理化学性质。
Performance goals and measuring methods are briefly described.简述了性能目标与测量方法。
Example
The chain reaction of uranium nuclei caused by neutrons is explained by the criticalexperiment.临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反应。The applications of this technique to inner metal detection are illustrated.说明了这种技术对金属内部探测的应用。
Example
•Research and development tools are introduced
immediately.引入了研究和开发的工具
•The
basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念和收集的数据。
文章研究课题的常用语句
•常用词：
– analyse ,分析
– consider,认为,考虑
– develop,导出(导出公式, 开发产品,社会发展)
– discuss,讨论
– investigate,研究
– state,叙述,阐述– study.研究,学习
Example
•The
main experimental problems are also analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements.用这种超低频测量也分析了主要的实验问题。
•The phenomena associated with breakdown phase are considered as initial conditions.与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件。
Example
•A
lumped parameter for concrete-structure interaction is developed.导出了混凝土结构相互作用的集总参数。
•Some application of the two-phase flow in
reactors are briefly discussed.简要地讨论了反应堆里两相流的一些应用
Example
•A particular system is investigated numerically.对一特定系统进行了数值性研究。
•The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly.简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。
Example
•The continuity of this function is studied under
a certain boundary condition.研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性。
文章涉及范围的语句常用词：
–Consist of由…… 组成–Contain包含
–Cover包含，包括，涉及到–Include包含，包括
Example
•This article consists of four parts;introduction,theory, experimental, and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成。
Example •The configuration, structural design and results
of a parameteric structural optimization analysis are contained.本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果。
•Testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel
and control rods in the reactor core are 本文包括了反应堆堆芯里约200个带燃料棒和控制棒的组件的测试结果。
Example
are included in this project.•So many elements such as Fe, Au, Ag, Al, etc, 此项目中包括煤的性质、锅炉的运行、煤灰尘收集器操作和边流系统。
•Asphaltic
products and specifications are
covered in the scope of the research.本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格。
综述与概括某领域研究课题的常用语句 常用词：
–Abstract撰写摘要 –Outline概要叙述 –Review评述
–Summary简要概述，总结
Example
•All the operating procedures, such as general
procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP),are abstracted.所有的运行规程如总规程(GP)、异常运行规程
(AOP)、应急运行规程(EOP)都撰写了摘要。
Example
•The experimental technique for the measurement of theses properties is outlined
only.对这些特性的实验技术仅做了概要叙述。
•The development of the computer aided design(CAD)in mechanical engineering is reviewed.评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计(CAD)的发展过程。
Example
•The
theory based on materials science is summarized.简要概述了基于材料科学的理论。
•The design planning to be used is summarized
in detail.详细的总结了要采用的设计规则。
文章重点的常用语句
常用词：be, concentrate, focus, give, pay
常用句型：
–Attention is concentrated on 重点是
–There is a focus on,重视，集中–Attention is paid to,重视 –The emphasis is on,重点
Example
•Attention is concentrated on grasping the basic
theory.重点是在掌握基础理论上。
•Attention is concentrated on extending the lead
time to 24 hours。
重点是把超前时间延长到24个小时。
Example
•There is a focus on energy-saving everywhere
now.现在到处都重视节能。
•The research is focused on collisions between
neutrons and uranium nuclei.本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞。
Example
• More attention
is paid to the evaluation of the economic current density in the conductors.很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估。
•The greatest emphasis is also placed on the implications of attitudes taken toward nuclear power.重点还在于对核电所采取的态度。
Example
•Particular attention is given to the start-up
procedure of nuclear reactor operations.特别重视核反应堆运行的启动规程。•The
greatest emphasis is on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.极其重视核能的和平利用。
文章目的常用语句
•常用词：
–Aim目的–Objective目标，对象，物体 –Purpose目的–Seek寻求，追求
Example
•The aim of this research is to carry out the critical experiment and obtain important critical parameters on the zero power reactor.此研究的目的是在零功率反应堆上进行临界实验，并获得重要的临界参数。
•The
main objective of this study is to determine the nuclear properties of graphite as reactor moderators.本研究的主要目标是确定反应堆减速剂石磨的核特性。
Example
•An answer to this question is sought for many
investigators
许多研究者在寻求这个问题的答案。
•This
paper seeks to justify the remedial
measures in terms of the final safety analysis report.本文追求的目标是从最终安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的正确性。
Example
•The purpose for this study is to show that the method mentioned before is promising.本研究的目的就是要表明先前提到的方法有前途。
•The purpose of this research is to obtain the
heavy concrete of much higher stability.本研究的目的就是要获得具有高稳定性的混凝土。
机械工程专业英语作业
English inMechanical Engineering(home work)
写出下列指示型英文摘要： 本文介绍了一种切削过程（cutting process）计算机模拟（computer simulation）的新方法，给出了高速切削过程中应用这种方法的关键数据，简要讨论了这种方法的优缺点，详细总结了这种方法的应用情况。
第二篇：科技论文英文摘要的典型语句练习
摘要的典型语句练习
一、介绍作者的观点和研讨课题内容的语句
1.文章内容与作者观点的常用语句
(1).论及了此晶体的物理、化学性质
Physical and chemical properties of this crystal is reported.(2).简述了性能目标与测量方法
The performance goals and its measuring methods are briefly described.(3).临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反应
The chain reaction caused by the uranium nuclei is explained in the critical experiment.(4).说明了这种技术对核探测的应用
The application of this technique to nuclear detection is described.(5).立即引入了研究与开发的工具
Research and development tools are induced immediately.(6).给出了基本概念与收集的数据
Basic ideas and data collected are given.2.文章研究课题的常用语句
(1).用这种超低频测量分析了主要的实验问题
The main experimental problems are analyzed with the ultra-low-frequency measurements.(2).与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件 Phenomena associated with the breakdown phase is regarded as the initial conditions.(3).导出了混凝土结构相互作用的集总参数
Lumped parameter of the concrete-structure interaction is derived
(4).简要的讨论了反应堆里两相流的一些应用 Applications of the two-phase flow in the reactor is briefly discussed.(5).对一特定系统进行了数值性研究
A particular system is investigated numerically.(6).简述了自然界中质量与能量之间的关系
Relationship between mass and energy in nature is briefly described.(7).研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性
The function continuity under a certain boundary is studied.3.文章涉及范围的语句
(1).本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成This paper consists of 4 parts: introduction, theory experimental method and conclusion.(2).本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果
The paper includes the configuration as well as the structural design and the results of parameter structural optimization analysis.(3).本文包括了反应堆堆芯里约200个带燃料棒的组建的测试结果
This paper covers the testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel and control rods in the reactor core.(4).所引用的报告包括示踪元素研究大气层污染移动的研究
The cited reports cover the research on the lower atmospheric air pollution movements by using the tracers elements.(5).本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格
The research concerns the asphaltic products and their specifications.(6).此项目包括了像Fe、Au、Ag、Al、Cu等许多元素
Many elements are involved in this program such as Fe, Au, Ag, Cu and so on.(7).此课题包括了煤的性质、锅炉的运行、煤灰尘收集器操作和边流系统
The topic covers the coal properties, boiler operation, dust collector operation and the sidestream system.4.综述于概括对某一个领域的研究课题常用语句
(1).所有的运行规程如总规程（GP）、异常运行规程（AOP）、应急运行规程（EOP）都撰写了摘要
All the operating procedures are abstracted such as the general procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP).(2).对测量这些特性的实验技术仅作概要叙述
The experimental technique is outlined for measuring these properties.(3).评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计（CAD）的发展过程
The development of CAD is reviewed in the mechanical engineering
(4).简单概述了基本材料科学的理论
The theory based on basic material science is summarized.(5).详细地总结了要采用的设计规则
The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.5.文章重点的常用语句
(1).重点是在掌握量子理论上
Attention is concentrated on the quantum theory.(2).重点是把时间延长到24h
The point is to extend the lead time to 24h.(3).现在到处都重视节能
Focus is on energy reserving everywhere.(4).本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞
The research is concentrated on the collisions of neutrons and uranium nuclei.(5).现在到处都重视环境污水的管理和对有害废物的处理
Attention is being paid to the management of environmental effluent and disposal of hazardous wastes.(6).很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估
Much attention is paid on the economic current density in the conductor.(7).特别重视核反应堆的启动规程
Particular attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.(8).及其重视核能的和平利用
The greatest emphasis is paid on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.(9).重点还在于对核电所采取的态度
Attention is concentrated on the implications of attitudes to nuclear power.6.文章目的的常用语句
(1).此研究的目的是在零功率反应堆上进行临界实验，并获得重要的临界参数 This research aims to carry out the experiment on the zero power reactor and obtain import critical parameters.(2).许多研究者都在寻求这个问题的答案
The answer to this question is sought for by many investigators.(3).本文追求的目的是从安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的正确性
The paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report(FSAR).(4).这项研究试图为保健规则人员就体系上的变化提供有用的信息
The research is to provide healthy planners with useful information on systematic changes.(5).本研究的目的就是要表明先前提到的方法有前途
The purpose of this study is to show the methods mentioned above/aforesaid are promising.(6).本研究的目的是要获得具有很高稳定性的重混凝土
The purpose of this study is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.
第三篇：科技论文英文摘要的书写规范
科 技 论 文 英 文 摘 要 的 书 写 规 范 化
美国《工程索引》对来源期刊英文摘要撰写的要求
文摘是原始文献的代表；它提供了原始文献的信息内容，但不能代替原始文献（即一次文献），因为其内容已大大简化。
文摘本身给读者一个信息，即该篇文摘所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要问题，帮助科技人员决定这篇文献对自己的工作是否有用。
美国《工程索引》(The Engineering Index)是世界最著名也是最大的检索刊物之一。每月出版1期月刊，报道世界工程文献文摘1.3万至1.4万条；每期有刊附的主题索引与作者索引；每年还另出版年卷本和索引，索引还增加了作者单位索引。出版形式有印刷版（期刊形式）、电子版（磁带）及缩微胶片。曾出版过检索卡片，已于1975年停止发行。文摘的种类（Type of Abstracts）
按美国工程信息公司编辑部（Ei编辑部）的分类，文摘分为信息性文摘和指示性文摘，或者两者结合的文摘。
信息性文摘(Information Abstracts)一般包括了原始文献某些重要内容的梗概，主要有以下三部分组成。
—— 目的 主要说明作者写此文章的目的，或说明本文主要要解决的问题。
—— 过程及方法 主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。
—— 结果 作者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和结论；如有可能，尽量提一句作者所得到结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
信息性文摘多用于科技杂志或科技期刊的文章，也用于会议录中的会议论文及各种专题技术报告。
指示性文摘(Indicated Abstracts)仅指出文献的综合内容，适用于综述性文献、图书介绍及编辑加工过的专著等。综述性文献最常见的如某技术在某时期的综合发展情况；或某技术在目前的发展水平，以及未来展望等。总之这种文献是综述情况而不是某个技术工艺、某产品或某设备的研究过程。一般情况下信息性文摘占有绝大部分比例。文摘长度(Length of the Abstracts)文摘长一般不超过150 words，不少于100 words；少数情况下可以例外，视原文文献而定，但主题概念不得遗漏。据统计如根据前述三部分写文摘一般都不会少于100 words。另外，写、译或校文摘可不受原文文摘的约束。一般缩短文摘方法如下：
（1）取消不必要的字句：如“It is reported„”,“Extensive investigations show that „”, “The author disusses„”, “This paper concerned with„”（2）对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化；（3）取消或减少背景情况(Background Information)；
（4）限制文摘只表示新情况、新内容，过去的研究细节可以取消；
（5）不说废话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”切不可进入文摘；（6）作者在文摘中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘；（7）尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：
不 用
at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ a t a high pressure of 200 MPa at a high temperature of 1500 ℃ Specially designed or formulated
此外请注意：文摘第一句话切不可与题名(Title)重复；Ei中每篇文摘记录都是与题名连排的，只是题名用黑体排印，因此可以认为题名便是文摘的第一句话。遇到此种重复情况请改写。
例如：不用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE B CENTER IN LiF.A wave function for the B center in LiF is proposed assuming a linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits.The„”
而用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE B CENTER IN LiF.A linear combination of appropriate molecular orbitals is assumed.The„” 3 文体风格(Styles)
（1）文摘叙述要简明，逻辑性要强。
而 用 at 250-300 ℃ at 200 MPa at 1500 ℃ nothing（2）句子结构严谨完整，尽量用短句子。（3）技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准。
(4)用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论。如：“The structure of dislocaton core in Gap was investigated by weak-beam electro microscope.The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partial with separations of(80+10)and(40+10)A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.(5)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式。如：用“Thickness of plastic sheets was measured”
不用“Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made”.(6)注意冠词用法，分清a是泛指，the是专指。如：“Pressure is a function of temperature”
不应是“Pressure is a function of the temperature”.“The refinery operates„” 不应是“Refinery operates„(7)避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词，可用预置短语分开或用连字符(hyphen)断开名词词组，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）。如：应用“The cholorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index”代替“The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer”.(8)不使用俚语、外来语表达概念，应用标准英语。
(9)尽量用主动语态代替被动语态。如：“A exceed B” 优于“B is exceeded by A”.(10)语言要简练，但不得使用电报语言。如“Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chronite investigation”应为“Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chronite was investigated”.(11)文词要淳朴无华，不用多姿多态的文学性描述手法。如“Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.”
(12)组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语。如：不用“The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,which were exposed to 10 h of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.”, 而用“When the pigment was dissoved in dioxane,decolorization was irreversible after 10 h of UV irradiation”.(13)用重要的事实开头，尽量避免用辅助从句开头。
如：用“Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally”, 而不用“From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined”.(14)删繁从简。如：用“increase”代替“has been found to increase”.(15)文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出他们的名字。(16)文摘词语拼写，用英美拼法都可；但每篇中应保持一致。(17)英文题名开头第一词不得用The, And, An和A.(18)题名中尽量少用缩略词，必要时亦需在括号中注明全称（尽量中文文献题名中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音缩略字）；特殊字符及希腊字母在题名中尽量不用或少用。文摘中的特殊字符（Special Characters）
特殊字符主要指各种数学符号及希腊字母；对他们的录入，Ei有特殊的规定。希望在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及数学表达式，因为它们的输入极为麻烦，而且易出错，影响文摘本身的准确性，应尽量取消或用文字表达，如“导热系数ρ”中的“ρ”即可去掉。
再如：Ф=Aμα-1χ 或更复杂的表达式应设法用文字指引读者去看原始文献。
第四篇：科技论文英文摘要的书写规范
科技论文英文摘要的书写规范
说明：以下材料参照美国《工程索引（EI）》对来源期刊英文摘要撰写要求的编写，供撰写英文摘要时参考。
文摘是原始文献的代表；它提供了原始文献的信息内容，但不能代替原始文献（即一次文献），因为其内容已大大简化。文摘本身给读者一个信息，即该篇文摘所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要问题，帮助科技人员了解所阅读的文献对自己的工作是否有用。文摘的种类（Type of Abstracts）
按美国工程信息公司Ei编辑部的分类，文摘分为信息性文摘和指示性文摘，或者两者结合的文摘。
信息性文摘(Information Abstracts)一般包括了原始文献某些重要内容梗概，主要有以下三部分组成。
----目的 主要说明作者写此文章的目的，或说明本文主要要解决的问题。----过程及方法 主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。
----结果 作者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和结论；如有可能，尽量提一句作者所得到结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
信息性文摘多用于科技杂志或科技期刊的文章，也用于会议录中的会议论文及各种专题技术报告。
指示性文摘(Indicated Abstracts)仅指出文献的综合内容，适用于综述性文献、图书介绍及编辑加工过的专著等。综述性文献最常见的如某技术在某时期的综合发展情况；或某技术在目前的发展水平，以及未来展望等。总之这种文献是综述情况而不是某个技术工艺、某产品或某设备的研究过程。一般情况下信息性文摘占有绝大部分比例。文摘长度(Length of the Abstracts)
文摘长一般不超过150 words，不少于100 words；少数情况下可以例外，视原文文献而定，但主题概念不得遗漏。据统计如根据前述三部分写文摘一般都不会少于100 words。另外，写、译或校文摘可不受原文文摘的约束。一般缩短文摘方法如下：
(1)取消不必要的字句：如“It is reported…”,“Extensive investigations show that …”, “The author disusses…”, “This paper concerned with…”
(2)对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化；
(3)取消或减少背景情况(Background Information)；
(4)限制文摘只表示新情况、新内容，过去的研究细节可以取消；
(5)不说废话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”切不可进入文摘；
(6)作者在文摘中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘；
(7)尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：
不用at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ 而用at 250-300 ℃
at a high pressure of 200 MPa at 200 MPa
at a high temperature of 1500 ℃ at 1500 ℃
Specially designed or formulated nothing
此外请注意：文摘第一句话切不可与题名(Title)重复；在Ei中每篇文摘记录都是与题名连排的，只是题名用黑体排印，因此可以认为题名便是文摘的第一句话。遇到此种重复情况请改写。
例如：不用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE B CENTER IN LiF.A wave
function for the B center in LiF is proposed assuming a linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits.The…”
而用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE B CENTER IN LiF.A linear combination of appropriate molecular orbitals is assumed.The…”文体风格(Styles)
(1)文摘叙述要简明，逻辑性要强。
(2)句子结构严谨完整，尽量用短句子。
(3)技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准。
(4)用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论。如：“The structure of dislocaton core in Gap was investigated by weak-beam electro microscope.The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partial with separations of(80+10)and(40+10)A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.(5)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式。如：用”Thickness of plastic sheets was measured“
不用”Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made“.(6)注意冠词用法，分清a是泛指，the是专指。如：”Pressure is a function of temperature“ 不应是”Pressure is a function of the temperature“.”The refinery operates…“ 不应是”Refinery operates…
(7)避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词，可用预置短语分开或用连字符(hyphen)断开名词词组，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）。
如：应用“The cholorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index”代替“The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer”.(8)不使用俚语、外来语表达概念，应用标准英语。
(9)尽量用主动语态代替被动语态。如：“A exceed B” 优于“B is exceeded by A”.(10)语言要简练，但不得使用电报语言。如“Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chronite investigation”应为“Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chronite was investigated”.(11)文词要淳朴无华，不用多姿多态的文学性描述手法。如“Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.”
(12)组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语。如：不用“The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,which were exposed to 10 h of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.”, 而用“When the pigment was dissoved in
dioxane,decolorization was irreversible after 10 h of UV irradiation”.(13)用重要的事实开头，尽量避免用辅助从句开头。如：用“Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally”, 而不用“From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined”.(14)删繁从简。如：用“increase”代替“has been found to increase”.(15)文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出他们的名字。
(16)文摘词语拼写，用英美拼法都可；但每篇中应保持一致。
(17)英文题名开头第一词不得用The, And, An和A.(18)题名中尽量少用缩略词，必要时亦需在括号中注明全称（包括中文文献题名中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音缩略字）；特殊字符及希腊字母在题名中尽量不用或少用。文摘中的特殊字符（Special Characters）
特殊字符主要指各种数学符号及希腊字母；对他们的录入，Ei有特殊的规定。希望在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及数学表达式，因为它们的输入极为麻烦，而且易出错，影响文摘本身的准确性，应尽量取消或用文字表达，如“导热系数ρ”中的“ρ”即可去掉。再如：Ф=Aμα-1χ 或更复杂的表达式应设法用文字指引读者去看原始文献。
第五篇：写小论文摘要的典型语句讲解
摘要的典型语句
一.介绍文章作者的观点和研讨课题内容的常用语句 Ⅰ.文章内容与作者观点的常用语句。
常用词有：deal with, describe, explain, illustrate, introduce, present, report 等。1.The physical and chemical properties of the crystal are dealt with.论及了此晶体的物理、化学性质。
2.Performance goals and measuring methods are briefly described.简述了性能目标与测量方法。
3.The applications of this technique to nuclear detection are illustrated.说明了这种技术对核探测的应用。
4.Research and development tools are introduced immediately.立即引入了研究与开发的工具。
5.The basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念与收集的数据。
Ⅱ.文章研究课题的常用语句
常用词有：analyze, consider, develop, discuss, investigate, state, study等.6.The main experimental problems are also analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements.用这种超低频测量，也分析了主要的实验问题。
7.The phenomena associated with breakdown phase are considered as initial conditions.与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件。
8.A lumped parameter for concrete-structure interaction is developed.导出了混凝土结构相互作用的集总参数。
9.Some applications of the two-phase flow in reactors are briefly discussed.简要地讨论了反应堆里两相流的一些应用。10.A particular system is investigated numerically.对一特定系统进行了数值性研究。
11.The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly.简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。
12.The continuity of this function is studied under a certain boundary condition.研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性。
Ⅲ.文章涉及范围的语句
常用词有：consist of, contain, cover, include 等。
13.This article consists of four parts: introduction, theory, experimental method, and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成。
14.The configuration, structural design and results of a parametric structural optimization analysis are contained.本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果。
15.The cited reports cover research on the use of tracers to study lower atmospheric air pollution movements.所引用的报告包括用示踪元素研究大气底层污染移动的研究。
16.Asphaltic products and specifications are covered in the scope of the research.本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格。
17.So many elements such as Fe, Au, Ag, Al, Cu, etc, are included in this project.此项目中包括了像Fe、Au Ag、Al、Cu 等许多元素。11.Coal properties, boiler operation, dust collector operation, and sidestream system are included in the subject.此课题中包括煤的性质、锅炉的运行、煤灰尘收集器操作和边流系统。
Ⅳ.综述与概括对某一个领域的研究课题的常用语句。常用词有：abstract, outline, review, summary等。
19.All the operating procedures, such as general procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP), are abstracted.所有的运行规程如总规程（GP）、异常运行规程（EOP）、应急运行规程（EOP）都撰写了摘要。
20.The experimental technique for the measurement of these properties is outlined only.对测量这些特性的实验技术仅作概要叙述。
21.The development of the computer aided design(CAD)in mechanical engineering is reviewed.评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计（CAD）的发展过程。22.The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.简要概述了基于材料科学的理论。
23.The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.详细地总结了要采用的设计规则。
Ⅴ.文章重点的常用语句
常用词有：be, concentrate, focus, give, pay等；
常用句型：attention is concentrated on, there is a focus on, attention is paid to, the emphasis is on 等。
24.Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重点是在掌握量子理论上。
25.Attention is concentrated on extending the lead time to 24 hours.重点是把超前时间延长到24h。
26.There is a focus on energy-saving everywhere now.现在到处都重视节能。
27.The research is focused on collisions between neutrons and uranium nuclei.本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞。
28.Attention is being paid to management of environmental effluents and disposal of hazardous wastes.现在都重视对环境污水的管理和对有害废物的处理。
29.More attention is paid to the evaluation of the economic current density in the conductors.很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估。
30.Particular attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.特别重视核反应堆运行的启动规程。
31.The greatest emphasis is on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.极其重视核能的和平利用。
32.The emphasis is also placed on the implications of attitudes taken toward nuclear power.重点还在于对核电所采取的态度。
Ⅵ.文章目的常用语句。
常用词有：aim, objective, purpose, seek 等。
另外，经常要用动词不定式作表语，或谓语动词的目的状语等。
33.The aim of this research is to carry out the critical experiment and obtain important critical parameters on the zero power reactor.此研究的目的是在零功率反应堆上进行临界实验，并获得重要的临界参数。34.The main objective of this study is to determine the nuclear properties of graphite as reactor moderators.本研究的主要目标是要确定反应堆减速剂石墨的核特性。35.An answer to this question is sought for many investigators.许多研究者在寻求这个问题的答案。
36.This paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report(FSAR).本文追求的目标是从最终安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的正确性。37.To provide health planner with useful information about systematical changes is sought in this research.这项研究试图为保健规划人员就体系上的变化提供有用的信息。
38.The purpose for this study is to show that the method mentioned before is promising.本研究的目的就是要表明先前提到的方法有前途。
39.The purpose of this research is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.本项研究的目的是要获得具有很高稳定性的重混凝土。
二.介绍文章成果的的语句 Ⅰ.成果的获取和开发等常用语句.常用词有：achieve, construct, derive, design, develop, establish, give, improve, obtain, produce, provide, realize, record, reduce, solve 等。
40.The normal operating pressure value can also be achieved in the summer.正常工作压力值在夏季也能达到。
41.A dissolution diagram was constructed which can be used in heat treatment.绘制了用于热处理的溶解图。
42.The special equations are derived based on the quantum theory.基于量子理论，推导了这些特殊的方程式。
43.The system is designed to be used for transferring the heat produced from the reactor core.此系统要设计成能传输出从反应堆堆芯产生的热量。44.Two methods of the boiler design are developed.开发了锅炉设计的两种方法。
45.A simulation model is established on a full scope simulator.在全范围模拟机上建立了一种仿真模型。
46.The four-factor formula obtained in the stastic reactor physics is given for critical calculation.给出了临界计算所要求的，得自静态反应堆物理的四因子公式。47.The steam generator design has been greatly improved.蒸汽发生器设计已得到了很大地改进。
48.Good agreement with the corresponding results from the reactor dynamics is obtained.得到了与相应反应堆动力学很一致的结果。
49.Highly enriched uranium can be produced in China now.中国现今能生产高富集铀。
50.This paper provides an ideal source of radiation for an optical communication system.本文为光通信系统提供了一种理想的辐射源。
51.The start-up procedure is provided for the nuclear power plant.为此核电厂提供了启动规程。
52.Fatigue endurance enhancement is realized by using a thin layer of nitrile rubber.借助于一薄层腈橡胶，实现了抗疲劳性能的增强。53.Effects of the small tube rupture on the pressure of the reactor coolant system are recorded.记录了小管破对反应堆冷却剂系统的压力的影响。
54.Switching time of the new type transistor will be reduced three times.这种新晶体管的开关时间将缩短三分之二。
55.The problem of steady-state rotation of a cylindrical dielectric rotor with a metal core with a weakly conducing liquid in an electric field is solved.装有金属芯的圆柱形不导电转子在电场的弱传导液体中的稳态旋转问题得到了解决。
Ⅱ.观察和指示的常用语句
常用词有：demonstrate, exhibit, find, indicate, observe, point out, show 等。56.Effects of improper mining procedures on bump occurrence were demonstrated.例证了不适当的采掘程序对冒顶发生的影响。
57.All the salts studied, except NaCl, exhibit good catalytic activity.所研究的所有盐类，除氯化钠外，都有很好的催化作用。58.No evidence for any phase transition is found.没有发现任何相位跃迁的证据。
59.Application fields for these types of nuclear reactions are indicated.指出了这几种核反应的使用领域。
60.An application to the study of muscles mechanics is also indicated.也指出了在肌肉力学研究方面的一种应用。
61.A relationship between the apparent viscosity and particle coupling ratio Rn is observed, 观察了视黏度与颗粒耦合比Rn之间的关系。62.The importance of the ratio of water to uranium is pointed out in reactor physical design.指出了水铀比在反应堆物理设计中的重要性。
63.A great improvement in sensitivity and reproductivity is showed in the results by using this method.这些结果表明，使用此方法能使灵敏度和再现性有很大的改善。
Ⅲ.运算和计量的常用语句
常用词有：calculate, determine, estimate, measure 等。64.The probability of activation per unit time is calculated.计算了单位时间的激活概率。
65.The earth-moon distance can be determined to an accuracy of ± 15cm by using this technique.用这种技术测得的地球—月亮间距离准确度可达±15 cm。66.The deviation in each method is carefully estimated.仔细地估计了每种方法的误差。
67.The model parameters are estimated by using a recursive extended least square method, 用递归扩展最小乘法估算了模型参数。
68.Neutron flux distributions in the reactor core were measured.测量了反应堆堆芯里的中子通量分布。
Ⅳ.应用与用途的常用语句 常用词有：apply, use等。
69.The developed technique was applied to ambient air and automobile exhaust analysis.将研究所得的技术应用于环境空气和汽车废气的分析。
70.The system was applied to the analysis of a series of practical coal mine problems.应用此系统于一系列煤矿实际问题的分析。
71.These facilities are used to measure neutron flux distributions in the reactor core.这些设施被用来为若干项目研制计算机硬件。
72.This method is used to measure neutron flux distributions in the reactor core, 这种方法被用来测量反应堆堆芯的中子通量分布。
Ⅴ.评估与比较的常用语句
常用词有：agree with, assess, compare, evaluate 等。
73.The calculated results agree with experimental results with regard to the effects of machine stiffness on stress amplitude.就机械钢度对应力幅度的影响而言，计算结果与实验结果一致。74.The calculated mobilities agree well with the experimental analysis.所计算的机动性与实验分析符合得很好。
75.The role of heterogeneous reactions and processes in the troposphere was strictly assessed.严格地评审了对流层中的异性反应与过程的作用。
76.Two portable microcomputers are compared by using six basic programs.使用了六个基本程序对两种便携式微机进行了
77.These data are compared with those from the published experiments.将这些数据与已发表的实验结果进行了比较。78.Various rate and energy parameters were evaluated.估算了各种速率和能量参数。Ⅵ.实验与试验的常用语句
常用词有：experiment, test 等。
79.The ascend rocket in the upper half of the Lunar Module was tested hundreds of times.登月艇上半截的上升火箭，试验过几百次了。
80.The tests were carried out on a unit including the investigated horizontal reactor.试验是在一台包括这里所研讨的水平反应器的装置上进行的。
Ⅶ.论证与依据的常用语句
常用词组有：base on, be based on, take as reference 等。81.Methods of analysis are based on Maxwell equations.分析的方法是依据麦克斯韦方程式。
82.The remedial measures can be adopted, based on the probabilistic safety analysis(PSA).根据概率安全分析，这些补救措施能被采用。
83.The interactions between the basic particles are studied, based on the quantum mechanics.根据量子力学，研究了基本粒子间的相互作用。
84.A simplified diagram of the reactor vessel and internals is taken as reference.将反应堆容器与内部构件的简化图作为参考。
Ⅷ.推荐与建议的常用语句。
常用词有：propose, recommend, suggest等。85.A modular tooling system is proposed.提出了一种模块化加工系统。
86.A formula of calculating the critical mass in reactors is recommended for checking the two-group theory.介绍了一个计算反应堆临界质量的公式，用来校验双群理论。
87.An alternative theory is suggested for the generation and migration of petroleum.提出了石油生成和迁移的另一种理论。
88.Suggestions are made for further study of the frequency spectrum analysis.就频谱分析的进一步研究提出了建议。
Ⅸ.结论的常用语句
常用词有：arrive at, conclude等。
89.The basic aim of engineering studies is to arrive at an optimum design.工程研究的根本目的是要达到最优设计。
90.By studying the seismic patterns, Latham concluded that the moon, like the earth, is a multi-layered body with a crust and an interior core.莱瑟姆通过对地震方式的研究得出结论：月球和地球一样，是个有一层硬壳和一个内芯的多层体。
三．介绍进一步研究的必要性的语句。
常用词有：desirable, expect, important, necessary, necessity, need, require等。91.The development of tools to support the engineer is desirable during establishing such a simulation model.工程师在建立这一仿真模型时，开发一些工具是必要的。
92.It is expected that the Technical Specifications will really be one of the most important operational documents in nuclear power plants.期望技术规格书将真正成为核电厂最重要的运行文件之一。
93.It is important that the experimental results should be checked again and again.再三核对实验结果是重要的。
94.It is important to combine theory with practice.理论联系实际是重要的。
95.It is necessary to carefully compare the experimental results with the theoretic value.仔细用理论值与实验结果进行比较是需要的。
96.There is no necessity for the experimental results to be checked again.没有再校对实验结果的必要
97.This technical specification needs to be explained soon.这条技术规范需要尽快解释。98.The machine needs repairing.这台机器需要修理。
99.The operational knowledge and ability are required for an engineer working in a nuclear power plant.运行的知识与能力对核电厂工作的工程师是需要的。
100.A different set of ingredients are required for going from “invention” to “product”.从“发明”过渡到“产品”有另外一套要求。
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