中西婚礼差异英文版

第一篇：中西婚礼差异英文版

中西婚礼差异英文版

Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom

Abstract There are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom.The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride.In western marriage, there are four procedures.They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding.As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs.In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men.By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal.There also exist common things in the two sides.They have been maintained for thousands of years.But in recent years(especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding ceremonies.Key Words：Marriage custom;differences;reasons 摘 要

中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即建议，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚

姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中，媒人起着决定性的作用，而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力，而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。在西方，是牧师在婚姻中起作用，并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来（特别是新中国成立之后），中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词

婚俗；差异；原因

Introduction Marriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation.It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage.Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology.During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development.Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system(monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities.It runs through the whole process of life.These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of mankind.China is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs.Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom.This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom.During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time.However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of ideas.Greek civilization is the base of western culture.Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage custom.Comparing with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason.I.Chinese Marriage Custom Like other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process.In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world.There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only “arbitrary marriage.”

In China, marriage has gone through for a long time.As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention.To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called “six etiquettes.” And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the “six etiquettes”.As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes “Six

etiquettes” as the basic pattern has not changed much.It is still essential and core in marriage custom.Marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage custom.In feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires.Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward.Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status.If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family.Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'.The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home.The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the bride.A.Proposing: Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families.Thus, it is very important.Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or daughter.If the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together.If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts.People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts.Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according

to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach it.B.Asking the Name It aims to ask for girl’s name and pray.In ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage.First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card.And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance.Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters(in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling).If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance.Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied.What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family.Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures.In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”.That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers.Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang dynasty.It has been simplified today.Many marriage does not need this process.C.Asking for Fortune

After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”.It included two aspects of contents.One was consult the female virtues.Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian ethics.Zhong lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife(Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore)was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues.A man in old times always had many wives.In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues.Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck.If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled.If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards.Thus the marriage was actually decided to be held.D.Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s Family

The book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money.If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage.Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s side.The significance of it includes two aspects of meaning.One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her.The other is help the woman’s family prepare for dowry.E.Discussing the Date of Marriage In the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family.People paid much attention to the marriage time.They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune.They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life;autumn was the season of harvest.After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the marriage.Nowadays, it is also an important event.People pay many attentions to it.F.Meeting the Bride The marriage is finally held after the five procedures.In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day.And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom.Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.II.Western Marriage Custom In the middle ages children were married at a young age.Girls were as young as 12 when they got married, and boys as young as 14.The arrangement of the marriage was based on monetary worth.The family of the girl who was to be married gave a dowry, or donation, to the boy she was to marry.The dowry went with her when the marriage was held and stayed with the boy forever after the marriage.After the marriage was arranged, a wedding notice was posted on the door of the church.The notice was put up to ensure that there were no grounds for prohibiting the marriage.The notice stated who was to be married, and if anyone knew

any reasons that the two could not marry, they were to come forward with the reason.If the reason was a valid one the wedding would be prohibited.There were many reasons for prohibiting a marriage.One reason was consanguinity, if the two were too closely related.If the boy or the girl had taken a monastic or religious vow, the marriage was also prohibited.Sometimes widows or widowers took vows of celibacy on the death of their spouse, and later regretted doing so when they could not remarry.Other reasons which also prohibited marriage, but were not grounds for a divorce, were rape, adultery, and incest.A couple could not be married during a time of fasting, such as lent or advent.Nor could a couple be married by someone who had killed someone.In the middle ages there were few reasons the wedding could be dissolved.One reason was if either the man or woman were not of legal age, 12 for girls and 14 for boys.If the husband or wife had previously made a religious or monastic vow or were not Christian, the marriage would be dissolved.The last reason a marriage could end was if the woman, not the man, was incapable of ***ual relations.A.Proposal When the prospective groom had obtained his father’s consent to marry, a formal marriage proposal had to be made.The prospective groom did not propose in person but sent his friends or members of his family to represent his interest to the prospective bride and her family.If they saw a blind man, a monk or a pregnant woman during their journey, it was believed that the proposal would not be accepted as these signs were thought to bring bad luck.If, however, they saw nanny goats, pigeons or wolves, this was a good omen which would bring good fortune to the marriage.During Medieval times in western countries, the man proposed by leaving a hawthorn branch at the door of his beloved on the first of May.By leaving the branch at the door she accepted his proposal.She made known

her refusal by replacing the hawthorn branch with a cauliflower.B.Changing Surnames It was thought unlucky for a woman to marry a man whose surname began with the same letter as hers.The sentiment was summarized in the following thyme: To change the name and not the letter is to change for the worst and not the better The bride should not practice writing her new name before the wedding.This was thought to bring bad luck by tempting fate.C.Choosing the Day Although most weddings now take place on a Saturday, it was considered unlucky in the past.Fridays were also considered unlucky particularly Friday the 13th.The famous old rhyme advised a wedding in the first half of the week: Monday for wealth Tuesday for health Wednesday the best day of all Thursday for losses Friday for crosses(= funerals)Saturday for no luck at all

Advice on which month to marry in was given by the following rhyme: Married when the year is new, he'll love, kind and true.When February birds do mate, you neither wed nor dread your fate.If you wed when March winds blow, joy and sorrow both you'll know.Marry in April when you can, Joy for Maiden and for Man.Marry in the month of May, and you'll surely rue the day.Marry when June roses grow, over land and sea you'll go.Those who in July do wed, must labor for their daily bred.Whoever wed in August be, many a change is sure to see

Marry in September's shrine, your living will be rich and fine.If in October you do marry, love will come but riches tarry.If you wed in bleak November, only joys will come, remember.When December snows fall fast, marry and true love will last.Marry in May and you'll live to rue the day May had been considered an unlucky month to marry in for a number of reasons.In Pagan times the Feast of the Dead and the festival of the goddess of chastity both occurred in May.The advice was taken more seriously in Victorian times than it is today.In most Churches the end of April was a busy time for weddings as couples wanted to avoid being married in May.Queen Victoria was thought to have forbidden her children from marrying in May.June was considered to be a lucky month to marry in, because it was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of love and marriage.The summer as a whole was considered a good time to marry and this was partly to do with the sun's association with fertility.In Scotland one popular custom was for the bride to “walk with the sun” to bring her good.She would walk from east to west on the south side of the church and then continue walking around the church three times.D.Holding the Wedding

The wedding ceremony was finally held.The church ceremony in the middle ages took place outside the church door before entering the church for a nuptial mass.During the ceremony in front of the church doors the man stood on the right side and the woman stood on the left side, facing the door of the church.“The reason was that she was formed out of a rib in the left side of Adam.” The priest began by asking if anyone knew of any reason the couple should not be married.He also asked this of the man and woman so they might confess any reasons for prohibiting their marriage.The ceremony proceeded with the priest saying, “N(amen)wilt though have this woman to thy wedded wife, wilt the love her, and honor her, keep her and guard her, in health and in sickness, as a husband should a wife, and forsaking all others on account of her, keep thee only unto her, so long as ye both shall live?” Then the priest, changing the wording of “as a husband should a wife”, asked the same of the woman.Both the man and the woman should answer by saying” I will.” At this time the woman was given by her father.The wedding continued with the saying of vows.Both the man and the woman, with the exception of the words wife and husband, said, “I N.take thee N.to my wedded wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness, and in health, till death do us part, if the holy church will ordain it.And thereto I plight thee my troth.” At this time the ring exchange occurred.They bowed their heads and the priest gave them a blessing.As husband and wife they entered the church, where they knelt before the altar.At the altar the priest gave a prayer and a blessing, thus ending the marriage ceremony.If the bridegroom and bride did not belong to England of Church, they must use the second marriage form, according to the law, that was go to the marriage registrant to hold a secular marriage ceremony.III.Differences It is clear that Chinese marriage custom and western marriage custom differ from each other in many aspects.In Chinese marriage custom the matchmaker has many functions and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men.By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest has functions and the youths, particular the man, have legal right to choose whom they wanted to marry and men and women are equal.A.Different Marriage Media Matchmaker and priest are different.Matchmaker has many functions.Almost in every process in marriage in old times, the matchmaker would attend.First, it was the matchmaker that introduced a man to a woman or a woman to a man, most the former.If matchmaker did not introduce them to each other, they would not know about each other for ever.If some accident event happened, that is they knew each other not through the matchmaker, they would be called “committing adultery with each other “or “a thief if a man and a whore if a woman”.Second, the other procedures after introduction in marriage were also done by the matchmaker.There were three conditions in marriage in old China that were the matchmaker’s proposals, six gifts and meet, people kept honoring the ancestors as the center in these three conditions.The regulation of listening to matchmaker’s proposals was the rule that people must abide by.The reason was not only the function the matchmaker had in society, but also the meaning that the matchmaker had in later generation reproduction.In modern times, matchmaker still has some of above functions such as the function of introduction.Priest does not always function.It is his duty only when he hosts the wedding ceremony.It was not the priest who introduces the man to the woman or the woman to the man.In Christian’s opinions, wedding ceremony is considered as an important way to get god’s save and wedding ceremony is a very important part of marriage.Priest plays an essential role in it.And marriage is not valid, unless the ceremony is hosted by priest.There are three conditions in marriage too.First, there should be some correct things that is used when go to church;second, correct means to go to church especially correct reading prayer book;third, correct motive to go to church which emphasizes action by church’s order.It can be seen that church is important in western people’s eyes, so the priest is necessary when holding a

marriage.And marriage is tinged with mystery because of these conditions.B.Freedom: Free or Not In old China, people looked at the country and society as the standard, thus, “behest of parents” played an absolute important role in marriage.It was the principles of heaven and earth—right and proper when parents dealt with the son's or daughter's marriage only by their own opinions.Marriage in China was arranged by family.“Behest of parents and proposals of matchmaker” decided everything about marriage.Usually the husband and the wife did not meet each other before getting married.They did not know what their husband or wife liked.Even sometimes they did not know the names of each.If they did not agree the marriage, it was no use because the right of decision belonged to their parents.The marriage would still be held.The youths are not free when chose the lover in some places even today.Marriage marks the beginning of complete independence from the parents.According to the English law, no one was allowed to get married under the age of sixteen.Marriage between the age of sixteen and eighteen must have the parents’ consent.But when the girl was over eighteen, she was free to choose her love.Youths in Britain were relatively free.In Britain, church pointed out “agreement principle” which pointed out that the marriage was valid only when the two persons involved in marriage expressed freely and openly in front of at least two chief witness at wedding ceremony;the marriage was not valid when there existing misunderstanding or force in marriage.Under this “agreement principle”, the father should listen to the daughter’s suggestion, and the father should not force the daughter to marry with the man whom she did not want to marry.Thus, it can be seen from this point that, one’s willing was superior to anything.C.Right: Equal or Not Chinese men were hold up as “sky” and women were considered as “earth” in old times.Sky was superior to earth in old people’s eyes.And women

must comply with three obedience and four virtues.But man could have a wife and many concubines.In north of China in some places, husband and wife are still unequal.The Bible says that husband should respect wife because both of them are blessed by God.And it emphasizes that the relations between husband and wife should include duty.D.Different Purposes of Marriage The main purpose of getting marriage in China is to continue the male offspring.The so-called “there are three forms of filial impiety, of which the most serious is to have no heir” reflects the importance to serve ancestors.And the filial piety is traditional virtues.In western countries, they are influenced deeply by religion, especially the Christianity.They think that it is the God who has created marriage.There are three purposes of the marriage created by God.First, the couple is lifelong companion with each other;they serve God together.Then get married, start career and produce an heir to carry on the pious descendants.The final purpose is carrying on the pious descendants to serve to God.So they do not stress the blood relationship.They can remedy the defect of non-child by adopting other children.IV.Reasons for the Differences Above A.Religions Among all the religion by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the west.Every phase of man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of western culture.British dominant religious belief is Christian faith;or rather the U.K.is a country of Christianity.Bishop ordered marriage law as the fourth chapter in 1234.After issuing the law, it was carried on under the strong church control.In 1917, the marriage law referred: wedding ceremony should be held by priest or at

least two witness;the willing should be true and not be forced.Most Chinese people believes Buddhism which advocates “why and because relationship”.In this point of view, sky is the reason, and earth is the result;parents are the reason, and sons or daughters are the result;husband is the reason, and wife is the result.B.Cultural Origins Traditional Chinese traditional marriage custom was characterized by a distinctive patriarchal clan system.“Three obedience and four virtues” decided that women should become an appendage to the men and be subordinated to the family interest.It was also characterized by strong feudal political color.Marriage sometimes was a kind of ways to ally in political.The policy of cementing friendly relations through political marriages was a typical example in history.The traditional marriage custom was influenced deeply by Confucianism.There sill exists differences between males and females in marriage custom today.This phenomenon is also caused by the traditional Chinese culture.Western marriage custom is influenced deeply by religion, however, which emphasizes both men and women are God’s sons and daughters, so they are equal unlike Chinese who pay more attentions to boys.Western people consider girls are also the fruit of love.C.Marriage Concepts Chinese people once thought that marriage was a kind of ways to increase families, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position.Marriage would add a girl of a clan other than one’s own, so marriage was looked as the important event of family but not one’s own event.The love between the man and the woman was not the first condition of marriage.Today the marriage concepts have not changed much especially in some backward places.The aim of getting marriage for them is till to increase families, offspring and protect and enhance family’s

reputation and position.In western countries, marriage is the love’s home to return to.The aim of marriage is to make the woman and the man live together all the life.It is the personal affair.They have no duty to increase family, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position.The marriage just make them live together.Thus those westerners stress feeling not the family’s interest or reputation when they are choosing lover.D.Geographies Britain is over one thousand kilometers from south to north.Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with the longest coastlines in the world.In Britain no place is over one hundred and twenty kilometers from the sea.During the fight with the sea, British people feel the strong force of the nature that is difficult to control.Thus they believed God.They think God is omnipotent and they respect God very much.China’s geography is extremely varied and complex, including mountains, plateaus, plains, grasslands, basins, hills, islands, desert, glaciers, and frozen earth.Mountain areas cover about two-thirds of the total land area.This geography decides that Chinese people live mainly by farming and live in groups, and later formed the patriarchal clan system with rigidly stratified.This makes Chinese people respect the person that exists in objective reality that is the ancestors that created tribe and saved the country.Chinese people respect ancestors and western people respect God that lead the spirit world in China into ethics that take the main position and in western religion take the main position.Thus it causes marriage differences.Conclusion Marriage custom in both China and western countries has gone through for

a long time.As a most grand thing in people’s life, it has always attracted a high degree of attention.As time goes by, although many wedding customs have experienced various changes, as the basic pattern, “six etiquettes” in China has not changed much.That’s to say proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl’s family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride are still essential and core in marriage custom.In western countries, a valid marriage should experience proposal, surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding.There are four differences between the two kinds of marriage custom.Firstly, the marriage media are different.Marriage media in China is matchmaker, but priest in western countries.Secondly, youths have no free right to choose their lover in China, but in western countries people are much freer on this point.Thirdly, westerners are equal than Chinese in marriage.Fourthly, the main purpose of getting marriage in China is to continue the male offspring.However in western countries, there are three purposes: the couple serve God;then get married and start career;last is produce an heir to carry on the pious descendants.The differences existing in Chinese and western marriage custom are inevitable.The different religious, cultural origin, marriage concept, and geographies caused different marriage custom in both worlds.These differences maybe will still exist for a long times between Chinese marriage custom and western marriage custom because it is not easy to change a kind of traditional culture or custom witch has remains for thousands of years.Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to my

tutor----Chen Jianghong, who offers me academic and constructive advices on composing this paper.Her patient help and timely encouragement are worthy of high acknowledgement.On the process of composing the paper, she also played an important role in indicating a bright road in my future writing.And I also would like to take this opportunity to thank Ms.Li Li-qin, who is my thesis course teacher and gives me some advice on how to write a paper.At the same time, I would like to thank all the leaders and teachers of the School of Foreign Languages and Cultures.I do need to thank the persons who give me my life—my father, my mother, for their warm care and the chance of study.Last but not the least，I would like to express my thanks to them who spend their time in reading my paper, and I will be grateful if you could give me your advice.

第二篇：中西教育差异

中西教育差异

中西方存在巨大的差异，文化差异更为巨大，教育、宗教、饮食、礼仪、生活方式等，都是文化差异的不同体现形式。一方水土养一方人，中西方这两片截然不同的文化大地，养育出了截然不同的中西方人。

中西文化一直还在传承，两者的差异也还存在。教育是一种文化现象，不同的文化和地域形成了不同的教育形式。中西教育的差异，传承了各自的文化，同时也延续了两者之间的差异。从学校教育来看，对比中国与西方的学生，中国的学生学的很多，甚至可以说是太多，自己却想的很少。西方的学生学的不多，该学的都学，自己想的比较多。学的东西太多，容易打击学生学习的兴趣，怪不得中国学生厌学较多。中国社会教育思想重视打实基础，唯书是从。长期忽视学生的创造力，学生没有自己的想法，按部就班。西方的教育思想是开发学生的创造力，培养学生自己的想法，让学生按着自己的兴趣去学习。

中国的课堂，是越整齐越好，还记得上小学时老师教过的上课时的标准坐姿，每个人都整齐划一，学生就认为这是对老师的尊重，中国的社会就是要强调“守规矩”，这思想在我们最容易接受事物的年纪就牢牢地灌输给了我们。西方的学校课堂上学生们可没有这样的规定，完全不可想象。

从家庭教育来看，中西方家庭教育思想的差异也甚为巨大。中国家长望子成龙望女成凤的愿望，家长本身的文化水平关系，自身也生活在这个东方文化的社会环境中等等各种因素，极少关心孩子的心理需求和内心的真正想法，总认为孩子的话没什么道理，自己想的一定是孩子要的。前几天在车上听到后座一位妈妈带着刚放学的孩子，孩子不大，因为知道生孩子很痛而说以后不要结婚，她妈妈说，你那么小不要想别的，现在最重要的就是给我想怎么考100分回来。中国家长的要求很多没有想到孩子实际的能力。西方家长鼓励教育孩子怎么做人，怎么尊重别人。两者差别巨大。

教育是培养，不是灌输。

第三篇：中西教育体制差异

人类获取知识的最佳模式和人体智力发育的自然规律，那就是：

一、人类获取知识的效率是与对该知识的兴趣有极大的关系。人类是天然具有好奇心的。而教育的作用就是如何诱导，刺激和引导这种好奇心。填鸭式和题海式教育是泯灭这种好奇心的天敌(必要的记忆背诵除外)。而且极易导致人对学习的反感心理以及对个人行为的其他负面影响。

二、儿童在宽松的环境中用他们天性中的好奇心加上想象的翅膀，充分地感受生活，积累对自然的认识。

西方教育基本上照顾到了这些自然规律。在初中(15岁)以前基本上不给学生施加任何压力。学生学得很放松。既有一个无忧无虑的童年生活，还可以让各种兴趣自由的生长，各种思想自由地发展。让学生的心理和生理有一个十分健全的发育。但一过15岁进入高中阶段，学习迅速变得严格起来，而且学习负担和压力都有显著的增加。这种状态将持续增强直到大学毕业。结果到大学毕业时学过的总内容比中国的大学生有多无少。换句话说，在校学习强度与人的理解能力及智力发育保持同步增长。这是值得中国教育界好好借鉴的。

遵从教育自然规律与否才是中西方教育的根本差异，也是中国现行的教育方式中最深层次的，最实质性的，最难被人们注意到的要害问题。

在教育孩子上，西方的教育是：

第一：把孩子当人看，平等地看待他，给他选择的权利。

第二：从小让孩子独立，教会孩子如何在各种环境下生存的技能。

第三：让孩子快乐地成长，培养他一颗乐观的坚毅的心。

中国与美国在教育方面的确存在着很大的差异。

美国教师给学生传授了许多人文的东西，提出了要守时、要注重仪表、人们都需要朋友、继母也是有爱心的、要爱自己、出错并不可怕等六个观点，将品德教育融入课堂，教人做一个懂得礼仪、诚实守时的人，体会父母的爱和朋友的帮助，更要学会爱自己，可谓润物细无声，比泛泛的说教更容易让学生接受，效果更为明显。

相比之下，中国的教育，侧重于分析字、词、句，如何划分段落层次，归纳中心思想。教给学生的无非就是做人要真诚、善良，要遵守时间，学生除了学到这些，还有小女孩们幻想着穿上玻璃鞋找到自己的王子，嫁到金碧辉煌的宫殿中去。

二是加强心理健康教育,要爱自己！近年来,经常看到这样一些报道：为了一些小事、小小的挫折，许多孩子竟然自杀，告别人世，惋惜之余，不禁感叹，现在小孩子的心理也太脆弱了。美国教师关于“没有一个人可以阻止你爱自己，如果你觉得别人不够爱你，你要加倍地爱自己；如果别人没有给你机会，你应该加倍地给自己机会；如果你们真的爱自己，就会为自己找到需要的东西--没有人能够阻止辛黛瑞拉参加王子的舞会，没有人可以阻止辛黛瑞拉当上王后，除了她自己。”的观点，正是需要我们来告诉中国的孩子的，要爱自己！不要保护自己的生命当儿戏。

090114049

汉本一班

朱晓彦

第四篇：中西文化教育差异

中西文化教育差异

中国的教育体制在经济日益发展的今天，多少显得有点窘破，在全国人民的强烈呼声之下，改革也是一种必然，但如何改革才能真正有所突破呢？这是一个沉重的话题，需要慎之又慎！今天我写为什么西方的孩子更容易获得成功的文章是想警醒国人，继续发挥中国上千年来最大的传统美德：学其精华、弃其糟粕；把西方好的学习模式和教育方法引进来。希望咱们的改革能朝着最有利的方向发展。

一、学校的教育

1、中西方教育的本质区别：西方教育是一种尝试教育，先让学生尝试进行体验，在体验中发现难点，然后在解决难点中积累经验，最后，得出结论，那是真正属于自己研究的成果。中国教育是一种灌输式教育，先将成人的经验告知学生，让学生按已有成功经验去操作（并非所谓的真学习）按部就班，在经验的指导下学习实践，同样，也是可以得到自己的结论，但是往往很难跳出已有的固定模式。两者的最大差异就在于西方教育以人为本，从人的学习的本能出发，符合学习论，而中国教育是一种消除错误的“生产”教育，将学生当作产品，希望在生产线上生产出的是合格品，而不是次品。正是不能正视“学习是可以犯错的”这一规律，使得学生缺乏应有的创新思维。

2、从教师在课堂中所起的作用看中西方文化教育的差异： 西方教育大都是基于人文思想展开的，从小开始培养人的实践和分析能力，鼓励思想的自由，并对自己的言行负责。教师的作用，主要是指引者，往往像朋友一般和学生一起去探讨问题，对于学生的疑问，经常一指图书馆，让学生自己去寻找资料，自己做出判断，尽可能的不去影响学生的自主思考。它最大可能的保护了人类创造力的根源——思想的自由和自主。如何让学生在课堂上感觉开心，使学生能够积极投入学习，这在西方是老师常常思考的问题。同时教师鼓励学生在课堂积极发言，学以致用。在中国，课堂属于老师，老师在讲台上涛涛不绝的讲课，学生认真的听讲、记笔记，对课本的答案和教师的答案深信不疑，是一种倾向性的灌输式教育。学生和老师之间缺乏紧密沟通，造成学生被动的接受知识，牢而不固。

3、考生成绩的计算方式也是中西方文化教育的一个显著差异 在西方学生成绩的计算方式是：课堂纪律和出勤率占15%，课余作业成绩占15%，小组互动讨论占20%，论文写作和答辩占50%，从这几个方面来综合评估学生的综合情况，比较客观和公正。由于西方教学的目的是运用，而不是分数，所以分数只是一个参考值。

在中国，成绩是学生、家长和学校的命根子，一切唯高分是从。一些综合分数低，而偏科成绩比较严重的学生，反而被埋没了。成绩主要以期中和期末考试成绩来定，主要是笔试，比较单一，另笔试的成绩很容易被复制。像高考这种一考定终身的方式很容易因为发挥失场，而与大学教育失之交臂。高分低能那是我们国人的最大悲哀呀！

4、从知识层面来说，西方教育更容易发掘天才：

西方教育重视学生创造力的培养；注重对知识的灵活应用，重视“广”和“博”，对学生的教育是点到为止；西方的基础教育在达到最基本的要求的基础上，允许学生有较大选择的自由。比如，一位学生对物理、化学或生物不感兴趣，感觉有很大的困难，可以只选修比较基础的课程，而选修较多的自己擅长的感兴趣的课程，只选修理、化、生其中的一门，同样可以达到高中毕业要求，也能进入顶尖大学，同样有机会成为“精英”。

中国教育重视基础知识的巩固，注重知识的灌输和知识的熟练掌握，重视“精”和“深”，以数学为例，中国教育使用题海战术，教师让学生重复练习，直至“炉火纯青”的地步；所以说，中国教育是“精英”教育，把那些不能把知识学得精深的人淘汰出去。中国教育要求数理化各科面面俱到，哪一科学得不好都有可能对人生前途造成致命的影响。

二、家庭的教育

社会的竞争，决不仅仅是知识和智能的较量，更多的是意志、心理状态和做人的比拼。由于历史传统、社会文化背景的不同，中西方家庭教育观念存在着巨大的差异，从这些差异中，我们可以找出许多值得中国家长学习的观念和做法——

●西方家长从小就培养和锻炼孩子的自立意识和独立生活能力。重视孩子从小的自身锻炼，他们并不煞费苦心地设计孩子的未来，而是注重孩子的自由发展，努力把孩子培养成为能够适应各种环境，具备独立生存能力的社会人。他们的家庭教育是以培养孩子富有开拓精神、能够成为一个自食其力的人为出发点的。让孩子自己动手修理摩托车，分担家里的割草、粉刷房屋、简单木工修理等活计。此外，还要外出当杂工，如夏天替人推割草机、冬天铲雪、秋天扫落叶等。在这种潜移默化的过程中，孩子逐渐成长为具有独立生存能力和社会责任感的公民。

中国的许多家长望子成龙心切，因而超越孩子实际水平的高要求、拔苗助长的教育方式、恨铁不成钢的态度在家庭里到处弥漫。在孩子的成长过程中，除生活上加倍关心外，家长最关心的是孩子的学习。似乎学习好就是万能的，而对孩子的独立生活能力、社会适应能力、心理健康程度、道德情操以及公民意识等则关心甚少，有的甚至完全不顾。从孩子出生到成年，家长几乎把孩子的一切都包了下来，做饭、洗衣服、打扫、攒钱供孩子读大学、出国、结婚、养儿育女等。尽管我们的家长都希望孩子成才、幸福，而这样的家庭教育既不可能令孩子成才，也难以让孩子得到幸福，因为社会的竞争，决不仅仅是知识和智能的较量，更多的是意志、心理状态和做人的比拼。

●西方的家长更加重视孩子健康心理的培养，因而很注意与孩子的情感交流，关心孩子的心理需要。家长把快乐教育作为一项重要的教育内容来实施。他们经常和孩子一起讨论问题，孩子遇到不顺心的事也愿意跟家长商量。心理学的研究表明，健康的心理对于孩子的成才和健康人格的塑造至关重要。

而中国家长对子女的关心基本上集中在孩子的生理需要方面，很少关心甚至根本无视孩子的心理需求，忽视孩子健康心理的培养和性格、意志的磨炼。其结果是在相当程度上导致了孩子的心理承受能力过低，以至经不起生活中的压力和挫折，即使是一件小事也能使他沮丧、颓废、自暴自弃，动辄离家出走，甚至轻生厌世。

●西方家长重视从日常行为与情感中对孩子进行“做人的教育”，注重从内心情感去尊重别人，看重的是日常生活的行为与习惯的培养。而我国家长和幼儿教师往往脱离孩子心理发展的实际，例如幼儿园时就提出爱国主义、革命英雄主义、伟大理想主义的教育，忽视基础的行为习惯、良好的人际交往等与孩子发展阶段相适应的“做人的教育”。我们一直谈教育要循序渐进，这不仅适用于智力教育、知识教育，同样适合于做人做事的道德教育。现在我们的孩子道德观念淡漠，社会性发展差，这与家长忽视对孩子最基础的“做人教育”不无关系。

●西方家长“鼓励创新”,鼓励孩子去超越前人，相信孩子具有同成人一样的独立研究和动手的能力，能以宽容的心态去营造一个利于培养孩子创造力的环境和氛围。他们对孩子所做的种种探索行为往往持积极、肯定的态度，鼓励孩子在生活中提出不同的见解，并对其中的疑问进行积极的探索。即使家长认为孩子的某一行为并不具有积极的效果，他们也不会过多地干涉，而是让孩子在自己进行的探索中逐渐认识到自己的问题，并予以纠正。而中国家长往往“满足于克隆”，教导孩子在前人面前止步。对孩子的探索活动大部分是持否定态度的。他们往往把孩子自己进行的“探索活动”视作“胡闹”而加以制止。例如美国孩子拆了家里的闹钟，若能装回，多数家长会称赞孩子，若是装不回，许多家长会与孩子一道把闹钟装上，甚至鼓励孩子再拆、重装一次。但中国孩子若拆了家里的闹钟，就算自己能装回，恐怕也没几个敢告诉家长的。孩子往往在家长的严格管教下被熄灭了创造性火花。从以上的对比中我们不难看出，中西方的家庭教育从宏观到微观都存在着显著的差异。外国家长重视的恰恰是中国家长忽视的。西方家长教导孩子：跌倒了自己爬起来，做错事自己纠正，自尊并尊重别人，全身心锻炼，按兴趣学习。他们鼓励孩子成为梦想家，成为自己心目中的成功者。中国的家长们，您不妨借鉴一下。

三、社会环境的影响

中国最缺的，是责任教育！对自己的言行负责，对社会、民族负责！教育不是只在学校，还在家里，在周围环境，在社会氛围。而现在，常见到家长，学校，周围环境在推卸责任。来看看美国，经常可以见到大人教育小孩，而那个小孩并不是他的孩子，大人也不是什么教师。为什么？就是因为：“美国人把每一个孩子都当作是自己的孩子，教育自己的孩子是每一个美国人的责任”；在英国，每一个欧巴桑的威力大家都知道，她们总是在自觉的监督年青人的行为，好像警察一般。这两个国家已经把教育下一代的责任交给了每个公民，每个公民也在为国家的未来负责。而在国内，又有谁把教育下一代国人视为自己的责任呢？看到不认识的小孩有不对的地方，又有谁会上前去教育他，指出他的错误呢？教育制度不完善，官员贪污腐、、、、这些问题的存在，管理者有不可推卸的责任！你，我，所有国人，甚至包括受教育者，谁可免责？如果每人都确实负起自己的责任，又会是一番什么样的景象呢？

第五篇：中西差异案例

中国人重“内”，西方人崇“外”。

中国人通过节庆活动企盼丰收、享受喜悦，而西方人则更偏向借此发泄个人情绪、张扬个体人格。

思维模式，西方重唯理、思辩细节分析；中方重经验、直觉整体综合。

隐私方面，中国人的隐私观念比较薄弱，认为个人要归属于集体，在一起讲究团结友爱，互相关心，故而中国人往往很愿意了解别人的酸甜苦辣，对方也愿意坦诚相告。而西方人则非常注重个人隐私，讲究个人空间，不愿意向别人过多提及自己的事情，更不愿意让别人干预。例如：中国人第一次见面往往会询问对方的年龄，婚姻状况，儿女，职业，甚至收入，在中国人的眼里这是一种礼貌，但在西方人眼里则认为这些问题侵犯了他们的隐私。

时间观，西方人的时间观和金钱观是联系在一起的，时间就是金钱的观念根深蒂固，所以它们非常珍惜时间，在生活中往往对时间都做了精心的安排和计划，并养成了按时赴约的好习惯。而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家，在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性，一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行。

客套语，中国人注重谦虚，在与人交际时，讲求“卑己尊人”，把这看作一种美德，这是一种富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。在别人赞扬我们时，我们往往会自贬一番，以表谦虚有礼。西方国家却没有这样的文化习惯，当他们受到赞扬时，总会很高兴地说一声“Thank you”表示接受。由于中西文化差异，我们认为西方人过于自信，毫不谦虚；而当西方人听到中国人这样否定别人对自己的赞扬或者听到他们自己否定自己的成就，甚至把自己贬得一文不值时，会感到非常惊讶，认为中国人不诚实。

餐饮习俗，中华民族素有热情好客的优良传统。在交际场合和酒席上，热情的中国人常常互相敬烟敬酒。中国人宴客，即使美味佳肴摆满一桌，主人也总习惯讲几句“多多包涵”等客套话。主人有时会用筷子往客人的碗里夹菜，用各种办法劝客人多吃菜、多喝酒。而在西方国家，人们讲求尊重个人权益和个人隐私，所以他们不会做强人所难的事。吃饭的时候，绝不会硬往你碗里夹菜，自己想吃什么就吃什么，他们也不会用各种办法劝客人喝酒，不会非要你喝醉了为止。

行为规范，比如中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好，而在西方国家，这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法，父母会对此非常愤怒。

风俗习惯，中国人对龙有着至高无上的尊重，认为他们是中华民族的象征。西方有一个“打龙节”，龙被视为恶。中国人将红色视为“喜庆”“吉祥”的象征，而白、黑两种颜色为“不吉利”的颜色。因此在重大节日或者婚礼上会穿红装、挂红灯笼、贴红“喜”字。而在丧礼中，人们都会穿黑或白颜色的衣服，代表对已经过世人的哀悼。但西方人则非常喜欢白和黑这两种颜色。外国新娘则穿白色，表圣洁，参加晚会时中国女性一般穿黄色或紫色的衣服，表高贵，而外国女性则穿黑色的衣服，表典雅。（随着西方文化的影响不断深入，中国人的一些观念也在悄悄发生转变会穿白色婚纱）

饮食文化，西方是一种理性饮食观念，不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去，因为有营养。中国则是一种美性的饮食观念，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，也难以涵盖全部。

宗教信仰，中国以儒学为核心，以佛教为宗教的文化体系和西方以基督教为核心的文化体系带来了不同的文化特色。国传统文化则认为双数是吉利的数字“666”在中国是吉祥数却是魔鬼复活的日子。