第一篇:Lesson Four全文翻译
Lesson Four:Judicial System 第四课:司法系统
第一部分:法院
美国共有52个相互独立的法院系统。每个州和哥伦比亚特区都有其各自非常完善、独立的法院系统,而且还有一个独立的联邦法院系统。联邦法院系统并不优越于州法院系统,根据美国宪法第三条第二款的规定它与州法院系统是相互独立、互相配合的系统,其处理特殊的涉及联邦性质的问题。两个法院系统的并行存在常牵涉到州法院和联邦法院系统的关系问题,且显示出联邦制度的重要问题。美国联邦最高法院由九位法官组成,他们对于所有这些法院系统的事宜有最终和最高的决定权。
尽管只有少数州,如内布拉斯加州,采用的是两级模式的法院系统,但是大部分州,包括联邦的法院系统都是三级模式。那就意味着每位诉讼当事人都有权到审判法院起诉,如果败诉,那么还有两级上诉,而他最终有可能在这上诉中胜诉。例如,在联邦系统中的审判法院是联邦地区法院,其在每个州至少设立一个。很多大的州则被分成两个、三个甚至四个司法辖区,这取决于其人口多少、地理情况和案件数量。美国一共有94个辖区而且每个辖区法院都有一个法官,或者更多是两个以上法官。若在地区法院得到了不利的判决,当事人可上诉到地区法院所在地的巡回区的联邦上诉法院。联邦系统内共有11个以数字顺序命名的中级上诉法院,每个法院都包括三到十个州和属地辖区。另外,哥伦比亚特区还设有一个上诉法院,专门审理来自哥伦比亚特区联邦地区法院的上诉案件,还有一个联邦巡回区上诉法院,受理各种联邦专门法院例如索赔法院的上诉案件。每个上诉法院都有四名以上的法官,他们组成三人的合议庭来审理地区法院的判决和行政机关的一些决定。在上诉法院中败诉的一方当事人,在某些案件中,可能申请到联邦最高法院的审查。州法院所管辖的案件通常的法院审判程序是审判法院、州上诉法院,然后是州最高法院。如果州最高法院的判决牵涉到联邦宪法的问题,其可能被联邦最高法院来审查。从1988年始,最高法院对民事案件的审查是自由裁量的;实际上所有民事案件都作为权利而可以上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。
(各地的)三级制审判体制在最高法院所扮演的角色上有所不同。(各州)所采用的作法反映了关于最高法院应如何发挥什么作用的不同哲理(理解)。例如,在加利福尼亚州只有被判处死刑的刑事案件才有权被上诉到州最高法院。同样的,在联邦法院系统中,除非是极少的情况下,上诉到联邦最高法院都是法官自由裁量的,通过调案复审令来进行。由法院自己来决定哪些问题是关重大而应该引起重视的,并且可以拒绝审查判决所牵涉的它认为并不那么重要的问题。它以这种方式对下级法院的司法行为进行以个案为基础的监督。对这个问题的另一种作法是,如在纽约州,在很多案件中上诉到州最高法院是立法所明文规定的一项权利。纽约州最高法院的首要职责好像是确保案件被正确的审判。在您要确定这些上诉法院的特定规则的时候,有必要仔细查看该系统的相关立法。
第二部分:法官
在从事法律职业者中不到二十分之一人是联邦、州、县或市法院的法官。除了某些较级别的法院外,法官一般都被要求具有开业律师资格,但是在任法官期间不得开业。在如何选择法官,到法官的选举方法以及法官的任期方面,因为(各州)太缺乏一致性,所以很难总结而只能给出三个显著特征。
法官多是从执业律师中选择,而较少从政府服务法律职业者或法学老师中选取。美国不像其他国家一样有职业法官,而且对于那些渴望做法官的年轻的法学院毕业生们并没有规定一个必经之路,无需经过实习,也无需一定要参与服务。优秀、年轻的法学院毕业生给联邦或州法院里最有名的法官当过一到两年的书记员也只是让他们拥有了在执业之前的一些经验而已,而并不能确保其也成为法官。高级的法院中的空缺由其下级法院中的法官来填补也很正常,但即便这样也不能说是个惯例。法律职业也并不是完全无视职业法官的优势,但是通常认为美国律师带给法院的经验和独立性比这个优势更为重要,这是美国律师带给法官的。美国最高法院的很多杰出的法官之前都没有司法的经验。批评反而主要集中在目前遴选法官的方法上。
州法院的法官通常是选举产生的,一般是通过民众投票,但是偶尔也会通过立法程序产生。民众选举的方式一直都不太被赞同,包括律师协会在内,是因为民众对法官人选没有兴趣而且也不了解候选人,因此选举的结果常被政治党派的领导所控制。自从很多当地的律师协会承担了评估候选人资格的工作并以此为基础来支持或反对他们以来,这一状况已得到一定的改善。
自1973年以来,美国的律师协会就一直主张为这一系统寻求替代的方式,即由州长从一个特别提名董事会所提交的名单中来任命法官,然后,该法官定期参加没有竞争对手的续任民众选举,选举的根据是依据其工资成绩。这样的体系现在在实行,对至少一部分法官,在实质上很少一部分州中实行。在很少的一些州中,法官是由州长根据立法认可后来任命的。
这也是选举产生联邦法官的方式,即由总统在参议院认可后任命产生。即使是在任命制体系中法官的选举也免不了受政治的影响,而且被任命的法官一般和总统或州长是同一党派。但是联邦法官的候选人名单是要提交到美国律师协会委员会的,而且任命通常要获得其同意。首席法官或首席大法官的职位一般也以与其他司法官员的职位同样的方式来填补,尽管某些州的法院是以其内部成员以轮流任职,或任职的资历,或法官内部选举的方式来填补的。美国联邦首席大法官是由总统任命,提交参议院确认产生的。
第三个特征是法官通常是在其任期内而不是终身的担任法官职务。一般管辖区的法院的法官的任期一般是四年、六年或八年,在上诉法院种,通常是六年、八年或十年。令人欣慰的是,即使在法官是民众普选产生州,那些工作令人满意的现任法官通常都能够连任。只有在少数个别州的法院和联邦法院内法官是终身任职的。不管是有任期的法官还是终身法官,他们都可能因严重渎职或仅通过正式程序而被免职。法官被免职的情况实际上很少发生而且几乎很少的联邦法院的法官是通过正式程序而被免职的。司法独立也由这样的一条原则来支撑:即法官不会因其司法行为而承担民事责任,即使是犯欺诈和腐败罪。美国律师协会的“法官行为准则”已被广泛适用为法官应遵守的标准规范。高级司法官员的薪水通常相当不错,虽然不如私人开业律师的收入高。这些司法官的声望也很高,而且法官职位能够吸引全国很多能干的法律人士。美国法律极高的声誉很大一部分是来自于其伟大的法官们。
第二篇:翻译
For several weeks before Christmas, my father worked after supper in the cellar of our house.The cellar was white-washed, and lit by a hundred-watt bulb over the worktable.My brother Laird and I sat on the top step and watched.My father removed the pelt inside-out from the body of the fox, which looked surprisingly small, mean and rat-like, deprived of its arrogant weight of fur.圣诞节的前几周,我的父亲晚饭后在我们家的地窖里工作.地窖的墙被粉刷的很白,并且工作台上方点亮着一个百瓦的灯泡.我哥哥莱尔德和我坐在最高的台阶上看着。我的父亲把狐狸的皮毛从狐狸身上扒下,令人惊奇的是,剥离掉它华丽的皮毛的重量后它看起来小小,脏脏的像老鼠一样。
There was the smell.After the pelt had been stretched inside-out on a long board my father scraped away delicately, removing the little clotted webs of blood vessels, the bubbles of fat, the smell of blood and animal fat, with the strong primitive odour of the fox itself, penetrated all parts of the house.I found it reassuringly seasonal, like the smell of oranges and pine needles 还有它的气味。在父亲把狐狸毛皮已经从内而外被拉伸为一个长板上刮掉微沙,并且将血管微小的凝块网和泡状脂肪刮除后,血液和动物脂肪的味道,还有狐狸本身强烈的原始味道弥漫在房间的各个角落。我发现它有令人放心的季节性,就像橙子和松针的味道一样。
The naked, slippery bodies were collected in a sack buried at the dump.One time the hired man, Henry Bailey, had taken a swipe at me with this sack, saying, “Christmas present!” My mother thought that was not funny.In fact she disliked the whole pelting operation----that was what the killing, skinning, and wished it did not have to take place in the house.它光滑的,湿润的身体被收集起来放在一个储物的袋子里。有一次雇佣工人亨利 贝利就用这个袋子和我开玩笑我,说“圣诞节快乐!”我的母亲认为这一点都不好笑。事实上她一点也不喜欢这种去皮操作,她认为这是一种屠杀,她不希望这种事情发生在家里。
第三篇:翻译
The influence of sample bandaging methods on the experimental results;The influence of the sample pretreatment on the experimental results;
The influence of different extraction methods on the experimental results The influence of different extraction solvents on the result of the experiment
The determination and the analysis of fat content in
soybean seeds
Major: BiotechnologyName: Wang Ruijie
Student Number: 10406329Guide Teacher: Wang Xi
Abstract: Through the use of Hai Neng SOX500 crude fat tester and the different methods according to the principle of the soxhlet extraction, there was a qualitative determination of different soybean varieties of crude fat content, next made a comparison and analysis on the various factors which may affect the determination results, then summed up these factors to ensure the accuracy of determination results and data.The best experiment condition is: samples of calcium chloride, extraction time is 3 h, extraction temperature is 80 ℃, the drying time is 15 min, extraction cycle is 8 min, and take the heat of soxhlet extraction method.The crude fat content of five soybean varieties from low to high order is: Long Bean 18, Jin Bean 19, Jin Bean 25, Northeast Bean, Jin Bean 28,and the crude fat content of Jin Bean 28 reach 24.12%.Keywords: crude fat tester;soybean varieties;function of fat;influence factors;crude fat content
第四篇:翻译
1.这位网络销售主管调查研究后开始实行自己的计划。
The network sales executive began to put his plans into practice after research and investigation.2.由于母亲没有养老金,姐妹俩每人每月出资500 美元赡养她。
Because their mother didn't have her pension, the two sisters each contributed $500 a month to support her.3.杰姆大叔认为市价上涨,他就可以赚到一笔钱。
Uncle Jim thought that a rise in the market would enable him to cash in.4.罗宾逊奋斗多年,先后当过会计、代理商和项目经理。
For years Robinson struggled hard, working in turn as an accountant, an agent, and a project manager.5.昨天,博物馆中一幅价值50万美元的绘画被盗窃.Yesterday, a $500,000 worth of painting was stolen from the museum.6.参加华交会的客商从全国各地纷至沓来。
The businessmen who came to take part in the East China Fair rolled in from all parts of the country.7.他们很自然地把这件事与促销计划联系在一起。
They naturally associated the matter with the promotional plan.8.这本书着重具体分析该规划的可行性(feasibility)。
The book focuses on concrete analysis of the feasibility of the program.9.引进先进的技术以后,我们现在每月可生产20台机器。
After introducing advanced technology, we can put out 20 machines every month now.10.获得奖学金的学生占我校学生总数将近五分之三。
Scholarship students account for nearly three fifths of the whole enrollment in our college.11.近来他们生意很糟糕,不久就得歇业。
They will have to close down soon because business has been bad recently.12.我们打字纸快用完了,让秘书尽快去买一些。
We are running out of typing paper, so let the secretary buy some as soon as possible.13.该文化发展委员会是由来自全国8所大学的10位著名专家组成的。
The committee for cultural development consists of 10 famous experts from 8 universities of the country.14.如果邮包未经保险(insure),邮局对其受损不负责任.The Post Office is not liable for damage to a parcel by mail if it is not insured.15.这家超市由于经营不善而陷入债务。
The supermarket goes into debt due to bad management.16.这个5年前仅有10人的小公司现已发展成为一个拥有3家子公司(subsidiary company)的大企业。
The small company, which had no more than 10 people 5 years ago, now has developed into a big business with 3 subsidiary companies.17.国际市场上每桶(barrel)石油的价格从28美元到30美元不等。Prices of oil range from $28 to $30 a barrel in the international market.18.销售被定义为帮助顾客,并帮助他们做出明智的购买决定。
Selling is defined as assisting customers and helping them make a wise buying decision.19.该企业以高质量的产品服务于顾客。
This business serves customers in the form of high-quality products.20.大多数消费者对电脑的售后服务不满意。
Most consumers are dissatisfied with the after-sales services of computers.21.尽管我们对谁是谁非并不关心,不过我们想弄清楚事故的起因。
Though we're not concerned with who is right or wrong, we want to find out the cause of the accident.22.这家连锁店出售各种各样的男女时装。
This chain store sells a variety of men’s wear and women's wear.23.结果发现那位酒店经理的金表是他家世代相传的。
It turned out that the gold watch of the hotel manager's had been handed down to him from one generation to another in his family.24.服装的尺寸可分为小号、中号、大号和特大号四类。
The size of garments can be classified into four types: small, medium, large and extra large.25.海明威擅长描述起源于西班牙的斗牛(bullfight)。
Hemingway was good at describing bullfighting, which originated in Spain.26.在某种意义上说,最聪明、最有才能的是最有实践经验的企业家。
In a way, the entrepreneurs with the most practical experience are the wisest and the most capable.27.正是由于富于挑战性,出国工作这个机会才吸引着他。
It was because of its challenging nature that the chance of working abroad appealed to him.28.委员会不赞成该提议,因为他们不愿意冒损失金钱的风险。
The committee disapproved of the proposal because they were not willing to run the risk of losing money.29.随着这个词组被反复使用,它开始有了新的含义。
As the phrase was used repeatedly, it began to take on a different meaning.30.很多初到美国的移民常恪守他们自己民族的价值观。
Many recent immigrants to America often cling to the values of their own nations.31.那个不断向Jane索取钱财的坏蛋终于被抓获了。
The evil man who had repeatedly extorted money from Jane was finally caught.32.既然这双鞋子的颜色与你的连衣裙相配,还是买下来为好。Since the color of the shoes matches your dress, you might as well buy it.33.员工指控委员会的某些委员接受了一个私企老板的贿赂(bribe)。
The employees accused some members of the Committee of accepting/taking a bribe from the owner of a private business.34.为了方便起见,我们可以从三个方面讨论他们的提高销售额的计划。
For the sake of convenience, we can discuss their plan to increase sales from three aspects.35.在五年前的一次事故中,她的一个手指被机器割断了。Her finger was cut off by a machine in an accident five years ago.36.我一点也没有想到他竟会做出如此愚蠢的决定。
It had never occurred to me for a moment that he could have made such a silly decision.37.他在住院期间,工作都积压了下来。His work piled up while he was in hospital.38.尽管他很傲慢,但我认为你还是应该向他征求一下意见。
Although he is very proud/self-important, I think you should ask him for advice all the same.39.我们劝他接受公司提出的工资标准,但他拒绝了.We tried to persuade him to agree to the company's pay offer, but he refused.40.与其把每件事留到最后一分钟,杰克总喜欢早点动手。
Jack always prefers to start early rather than leave everything to the last minute.41.对不起,今天上午我安排不了更多的来访者。Sorry, I can't fit in any more callers/visitors this morning.42.在最后决定买下这台计算机之前,咱们先试用一下。Let's try out the computer before we finally decide to buy it.43.你在进一步处理这件事之前,必须考虑得远一点。You must look ahead before you go further into the matter.44.要是你真正下点功夫,就一定能解决这个问题。You'll solve this problem if you really work at it.45.学生们觉得你教的课容易领会。
The students find it easy to take in what you teach.46.由于大量生产,该药品的价格已下降。
Because of mass production, the price of the medicine has been brought down.47.他的迟到是由于高速公路太拥挤。
His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway.48.今晚的节目着重讨论住房问题。
Tonight's program focuses on the housing problem.49.新教师花了好几个月时间才把她的班级管服。
It took the new teacher months to bring her class under control.50.你出去买东西的时候,是否能留意一下给玛丽的礼物? Can you look out for a present for Mary while you're out shopping? 51.她过去曾经卖现代艺术品,现在作古玩买卖。
She used to sell modern art but now she deals in antiques.52.这家家电(electric home appliance)企业非常重视售后服务,因而在顾客中口碑很好。
The electric home appliance enterprise puts great emphasis on after-sales service.So it has gained a very good reputation among its customers.53.他妻子已经下岗。作为家庭的唯一经济来源,他不能再失去工作了。
His wife has been laid off.As the only bread-winner of the family, he can’t afford to lose his job.54.正确的投资必会带来丰厚的回报。
A sound investment is sure to bring good profits.55.受病毒影响,我们的计算机不能正常工作,等待处理的数据已经堆积如山了。
Our computers can’t work normally for the attack of virus.So heaps of data is waiting for processing.56.当他想打一份合同时,没有一个秘书可供差遣,他只好自己打了。
As none of the secretaries was available when he wanted to have a contract typed, he had to type it himself.57.人们认为总统参与商业活动是不合适的。
It is considered inappropriate for a President to engage in business dealings.58.在美国,仅仅是在大学里修完了4年的课程,你还不够做医生的资格。
In the United States, completing a four-year-program in the university does not qualify you as a doctor.59.约翰答应做到不浪费任何东西。
John promised that he would see that nothing was wasted.60.负责政府各部门的领导人必须能全心全意地为人民服务。
The leaders in charge of the government departments must be able to serve the people heart and soul.61.很多国有企业正在努力摆脱债务的纠缠,尽快实现盈利的目标。
Many state-owned enterprises are making every possible effort to get rid of their debts so that the aim of making profits can be realized as soon as possible.62.现在的银行跟过去相比似乎更多地考虑到迎合顾客的需求。
Banks nowadays seem to be accommodating their customers more than they used to be.63.一般来说,人们总是希望工作时间要短些,而工资却要高些。In general, people want shorter working hours but higher wages.64.你在暗示这是管理层的错误,是吗?
Are you implying that the fault lies with the management? 65.要么停业,要么出售整幢大楼,这家百货公司别无其他出路。
The department store has no way out but either to close down or to sell the whole building.66.我最不能忍受的是他对一切都无所谓的态度。
The last thing that I can bear is his indifference to everything.67.面试时,面试官会想尽办法让你打消顾虑,畅所欲言。
During an interview, the interviewer will try his/her best to make you feel free to speak your mind.68.如果你觉得在公司里无事可做,事实上就是一个即将被炒鱿鱼的信号。
Your feeling of having nothing to do in the company is, in effect, a signal that you will be fired soon.69.他们本来打算在房地产(real estate)上做大量的投资,但董事长在最后时刻改变了主意。They had planned to invest a lot of money in real estate, but the chairman of the board changed his mind at the last minute.70.空调的销售在很大程度上受天气的影响。
The sales of air-conditioners are strongly affected by the weather.
第五篇:IT翻译
漫谈
现在自称精英的译员层出不穷,但是往往在实践以后才发现是纸上谈兵,翻出的文章既无实用性,更无美感。,原因在于IT行业博大精深,各中子行业也是隔行隔山。所以哪个译员跟我说既会硬件,又会软件,那我一定是不相信的,相反,他要是只精通于云计算,大数据和软件服务,那么这样的译员,至少值得给个试试的机会。
上海译得好翻译公司作为一家专业从事翻译服务的机构,吸纳了各行各业,有志于翻译事业的人才,为客户解决了很多棘手的问题。译得好的一个VIP客户Trustwave, 致力于网络安全解决方案,翻译需求不仅是简体中文,还有繁体中文,之前寻找了40家上海翻译公司都不甚满意,直到找到译得好。
繁体中文,并不是通过输入法简单地进行繁简转换,语法,句法都不尽相同,台湾繁体和香港繁体也是大不相同的,官方和民间的各中差别也是有深厚渊源的。单是这一环,很多翻译公司就不负责任的进行了转换,结果导致客户的营销资料和专业说明显得非常业余。咱们可以输,就是不能输在翻译上。
译得好近期一个过百万的项目是C7数据中心,经过50多家供应商的激烈竞争,我们成为独家供应商。C7 数据中心,一个主机托管提供商,最近在犹他州建造了一座面积95,000平方英尺的数据中心和办公大楼,距离国家安全管理局的新数据中心三英里。C7 在在犹他州建立了数据中心,包括新的Granite Point II 数据中心,因为沙漠月牙形的地形很安全、犹他州有很好的连通性和公共基础设施、该地区的土地和劳动力也相对便宜,电力成本也很低。干燥寒冷的沙漠气候使 C7数据中心每年有九个月可以利用自然环境进行冷却。Wes Swenson,C7数据中心CEO在上海举行的10场巡讲大会中讨论构建现代数据中心的细节,怎样比较主机托管和云服务,行业发展趋势,以及选择主机托管提供商的一些注意事项。为什么主机托管消费者们会把他们的数据中心设备放在犹他州的沙漠,而不是选择距离他们公司30到50英里地方等,译得好派遣了10位专业同声传译人员。
为什么我们10场会议要选择10位不同的人员,大大降低了公司的利润,并增加了运营的难度,在Wes Swenson来中国之前,我们和他的秘书进行了非常详细的沟通,包括每场会议的日程,地点,目的,我们感叹地发现,每场会议需要译员的质素,专业和功能都是不尽相同的。
我们觉得任重而道远,因为有的会议,我们的译员不仅是翻译人员,还是公关,销售,甚至代表CEO本人更好的表达出他想表达而未表达的意思。
会议结束,我们不但得到了客户的大力赞扬,还额外得到了奖金,更可喜的是,成为他们下一站:欧洲市场,英语翻译德语和法语的独家供应商,这个事情对译得好来说,是里程碑的事件。
我们会一如既往,成为行业的泰斗,树立严格的标准,更好地服务客户,最本地化,最国际化,译得好,你不二的选择。