外研版初二英语期末作文精华集

第一篇：外研版初二英语期末作文精华集

外研版初二英语期末作文精华集

Talking about hobbies

Everyone has his hobbies, such as listening to music, doing sports, reading and looking after animals.However, reading is my favourite.When I was a little girl, I was interested in reading books.From then on, books have taught me a lot.In my opinion, books not only give me knowledge but also make me understand the world.I also think reading is very important and relaxing.So I will continue reading in the future.Talking about a radio/TV programme 1.What‟s your favourite programme?2.What kind of program is it? 3.Why do you like it?)

“Animal World” is my favorite programme.First of all, I like animals, especially small animals.Secondly, the presenter makes the program lively and interesting.Thirdly, through this program I know plenty of things, such as different lives of different animals, the relationship between people and nature, people and animal.I want to say that animals are part of nature as we are.We must protect animals so that we will have a good life in the future.Write a review(评论)of a book, a film, a play, a CD, etc.(写作提示：①What‟s the name of it? ②Who wrote it？③What‟s the story about? ④Where does it take place? ⑤What‟s the best part? ⑥ What do you think of it?)

I have seen a movie called《Titanic》.It is about a sad love story happened in a very famous ship called Titanic.The main characters are Rose and Jack.Jack is very handsome and intelligent but poor.Rose is very rich but kind and she won't judge people by money.They met on the Titanic.And soon they fell in love with each other.Unluckily, the ship got crashed.In the end, Jack saved Rose but he died.I cried after watching the movie.It made me understand to love is to give.Last summer, Ione of the most beautiful cities in our country.There are many places of interest.It‟s famous for the mountains and water.I bought a lot of postcards in Xi Street and sent them to my The journey made me feel unforgettable, and I hope I can go there again.南京位于中国东南部，是江苏省省会，人口约500万。2.南京有2400多年历史，建都。3.房。词数：100左右 Ladies and gentlemen,Welcome to our city.I‟d like of interest, such as the Xuanwu Lake, the Jiming Temple and the It many modern factories and high buildings.I‟m sure you will have a good time here.Thank you.某英文杂志新设“我的家乡”专栏向读者征文，请按下 过去：家乡小镇绿树环抱；小河清清鱼儿嬉戏；房屋简陋

现在：高楼大厦厂店林立；大小车辆驰骋街头；工业发展 务之急。

I used to live in a beautiful small town with green trees all around it．The river，running through the town，had clean water in which fish could be seen swimming in groups.The house, however, were small and simple, and the street wasn‟t wide enough to run cars.People here worked hard all year round yet lived a life of no more than poverty.Now great changes have taken place here.You can see tall buildings, department stores and factories everywhere.Cars and buses are running in broad streets.But with the development of industry,pollution is becoming more and more serious.A lot of trees are gone, and fish have disappeared because of the dirty water.To our joy, people have been doing their best to stop

pollution and make the town even more beautiful.随着人们生活水平的提高，越来越多的人拥有了自己的汽车，你班同学就此展开了一次讨论，提出两种不同的观点和看法。请你根据所提供的信息给报社写一封信，客观介绍这两种看法。赞同者认为：1.方便、快捷、舒适的交通工具；2.反映出国民生活条件提高，国家富强；3.带动其他行业发展。反对者认为：1.废气污染严重；2.过多则影响交通，导致更多事故；3.停车问题日益突出。注意：1.信的开头已为你写好；2.词数：100左右；3.参考词汇：方便的 convenient；交通 transportation Dear editor，I‟m writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether it is good or not for families to own cars.，more and more people have their own cars.Some of us own a car.Firstly，it‟s a convenient，fast and comfortable means of，it shows that people are becoming richer，such as more accidents.Besides，parking cars is anotherYours truly，Li Hua

我的学校生活

history, geography, drawing and so forth.Since I was(became)a student, I studied very hard.My proud of me.After I had studied there for three years, I entered a junior high school.When I was twelve years old, I became a student of a senior high school.I still studied very hard.Except on sick leave I was never absent from class.Everybody looked upon me as a model student.现在，许多学生忙于学习而很少帮助家长做家务，你是怎么看待这种现象的，请给出自己的观点及自己的经历。

Nowadays many students say they are too busy with their study and they don‟t have time to help their parents with the housework.I don‟t think they are true, that‟s all excuses.In my opinion, doing some housework such as washing our own clothes and making the bed is our own responsibility.It can also make us independent.We can‟t depend on others all our life.Sharing the housework is helpful for us to set up good relationship with our parents.I think trying to do some housework can keep us healthy and strong, some hard housework can be regarded as a kind of physical exercise.And we can take care of ourselves better when we grow up.On weekdays, I often help my parents clean my bed rooms every morning and wash dishes after supper.At weekends, washing clothes and mopping the floor is my duty.And I also help my parents carry something heavy from the supermarket.As the saying goes „One can't make a big success without being self reliant‟, so I think that students should often share the housework in our daily life.大明在英语学习中遇到了以下问题：大明喜欢英语，但是对他来说学英语是困难的。他能够听懂英语老师讲的课，但是他很害羞。他不敢喝同学用英语谈话。他花很长时间记忆新单词，但是很快就忘。他也不擅长英语语法。假如你是大明，请针对以上问题，给语言博士写一封，求助学习方法。Dear Language Doctor,外研版初二英语期末作文精华集

I‟m Daming.I like English very much.But it‟s difficult for me to learn English.I understand my teacher in class.But I am a shy boy.I‟m afraid to talk with my classmates in English.It takes me a long time to remember new words.I will forget them quickly.I am not good at grammar, either.What should I do?

Best wishes,Daming 2.假设你是语言博士，请根据大明的问题，回复一封信。Dear Daming,You need to practise speaking more often.Why not try to speak English as much as possible? You can talk about films and songs with your classmates in English.Don‟t be shy.Just try.It is natural to forget new words.I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.Read the words when you see them, and try to use them.Grammar is important.What about writing down your mistakes in your notebook? And don‟t forget to write down the correct answers next to the mistakes.Best wishes,Language Doctor北京和德州作比较。

Beijing is the capital of China.It‟s in the north of China.The population of it is over twenty million.Beijing is over 5000 years old.It is famous for Roast Duck and the Great Wall.Dezhou is smaller than Beijing.It is in the northweat of Shandong.It has a population of seven that of Beijing.Beijing‟s traffic is heavier than that of Dezhou.东北虎主要生活在吉林省长白山地区，以捕猎动物为食，走起路来很轻，跳跃高度可达两米。虎。如今，政府正在建立自然公园来保护它们。

as high as two meters.They can even swim but they can‟t climb up trees.TherThe government is building lots of nature parks to protect northeast tigers.逃逸司机。

I was very happy to do a good thing.Earth Hour(地球一小时)是世界自然基金会(WWF)3月最后一个星期六20:30-21:30

“My Earth Hour”1.今年Earth Hour是3月31日；2.Earth Hour的目的是节约能源(energy)和改善气候；3.建议大家有意义地度过一小时。如与家人共进烛光晚餐(in the candlelight)等。My Earth Hour

Earth Hour is a global activity started by WWF.It asks homes and businesses to turn off their lights for an hour on the last Saturday of March every year.It aims to show people‟s concern for the Earth and aims to save energy as well as protect the climate.This year Earth Hour will be held on March 31.Here are some suggestions for how to have an enjoyable Earth Hour.We can have a dinner in the candlelight or share stories with friends.We can also have a party without any light.That must be interesting.This is a meaningful activity, so join us in Earth Hour 2012.You can not only have fun but also protect our Earth.中国有许多传统节日，你最喜欢的节日是什么？请以My favorite festival为题，用

英语写一篇80词左右的短文，介绍一个你最喜欢的中国传统节日，要求包含如下要点：

1.选择任意一个你喜欢的中国节日(如元宵节、端午节或中秋节等)；2.人们怎样庆祝这个节日(美食、活动等)； 3.你喜欢这个节日的理由；4.你节日期间的心情。参考词汇：元宵节Lantern Festival；端午节Dragon Boat Festival；中秋节Mid-Autumn Day；春节Spring Festival My favorite festival

China, with its long history, has a lot of festivals.Among all these festivals, I like Spring Festival best.Spring Festival is celebrated in January or February.The exact date is determined by the Chinese lunar calendar.People usually wear new clothes and visit their relatives during Spring Festival.It‟s a good time for children because they can get gift money from their elders.Family members always get and don‟t go to为题，写一篇80词左右的短文。1.中国的人口有多少？ 2.3.中国采取了什么人口对策？效果如何？ 4.中国人口The population problems of China

for controlling the population.Thanks to the policy, China is developing and peconditions are improving rapidly.However, the population problem is，是“某某一中”的学生。请你围绕“建设和谐社会‟‟的主题，根据下面所给出的要 英语 给全省中学生写一封倡议书。要点提示：1．人与社会：祖国、家乡、学校，热爱关心23．人与自然：能源、环境、动植物，爱惜保护4．你的态度：)harmonious society 和谐社会 Dear fellow students,＇s duty to work hard to achieve this goal.As high school students, what should we do?

First of all, we should love our motherland.Let‟s take a great interest in the development of our hometowns and take an active part in our school and activities.Secondly, let‟s fill the world with love.We should show our respect for old people, our parents and our teachers.We should also care for each other and help those in need.More importantly, all of us must be faithful and honest in our daily life.Finally, let‟s work together to save energy and protect our natural environment, including animals, trees, flowers and grass.As for myself, I will study even harder and try my best to do all the above.After finishing the breakfast, I went on to run with my father.I felt comfortable and relaxed.At that moment, my mother was doing the housework.She wanted to clean the whole house.When I arrived/got home, I noticed/found that my little sister was playing with a dog on the grass and my little brother was sitting in the tree and singing.At 3:00 in the afternoon, my family and I went shopping in a shop nearby.Then we had dinner together in an Italian restaurant.It was a busy day for me, but I enjoyed it very much!

第二篇：外研版初二英语上单词

外研版初二英语上单词.translate vt.翻译 translation n.翻译;译文,译本 correct a.正确的，对的 vt.改正；纠正 match vi.将...配对,匹配 n.比赛;火柴 number v.给...标号码 n.数字,号码 repeat v.重复 grammar n.语法

pronunciation n.语音；发音 writing n.书写；文章 punctuation n.标点符号 spelling n.拼写 term n.学期 advice n.建议；劝告 write down 写下；记下 mistake n.错误 notebook n.笔记本 else a.&adv.其他 radio n.收音机 newspaper n.报纸 message n.信息；信 pen friend(英)笔友((美)pen pal)each pron.各个,每个 other pron.不同的人（或物）each other 互相

excellent a.好极了；卓越的，极好的 orchestra n.管弦乐队 send vt.发送,寄 language n.语言 improve vi.改善,提高 basic a.主要的；最重要的；基本的 watch v.看；注视；观察 n.手表 guess vt.vi.n.猜测,推测 just ad.请，就 yourself pron.你自己 enjoy yourself 过得快乐 shy a.害羞的 conversation n.谈话 deep a.深的 breath n.呼吸 smile v.&n.微笑 remember vt.记住;想起;记着 forget vt.忘记 piece n.一张 place n.地点；住所v.放置 count vt.计算 vi.数,计数 all the time 总是;一直 accent n.口音 wish vt.祝愿;想要n.希望 borrow v.借 group n.组 mark n.分数 club n.俱乐部 start v.发动;创办;开办n.开端 together ad.共同,一起 hear vt.听见 experience n.经验,经历 ever ad.曾经 competition n.竞争,竞赛 airport n.机场,航空港 cabin n.客舱 steward n.乘务员 captain n.机长;船长;队长 country n.国家 take off 起飞 before adv.以前 prep.在…以前 problem n.问题，难题 wonderful a.绝妙的；了不起的 prize n.奖品,奖金 reckon n.考虑;认为 sound v.听起来 brilliant a.(口语)好极了 dream n.梦,梦想 vi.做梦;梦想 someone pron.某人,有人 kind a.仁慈的，友好的 n.种类 western a.西方的,西部的 come true 成为现实 abroad ad.在国外,到国外 fantastic a.极好的 anywhere ad.任何地方 Chinatown n.中国城,唐人街 Italian a.意大利(人)的,意大利语的 n.意大利人,意大利语 delicious a.美味的 pizza n.比萨饼 sandwich n.三明治 more than 超过,多于 sell vt.卖,销售 sell out 卖光 musician n.乐手；音乐家 dagger n.匕首；短剑 seat n.座位 beside prep.在…旁边 taste v.有...味道；品尝 only ad.仅仅；只 yet ad.还;尚 stone n.石头 climb vi.vt.攀登,爬 roast duck vt.烤鸭 palace n.宫殿 another a.再一个的,又一的 pron.又一个；再一个 seafood n.海产品，海鲜 entertainment n.娱乐 time n.次 name 说出...的名字 Earth n.地球 Mars n.火星 already ad.早已,已经 just ad.刚才,刚刚 model n.模型 station n.站;所;局;车站 space station 太空站；宇宙空间站 panic n.(使)感到惶恐 latest a.最近的；最新的 several a.几个的，数个的 month n.月 discover v.发现 recently ad.最近

space shuttle 航天飞机 show v.展示；给…看 over prep.多于 planet n.行星

solar system 太阳系 also ad.也；同样 none pron.没有一个 environment n.环境 air n.空气 grow v.生长,种植 part n.部分 galaxy n.星系 billion num.十亿 universe n.宇宙 light n.光线;电灯 beyond prep.在…之外 alone a.孤单的，孤独的 entrance n.入口 cost n.价钱为；花费 prefer vt.更喜爱 diary n.日记 even adv.甚至 Jupiter n.木星 secret n.秘密a.秘密的 real a.真实的；真正的 twice ad.两次 explore v.勘探；探测 mission n.任务 unmanned a.不载人的 study v.学习,研究 teach vt.教

head teacher 校长 since conj.&prep.从…以来 get on well with 与...相处融洽 same a.相同的；同一的 hear about 听到 poor a.贫穷的；可怜的 project n.计划；工程 still ad.仍然，依旧 raise v.筹集 take part 参加 describe vt.形容,描述 drop vt.扔；落下

drop out of school 退学

important a.重要的 ill a.生病的 look after 照顾 pay v.支付,付 countryside n.乡下,农村 train vt.培训；训练 electricity n.电 hear of 听说 perhaps ad.也许,可能 nearly ad.几乎，差不多 luckily ad.幸运地 point vi.指着，指 n.点;分 organisation n.组织；机构 health n.健康 care n.护理；照料 leaflet n.传单 blues n.布鲁斯 classical a.古典的,经典的 jazz n.爵士乐,爵士舞曲 pop n.流行音乐 rock n.摇摆乐 techno n.电子音乐 beautiful a.美的,美丽的 dramatic a.有戏剧性的 fun n.有趣的事；逗人乐的活动 lively a.活泼的；轻快的 sad a.悲伤的 serious a.严肃的；严重的 slow a.慢的

traditional a.传统的 sure a.肯定的 German a.德国的；德国人的；德语的 n.德国人；德语 Austrian n.奥地利人 a.奥地利的；奥地利人的 composer n.作曲家 fan n.狂热爱好者，迷 rap n.说唱乐 on earth 究竟，到底 noisy a.吵闹的 centre n.中心 drum n.鼓 guitar n.吉他 organ n.管风琴 trumpet n.小号 violin n.小提琴 elder a.年长的 waltz n.华尔兹；圆舞曲 younger a.年幼的 die vi.死；去世 addition n.添加,添加物 in addition to 除…之外 rest n.剩余部分；休息 maybe ad.大概,也许 phone n.电话 actually ad.实际上,事实上 instrument n.乐器 of course 当然 type n.种类 loud a.响亮的 gospel n.福音音乐 string n.弦

part-time a.兼职的 milkman n.送牛奶的人 recording n.录音室 record n.唱片 v.录音 own a.自己的 artist n.艺术家,美术家 figure n.人物;名人 century n.世纪,百年 suddenly ad.突然 rabbit n.兔子 party n.聚会 fall vi.下落；跌落 hole n.洞,孔 strange a.奇怪的 carry vt.携带；拿着；抱着 tired a.劳累的 nothing pron.没有什么；没有东西 once ad.一次 daisy n.雏菊 chain n.链,项圈 pink n.粉色a.粉色的 by prep.经；由 pocket n.衣袋，兜 across prep.越过 field n.田野 under prep.在…下面 hedge n.树篱 go off 熄灭；停 storm n.暴风雨；暴风雪 outside ad.在外面 jump v.跳 scream v.尖叫；惊呼 during prep.在…期间 noon n.正午,中午 bookshop n.书店 staff n.全体职员；全体雇员 wear v.穿；戴 clap v.鼓掌 cheer v.欢呼 perform v.表演；施行 gold n.金；黄金 ring n.戒指 hall n.大厅 follow vt.跟随；紧跟 stop v.停止；停下 water skiing 滑水运动 baby n.婴儿 whale n.鲸 ocean n.大洋；海洋 amazing a.令人高兴的；令人吃惊的 miss vt.思念 feeling n.情绪,感觉 impression n.印象 smell v.闻，嗅；闻起来 feel v.摸起来；感觉 quiet a.安静的；轻声的 salty a.咸的 sour a.酸的 tight a.过紧的 shoe n.鞋 soup n.汤 dear int.哎呀 guy n.家伙,人；伙伴 matter n.问题；事件 cheese n.奶酪 fresh a.新鲜的 cookie n.小甜饼 try n.努力；尝试 lovely a.可爱的 sweater n.厚运动衫;毛线衣 both pron.两个,两个都 smart a.漂亮的,时髦的 pretty a.漂亮的 must v.aux.必须 introduce v.介绍 later ad.后来;以后 soft a.柔软的 nervous a.紧张的,情绪不安的 hair n.头发 dark a.发黑的；暗色的,黑暗的 fair a.金黄的；白皙的 glasses n.眼镜 recognise v.认出，识别 quite ad.十分,相当 dance v.跳舞 n.舞蹈 especially ad.特别,尤其,格外 proud a.骄傲的；自豪的 stupid a.愚蠢的；笨的 angry a.生气的 a bit 稍微；有点儿 stranger n.陌生人 excited a.激动的；兴奋的 bicycle n.自行车 shake v.摇晃

shake hands 握手 polite a.礼貌的 rude a.粗鲁的, 无礼的 stare vi.盯着看 bank n.银行 market n.市场

supermarket n.超市 pool n.水池，池塘 swimming pool 游泳池 square n.广场 left a.左边的ad.向左边n.左边，左侧 right a.正确的;右边的ad.向右n.右边 revolutionary a.革命的n.革命者 opposite a.对面的 adv.在对立 prep.在...的对面 chairman n.主席 memorial n.纪念物；纪念碑 between prep.在…中间 turn v.转向,转弯 corner n.街道拐角处；角落 along prep.沿着 tour n.旅行 gallery n.美术馆 painting n.油画;绘画 parliament n.议会,国会 clear a.清晰的；晴朗的 boat n.船 off prep.下（飞机、车、船等）tower n.塔 tourist n.游客 a.旅游的；游览的 guidebook n.手册；指南 religious a.宗教的 danger n.危险 protect vt.保护 orange n.桔子；橘色 a.橘色的 cousin n.同类；堂(表)兄弟(姐妹)brown a.棕色的 n.褐色,棕色 reserve n.禁猎区，自然保护区 mad a.季度激动的；发狂似的 surprising a.使人惊讶的；出人意料的 kill v.杀死 absolutely ad.的确，一点不错 hard a.硬的,困难的 away ad.…掉；…去 dirty a.脏的 awful a.极讨厌的；极不愉快的 peace n.和平；安宁 find out 查明；找到；发现 rare a.稀有的；珍贵的 example n.例子 nature n.大自然;自然界 nature reserve 自然保护区 surprised a.惊奇的，吃惊的 research n.调查,探究 southwest n.西南 a.西南的 mainly ad.主要地，大体地 live on 靠…生活；以…为食 reason n.原因

less and less 越来越少 situation n.情况 symbol n.标志 turtle n.海龟 cause n.原因,起因 feed v.喂养 v.为...提供食物 design v.设计 n.设计,图样 jewellery n.珠宝，首饰 for example 例如 provide v.提供 difficulty a.困难 clean a.清洁的,干净的 pollute v.污染 teahouse n.茶馆 main a.主要的；最大的 interest n.兴趣,爱好 offer v.提议；给予 agree vi.同意 almost ad.几乎,差不多 impossible a.不可能的 whisper v.低语；耳语 special a.特殊的,特别的 take place 发生 audience n.观众 customer n.顾客 dynasty n.王朝；朝代 lose vt.失去,失败 master n.大师 twentieth num.第二十 waiter n.男服务员 folk a.民间的 acrobatics n.杂技表演 enjoyable a.让人感到快乐的 performance n.表演；表现 full a.装满的,充满的；完全的 silver n.银,银子 cloud n.云 shower n.阵雨;淋浴 centigrade n.摄氏温度 degree n.度,度数 temperature n.温度;体温 freezing adj.冰冻的；严寒的 snowy a.下雪的，多雪的 joke v.开玩笑；说笑话 wet a.湿的，湿润的 might v.aux.可能 windy a.刮大风的；多风的 probably ad.可能，或许 sunny a.阳光充足的 cool a.凉爽的,凉快的 dry a.干的，干燥的 cloudy a.多云的 camera n.照相机 swimsuit n.游泳衣 northwest n.西北 a.西北的 umbrella n.伞,雨伞 pleasant a.令人愉快的;舒适的 southeast n.东南 a.位于东南的 from time to time 时常，有时，不时 fall n.秋天 compared to 和...相比较 possible a.可能的 stormy a.有暴风雨的 shine v.照耀,发光 n.光 depend v.依靠,依赖 best of all 最好的 railcard n.货车优惠卡 truly ad.真诚地；诚挚地 chess n.国际象棋 set n.棋盘 chopstick n.筷子 purse n.（女式）钱包 soap n.肥皂 chat vi.n.闲谈,聊天 move n.动作；行动 hang vt.悬挂,吊 hang on <非正式>(耐心)等待 immediately adv.立即,马上 accept vt.vi.接受,同意 wrap vt.裹,包装 lucky a.幸运的

do some cleaning 打扫卫生 break v.打破,打碎 anything pron.任何东西；任何事情 receive v.收到；接到 custom n.风俗习惯 greet vt.问候,打招呼 noise n.噪音；嘈杂声 wedding n.婚礼 stay n.逗留，停留 light a.(餐食)少量的 around adv.大约 pour v.倒；倾倒 mobile a.移动的 shout v.高声说；大声喊 throw vt.扔；抛 shoulder n.肩，肩膀 catch v.抓住,接住 body n.身体,躯干 wash up 洗餐具 smoke v.吸烟 passport n.护照 litter n.垃圾 pavement n.人行横道 waste bin n.垃圾箱 cheerful a.快乐的,令人愉快的 skin n.皮, 皮肤;毛皮 villager n.村民 bow v.鞠躬

第三篇：外研版初二英语上册知识点总结

外研版初二英语上册知识点总结

MODULE1

1、如有always ,often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, once a....,every...用一般现在时，第一、二人称复数后跟动词原形，第三人称单数后跟动词加's'/'es'。

2、如有now ,look!,listen, at the moment....用现在进行时，结构是be(am, is, are)+v-ing

3、如有tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in +一段时间, some day, next....用一般将来时，结构：will + v原

be going to +v原（没有动词用be）

4、如有yesterday,......ago , last....just now.....用一般过去时动词加ed give sb.Sth.=give sth.to sb.给某人某物

every day每天，write down 写下，记下write it(them)down

everyday每天的，日常的, how about doing sth.=what about doing sth.做....怎么样

each other 互相.thanks a lot= thank you very much非常谢谢

回答That's all right.=You're welcome.= That'OK.= It's my pleasure.=Not at all.Why don't you+V原...=why not+...V原 为什么不

help sb.with sth.在某方面帮助别人

help sb.(to)do sth.帮助某人做某事

with one's help=with the help of sb.在某人的帮助help oneself to sth.请自用食物 watch sb.do sth.看到某人做了某事，（现在没有做，做过）

watch sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事（正在做）see, hear类似

remember to do sth.想起记得要做某事，未做事

remember doing sth.相起记得做过某事

forget to do sth.忘记要做某事

forget doing sth.忘记做过某事 welcome back欢迎回来，new term新学期 this term这学期 ，next term 下学学期, last term上学期，give you some advice给你一些建议, why not 为什么不，make a mistake=make mistakes犯错误, correct spelling正确的拼写，what else?=what other things? 还有什么 a piece of advice 一条建议，follow /take one's advice采用别人的建议, send sth to sb.=send sb.sth.寄给某人

send for派人去请/取

send up发射.all the time一直

enjoy oneself=have a good time=have a great time=have fun, 玩得愉快 lots of =a lot of =many(可数)much(不可数)许多 ，, spend : sb.spend some time on sth.某人花费时间做某事

sb.spend some time(in)doing sth.某人花费时间做某事

Sb.spend some money on sth.某人花费钱买某物

Sb.spend some money(in)buying sth.某人花费钱买某物

Cost: sth.cost sb.some money 某物花去某人钱

pay:

sb.pay some money for sth.某人支付钱

Take: It takes(took)sb.some time to do sth.做某事花去某人时间

ask for 请求，要求，ask sb.for sth.向某人要某物

ask sb.to do sth.要求某人做某事

a piece of一块

enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事.finish,practise, mind, miss ,consider,keep, continue,这些词语后跟动名词形式V-ing

place sth.in =put sth.in 把某物放在…里面

else常修饰不定代词，关系代词或副词，也可修饰all, much,little等，else要位于其后。所有格为else's.take a deep breath深呼吸，catchhold one's breath屏住呼吸, out of breath上气不接下气，wish sb.to do sth.希望某人做某事, the number of …的数目，后跟名词复数，动词用三单, a number of =many,大量，许多后跟名词复数，动词用复数形式。a large number of，a small number of , invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事

find+ it+ adj+to do sth.发现做某事怎么样

try to do sth.尽力做事

try doing sth.尝试做某事

try not to do sth.尽力不做某事

try one's best尽某人最大的努力, a group of 一组，一群，borrow sth from sb.从某人处借入某物, lend sth.to sb=lend sb.sth.借给某人某物

keep借一段时间 practice doing sth.,练习做做某事

come from=be from来自, look for 寻找，look after=care for=take care of照顾 look up 向上看，查阅，look like看起来像, look at 看着，look on sb.as把某人看作，look forward to doing sth.盼望，期待做某事

look over检查，翻阅 , look out当心，向外看 ，look through仔细查看, be ready for =get ready for=prepare for为…，be ready准备好 , be(get)ready to do sth.准备做某事，乐意做某事 translate…into… 将…译成…，take a message捎个信，leave a message留个信，be good for 对…有好处，be good at =do well in擅长于…

be poor at =be bad at =do badly in=be weak in不擅长…

Think of

想起，think about想出，think over仔细考虑，else修饰不定代词something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody, nobody和who, what,when,where时放后，四说，1,speak说语言，2.say说内容，3,talk与谁说，4,tell告诉，讲述，四看，1,watch观看电视，比赛和表演，2,see看人，电影，医生，风景，3,read看书，报，4,look就看。

看场电影要用see，读书看报用read 电视、戏剧、比赛，凡是表演用watch,observe细观察，一时注意用notice.make+宾语+补足语（形容词）使某人某物怎么样。

.make+宾语+do 让某人做某事

make+宾语+过去分词

使某人被怎么样；make friends with sb.与某人交朋友，hear of听说，hear from收到某人的来信，be bad for对…有害，it is +adj.+of sb +to do sth.写性格，品质 kind, good nice ,right,wrong,clever,careless,polite,foolish等。

It is+adj+for sb +to do sth.对物的评价difficult,easy hard,dangerous,important,等 write to… 给…写信，next to 在…旁边，do some concerts办音乐会，speak to sb.和某人讲话，say hello to sb.给某人问好，say bye to sb.向某人说再见，show sb.around somewhere带某人参观某地，learn sth from sb.向某人学习choose the correct answers选择正确答案，correct the mistakes改错, match …with…把…和…搭配起来

建议：1.why don't you do sth?=why not do sth?

2.How about doing sth?=what about doing sth?

3.You should /can do sth.4.Remember to do sth.5.Don't forget to do sth.6.can you do sth ?

7.Let's do sth.8.It'sa good idea to do

9.would you like to do ?

10.Shall we do

11.You'd better(not)do sth.回答：That's a good idea.Thanks a lot.Great, OK.That's right.All right.Good idea.Sure.MODULE

2现在完成时：

1.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或结果，常与recently, ever, never,already,yet ,just,before still连用；

2.表示发生在过去并且一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for+时间段或since+时间点连用。

结构：have(has)+过去分词，get into=enter进入，what's the price of …=how much is …问价格 dream about梦到，dream of 梦见，around the world=all over the world全世界，stay with sb.与某人呆一起 stay in bed呆在床上 ，stay at home呆在家里, take off 脱下，起飞，land on/in /at 着路, all over China,全中国，take a seat =have a seat请坐 , come ture实现，fly to =go to...by plane(by air),坐飞机 drive to =go to …by car开车，walk to =go to…on foot步行去

sell out 卖光，at the end 在结束时，at the end of在…尽头/结尾 , have been to去过（现在不在那儿），have gone to 去了（现在不在说话地）everyday English日常英语，first price一等奖，The most exciting experience最激动人心的经历，before long不久，long before=soon=a little later很久以前，no problem没问题，have a problem in doing sth.做某事有困难，work out a problem解决一个问题，invite sb to do sth,邀请某人做某事

invite sb to some place邀请某人去某地, one day,某一天，（过去或将来）

some day某一天（将来）, 连系动词，一是be(am, is ,are ,was ,were,)一感觉feel，一保持keep，三变become,get turn，四起来taste ,smell , look, sound，后跟形容词作表语。

不定代词：somebody, some one某人，anybody,anyone任何人nobody,no one，没人everyone,everybody每个人,something某物 ,anything任何物,nothing没事,everything一切事物，修饰他们的形容词放后。

different kinds of =all kinds of 不同种类的，各种各样的，by the end of 到…末为止，不迟于

give a concert=give concerts举办音乐会，in the end =finally，最后，终于，take a photo=take photos照相，店

cook sth for sb.=cook sb.sth.为某人做饭buy,make such+a /an +adj+单数名词=so +adj+a/an+单数名词(名前such，形副so，多多少少也用so,little属特殊，“小”用such,少用so.)

交通工具的乘坐，take the(a)+交通工具to , =go...by+交通工具=go...on /in+a(the)+交通工具(小汽车只能用in，其余的可用in ,on);

walk to some where=go to...on foot;

fly to somewhere.=go....by plane ride to somewhere=go...by bike，drive to somewhere=go to by car, a kind of一种 ，be kind to sb对某人友善

.since then从那时起，take off 脱下，起飞，请假，reckon=consider =regard =think考虑，认为, be reckoned(to be),被以为

reckon....as...相当于 regard...as...把当成 in the photo,在照片里

go abroad,出国

be abroad,在国外

travel abroad,到国外旅行

sell out,卖光

sell to , 卖给某人

sell well卖得好 , 四个也：also,肯定，行前be 后；too肯定，句末；either,否定，句末；as well,肯定，句末。

go to sleep,去睡觉

the price of,....的价格，形容价格用high,low。sell sth at a high price,以高价出售，sell sth at a low price,以低价出售。yet ,用于完成时态的否定句和疑问句中；have a wonderful time 玩得高兴, would like to do sth=want to do sth,想要做某事

would like sb.to do sth=wat sb to do sth想要某人做某事 MODULE3 already早已，用于完成时的肯定,； yet,用于完成时的否定和疑问； just,用于完成时

just now=a moment ago用于过去时，arrive at(小地方)/in(大地方)=reach=get to ,到达

bring,从外往里拿，take ,从里往外拿，carry无方向，fetch往返拿，more than ,=over,多于

less than,少于

alone,个体单独，独自；

lonely,孤独，寂寞，也表示荒凉，most of....的大多数，a visit to 对...的参观，on a visit to....,参观...for a visit 参观，pay a visit to ,拜访

as...as....和....一样

not as...as..=not so...as 不如, so...that如此...以致于....如果that后是否定,就可以用too...to转换,如果是肯定就用,形容+enough(for sb)to do sth.be famous for 因...面著名(原因)，be famous as以...身份或产地而著名 prefer doing sth.to doing sth.=like doing sth better than doing sth更喜欢做某事, prefer to 更喜欢...prefer to do sth rather than do sth.宁愿做某事而不愿做某事, return from a visit to 从...访问返回，be named after 以...的名字命名, be proud of 以....自豪，be up to sb.由某人决定, up to 从事于,忙于，space station在太空站, show sth to sb.=show sb sth把某物给某人看，on business出差,因...公事, 在...的上面

over,在..上面,正上方,中间有段空间,反义为under on 在...上面,贴着物表,反义beneath，above在..上方,高出,反义below in the sky=in the air在天空中，by air=by plane坐飞机, in the last three years在过去三年里,用于现在完成时, none 用于三个以上的全否定，反义为all；neither两个都不，反义为both, the lastest news,最新消息，share sth.with sb.与分享某物

MODULE4 get on /along with sb,与...相处，get on well with sb.与...相处融洽

hear about ,hear of 听说，in fact实际上, the Hope Schools,希望学校

look after=take care of =care for,照顾 drop out of school,缀学

take part in, 参加 pay for ,支付,付钱

how long ,多长时间

how soon,多久

get on badly with ,与...相处不好

hear from sb.收到某人的信,电子邮件等

on the farm ,在农场上 in the last+一段时间,in th past +一段时间in the recent+ 一段时间,这三个用于现在完成时

because of因为......，sell sth.to sb.=sell sb.sth.,把某物卖给某人 buy sth from...buy sth for sb..给某人买东西

get an education接受教育, take part in=join参加，in good/bad health身体健康/不健康, care about关心,在乎，take care 当心, how often隔多久一次，stop doing sth.停止做某事, stop to do sth.停下来去做别的事，dress /undressr+人, put on/wear/take off+衣，drop out 退出,离队, drop in 顺便来访，drop out of school 退学

point at 指着，point to 指向,put on one's clothes穿上衣服

with the help of sb.=wiht sb's help 在别人的帮助下without the help of sb.无人帮助的情况

at home and abroad在国内外

非延续性动词变为延续动词：

buy--have open--be open join--be in

borrow--keep die---be dead leave--be away

come here---be here go there--be there begin--be on finish--be over

make friends--be friends get ready--be ready buy--get /have

arrive/get to /reach/come--be in be at /stay, put on--have on /wear get up--be up 可延续性动词不可以与for 或since 连用，非延续性动词的否定式也可以和for /since连用.other其他的，另外的，别的；

another另一个人或事物；

the other两个中的另一个；

the others其余的，剩下的人或事物； others其他的，另外的，别的人或物

MODULE 5 on earth ,究竟，到底，可用在when ,what ,who,where,how ,which,why 等之后，相当于in the world,用在否定句中相当于not...at all；

a fan of ,...的迷

give a concert =give concerts,举行音乐会 be famous for ,因..而著名(后+人或物某方面的特点,特长)be famous as ,作为...而闻名(后+身份职业)

at the age of =when sb.was...years old, 在...岁的时候

not only....but also..不仅..而且(就近原则)上

classical music,古典音乐 belong to ,属于

sth belong to sb.物属于人

across ,从一定范围内的一边到另一边,表面进行through,从中间通过或穿过,里面进行;over上方通过,不接触表面;hear of 听说，be born出生，go through穿过，I'm not sure我不确定，I'm sure肯定, make sb.+adj使某人怎么样，make sb.do sth.使某人做某事, take sb.around带人四处走走，a piece of music一首乐曲, in addition to 除...以外,buy him a guitar=buy a guitar for him给某人买吉他, go on with sth.继续做某事，go on doing sth.继续做某事, die of 患..而死,常接hunger, cold, illness,cancer内部原因, die from由于..,而死,常接a wound ,an accident,carelessness外部原因, learn to do sth学做某事，learn from sb.向某人学习, Learn...by heart熟记,背诵，learn one's lesson from...从...中吸取教训, 反意疑问句: 1.先断“定”,判断是否定或肯定.如有not ,never, few, little, hardly, no ,nobody,seldom,nothing等词,则是否定,后面该用肯定.2.后找“动”,观察前面的动词,若含有或情态动词直接用,若为实义动词原形,用do,三单用does,过去式用did, had better用had 3.换代,主语定代词,三单用he ,she ,it ,复用they we;somebody,nobody 类似的用

they,和thing一起的用

4.肯定祈使句，反问句部分可用will you /won't you ？否定祈使句，用will you ？

5.Let's...用shall we?

let us....用will you?, 6.在think,believe,suppose+从句结构中，疑问句部分与从句保持一致，同时主句的否定转移到从句中;但第二，三人称与主句保持一致：I don't think you have done it ,have you? /He doesn't think you have done it ,does he?即：当主句人称是一，从句是二时，看二；当主句是三时，就看三。7.回答只针对事实作答;Yes+肯定

,No+否定 give sb.sth=give sth.to sb.给某人某物,give in投降, give up doing sth 放弃，give out 分发, give a way to 对...让步，on the earth在地球上, both....and既....又.....就近原则

neither....nor既不....又不,就近原则 either...or要么....要么.there be, not only...but also就近原则， may be可能是.maybe=perhaps大概,也许

In addition to..除...以外(还有)=besides，but 除..之外，常与否定意义词连用,当but前有do时but后接原形，except,除....之外(不包括)on holiday度假，of course=,sure当然 all types of呼种 ，part time job,一份兼职工作 on one's own独自 ，be led by由....带领

MODULE 6

过去进行时

用法：1.表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或正存在的状态，一般常和at that time,at 点yesterday,then,last night,this time yesterday ,the whole morning,when I arrived 等特定的过去时间连用。

2.表示一个过去动作发生时或发生之后,另一个动作正在进行或两个延续性过去的动作同时进行,常与when,while引导的时间状语从句连用。结构：was /were +V-ing

go on 继续，go on doing sth继续做某事(同一件事), go on to do sth 继续做某事(另一件事)，go on with sth继续做同一件事,但中间暂停过，How is it going ?=How are you getting on /along?近况如何?

by the river,在河边

at this time yesterday昨天 的这个时候，in a tree=in the tree ,在树上(外来物)on a tree =on the tree,在树上,(树本身的)

smile at sb.朝着某人微笑, laugh at sb.嘲笑某人

fall into ,掉进,跌入

fall off 掉下来，fall behind ,落后,跟不上 fall in love with,爱上

be careful,小心 by mistake由于出错

at taht /this time在那/这时

have nothing to do 没事可做, nothing strange没什么奇怪的，take sth.out of....把...从...拿出来，happen to do sth.碰巧做某事

感官动词see ,hear ,watch,feel ,notice,smell,taste后+名词或代词+动词原形(表示动作已经发生)后+名词或代词+Ving(表示动作正在进行)under th hedge在树篱下面，go down下去, think about 考虑，think of想起，认为 , think over仔细考虑，think out,想出

think hard,努力想，努力思考

What happened to sb.?某人发生了什么事？ be on 上演，go off熄灭，停，英语中当几个单数人称同时作主语时，先后顺序是“二、三、一” not...until直到....才......(主句中常用非延续性动词)till/until直到......为止(主句中常用延续性动词)something wrong with...,出了毛病,lie in bed 躺在床上, jump out of从...跳出来 ,on one's way to someplace,在某人去某地的路上 on one's way home在某人回家的路上,from....to,从...到....(动词+Ving)when,while ,as的区别

当...时候

When可与持续性动词连用,表示“一段时间,”也可与短暂性动词连用,表示“时刻”.主句的动作可以与从句的动作同时发生,也可以先后发生.如果主从句都是短暂性动词时,只能用When While表示主句和从句的动作同时发生.其从句的动词必须为延续性动词,从句多用进行时态,也可用表示状态的动词的一般时态.如果主从句都是进行时,只能用While as与When同义,但as指主句的动作和从句的动作交替进行或同步发展.wear out 穿坏,穿旧,用坏，cheer up 使振奋;使兴奋, follow one's advice听从某人的建议，look into向...的里面看, stop to do sth.停下做另一件事

stop doing sth.停止做某事 stop...from doing sth.阻止....做某事，what kind哪种, a kind of一种，all kinds of =different kinds of 各种各样的, kind of =a bit=a little 有点，walk along沿着....走, by mistake 错误地，无意地，by oneself单独，独立地, by the way, 顺便说

墙的表面用on，墙的内部用in have something to do有事可做 ,have something to eat有可吃的东西 , have nothing to drink没有什么喝的东西

feel tired感到疲劳

no one,一般不与of连用，动词用单数，只指人，一般用来回答who none ,可与of连用，动词可用单数或复数，指人或物，回答how many /how much引导的问句，以及含any+n 的一般问句 Nothing，指物，动词用单数，without doing sth.没做，be tired=get tired累了，during the day 一整天，被动语态的结构是：be+及物动词的过去分词

变法：1主+谓+宾语.将宾语变作主语,将谓语变被动语态,将主语变by宾语.2.主+谓+间宾+直宾

将间接宾语变作主语,谓语变成被动语态,直接宾语不变.3主+谓+直宾+间宾+to或for 将直变主,将谓变被告,其余不变.by原主 4.主+谓+宾+宾补 宾作主,谓变被,其余不变,by原主.5.主+谓+宾+宾补(let,see,make ,hear,watch ,feel, help, notice,observe,look at ,listen

to)变为被动时，后加to 6.主+短语动词+宾语，宾作主，短变被，其余不变,by原主.7.带有be going to,be about to ,be to ,have to ,used to ,be supposed to ,be sure to 等要将to后来动词变以被动 8.被动语态的每种时态

第四篇：外研初二英语下词组RMA M6词组

RMA 1.期望干某事 2.门的钥匙 3.在晚会上 4.记学习日记

5.给某人打电话（4）6.在比赛中对抗某人 7.对某人微笑 8.遵循基本规则 9.用某人的手机 10.通过电子邮件 11.保持一直干某事 12.做某事很有趣 13.做运动 14.同时

15.在农场工作

16.观察某人正在做某事 17.没有人干某事 18.阻止某人干某事 19.第一个干某事 20.空中播音 21.哪类人

M6 UI 1.发生

2.醒着的/想睡觉的 3.太想睡觉 4.许多（3）5.在采访中 6.错过干某事 7.结束了

8.两两之间/在很多朋友之间9.担忧 10.看MV

M6 U2 1.播放

2.在学生电影院 3.…的报道 4.演得好

5.把人物塑造得很可信 6.出发航行

7.丢失的金子 8.来与…面对面 9.打败某人 10.扮演某人

11.是真实生活的写照 12.一部令人喜欢的电影 13.在某人看来（2）14.太多打斗场面

15.他是一个好人就是脾气差了点 16.（电影）首映 17.放映

18.整周（2）19.哪种 20.表演出来

M6 U3

1.请再说一遍 2.观众非常多/少 3.一个男/女演员 4.除了（2）5.比赛干某事 6.开演唱会 7.一张

第五篇：外研版英语..

外研版（三起）六年级英语上册教案

Module 4 Unit 1 Happy Thanksgiving

一、学情分析

在这一模块中，让学生学习、了解不同的中外节日。谈论在不同的节日人们做什么、吃什么、看到什么等等。让学生了解不同节日的风俗，特别是了解外国节日的风俗，培养学生的跨文化意识。

重点、难点 重点：中国四大节日的英语表达法，会用英语描述这些节日。难点：用英语描述中国的节日。

目标定位

写单词。

能力目标：会描述本国的四大节日的特色。

情感目标：通过学习中国的四大节日，使学生了解四大节日的特色，并会用英语表达。

二、教学过程

1.Warm-up热身复习

全班齐唱歌曲“We wish you a happy Christmas.”引导学生进入教学环境。老师可适当把歌曲音乐延长，烘托今天教学中节日的主题。

引导学生说出他们了解的西方节日明称，例如：Christmas, Halloween等等。再引导学生说一说关于这两个节日的情况，例如：它们分别在什么时间？按照传统，人们 在这两个节日里会做些什么？

2.Pre-task任务呈现

教师向学生们出示与圣诞节相关的图片，请单个学生回答问题，例如：“When is the Christams Day? Do you like it? What do people do on Christams ?”可以用同样的方式谈论万圣节。

出示美国国旗，提问学生是否了解美国有一个关于国旗的节日。告诉学生，美国有一个传统的“Flag Day”.引导学生开始今天的课文学习。

3.New Teaching课文教学

把教学挂图贴在黑板上，播放录音或是教学VCD呈现SB活动1的内容。请学生们看着图认真听。播放三遍提出不同的要求。

辅导学生对重点词汇及语句的发音，对学生的进步及时进行鼓励。

学生理解和掌握了主要词汇以后，再放两遍录音，请学生在跟读的同时思考一些具体问题。文中Daming和Simon谈到了哪几个美国节日？它们分别是什么？人知识目标：通过听录音、看音标、跟读等形式能够听、说、读、些、们以什么方式庆祝这些节日？

a.What are the two American festivals in the story?

b.What do people do on Flag Day?

c.What do people do on Thanksgiving Day?

让学生跟读课文中的句子，每句之后停顿，要求学生重点模仿句子的语音语调。

教师尽可能多的学生起立跟读。

4.Practice练习

请学生看SB本单元活动2的图片，试着谈一谈图片中的内容。然后放录音，请

学生认真听，再放录音，让学生跟读。请学生两人一组重复对话。

完成SB活动3.S1:Can you tell me something about Christmas?

S2: Well, Christmas is my favorite festival.There is Father Christmas.He gives

presents to the children.S1: Can you tell me more about it?

S2: People have special dinners and they have Christmas tree…

其后，可以让学生编排关于圣诞节的表演剧。

引导学生讨论中国的主要节日——春节。

5.Summary 小结

教师总结：Today we have learned how to talk about festivals.6.Homework家庭做业

a.听录音，读句子，尝试背诵课文

b.用英语描述你最喜欢的节日，试着写一篇小短文。

三、巩固与拓展训练:

选一选，填一填。

1、Thanksgiving is myfestival.A.likeB.favouriteC.best

2.We watch a football gameTV.A.onB.inC.from

3.What dodo on Flag Day?

carryflag with my friends.A.you;MyB.you;YouC.you;I

火眼金睛，找出句子错误之处。

（）

1、We watch the basketball game inTV.()2.Can you tell me more with it, Mary?关注点、修改补充

()3.What do your do on Christmas Day?

小贴士：小学英语教学

英语学习、英语教学越来越受到人们的普遍重视。随着时代的发展和社会的进步，英语

已从一种工具变成了一种思想，一种知识库。没有掌握英语犹如缺乏一种思想，缺少了一个

重要的知识源泉。可以这样说，学会英语，不但多了一双眼睛，一对耳朵，和一条舌头，甚

至是多了一个头脑！因为语言是人类思维的工具，认识世界的工具，掌握一种语言也即掌握

了一种观察和认识世界的方法和习惯。

从日常工作中的点点滴滴，总结以下几点反思：

一、靠持续不断的语言知识，而不是“玩”来培养学生持久的兴趣

小学英语教学是要重视培养兴趣，但单靠唱歌游戏不能培养学生持久的兴趣。新鲜劲儿

一过，孩子们就会厌倦。所以，唱歌游戏应该作为小学生学习英语语言知识、技能的一些手

段，而不是培养兴趣的手段。我们可以采用多种手段帮助小学生在记忆力强的时期多记单词，多学习语言规则，并尽可能多创造模仿的机会，提高学生的语音和语调。在英语学习中，听、说、读、写、译五种能力是可以互补的。真正做到听说先行，读写跟上。光听说不读写，很

难收到高效。只靠模仿不培养学习能力，也难减轻学习负担。所以小学生还是应当认真进行

语言学习。

二、英语应用能力需要相应的词汇。

而目前在小学的低年级的英语教学中，不要求学生掌握词汇，而只要求学生能根据提示

或图片说出该单词，其本质无非是要学生们死记硬背，鹦鹉学舌。由于小学生们没有相应的读音规则训练，不熟悉词汇的拼写规则，单词的音、形、意三者不能有效的结合在一起，因

而导致了单词记忆的困难，并成了小学生学英语的困难。

三、努力培养学习兴趣。

英语教师的教学重点是放在教学内容，教学大纲和考试形式上呢，还是将教学注重点转

移到学生的性格、兴趣、情绪等方面的培养和控制？这是，现代教育思想转变的重大原则问

题。事实证明，认为自己“民主、开放、平静、友好、体贴、乐于助人、聪明、富于逻辑性

和快乐”的人，一般来说，其学习英语成功的可能性要大于与上述性格相反或相差极大的学习者。另外，在外语学习过程中，由于外界因素的影响，学习者会出现焦虑沮丧烦躁不安等

情况，英语教师作为教学活动的组织者，应注意对外语学习者情感因素的培养和控制。尤其

是在小学的低年级阶段，英语教师要培养对学生的亲近感。在课堂教学中英语教师要十分尊

重学生，注意激励学生，关注学生学习过程。在当前“减负”工作中，英语教师尤其要注意

体察学生在课堂上的心理感受，亲近学生，使学生喜爱英语教师和英语课，从而提高英语课

堂教学的效益。