口语考试资料

第一篇：口语考试资料

暴力视频游戏对青少年有害？

How much scientific evidence is there for and against the assertion（断言，声明）that exposure to video game violence can harm teens? Three researchers have developed a novel method to consider that question: they analyzed the research output of experts who filed a brief in a U.S.Supreme Court case involving violent video games and teens.Their conclusion? Experts who say violent video games are harmful to teens have published much more evidence supporting their claims than have experts on the other side of the debate.“We took what I think is a very objective approach: we looked at the individuals on both sides of the debate and determined if they actually have expertise in the subjects in which they call themselves experts,” said Brad Bushman, co-author of the study and professor of communication and psychology at Ohio State University.“The evidence suggests that those who argue violent video games are harmful have a lot more experience and stronger credentials（证明）than those who argue otherwise.”

Bushman conducted the study with Craig Anderson, professor of psychology at Iowa State University, and Deana Pollard Sacks, professor of law at Texas Southern University.Their research will be published in May in the Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy.Their study involved Schwarzenegger v.Entertainment Merchants Association, a case before the U.S.Supreme Court that will decide whether the state of California can ban the sale or rental of violent video games to children under 18.The court is expected to rule on the case this summer.In this case, groups supporting and opposing the law have filed what are called briefs of amicus curiae（法官的顾问）.These are briefs by people or groups who are not involved directly in the case, but want to offer the court their expert opinion on the issues involved.The researchers analyzed the credentials of the 115 people who signed the Gruel brief, who believe video violence is harmful, and the 82 signers of the Millett brief, who believe video violence is not harmful.(The briefs are named after the lead attorneys for each side.)

The data for the study came from the PsycINFO database, which provides more than 3 million references to the psychological literature from the 1800s to the present, including peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters or essays, and books.For each of the signers of the two briefs, the researchers calculated how many articles and books they published on issues relating to violence and aggression in general and on media violence specifically.The results showed that 60 percent of the Gruel brief signers(who believe video game violence is harmful)have published at least one scientific study on aggression or violence in general, compared to only 17 percent of the Millett brief signers.Moreover, when the researchers looked specifically at the subject of media violence, 37 percent of Gruel brief signers have published at least one study in that area, compared to just 13 percent of the Millett brief signers.In a further analysis, Bushman and Anderson examined where the signers of both briefs have published their research.The best academic journals have the highest standards and the most rigorous peer review, so only the best research should be published there, Bushman said.The researchers used a well-established formula, called the impact factor, to determine the top-tier journals, and then calculated how many signers had published in these journals.Results showed that signers of the Gruel brief had published over 48 times more studies in top-tier journals than did those who signed the Millett brief.“That's a staggering（蹒跚的，令人惊愕的）difference,” Bushman said.“It provides strong support for the argument that video game violence is indeed harmful.” Bushman said he and his colleagues did this study because they wanted to show that

there is a way for the Supreme Court to evaluate the contradictory（矛盾的，反对的）evidence it has been presented.“The justices were presented with two briefs, arguing opposite sides, and they may think the contradictory briefs simply cancel each other out,” Bushman said.“We just wanted to point out to the justices that not all briefs are the same.In this case, the credentials and experience of those who signed the Gruel brief far exceeds that of the ones who signed the Millett brief.”

Fight with pc games addiction(addiction [ə'dikʃən]n.上瘾，沉溺；癖嗜)

As depicted by the picture, we are informed that one student busies himself playing computer games excitedly, with several students surrounding him and yelling “go!go!go!go!” it’s obvious that all of them are addicted to computer games and which makes them extremely exhilarated.This day ,such scenario isn’t odd in schools.Lots of students are indulged in PC games, which has become a severe social problem.one shocking news is that in china 90 percent of pc game player are teenagers.Why this happens? We cannot help asking ourselves this question.As for those students , it’s their obligation to pay more attention to their studies instead ofbeing obsessed with pc games.However, they choose to take playing pc games as their major source of entertainment.By playing games, they feel relaxed and the high pressure caused by studies is reduced, and they enjoy this easy time.As a result, they cannot reject the temptation of pc games.but as we already know, computer games addiction has resulted in a series of problems.first,some students let their studies slide to play pc game,which will ruin their future.second, sitting in front of the computer the whole day will do harm to their physical health.Finally, some of the games are about violence and sex.Because the teenagers’ capacity of self control as well their sense of right and wrong is immature, some of them imitate bad and dangerous actions showed by pc games ,and even commit crimes.So it’s time for our government and society to solve the problem.To begin with, teenagers should be given proper guidance as to the relation of studies and entertainment.Parents and teachers should give them correct advice about how to arrange their schedule every day and make good use of time.Then, we should help the students to turn their attention to sth interesting and advantageous,such as doing physical exercises or reading.Furthermore, the burden of study should be reduced.Finally ,the market of pc games should be regulated strictly.in one word,the coordinated effort of the whole society will put an end to teenagers’ computer games addiction.I

一。大学生接触电脑游戏的慨况；

二。电脑游戏对大学生的利与弊；

三。我对这一问题的看法。

Computer and Online Games

Computer games have become very popular in recent years.Many college students are being attracted by computer games.Every day after school some college students will bury themselves in computer games at home or in net bars.They concentrate all their attention on computer games,with their hands busy operating.Computer games are a kind of wonderful entertainment.They bring great pleasure to college students,train them to respond quickly, and stimulate their imagination and interest in electronics and computer science.But just as a coin has twosides,computer games also have some disadvantages.School students spend too much time on computer games.which would do harm to their eyes and affect their school achievements.Also,playing computer games do not allow them to use their natural creativity.Some of them even commit crimes in order to get enough money for the games.Only if one has enough self-control can he benefit from computer games.In my opinion,computer games has its advantages and disadvantages to collge students,but if we can control our excessive lust to computer games and take advantage of it ,I’m sure we can gain a lot from computer games.如果考到转基因食物（genetically modified food），应该如何应对？

by 新东方口译口试组

由于世界人口越来越多rapid population growth，而耕地面积日益缩减arable land is diminishing 各国政府不得不通过科技手段来增加粮食的产量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饥荒 famine）转基因食品通过基因重组，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得农作物具有抗害虫的能力more pest-resistant，从而增加亩产，因此被认为可以解决世界粮食危机 to cope with global food crisis，保证食品供应的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，许多人对转基因食品对其毒性问题、营养问题、对抗生素的抵抗作用以及环境威胁等问题都抱有质疑态度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客观来讲Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比经一个成长过程。我们应该用客观的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前转基因技术，尚处于研究的初级起步阶段 starting phase。许多人都坚持认为，这种技术培育出来的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。许多消费者对转基因食品的安全问题提出了质疑。最常见的就是，我国的转基因大豆有。消费者对其安全性十分担忧people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。从一次次过去的教训中，人们不难得出结论，人类行为应该对自然负责。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其实，有时候，确实不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，没有十足的把握控制基因调整后的结果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我们的质量检测部门应该加强质量检测。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.确保消费者的身体健康，ensure health of people公众也应该有权知晓，他们在超市购买的食物是否是转基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.

第二篇：商务日语口语考试资料

商务日本语考试复习

1.单词

さくらとてもきれいときどきまんが

すっぱいあまいにがいからいしょっぱい

おもしろいたくさんどうしてくるまにんき

すばらしいいっしょにしゃしんおいしいりょうり

やくそくおんせんスキーバスしんかんせん

タクシパスポートトイレホテルガイド

にほんごくうこうえきたべもののみもの

ほうだいうまいすしラーメンたこやき

やきにくぎょうざさけスープえいが

ドラマアニメかわいいかっこいい ホテル

よやくちょうしょくゆうしょくインターネット

テレビスーパーサービスショウピング

2.句子

1）わたしの趣味（しゅみ）は～です

2）わたしの星座（せいざ）は～です

3）これから どうぞ よろしく おねがいします

4）～は～があります/います

5）～は～がありません/いません

6）～がすきです/すきですか

7）いらっしゃいませ

8）～に行きましょう（いきましょう）

9）気持ち（きもち）がいいです

10）いま 何時ですか

11）日本語（にほんご）がわかりません

12）ごちそうさまでした

13）お久しぶり（おひさしぶり）ですね

14）少々（しょうしょう）お待ちください

15）～はいくらですか

3.叙述

じこしょうかい

すきな～はありますか

あげてください（请举出~）

またありますか（还有吗）

いつつ（5个）にほん（日本）まんが（漫画）りょうり（料理）どうして（为什么）とし（都市）ことば（语句）くるま（汽车）たんご（单词）でんかせいひん（电子产品）

自我介绍部分

漫画部分

日本料理部分

城市介绍部分

汽车介绍部分

电子产品介绍部分

日常用语部分

3.叙述

１）自己紹介をしてください。

２）好きな漫画はありますか？どうして

３）好きな日本料理は何ですか？５つ

４）日本の単語を挙げてください。１０つ

５）日本の車５つを挙げてください。

６）日本の都市５つを挙げてください。

７）日本の電化製品を５つを挙げてください。

８）日本語の言葉５つを挙げてください。

第三篇：口语资料

第一单元

1.口译者和文学翻译有什么区别?它们的要求有什么不一样吗？如果想成为一个好的口译者和文学翻译家，最大的障碍是什么？

Interpreter translate a language into another language in the form of oral.Information receiver can hear the sound, sometimes it called as simultaneousinterpretation..Literary translator translate a language into another language in the form of written.Interpreters should be quite good at oral speaking, and literary translaters have a solid foundation of literature.the biggest obstacle is a solidfoundation of foreign language skills.2.有的人认为“我能说两种语言”等于“我是一个好的翻译家”，你同意这种观点吗？二者的关系是什么？

I do not agree with this view.because “speaking both languages not equal ”a good translator.Become a good translator requires the following conditions: First, a solid foundation of foreign language skills;second,skilled native language ability;third ,a solid foundation of literature;fourth,artistic creative thinking ability;five，correct translation attitude.3.博尔赫斯也曾写道：“也许„„译者的工作比作家的工作更精细更文明：译者显然出现在作家之后。翻译是文明的一个更高级的阶段。”请对这个观点进行评价并且列出翻译家和作家之间的相似和不同之处。

I agree with his view, because translation is a way to disseminate literature in other countries and realize the cultural exchange between nations.Similarity: they are both createthe cultural ideology and express the true feelings inside.difference: the writer create a work according first-hand information, and the work reflect the author's realideas and writing purpose.Translator should have a deep understanding of the original author's intention of writing when they translate works.4.从课文中，我们了解到“译者被称为剽窃者、文化的掠夺者、殖民主义的共谋者，卖国者，叛徒。”你同意这种观点吗？对于译者的工作还有其他的误解吗？它们是哪些？

No, I don’tagree with these views, but sometimes peoplelook at the translator just like that.Yes, some people hold that translator is expected to submit to his authors and always be faithful to them, never make mistakes.Also, translator is not considered an artist at all, neither a creator nor a performer, but a rather a craftsman.He is generally considereda poor and unimportant one.第二单元

1.现在，尤其是年轻人，喜欢学习和模仿名人，你能举出一些偶像的名字吗？你为什么喜欢他们？他们的行为是否会影响你？为什么有些人容易受名人的影响，你能给他们一些建议吗？

There are many singers and movie stars in society.For example, Jay Chou, Leehom Wang, Fan Bingbing.I like their songs, their movies, theircharming appearance and their personality and characteristics.Their behaviors does not affect me generally.Some people easily affected by the idols, because they are over-indulged in the imitation of stars, weak-minded.the fowlling tips for these people.the idol can guide our behavior.But we shouldhave our own mind and a certain ability of distinguishes.Know what to do and what not to do.2.从媒体上，我们能够了解到一些名人卷入了性或毒瘾的丑闻中。你觉得名人应该对他们的言行负责吗？他们是否应该对社会或自己负责任呢？

Celebrities should be responsible for their words and deeds.Celebrity is called a celebrity because they was knownfor most people.They are the example of the whole community.Itis very obvious that the public influenced by celebrities.If they often makebeneficial behavior to the society, the public will lead to the same behavior.If, they are involved in the scandals, it have a nagative impact on the whole society.They should be responsible for the society or themselves.They should stay away from scandals, the scandals not only reduce their public images, but also a nagative impact on the whole society.3.媒体与名人紧密相关，有时，他们暴露甚至制造某些丑闻。在暴露名人隐私时，媒体的角色是什么？媒体是否也应该对社会产生不好的影响负责？

When the media reported the scandals, it should hold for fair and impartial manner, seeking truth from facts.Do not infringe the privacy of celebrities.Do not play up scandals andslander celebrities.the media should treate a thingas objectively as possible.If the incident had a negative impact on society.In addition to celebrities themselves being responsible for it, the media also need to take part responsibility.Because sometimes the media exaggeratedthe events really are.4.一些名人为假冒伪劣产品做广告，许多人受他们的误导仅仅是因为他们相信这些名人。但是这些名人仍会辩解，检验他们代言的产品是否是伪劣产品不是他们的责任，应该由政府负责。依你的观点，谁应该承受这个则责任，名人还是政府，为什么？

I think the Government and celebrities should be responsible for it.The Government should enact legal measures to punish those who produce fake products.It also Set up a special organization to test the products.when celebritiesadvertise for the product ,they should know whether the product is counterfeit products.they have a detailed knowledge the function of products , so as not to mislead the public and occur the incident.第四单元

1.你曾经是否有类似的经历，即作者在第一段中描述的。你对它们的反应是什么？

I once had a similar experience.I do not know how to handle similar incidents.I will do nothing about these things.2.能量和熵的关系是什么？复杂性和能量之间的关系又是什么？

The more complex things are,the less order there will be and the more engry should be applied.The author concluds that entropy is the result of complexity in our life.Thus stress is the importance of patching small things up.第六单元

1.在这篇文章中，恩斯特.博伊艾讨论了许多关于美国高等教育的问题。在中国的高等教育中是否有同样的问题？我们怎样去解决它们？

I think higher education in China have the same problem as the United States.However, the article mentioned that the vast majority students are inadequately informed about the interdependent word in which they live.We should reform the system of higher education, making college students into a creative thinking person.and encouraging students to learn more about society and the world

2.恩斯特.博伊艾确信大学教育能在毕业生的智力开发及个人生活方面发挥作用。你同意吗？陈述你的观点。

I agree with his view.Intelligence, including memory, observation, imagination, thinking, judging, etc., therefore， University can train creative thinking and enhance the abilityofProblem solving University culture can influence personal qualities and Enhance the level of interpersonal

3.考试在教育中发挥了消极影响吗？

Yes!First ,the exam can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.Second,Test have negative influence onphysical and mental development of students, such as test anxiety.ThirdExaminations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading;they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming.4.你认为学生在大学教育中，应该学到什么？学生在大学教育中能学到什么？

In the higher education we should learn the following qualities, one, professional knowledge, second, the ability to communicate with others.Third, critical thinking..In university education, some people can learn all the qualities listed above, and some people learn nothing

5.你认为今天的传统教育面临着什么样的挑战？如果你是教育部门的主管，你能为当前的中国教育体制做什么呢？

The challenge of traditional education is thatChinese students are not correct motivation of learning.((this is caused by the idea).Moreover,China's education change human brain into a computerthis is caused by the system).In my opinion, higher education should offer outstanding and specialized talents for society, and act as the home of mankind’s spirit as well.So higher education should find some equilibrium pots among universities, government and society on the one hand, and on the other, set up equilibrium between economic interest and moral civilization.Only if higher education in China sets up the equilibrium and keeps it well, society would find the graduate students it needs and the graduate students could find their appropriate position in society, and real masters would arise in the future.第七单元

1.“漂亮是什么”这个问题长期以来都是一个哲学问题，不同的人有不同的回答。漂亮对希腊人来说是一个美德。对于你来说，漂亮是什么？从你能想到的各个角度来解释。

Beauty is a characteristic of a , , , , orthat provides aexperience of , , or.Beauty is studied as part of , , , and.An “ideal beauty” is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture, for perfection.2.女性漂亮是什么？男性漂亮是什么？它们之间有共同点吗？它们之间的不同点是什么？你认为一个性别的人比另一个性别的人更加注重漂亮吗？有谁对变得更加漂亮感到有压力吗？

Feminine beauty means ones outlook is very beautiful.Masculine beauty means ones outlook is

very handsome.their common point is they both means a peoples outlook is very good.Their difference point is feminine beauty is used to describe women, masculine beauty is used to describe men.NO.sorry ,I do not know.3.cocteau说“美丽的特权很多”。你是怎么理解的？你认为美丽的特权是什么？美丽会影响一个人的成功吗？用你自己的经验和在生活中看到的事例来解释。

I agree with cocreaus saying, Because in our society beauty can bring us many things.If you are beautiful, you may leave a good expression to other people ,you can also got a better job or so on.Beauty can affect ones success more or less, just as I say, if you are beautiful, you maybe can get a better job ,then you can be success quickly than other people who are not beautiful or even ugly.4.你怎么看待“beauty is in the eye of the beholder”。对内在漂亮来说，什么人格特质最重要？

5.人们是否花费太多时间和金钱在美丽上？你怎么看待整容的？你有过整容吗？如果是，你要改变什么？

Yes ,people always spend lots of time and money on beauty, expecially women.I think plastic surgery is not necessary.Everybodys appearance is nature formed, if you want to change another face ,you mean ,you are not satisfied with your gene ,even you are not satisfied with your parents!NO.6.你认为人们对美丽的知觉已经随着时间改变了吗？在将来还会变化吗？为什么？用例子来说明

YES，YES，in old time ,Chinese people thought womens 10 centimeter foot means beautiful, but now, most of us think this kind of foot are ugly.Now people think nature is beautiful, we should not limit our foot.7.你认为“变漂亮”对女人来说是最理想的特质吗？女人只关心他们的外表吗？

NO，I do not think “being beauty” is the most desirable quality ,it is a better desirable quality, not the best one.You known, being beauty can bring a lot of privilege ,but beautiful do not means you can get what ever you want.Women care about lots things ,beauty is only one of these things.8.“男才女貌”说明了怎样的社会歧视?

People especially men, are more care about the extent of beauty about women.But people care less about mens out looking.People often think a beautiful women means this women is also good in other perspective.They do not care about a womens inner beauty.Or in other words ,men always measure women with their first singt.

第四篇：口语_资料_礼仪

Simulate a dialogue at a banquet between Chinese host and your business partner from other countries with help of the following information.As regards the introduction of Chinese famous dishes / snacks / local flavor, the introduction of Hot Dry Noodle is just an example for you to follow.Use other favorite food than the one given in your dialogue.Please also include in your dialogue a speech of toast.Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal length sticks used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries.Chopsticks originated in ancient China, and are now used in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam.Chopsticks are smoothed and frequently tapered, and are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood, or stainless steel.Chopsticks are held in the dominant hand, between the thumb and fingers, and used to pick up pieces of food.To use chopsticks, the lower chopstick is stationary, and rests at the base of the thumb, and between the ring finger and middle finger.The second chopstick is held like a pencil, using the tips of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and it is moved while eating, to pull food into the grasp of the chopsticks.Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting.Chinese etiquette  When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one's mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth. It is acceptable to transfer food to closely related people(e.g.grandparents, parents, spouse, children, or significant others)if they are having difficulty picking up the food.Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts.Often, family members will transfer a choice piece of food from a dish to a relative's bowl as a sign of caring.A variation of this is to transfer the food whilst using one's own bowl as a      

 





 support, underneath the food and chopsticks to keep food from falling or dripping, then transferring from there to a relative's bowl.It is poor etiquette to tap chopsticks on the edge of one's bowl;beggars make this sort of noise to attract attention.It is impolite to spear food with a chopstick.Anything too difficult to be handled with chopsticks is traditionally eaten with a spoon.It is considered poor etiquette to point rested chopsticks towards others seated at the table.Chopsticks should not be left vertically stuck into a bowl of rice because it resembles the ritual of incense-burning that symbolizes “feeding” the dead and death in general.Holding chopsticks incorrectly will reflect badly on a child's parents, who have the responsibility of teaching their children.Traditionally, everyone would use their own chopsticks to take food from the dishes to their own bowl, or to pass food from the dishes to the elders' or guests' bowls.Today, serving chopsticks(公筷, “community-use chopsticks”)are used.These are used to take food directly from serving dishes;they are returned to the dishes after one has served oneself.When seated for a meal, it is common custom to allow elders to take up their chopsticks before anyone else.Chopsticks should not be used upside-down;it is “acceptable” to use them 'backwards' to stir or transfer the dish to another plate(if the person does not intend to eat it).This method is used only if there are no serving chopsticks.One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor form.Resting chopsticks at the top of the bowl means “I've finished”.Resting chopsticks on the side of one's bowl or on a chopstick stand signifies one is merely taking a break from eating.As in China, there is a specific seating order to every formal dinner, based on seniority and company hierarchy.The seat of honor, reserved for the guest with the highest status or a foreign guest of honor, is usually the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Others with higher status then sit in close proximity to the seat of honor, while those with lower positions sit further away.The host takes the least prominent seat, generally the one nearest the kitchen entrance or service door.The most widespread use of disposable chopsticks is in Japan, where around a total of 24 billion pairs are used each year, which is equivalent to almost 200 pairs per person yearly.In China, an estimated 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced yearly.This adds up to 1.66 million cubic meters of timber or 25 million fully grown trees every year.In April 2006, the People's Republic of China imposed a five percent tax on disposable chopsticks to reduce waste of natural resources by over-consumption.This measure had the most effect in Japan as many of its disposable chopsticks are imported from China, which account for over 90% of the Japanese market.American manufacturers have begun exporting American-made chopsticks to China, using sweet gum and poplar wood as these materials do not need to be artificially lightened with chemicals or bleach, and are appealing to Asian consumers.The USA also has an abundance of wood, reducing the number of trees that are cut down in Asia.+++++++++++++++++++++

All the world is divided into three parts-finger-feeders, chopstick feeders and fork feeders.WHy people fall into these categories, however, is a mystery.Fork-feeders are most numerous in Europe, North America and Latin America;chopstick-feeders in most of eastern Asia;and finger-feeders in much Africa, Middle East, Indonesia and India.This means that fork feeders are outnumbered two to one.Fork-users have historically been in the minority.People have eaten with their fingers for most of human existence.As little as three centuries ago, most Western Europeans still used their fingers.French historian Fernanad Braudel tells of a preacher in Germany who lived during the Middle Ages.The preacher thought the fork was evil and called it a “diabolical luxury”;God would not have given us fingers if he had wished us to use such an instrument.Fork user and chopstick won favor because they made it easier to handle hot food.Before these instrument, people usually ate hot food with a piece of flat bread.The exception was in China, where flat bread was probably not eaten.According to Dr.K.Chang of Harvard University, Chinese food was served in small portions which didn't require cutting with a knife or fork.These was, however, a need for food to be carried from bowl to mouth, and chopsticks came along to meet that need.The fork made its way to Western tables several hundred years later, but it wasn't immediately accepted.Forks were used for many years in Europe and Near East, but only as kitchen implements.Although the fork entered society on the tables o rich and well-born, many members of royalty, including Elizabeth I of England and Louis XIV of France, ate with their fingers.What is the best way of getting food into the mouth? How you are eating food and why? ++++++++++++++++++ The Western pattern diet, also called Western dietary pattern or the meat-sweet diet, is a dietary habit chosen by many people in some developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries.It is characterized by high intakes of red meat, sugary desserts, high-fat foods, and refined grains.It also typically contains high-fat dairy products, high-sugar drinks, and higher intakes of processed meat.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining

In most traditional Chinese dining, dishes are communal.Although both square and rectangular tables are used for small groups of people, round tables are preferred for large groups, particularly in restaurants, in order to permit easy sharing.Lazy Susans are a common feature.A basic place-setting consists of a small teacup;a large plate with a small, empty rice bowl;a set of chopsticks, usually on the right of the plate;and a spoon.Additions may include a chopstick holder;a large water or wine glass;and a smaller glass for baijiu.At homes and low-end restaurants, napkins may consist of tissues or rolls of toilet paper on the table or need to be provided by the diner.High-end restaurants often provide cloth napkins similar to western dining as part of the place-setting.In all settings, toothpicks may be provided at each setting or in a communal holder.Courses Wide variations exist throughout China, but the vast majority of full-course dinners are very similar in terms of timing and dishes.Snacks Snacks are the first items presented.Two or more small dishes are brought to the table, holding boiled unsalted peanuts, salted roasted peanuts, pickled vegetables, or similar dishes.These may be consumed while ordering or while waiting for other dishes to arrive.Beverages Tea is almost always provided, either in advance of the diners' being seated or immediately afterward.It can be consumed at leisure throughout the meal.(Water is sometimes served, but tea is the default beverage.)A verbal thank you(谢谢)may be offered to the server pouring the refill or, if in the middle of a conversation where it would be rude to interrupt the speaker, the table may be tapped twice with two bent fingers instead.Other drinks are not typically ordered in advance of the food and are usually served by the pitcher or large bottle, to be poured into the glasses on the table.Bottles of beer and baijiu will similarly be opened and left on the table among the diners, to be shared among their glasses.In many areas, it is common to offer alcoholic beverages only to the adult men among the diners, although women may request to be served as well.Main course This typically consists of many dishes, usually roughly one dish per person.White rice is provided in small bowls and food is often consumed over it, flavoring it with their sauces.The rice is consumed little by little along with the other dishes and not separately, unless the diner remains hungry after the last dish has been removed.A soup may also be served as one of the dishes.At small meals, especially at home, it may replace the diners' beverage entirely.Starch Near the end of the meal, a starch dish – noodles, Chinese dumplings, or baozi – is sometimes served.Dessert Sweet after-dinner desserts are not a part of traditional Chinese meals but are becoming more common, especially among younger diners and among the Shanghainese, who are well known in China for their sweet tooth.Digestive or palate-cleansing snacks such as red bean soup or small watermelon slices remain more common at formal Chinese dinners, though, and many restaurants do not even offer dessert.Manners and customs

Eating is a dominant aspect of Chinese culture and eating out is one of the most common ways to honor guests, socialize, and deepen friendships.Proper etiquette is very important to traditional Chinese people, who feel good manners invite luck and boorish conduct shame.Although many Maoist programs aimed to curtail traditional social practices, today table etiquette is again taken as an indication of educational status, so that(for example)a child misusing her chopsticks at a formal dinner might embarrass her family, who are responsible for teaching her.Inviting guests Although individual households may have their own house rules, the Chinese traditions used to welcome guests are the largely same throughout the country.[3][4] There are common rules for inviting guests over.When the guest of honor enters into the room, the hosts stand until the guest of honor is seated.The host then orders the dishes brought, and the guest should be silent.When the dishes arrive, the meal begins with a toast from the host, and the guests then make a toast in turn in the honor of the host.The guest of honor should be the first one to start the meal.The best food in a dish should be left for the guest of honor.Seating Seating arrangement is one of the most important parts of Chinese dining etiquette.The seat of honor is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to this position and those of lower position sit further away.The seat to the guest of honor's left is slightly more prestigious than that to his right.During the Qing dynasty, the arrangements could be quite complex but were generally ordered(1)members of the imperial government,(2)members of the local government,(3)other local leaders(such as heads of trade associations), and(4)other commoners.Today, when a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.Dining Drinking Water and other non-alcoholic beverages may be consumed at anytime.However, in formal settings, alcohol should be consumed during toasts.A modest toast may be followed by a single sip of wine or swallow of beer, but a baijiu toast is often ended with Ganbei!(干杯): an exhortation to drain the glass.Ideally, glasses are refilled immediately following a toast in preparation for the next.Toasting During the first toast of the night, particularly when addressed to everyone present, all stand.Women and children do not normally drink alcohol, even when the toast is being made with baijiu, but participate in the toast with whatever beverage they have.If the guests are few in number, or are seated at a small table, touching glasses is common.At a large table or when the toastees are too great in number or too far away, this is impossible and simply raising a glass is acceptable.A variant is to tap the bottom of the glass against the table, whereupon the toastee will do the same.This acts as a substitute for touching glasses.Toasts and counter-toasts continue to be made throughout the dinner.At large settings, it is customary for the guests of honor and host to visit each table(or be visited by each table)for a personal toast.If the guest of honor is not elderly or of considerably greater status, the other guests may sometimes collude to toast him individually in order to cause him to become drunk.Lazy Susan

A lazy Susan is a circular rotating tray placed at the center of a table and used to easily share a large number of dishes among the diners.A lazy Susan can be made from many materials, but most often are constructed of glass, wood, or plastic.It is typically for all the dishes for a course to be brought out together and placed around the lazy Susan.If the dishes come out one at a time or if there is some special delicacy, they are typically served to the guest of honor first and then rotated clockwise around the table.The host will often wait to serve himself last.Dishes should typically not be removed from the lazy Susan and placed on the table: at most, one should hold the dish aloft while serving and then return it to its place on the tray.One should try to avoid moving the lazy Susan even slightly when someone is in the act of transferring food from the dishes to their plate or bowl.Likewise, it is impolite to hoard or use up all of a dish until it has been offered to everyone and the other diners clearly do not care for it.For this reason, it is common to take a smaller amount from the dishes on the first round and to keep the other diners in mind when taking a larger second helping.Chopsticks Anybody who doesn't know how to use chopsticks is generally considered a “mongoloid,” and they are heavily frowned upon by society.It is akin to being a leper in Western culture.Personal Since chopsticks(and spoons)are used in place of forks and knives, Chinese cuisine tends to serve dishes in bite-size pieces or employ cooking techniques that render dishes such as fish or hong shao rou soft enough to be picked apart easily.Some common etiquette is:  Avoid holding the chopsticks in such a way as to point your index or(worse)middle finger at the other diners, as this is a sign of anger or censure(仙人指路) Chopsticks should always be the same length and held so that the ends are even, a practice popularly explained as due to the former use of uneven boards(三長兩短)in Chinese coffins  Similarly, do not leave chopsticks sticking upright out of dishes, owing to a Chinese practice of leaving such dishes for the dead. Do not chew on the ends of chopsticks, even if they are plastic. Chopsticks are not used to move bowls or plates. Do not bang your chopsticks as though you were playing a drum.It implies you are a beggar or a child. Treat chopsticks as extension of your fingers.It is impolite to use them to point at other people or to wave chopsticks around. Unless they are disposable, chopsticks will be washed and reused.Consequently, don't use them to pick at your teeth or for other unseemly endeavors. Avoid spearing food with the chopsticks. One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor manners. When not in use, and if the restaurant provides them, place the front end of the chopsticks on the chopstick rests.These are usually small ceramic rests placed near your napkin on the right hand side of your bowl.Communal

Photo showing serving chopsticks(gongkuai)on the far right, personal chopsticks(putongkuai)in the middle, and a spoon.Serving chopsticks are usually more ornate than the personal ones.At most formal meals, there are likely pairs of communal serving chopsticks(公筷, gongkuai).These are sets of chopsticks specifically for shared dishes only.Often, these will be distinct from the putongkuai(regular chopsticks)in that they will be longer and more ornate.There will sometimes be one set of communal chopsticks per dish or one set per course.The ratio varies. If there are communal chopsticks available, do not use your personal ones in shared dishes.While that is a common practice in China, by having communal chopsticks at the table, your hosts are expecting you to use them.Using your personal chopsticks when there are communal chopsticks available is considered rude and unhygienic, as you are transferring your saliva with your chopsticks.If you accidentally start using the shared chopsticks as your own, as soon as you notice it, quickly apologize for it and ask if it would be possible to obtain another pair of shared chopsticks. If there are no communal chopsticks, some hosts prefer you to use the thick end of your chopsticks for the shared dishes.This again avoids transferring saliva into the common dishes. If in doubt about the communal chopsticks situation, watch what the others do, using small talk if necessary to stall for time. Once the tips of the chopsticks have touched food, do not leave them on the table.Since communal chopsticks may not have their own chopstick rests, you may need to rest it against the edge of the dish.As with personal chopsticks, though, do not place them upright in the food itself.Tea

 Hold the teapot lid in place when pouring the tea from ceramic or porcelain teapots.Unlike metal teapots, the lids are not attached on ceramic teapots, and they will fall out. One should not point the spout of the teapot directly at others: this has the same as using the finger to point at somebody, which is considered very impolite;sometimes, it also means that this person(the one being pointed at)is not welcome in the house.Obviously, at a circular table, the teapot mouth must point at someone, but it is not supposed to point directly to the person on the left or right of the teapot.Across a table does not count, so it is fine. When someone is using a teapot to pour tea for the others, he should hold the teapot with his right hand and press the teapot lid with another hand to show his honour and sedateness.This also prevents the teapot lid from falling into the cup or onto the table. If you are getting tea for yourself, make sure to ask others first, if they would like some more tea.Then serve yourself after you have served them. If you are not pouring your own tea, but at a restaurant where the service attentative, in the region of south China(especially Canton and Hong Kong)the one who gets the tea uses the knuckles of his first and middle fingers to tap the table two or three times to show his thankfulness.This looks similar to knocking on a door, but don't knock as heavily as if it were a door.It is a tap, not a knock;the motion resembles a knock. Using the tea to force the visitor out(Chinese: 端茶送客): there was a rule in Qing Dynasty’s officialdom as “the tea that given by the boss shouldn't be taken”.If the boss give tea to his subordinate by his own hands(normally that would given by a servant), that means he is impatient to the subordinate, and the subordinate should leave immediately.If the boss is visiting the subordinate by his house, the subordinate must not give the tea to the boss by his own hands, either, because that’s very impolite and means to force the visitor out. When the tea has run out, and requires more hot water, you may leave the lid ajar but still on the teapot—this is a signal for the attendant to refill the teapot.Do not entirely remove the lid and then place the lid of the teapot on the table directly.The lid touching the table is allowing good luck to escape, and also the table might be dirty.Do not leave a teapot with the lid ajar in the middle of the table.It should be towards the side of the table so that the attendant may refill it without reaching across patrons in an invasive/taking manner.Toothpick etiquette Unlike the many nations in the West, a hand must be placed over the mouth while using a toothpick in order to conceal the action.Not doing so is considered rude.Used toothpicks should be placed on a part of your bowl or plate that you do not intend to use again later.They should not be left on the tablecloth for the waitress to then have to pick, nor thrown on the floor.Throwing toothpicks on the floor is rude to the restaurant.Throwing toothpicks on the tablecloth is inconsiderate to the servers.Bill

In most restaurants in Chinese countries, there is no tip required unless it is explicitly posted.Usually, if there is a tip required, it will already be on your bill.In Chinese restaurants in the USA though, tips are usually expected.If you are not certain, ask the waitress or watch the other customers.Guests should not truly “split the bill” with the host.A guest who “split(s)the bill” is very ungracious and embarrassing to the host.If you do not accept the host paying for the bill, it is implying that the host cannot afford it or you do not accept the friendship or hospitality of the host.However, it is expected for the guest to offer to pay for the meal multiple times, but ultimately allow the host to pay.It is also unacceptable to not make any attempt to “fight for” the bill.Not fighting for the bill means you think that the host owes that meal to you somehow.Therefore, if you are the guest, always fight for the bill but never win it on the first meal in your host's hometown.After the first meal at your host's hometown, and sometime before you leave, it is customary to bring the host's family to a meal out to thank them for your stay if you did not bring initial small presents for them when you arrived.For that meal, you may pay, but you must request your host's attendance and cooperation with allowing you to cover that particular meal.If you and an acquaintance are on a business trip, it is acceptable to split the bill, but more common to rotate who pays for the meal, with meals of similar cost.Though it is a rotation, there is still the same mock-fight for the bill.The difference is that you may say, “Fine fine, since you are my elder, this is fine this time, but the next meal, I cover.” Or something to that effect and pay for the next meal.This rotation does not have to be a meal necessarily.For example, you may rotate a meal and a game of golf.The key to the rotation being viewed as acceptable or not, is the enjoyment both parties actually get from the activity, and the approximate cost.Golf would not be an acceptable rotation if the other person does not enjoy golf, is rather bad at it while you are excellent at it, etc.Hot dry noodles, also known as reganmian, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province in central China.“Reganmian” has a long history in Chinese food culture for 80 years.It is a typical breakfast food in Wuhan, and is often sold in street carts in residential areas.Breakfasts such as Reganmian are available from as early as 5am and are served until midnight(breakfast turns into snacks at night)in Wuhan.The noodle is inexpensive thus remaining as a popular breakfast choice in Wuhan.The recipe for hot dry noodles is different from cold noodles and noodles in soup.Firstly mix the cooked noodles with oil and dry them.When they are about to be eaten, scald the prepared noodles in boiled water, mix them with condiments, and the noodles will be ready to eat.The finished hot dry noodles are firm and chewy, golden and oily, savory and fresh.It is made of noodles called jianmian(碱面)with a mixture of sauces and dried vegetables.Many stalls that make reganmian will have their own variations in seasoning, creating signature tastes for individual stands or localities.Reganmian restaurants stand all over the city.Among them, Cai Lin Ji(蔡林记)is the most time-honored.Established in 1930, Cai Lin Ji survives much competition and wins the current reputation with its selected materials and refined processing techniques.It has over 20 chain stores in Wuhan.The typical bowl of reganmian will have soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables, chopped garlic chives and chili oil.Reganmian is a popular local breakfast sold in road-side stalls or from push-carts.Reganmian is popular for locals for every season of the year as breakfast, lunch, dinner or just a snack.Wuhan's reganmian, along with Shanxi's daoxiaomian(刀削面: knife-cut noodles), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as “China's five famous noodles.” In 2013, Wuhan Reganmian was rated No.1 in a contest for China's Top 10 famous noodles.

第五篇：口语考试

经济学院国贸系08级口语考试练习话题

1.Suppose you were to graduate soon.You were offered two jobs: one matches your interest but does not pay well enough;the other job can bring you a considerable amount of money and nothing else.What is your decision and why?（假设你即将毕业，有两份工作供你选择：一份是你感兴趣的工作，但是待遇不是那么丰厚；另外一份能给你带来可观的收入，但是除此以外，什么都没有。你会做出怎样的决定，为什么？）

2.Do you agree to the statement that “For college students, developing social abilities is as important as studying knowledge well”?（你同意这样“对于大学生，发展社会技能与学习知识一样重要”的观点或者说法吗？）

3.Nowadays more and more adults go back to school to recharge themselves with knowledge.In your opinion what are the main reasons for them to do so?（现如今，越来越多的成年人回归大学去充实他们的知识，依你看来，他们这样做的主要原因是什么？）

4.Nowadays there is a boom in celebrating foreign festivals among Chinese youngsters, what do you think of it?（当今，中国年轻人庆祝外国节日成为越来月流行，你是怎样看待它的？）

5.It is everyone’s duty to protect environment.As college students what can you do to protect environment?（保护环境是大家的责任吗？作为一个大学生，你能为保护环境做些什么？）

6.Tsinghua University vice president Yuan Si stirred up some controversy when he announced during a visit to New York that Tsinghua intends to attract top-tier students from all over the world by offering substantial scholarships similar to those of US universities.Will financial aid alone attract top foreign students?（清华大学副校长XX掀起了一场争论，当他在纽约拜访时发表了关于清华想要利用与一些美国大学相似的提供丰厚奖学金的途径去吸引全球优秀拔尖的大学生到清华。仅仅这样的财政策略能吸引到国外优秀学生吗？）

7.Most freshmen attend job fairs to gain interview experience or to try to make a good impression on potential future employers.Do you think it is useful to them or not?（许多刚毕业的新人参加很多就业招聘会去积累面试经验或者试图以这样的形式为未来潜在的雇佣人建立一个好印象。你认为这样的行为对他们是否有用？）

8.Plastic bags make a mess on Mother Earth.How could we do to stop it?（塑料袋把我们的地球母亲弄得很糟糕，我们怎么做才能阻止这样的情况？）

9.America's suburbs are now more likely to be home to minorities, the poor and a rapidly

growing older population according to an analysis of census date from 2000-08.The suburbs have experienced what they call a white flight.Does China exist the same phenomenon?（现在少数美国人更喜欢居住带美国的近郊区，由于贫穷和根据2008年8月的人口普查分析可看出的迅速增长的老龄人口。这些郊区已经发展成为他们嘴里称呼的净土。中国也存在这相同的现象吗？）

10.The world economy is placing a bet on the future with China, but some young Chinese

are placing their bets on--plastic.When young people use their credit card, do they think twice about their ability to pay it off?（世界经济把将来寄希望与中国，但是一些中国年轻人寄希望与他们的信用卡。当年轻人使用他们的信用卡的时候，他们是否认真考虑过他们有没有能力去偿还支付这些金额呢？）

11.If you are a manager or an office director, what factors should be considered when

hosting the foreign visitors, guests or a meeting?（如果你是经理或者办公室主要人，当在招待外国来宾贵客或者主持会议时，应该考虑到哪些因素？）

12.Entertaining clients is not as easy as it sounds.It's not just fine dinning and attending

enjoyable events.What other things would you do?（招待客人不像它听起来那么容易。他它不仅仅是愉快的晚宴和出息有趣的项目。你还会做哪些其他的事情？）

13.Is packing one of the important ways to realize the value of commodities? How?（包装是辨别商品价值的重要途径之一吗？怎样解释？）

15.How to handle complaint(申诉，索赔)?（怎样对待处理索赔？）

14.What is the function of cargo transport insurance?（货物运输保险的作用或者功效是什么？）

16.What rules should you follow about the success of a job interview?（你认为哪些是面试成功要遵循的条件或者规矩？）

17.What are the communication skills? State out some tips.（沟通技巧有哪些方面？请例举几条）

18.How to handle the presentation? Give out some suggestions.（怎样处理好产品说明或者情况介绍？请给出一些建议）

19.When you deal with the business, how many stages does negotiation undergo usually?

What are they? Describe one of them in details at least.（当你在做生意时，通常谈判要

经历多少个阶段？分别是那些阶段，至少详细描述其中一个。）

20.How do you understand the two classes of agent: selling agents and buying agents for

business purposes?（你是怎样理解这两种代理：销售代理和采购商代理在商业上的目的？）