第一篇：英语作文说明文
英语作文说明文
说明文类
写作指导
说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下：
第一步：审题，确定主题句、主体时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称；
第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各要点以完整的句子表达出来；
第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。
常用词有：
①表示时间：now, then, afterwards, soon, five minutes later,before long, shortly after that, soon after supper, to this day, just now, just then
②表示顺序、动作过程：first, firstly, first of all, second, secondly, at first, at last, next
③表示转折：but, yet, and yet, however, although, otherwise, in spite of
④表示结果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately
⑤表示强调： above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most⑥表示并列： and, also, as well as, and then
⑦表示递进： besides, what's more, in addition, even, once more, what was worse
⑧表示解释和说明： that is to say, namely, for example, actually, and so on, such as, believe it or not,to tell you the truth,according this, for this reason
⑨表示比较、对比： just like, just as, in the same way, more or less, sooner or later, on the contrary, on the other hand
⑩表示总结： finally, in conclusion, in a word, in general, generally speaking, in short, as you know, in the end需要注意的是：使用上述过渡性词必须根据上下文需要的原则，力求自然，决不可牵强附会，让人感觉别扭。
精选范文
以“早起是好习惯”为题写篇议论文。请围绕以下几点来写：
①早起与健康；
②早起与学习；
③早起与一天的活动。
(字数80～120，要求自拟标题)
Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit
Getting up early is a good habit.It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on.First, getting up early helps to keep us strong.We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies.Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning.Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day.If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good.练习
①某国际性英语刊物有一个介绍各国风俗习惯的专栏，请为该专栏写一篇短文，简单介绍中国的农历新年(春节)。请包括以下要点：
a．春节是中国人的重要节日；
b．春节在哪一天(农历：the lunar calendar)；
c．除夕一家人吃团圆饭(have a…feast)；
d．守岁爆竹迎新年(爆竹 firecracker)；
e．大年初一亲朋好友拜年(exchange…greetings)；
f．孩子们的压岁钱(lucky money)；
g．狮子舞及其他节目(lion dances and others performances)，是节日不可少的活动内容，要延续三天。(字数80～120)
②年末将至，某英文报纸开办“99回顾”专栏，就一年中的10件大事做总结性报道。报社请你对夏季的特大洪灾进行简要评述(第一句已给出)。
性质
a．本世纪最严重的一次；
b．损失严重(举例：农田、房屋、灾民)。
原因
a．连月降雨；
b．滥伐林木，水土流失；
c．围湖造田，堵塞河道(waterway)。
防范措施
a．保护沿河植被；
b．改建堤坝；
c．退田还湖。
难点说明：
用词达意：损失严重，围湖造田，退田还湖。
时态变化：以一般过去时和现在完成时为主，考虑到实际情况，还应使用过去完成时。
句子结构：注意句子结构的完整、主语的选择、被动语态的使用和举例部分的完整表达。
文章组织：分三段写，注意每段主题句的选择。
参考词语
引起损失cause losses
无家可归become homeless
围湖造田turn lakes into fields
③根据以下提示写一篇有关交通事故的报道。
(字数：90～100)。
提示：
a．时间：昨天；
b．地点：市中心大街第二个拐角处；
c．原因：卡车司机开车前饮酒，开车时头晕，车失控撞翻一小汽车；
d．伤亡人数：5人死亡，部分人受伤；
e．影响：市区交通中断3小时；
f．经济损失：200万元；
g．市政府告诫司机要从事故中吸取教训。
参考词语
头晕dizzy
经济损失economic losses
市中心downtown
中断交通to delay all traffic
饮酒过多to have too much wine
吸取教训to learn a lesson from…
④几位外国旅游者到公园“英语角”参观。假定你是“英语角”的负责人，请用一篇英语文章介绍，内容提示如下：
a．简况：4年前成立，许多中学生参加，至今已有几百人。许多大学生和外国友人也常光顾；
b．活动时间：每星期日上午；
c．活动内容：练习英语会话、谈论有兴趣的话题、交流学习英语的经验；
d．效果：通过参加活动学习了许多东西，对英语课是一个补充，学生、家长、老师都非常欢迎，认为对学英语很有帮助。如果还想了解得更多，可问在场的学生。
参考词语
对……补充a supplement to…
聚集to gather around
交流to exchange
活动activity
受欢迎to be popular with
⑤有些外国人想了解中国的教育制度。请你用英语写一篇简介，以便刊登在某英文报上。内容要点如下： a．7岁上小学(primary school)，学6年。
b．然后直接上初中(junior middle school)，学完3年，就完成了9年义务(compulsory)教育。
c．通过(pass)考试后，部分初中毕业生(graduates)上高中(senior middle school)，读 3年。部分学生进职业(professional)学校，被培养成熟练(skilled)工人。
d．高中毕业后，考生通过全国性的考试就成为大学生。大学通常学4年，毕业后，可获得学士学位(bachelor's degree)。制度：(system)。字数为(80～120)
注意：
a．简介要有标题；
b．简介应包括所有内容要点，但不要逐条译成英语。注意时态及语态；
⑥写一篇题为“Give up Smoking”约120字的短文。
提要：
a．不少学生吸烟，而且人数还在增加；
b．据调查，某校2／5以上学生吸烟，有的学生还偷钱买烟；
c．学生吸烟危害比成人更大，它不仅有害于身体，而且有害于心灵；
d．中学生是国家未来的建设者，吸烟者应下决心戒烟。
注意：
a．要有标题；
b．不要逐条翻译。
参考词语
调查investigation
建设者builder
有害to be harmful to
⑦根据下列提示写一篇名为“Development of Agriculture in China”的短文。
a．中国是一个拥有12亿人口的大国；
b．在过去的20年间，中国发生了巨大的变化，尤其在农业方面；
c．中国仅有世界7％的土地，却成功地养活了世界 22％的人口；
d．其耕地的灌溉面积是世界上最大的。种植了世界 1／3的水稻。渔业也非常重要，淡水鱼随处可见； e．废弃的蔬菜被用来养猪、养鸡；人和动物的粪便产生的气体被用来供热和做饭；
f．如果世界上其他地方也像中国一样具有公平的土地所有权，就不会再有饥饿。(字数：100左右)注意：
要有标题。
参考词语
养活人口feed…of the world's population
灌溉面积irrigated area
具有公平的土地所有权
have fair ownership of land
饥饿starvation
耕地farming land
废弃的蔬莱vegetable waste
粪便waste
⑧某国教育代表团前来你校参观，顺便问及“希望工程”，请你简单介绍一下。(字数：100左右)
提示：
a．1989年10月“希望工程”在全国启动，目的是救助贫困地区儿童上学。
b．从政府官员、企业家到普通百姓都积极捐款。从1989年到1997年底的8年间，共筹款12.57亿元；资助184.7万失学儿童；兴建5256所希望小学；对数百名希望小学的教师进行了培训。
c．希望工程还将继续改善贫困地区的办学条件，促进中国教育的发展。
难点说明：
用词达意：“积极捐款、希望小学、办学条件”，数字的表达。
时态变化：所选的时间表达方式不同，时态也不同。
句子结构：注意被动语态、同位语和定语的使用。
文章组织：分两段即可，第一段写提示a的内容，第二段写提示b和c的内容。
参考词语
目的是to aim to do
积极干……to be active in…
帮助……回到校园to help…back to school
促进to promote
⑨请根据提示，以“为什么学英语”为题，写一篇英语说明文。
提示：
a．英语是国际性语言，世界上有许多国家把它当做官方语言。
b．学习英语的重要性。如它是国际会议的工作语言；许多书籍为英语版；懂得英语可加强对世界的了解。c．希望大家重视英语学习。
参考词语
a．官方语言official language
b．与……交流to communicate with…
⑩请你以“水污染”(Water Pollution)为题写一篇说明文。必须写明：
a．水的重要性；
b．随着工农业的发展，水源受到污染，以至不能饮用；
c．采取措施，保护环境。
参考词语
水源water source
环境environement
采取措施 to take up measures
(11)请你以“遵守交通规则”为题写一篇说明文。现在交通事故很多，以至于都怕过大马路，汽车、摩托车开得太快，总是有人闯红灯。为了安全，遵守交通规则很重要。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
走人行道to use the crosswalk
闯红灯to speed past the red light
注意：
题目已给出ObeyingtheTrafficLaws
(12)以“The Value of Time”为题目写一篇短文。该短文有四个小段。第一段是引言，提出时间比金钱更宝贵，我们必须珍惜时间这个论题。第二段是扩展段，说明时间是有限的，作为学生更应该充分利用时间，将来为国家服务。第三段也是扩展段，指出有些人还没有认识到时间的价值。第四段是结论段，指出我们必须有一个节约时间的好习惯。
参考词语
宝贵的precious
珍惜value(v．)
充分利用to make full use of
养成习惯to form a habit of
(13)下星期一的一堂英语课，分组讨论关于考试问题，请你写一篇英语发言稿，内容大致如下：
有人说不错，考试会帮助我们及时复习功课，考试之后又能使我们了解学得如何。但是你认为目前考试太多，又很难考及格，使我们对学习失去了兴趣，也没有时间参加体育活动，我们的健康受到了损害。是到了改进考试的时候了。(字数：80～120)
参考词语
复习to go over
考试to have examinations
考及格to get through
参加to go in for
该干……了It's time to do sth.(14)写一张化学实验室的规则。
要点：
四要：
保持卫生和整洁；
按老师要求做；
做后器皿放回原处；
出实验室前先要洗手，关灯、关门。
三不要：
没有老师带领勿入内；
未经允许勿动一切；
实验时勿喧哗。
1999．7．2
(15)请你用英语写一篇有关计算机的短文。提示如下：
a．计算机是一种精细微妙的机器。它有多种类型，大多数计算机都有储存器，信息可以储存，需用时，随时取出；
b．计算机经过几百年的变化，体积越来越小，价格越来越低，操作越来越容易，工作速度越来越快； c．计算机可以应用在许多方面，它们确实已成为一种最流行的使用工具。(字数：130左右)
参考词语
储存to store in
取出to take out
(16)一日，你校外籍教师问你：“军训”是什么意思，为什么中学生在三年的高中学习中参加一至二星期“军训”，请按提示回答。
a．中学生在军营生活一两个星期，不仅仅是为了学习一些军事术语和技术。
b．军训对学生特别是对独生子女训练性格有利。在军营，当他们被当做真正的军人对待时，他们会成熟起来。
c．在学校，他们学习了一些关于无私、勇敢和守纪律的好品质的教育，但从书本上学到的东西没有从亲身体验中学到的对品质影响深刻。通过军训，他们更加认识到这一点。(字数：100左右)
参考词语
军训military training
兵营camp
成熟的mature
独生子女家庭one-child family
宠坏spoil
宠坏的孩子a spoiled child
军事术语military terms
(17)写一篇说明“乘火车旅行比乘飞机好”的文章。题目自己拟定。
提示：
a．坐火车更实惠；
b．更好观光；
c．坐火车旅行更安全。
参考词语
买得起to afford
观光to get a view
第二篇：英语作文(说明文)[定稿]
Compose a piece of expository writing(说明文）, which begins with a statement of opinion, then goes on to give supporting details, and finally ends in a conclusion.No less than 200 words.
第三篇：高考英语作文 说明文
说明文
说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构
严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空中较难理解的一种文体。说明文一般有三类：
一是实体事例说明文。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等(实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品)；
二是事理说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等(事理
是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等)；
三是文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化，进而编成故事，对
其进行介绍。具体特点为：
说明文往往较直白，写作脉络清晰，又没有很多感情因素的掺
入，所以就不会有过多的情感词汇，自然不会有钻不出的“迷宫”。据此特点，我们便可以跟着“作者”走，理清整篇文章的思路，从而顺利答题。
[2010·安徽改编]
Most people give little thought to the pens they write with, especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very few things are handwritten.All too often, people buy a pen based only on and wonder why they are not satisfied once they begin to use it.However, buying a pen that you’ll enjoy is not thickness of the pen is the most important characteristic(特征a small hand and thick fingers, you may be comfortable with a thin pen.If you have a 均匀地)while the pen remains in touch with the paper.This will make it possible for you to leave drops of inks, as you pick up and put it down again.，the pen should make a thick，for example, a signature on a printed letter.A broader line, on the other hand, gives an impression of confidence and authority(权威)．
()1.A.looksB．reasonsC．valuesD．advantages
()2.A.convenientB．practicalC．strangeD．difficult
()3.A.heavyB．easyC．hardD．safe
()4.A.talkingB．findingC．determiningD．seeking
()5.A.preferB．recommendC．prepareD．demand
()6.A.thickB．lightC．longD．soft
()7.A.changeB．allowC．reduceD．press
()8.A.thinB．roughC．blackD．smooth
()9.A.wayB．sightC．flowD．steam
()10.A.MeanwhileB．GenerallyC．AfterwardsD．Finally
()11.A.show upB．differ fromC．break downD．compensate for
()12.A.attentionB．supportC．respectD．admission
训练题
Dear teachers and students, today I have important news to announce that our school will hold a Thanksgiving quiz competition this month.Nearly 400 years ago, our forefathers explored this land and lived on it after，life gets better and better.It’forefathers’ tradition and bring you before the Thanksgiving holiday, our school will hold this competition.This year the competition is based on an advanced way—the online quiz, which that the competition can be held within flexible time, with more contestants and more pleasure, but less pressure.Next, please allow me to give you some detaileddo the quiz on our school’s Website anytime from November 23rd to 30th.This It’aspects.You’ll be tested on Thanksgiving’s history, custom, etc.Besides, every contestant will get the randomized(随机的)questions to avoid cheating.Finally, this is a competition with cool prizes for top 50 winners.As for the score, ’s a selfgrading quiz, you can see your score once you finish the testing.The more amazing point is that the results can be ranked by the，isn’t it? The exact name list of the winners will bedeclared on the website soon after the competition.Dear students, welcome to the competition based on the online Thanksgiving quiz.Wish you good luck!
()1.A.ambitionsB．effortsC．preparationsD．congratulations
()2.A.abuseB．destroyC．discriminateD．forget
()3.A.pleasureB．knowledgeC．promotionD．hope
()4.A.demandsB．indicatesC．meansD．agrees
()5.A.analysisB．instructionC．suggestionD．regulation
()6.A.ThoughB．WhenC．AfterD．Because
()7.A.allowsB．advisesC．promisesD．requires
()8.A.disorderB．differenceC．dilemmaD．distribution
()9.A.useB．checkC．enrichD．prove
()10.A.suddenlyB．graduallyC．quicklyD．immediately
()11.A.picked upB．figured outC．brought upD．depended on
()12.A.beneficialB．effectiveC．efficientD．interesting
【文章大意】 本文主要介绍了感恩节测试竞赛的举办原因、举办方式(网上竞赛模式)及竞赛结果的胜者确定等。
1．B 根据上一句中的“experiencing unimaginable hardships”可判断此处指先辈们的努力使我们的生活越来越好。故选B。
2．D 根据上文“our school will hold a Thanksgiving quiz competition this month”可知，我们举行感恩节测试竞赛就是为了纪念感恩节，即没有忘记感恩节。由此判断选D。
3．A 根据下文“the competition can be held within flexible time, with more contestants and more pleasure”的提示可判断选A。
4．C 由语境可知，“which that the competition can be held within flexible time, with more contestants and more pleasure, but less pressure”是对“the online quiz”的解释，故用means(意思是)。
5．B 根据下文是对此次感恩节测试竞赛的各事项的解释说明，故选B。
6．D 根据前后的因果关系可判断选D。
7．A 网上测试系统准许成百的你们参与比赛，只要你们有时间。由此判断选A。
8．C 传统的比赛方式给师生造成了想参加比赛又怕影响学习的这种进退两难的选择，而网上竞赛方式避免了这种窘境，故选C。
9．B 比赛自然是从各方面检测学生对感恩节的了解，故选B。
10．D 由“you can see your score once you finish the testing”可推断你可以立刻知道成绩。故选D。
11．A 由“this is a competition with cool prizes for top 50 winners”和“the results can be ranked by the scores”可推断此处指根据成绩选出50名胜利者，故选A。
12．C 根据“you can see your score once you finish the testing.The more amazing point is that the results can be ranked by the scores and top 50 winners can be”可推断网上竞赛的效率之高，由此判断选C。
第四篇：英语说明文
这一类文章的性质和目的是在解释，提供知识，和表明观念；“exposition”这个字的意思就是“explanation”(解释)，既然如此，这类文章最大的要求是清晰；作者可以使用任何方法和技巧，以期能达到清晰明确的境地。
依一般分类，说明文有下列六种：
(1)定义法(Definition)
(2)例说法(Example)
(3)分类法(Classification)
(4)分析法(Analysis)
(5)类比法(Analogy)
(6)比较法或对比法(Comparison Or Contrast)
[注]说明文中亦可穿插以描写文与叙述文的写作方法。
说明文是写作最常用到的体裁，其最常用的方法就是将事物加以解说。例如，说明事物的过程，说明事物的因果，说明事物的状态等等。对人物来说，说明该人物的处境，说明该人物的想法，说明该人物的背景等等。如果要将描述文与说明文作一严格区分的话，那就是描述文重官能的观察与感受，而说明文重头脑的分析与理性的研判。对事物的体验是一同事，而对事物的彻底了解又是另一同事。体验是官能的，而了解却是观念上的问题。闻到花是香的，乃是官能上的，而花为什么是香的，却是知识性的观念上的问题。前者是描述文的范围，后者则是说明文的范围。
知识性的东西我们可从百科全书，字典辞源，各科手册，以及语言的文法修辞等书籍来获得。但这些仅是资料而已，要将资料变成一篇文章还需要文字的组织能力。我们可以这样说，说明文是一种实用的写作方法，将人类的知识系统化，这可以说是一种其功至伟的写作方法。
说明文最简单的方法就是例证法：将详细资料表列，一一举证，以说明什么是什么，怎样发生，结果怎样。另外两种较复杂的说明文是分析法与定义法：其方法必用到归类法与等级法。例如，要说明一件机器的操作，就必须把这件机器加以归类，引述其功能目的。又如，要了解一条鲸鱼，首先要将其归为哺乳类，因为它是胎生动物而非卵生鱼类。而后再进而分析鲸鱼中许多不同的类别。定义法以研究其事物的必然性为主，不涉及其他。
说明文中当有比较法与对照法，必须用此类方法的原因，乃是有些抽象事物无法具体归类，于是只好用类例来此较对照之；即以类例说出与其相关的概念，使读者容易接受其概念。
<范文> Dreams
Men have always been interested in their dreams.In superstitious(2)ages and countries, dreams were regarded very seriously.Every dream was supposed to have a meaning, and it was the business of priests and astrologers(3)to interpret people's dreams for them.They were generally looked upon as predictions of the future warnings of coming dangers or sorrows, or prophecies of coming good fortune.Dreams were believed to be supernatural communications from the gods, or the spirits of the dead, and so were divine revelations.Educated people no longer look on dreams in this way.Some laugh at them as mere illusions, and not worthy of any serious consideration;but others find them interesting for psychological(4)study.For one thing, dreams prove that in the sleep we are not completely unconscious.Part of our brain is awake and working.We are unconscious of our immediate surroundings in sleep.We see nothing, we hear no-thing, and know nothing of what is going on around ns.Yet the fact that we dream proves we are not completely unconscious.It is often interesting to try to discover the cause of dreams.The causes of some dreams are purely physical.A heavy supper which causes indigestion, will give us nightmare, particularly horrible and terrifying kind of dream.Some one knocking at our door may make us dream we are on the battlefield and deafened with the thunder of guns.One man dreamt he was walking near the crater of a volcano and his feet were burnt with the hot rocks;but when he woke up, he found his feet were pressed upon his hot-water bottle!
Most dreams are really confused and disjointed memories of past events in our lives.We can often trace a dream back, and find it was suggested by something we saw or heard or read about only a day or two before.For example, a lawyer, who had been thinking over a case late at night, dreamt when he went to bed of nothing but lizards.When he came to his study in the morning, he found that, while he was thinking out his case, he had been staring unconsciously at his clock, the case of which was decorated with(5)the bronze image of a lizard.Dreams refer to the past, not the future.And they are not supernatural, but only the confused workings of our own imaginations.语汇说明
(1)Dreams(梦)：这篇说梦的文章是从四个方面来加以述说：(A)梦曾被认为是预卜未来的超自然表现；(B)梦证明我们睡着了的时候并非全然没有知觉；(C)有些梦是因生理上的原因而引起的；(D)大部份的梦是过去事件的杂乱记忆。
(2)superstitious：迷信的(3)astrologers：占星家；星象家
(4)Psychological：心理上的；心理学上的(5)be decorated with：饰以…；装饰着...
第五篇：英语说明文范文
说明文是对事情的发生、发展、结果、特征、性质、状态、功能等进行解释、介绍、阐述的一种文体。这类文章的目的和性质是客观地介绍、解释事物，使读者获得知识和信息，并不需要发表主张、做出证明。一般说来，知识简介，商品介绍，旅游指南，科技读物，工作总结，实验报告，教材辅导等均属说明文之列。
写说明文，可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说明、叙述等方法。
1.比较对照
比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：
1）逐点比较：多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises.In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts.In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure.In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area.You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground.In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly.In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none.In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.2)整块比较
It is easy to be a winner.A winner can show his joy publicly.He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory.People love to be with winners.Winners are never lonely.Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world.It is difficult to face defeat with dignity.Losers can not show their disappointment publicly.They can not cry or grieve about their defeat.They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public.They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.2.分类
分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。
分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
1）As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories.First are the conservative people.Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes.Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform.But their opinions often seem to idealistic.The third type is the moderate people.The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits.They are more practical in this hard world.In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治观点分为三类：保守、自由和温和。
2)These are several reasons why I decided tom attend Bingston University.First of all, the tuition is reasonable.Secondly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessons the load of peasant families like mine.Another reason is that Bingston has the finest teachers in its graduate program.My chief reason, however, is Bingston’s program in agriculture, my chosen field, which is recognized as the leader in this area.该段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者决定上Bingston大学的原因。
3)According to Mr.Li, the fifteen students of his cLASS fall into three groups.Seven of them work hard and study well.They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by
the teachers.Li calls them “good students”.The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League, and the captain of the cLASS volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective.They always organize proper activities at the proper time.So Li calls them “good organizers”.Four other students are very kind to their cLASSmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand.They help to clean the cLASSroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty.Li says that they are “ good comrades”.“What about yourself?” someone asks him.“I’m a group by my self ——a good observer”.该段不同于以上两段，不是先分类再解释，而是先说明其特点，然后定义分类。虽分类并不科学，却达到了其幽默之目的。
3.特征
例证指具体说明人或事物特点、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例证型段落的写作方式多为先提出主题再列举事例。在事例之前一般有For example或For instance。例证后面，根据情况还可以加上结论句。如：
In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking.A lot of work can be done concerning this.For example, in some public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smoking should be forbidden.Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke.Doctors, teachers and government leaders should take the lead not to smoke.Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs.Also the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged.If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances of smoking.因果
因果是两个事物之间的关系。一些说明文，议论文通过分析因果关系说明一个中心思想。如不能把因果关系解释清楚，文章将无法说明任何主题。
因果型段落的扩展模式有两种，一是分类编法，另一个是连环编排法。如果只讨论成因或只讨论结果，细节比较简单，只需按其重要性或其逻辑顺序进行编排。分类编排法指先讨论原因，然后讨论结果；或先讨论结果，后讨论原因。
1）分类编排法：
Music is my chief hobby.When I listen to music, good things happen to me.If I am lonely or homesick, I listen to pop music.The quick rhythm, the strong beats of drums lift my sprits.If I am familiar with a song, I will sing alone with it and my depression disappears.When I am bored or very tired, I listen to Mozart.His music makes me feel alive.Music also reminds me of home.Before I came to college, my sisters and I would listen to music and sing songs together and cheer us.Now I enjoy listening to music and singing with my roommates because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family.For me, music is an excellent escape, and without it, I wouldn’t be so happy。
2)连环编排法是先讨论一组因果，再一组因果，再一组因果，形成一个锁链。当因果紧密相连，前一果为后一果之因时，经常使用这种方式。
Students shouldn’t stay up so late.Because of the pressure of examinations, many students burn night candles.The next day, they have to get enough sleep.As a result, many of them get sleepy in ClASs.They couldn’t catch what the teacher says.Not having studied their lessons well, they find it difficult to make good performance in examinations.So, it is not worthwhile to stay up late if you want to study well.5.人物描写
人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如：
My sister is a boyish girl.She has short and straight hair like a boy’s.She likes white, black and grey colors, as most boys do.She never cares for shirts, stockings but loves jackets and jeans.Sometimes she wears a men’s suit and leather shores as if she were a gentleman.Basketball and football are her favorite sports.She also enjoys watching boxing.She always shouts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a football match.When she is with her friends, she always says Ladies first” to other girls.The most interesting thing is that she has been mistaken for a boy many times.And she is pleased with that.She always says that she should be a boy.第一句作者明确表示他眼中的妹妹是个男孩子气十足的小姑娘。这样读者大都会在心中勾画出一种从长相、穿着到言谈举止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通过穿着、外貌和性格等方面向读者展现一个活生生的人物形象。
6.地点描写
地点描写指用生动形象的语言对某一地点、某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘，使读者如临其境、如睹其物。地点描写的对象可大可小，在可以为城市、国家，小可是一间教室，一个房间。地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。Now I will show you around our school.It is one of the largest middle schools in the city.When you step into the gate, you will see a beautiful flower bed before you.In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with many colored flowers around it.If you walk along the school road, you will come to the playground, on each side of which are rows of trees.We often read books under the trees.On the right of the playground are two ClASsroom buildings.On the left is the newly-built four-storyed building.I’m lucky to study here.I love my school very much.7.物体描写
描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对物的描写也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。如： The first thing I notice in the bride’s room is the beautiful curtain.This curtain is patchwork in design, and is sewn out of squares of materials of different colors like white, light green, brown and orange.It is made of silk, trimmed with delicate braids.It is about six feet long and hangs from a wooden rail.The curtain matches perfectly with the dark wooden rail and furniture in the room.通过主题句可以看出作者想向读者描写的是一幅漂亮的窗帘。
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