第一篇：出国必备的地道英文日常用语
出国必备的地道英文日常用语
Potluck Party 一种聚餐方式，主人准备场地和餐具，叁加的人必须带一道菜准备饮料，最好事先问问主人的意思。
Pull over!把车子开到旁边。
Drop me a line!写封信给我。
Give me a ring.= Call me!来个电话吧！
For here or to go？食堂或外卖。
cool;Thats cool!等于国内年轻人常用的囗语“酷！”，表示不赖嘛！用于人或事均可。
Whats up? = Whats happening? = Whatsnew?见面时随囗问候的话“最近在忙什么？有什么新鲜事吗？”一般的回答是“Nothing much!” 或“Nothingnew!”
Cut it out!= Knock it out!= Stop it!少来这一套！同学之间开玩笑的话。
Dont give me a hard time!别跟我过不去好不好！
Get yourself together!振作点行不行！
Do you have the time? 现在几点钟？可别误以为人家要约你出去。
Hang in there.= Dont give up.= Keep trying.再撑一下。
Give me a break!你饶了我吧！（开玩笑的话）
Hang on.请稍候。
Blow it.= Screw up.搞砸了。
What a big hassle.真是个麻烦事。
What a crummy day.多倒霉的一天。
Go for it.加油
You bet.= Of course.当然；看我的！
Wishful thinking.一厢情愿的想法。
Dont be so fussy!别那么挑剔好不好。
Its a long story.唉！说来话长。
How have you been? = How are you doing? 你过得如何？近来可好？
Take things for granted.自以为理所当然。
Dont put on airs.别摆架子。
Wishful thinking.一厢情愿的想法。
Dont be so fussy!别那么挑剔好不好！
Give me a lift!= Give me a ride!送我一程吧！
Have a crush on someone.迷恋某人。
Whats the catch? 有什么内幕？
Party animal.开Party狂的人（喜欢叁加舞会的人）。
Pain in the neck.=Pain in the ass.讨厌的东西、的人或事。
Skeleton in the closet.家丑。
Dont get on my nerve!别把我惹毛了！
Afat chance.=A poor chance.机会很小。
Dont put on airs!别摆架子！
I am racking my brains.我正在绞尽脑汁。
Shes a real drag.她真有点碍手碍脚。
Spacingout.=daydreaming.做白日梦。
I am so fed up.我受够了！
It doesnt go with your dress.跟你的衣服不配。
Whats the point? = What are you trying to say? 你的重点是什么？
By all means.=Definitely.一定是。What’s the rush!急什么!▲Such a fruitcake!神经病！
▲I’ll swing by later.=I’ll stop by later.待会儿，我会来转一下。▲I got the tip straight from the horse’s mouth.这个消息是千真万确的（tip指消息）!▲easy as pie = very easy = piece of cake 很容易。▲flunk out 被当掉。▲take french leave 不告而别。▲I don’t get the picture.=I don’t understand.我不明白。▲You should give him a piece of your mind.你应该向他表达你的不满。▲hit the road = take off = get on one’s way 离开。▲Now he is in the driver’s seat =He is in control now.▲Keep a low profile（or low key）.采取低姿态。▲Kinky =bizarre =wacky =weird 古怪的。▲klutz（=clutz）=idiot 白痴、的笨蛋。▲know one’s way around 识途老马。▲lion’s share 大部份。▲tailgate 尾随（尤其跟车跟得太近）。▲take a back seat.让步。▲take a hike =leave me alone =get lost 滚开。▲hit the hay =go to bed 睡觉。▲Can you give me a lift? =Can you give me a ride? 载我一程好吗？ ▲green hand 生手、的没有经验的人。▲moonshine = mountain dew 指私酿的烈酒（威士忌）或走私的酒。胡说八道也可用moonshine。His story is plain moonshine.▲chill out =calm down =relax（来自黑人英语）▲rip off =steal;I was ripped off.我被偷了；rip off 也常被用为“剥夺”My right was ripped off.权利被剥夺（来自黑人英语）。▲我们称美国大兵为G.I.（Government Issue）or GI Joe, 德国兵或德国佬为Fritzor Kraut，称英国佬为John Bull，日本人为Jap.或Nip，犹太人为Jew都是很不礼貌的称呼。▲mess around（with）瞎混；Get to work.Don’t mess around.赶快工作，别瞎搅和。▲snob 势利眼。▲sneak in,sneak out 偷偷溜进去，溜出来。sneakers 运动鞋。▲She is such a brown-noser.她是个马屁精。▲This is in way over my head.对我而言这实在太难了。▲I am an exam jitter and I always get a cramp in my stomach.我是个考试紧张大师，一考试胃就抽筋。▲Keep your study（work）on track.请按进度读书（工作）。▲Did you come up with any ideas? 有没有想到什么新的意见？ ▲Don’t get uptight!Take it easy.别紧张，慢慢来！▲Cheese!It tastes like cardboard.Cheese吃起来味如嚼腊！▲Get one’s feet wet.与中文里的“涉足”或“下海”，寓意相同，表示初尝某事。I am going to try dancing for the very first time.Just to get my feet wet.▲Potluck Party 一种聚餐方式，主人准备场地和餐具，叁加的人必须带一道菜准备饮料，最好事先问问主人的意思。▲Pull over!把车子开到旁边。▲Drop me a line!写封信给我。▲Give me a ring.= Call me!来个电话吧！▲For here or to go？食堂或外卖。▲cool;That’s cool!等于国内年轻人常用的囗语“酷！”，表示不赖嘛！用于人或事均可。▲What’s up? = What’s happening? = What’s new? 见面时随囗问候的话“最近在忙什么？有什么新鲜事吗？”一般的回答是“Nothing much!” 或“Nothing new!” ▲Cut it out!= Knock it out!= Stop it!少来这一套！同学之间开玩笑的话。▲Don’t give me a hard time!别跟我过不去好不好！▲Get yourself together!振作点行不行！▲Do you have “the” time? 现在几点钟？可别误以为人家要约你出去。▲Hang in there.= Don’t give up.= Keep trying.再撑一下。▲Give me a break!你饶了我吧！（开玩笑的话）▲Hang on.请稍候。▲Blow it.= Screw up.搞砸了。▲What a big hassle.真是个麻烦事。▲What a crummy day.多倒霉的一天。▲Go for it.加油 ▲You bet.= Of course.当然；看我的！▲Wishful thinking.一厢情愿的想法。▲Don’t be so fussy!别那么挑剔好不好。▲It’s a long story.唉！说来话长。▲How have you been? = How are you doing? 你过得如何？近来可好？ ▲Take things for granted.自以为理所当然。▲Don’t put on airs.别摆架子。▲Wishful thinking.一厢情愿的想法。▲Don’t be so fussy!别那么挑剔好不好！▲Give me a lift!= Give me a ride!送我一程吧！▲Have a crush on someone.迷恋某人。▲What’s the catch? 有什么内幕？ ▲Party animal.开Party狂的人（喜欢叁加舞会的人）。▲Pain in the neck.=Pain in the a**.讨厌的东西、的人或事。▲Skeleton in the closet.家丑。▲Don’t get on my nerve!别把我惹毛了！▲Afat chance.=A poor chance.机会很小。▲Don’t put on airs!别摆架子！▲I am racking my brains.我正在绞尽脑汁。▲She’s a real drag.她真有点碍手碍脚。▲Spacingout.=daydreaming.做白日梦。▲I am so fed up.我受够了！▲It doesn’t go with your dress.跟你的衣服不配。▲What’s the point? = What are you trying to say? 你的重点是什么？ ▲By all means.=Definitely.一定是。▲ steam 蒸 poach 水煮 boil 煮 toast 烤（面包）grill 烤、的煎 roast（duck）烘烤、的红烧、的（烤鸭）braise 油炸过用温火炖 pure 煮成浓汤 broil 烧、的烤 season 加调味料 panbroil 用浅锅烧烤 seasoning 调味料 fry 炸、的炒 dressing 沙拉酱 bake 烤 gravy 肉 saute’ 用温火慢炒 appetizer 饭前菜、的小菜 stew 炖、的焖、的红烧 entree 主菜 simmer 慢炖、的煨 snack 点心、的小点 stir fry 快炒、的大火炒 marinate 腌、的用卤泡，卤 smoke 熏 ▲Let’s get a bite.= Let’s go eat.去吃点东西吧！▲I’ll buy you a lunch（a drink;a dinner）.= It’s on me.=My treat.我请客。▲Let’s go dutch.各付各的。▲My stomach is upset.我的胃不舒服。▲diarrhea [dai r’i ] 拉肚子。▲吃牛排时，waitor 会问 “How would you like it ?” 就是问“要几分熟？”的意思，可以选择 rare，medium 或 well-done。▲I am under the weather.=I am not feeling well.我不太舒服!▲May I take a rain check? 可不可改到下次？（例如有人请你吃饭，你未能赴约，只好请他改到下一次。）▲I am not myself today.我今天什么都不对劲!▲Let’s get it straight.咱们把事情弄清楚!kitchen utensils 厨房用具 pan 锅
frying-pan 煎锅
spatula（沙锅的）铲 stew-pan 煮锅
wok（圆底的）煎锅，沙锅（源自粤语）steamer 蒸锅
pressure-cooker 压力锅 electric rice cooker 电饭锅 earthenware cooking pot 砂锅 aluminium ware 铝制品 chopper（粗切用）肉刀 can-opner 罐头刀 cockscrew 开塞钻子 egg-beater 打蛋器 chopping board 砧板 gas stove 煤气炉 electric stove 电炉
kitchen range（使用煤气或电的）大灶 oven 烤箱
microwave oven 微波炉 kerosene stove 煤油炉 toaster 烤面包架 refrigerator 电冰箱 panry 食物储藏室 cupboard 碗柜 dust-pan 簸箕 mop 拖把 broom 扫把 dustbin 垃圾箱 garbage can 垃圾筒
Culinary Arts烹饪术
culinary 烹饪的 cookery 烹调法 cuisine 菜色
boiled
（用水）煮的 roasted 烤的（如肉类）broiled 烧烤
braised with soy sauce 红烧的 shallow-fried 煎的 deep-fried 炒的 stir-fried 炸的 stewed 炖的
simmered 文火炖的，煨的 scalded 嫩煮的
toasted 烤的（如面包）grilled 铁扒烤的 baked 烘的 braised 焖，（用文火）炖 smoked 熏的
basted 在（烤肉）上溜油 cooked[done] 煮熟的 well-done 熟透的
underdone 半生不熟的 burnt 烧焦了的 carved 切好的 ground 磨碎的 minced 切成末的 mashed 捣烂的 dried 干的 iced 冰镇的 frozen 冰冻的
raw 生的，未煮的 fresh 新鲜的
stale 陈腐的，变坏了的；（酒）走了味的
tableware 餐具 chopsticks 筷子 knife 刀 fork * spoon 匙
tea spoon 茶匙 soup spoon 汤匙 ladle 大汤匙
carving knife 切肉刀 wine glass 酒杯
beer mug 啤酒大杯 tea cup 茶杯
cup and saucer（茶）杯和托碟 coffee pot 咖啡壶 bowl 碗
jug（有把手的）大壶 cruet-stand 调味瓶 sauce cruet 酱油瓶 vinegar cruet 醋瓶 mustard pot 芥末瓶 pepper pot 胡椒瓶 egg cup 蛋杯 toothpick 牙签 napkin 餐巾 condiment 调味品 table salt 食盐 sugar 糖 vingar 醋
soy sauce 酱油 oyster sauce 蚝油 shrimp sauce 虾酱 pepper 胡椒 chilli 干辣椒 curry 咖喱
goumet powder 味精 spice 香料
edible oils 食用油类 lard 猪油
margarine 人造黄油 sesame butter 芝麻油 peanut butter 花生酱 tomato paste 西红柿酱 soybean paste 豆瓣酱 mustard 芥末 honey 蜜糖 mint 薄荷 essence 香精
taste 味道
tasty 美味的
delicious 味道好的 sweet 甜的 sour 酸的 bitter 苦的 hot 辣的 salty 咸的
spiced 加香料的 fragrant 香的
seasoned 加作料的 tasteless 无味的
flat 淡而无味的（如走了气的啤酒）greasy 油腻的 bland 清淡的 light 清淡的 Restaurant 餐厅 cafetetia 自助餐厅
snack-bar 快餐部，小吃店 ready-to-eat section 快餐部 dining-room 餐室
cafe 〔美〕咖啡室，酒馆〔英〕咖啡馆 banquet hall 宴会厅 breakfast 早餐 lunch 午餐
luncheon 午餐，午餐会，午宴，工作午餐 supper 晚餐
dinner（午间或晚间的）正餐（一天中主要的一餐）snack 快餐
afternoon tea 下午茶点 refreshments 茶点 tea party 茶会
informal dinner 便宴
buffet（车站，火车内的）餐室，快餐柜头，小吃店 cooktail party 鸡尾酒会 banquet 宴会 meal 一顿饭
a la carte 照菜单点菜的
table dhote（按规定菜肴和价格供应的）客饭，份饭，套餐
To see a world in a grain of sand, And a heaven in a wild fllower，Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, And eternity in an hour.▲What's the rush!急什么!
▲Such a fruitcake!神经病！
▲I'll swing by later.=I'll stop by later.待会儿，我会来转一下。
▲I got the tip straight from the horse's mouth.这个消息是千真万确的（tip指消息）!
▲easy as pie = very easy = piece of cake 很容易。
▲flunk out 被当掉。
▲take french leave 不告而别。
▲I don't get the picture.=I don't understand.我不明白。
▲You should give him a piece of your mind.你应该向他表达你的不满。
▲hit the road = take off = get on one's way 离开。
▲Now he is in the driver's seat =He is in control now.▲Keep a low profile（or low key）.采取低姿态。
▲Kinky =bizarre =wacky =weird 古怪的。
▲klutz（=clutz）=idiot 白痴、的笨蛋。
▲know one's way around 识途老马。
▲lion's share 大部份。▲tailgate 尾随（尤其跟车跟得太近）。
▲take a back seat.让步。
▲take a hike =leave me alone =get lost 滚开。
▲hit the hay =go to bed 睡觉。▲Can you give me a lift? =Can you give me a ride? 载我一程好吗？
▲green hand 生手、的没有经验的人。
▲moonshine = mountain dew 指私酿的烈酒（威士忌）或走私的酒。胡说八道也可用moonshine。His story is plain moonshine.▲chill out =calm down =relax（来自黑人英语）
▲rip off =steal;I was ripped off.我被偷了；rip off 也常被用为“剥夺”My right was ripped off.权利被剥夺（来自黑人英语）。
▲我们称美国大兵为G.I.（Government Issue）or GI Joe, 德国兵或德国佬为Fritzor Kraut，称英国佬为John Bull，日本人为Jap.或Nip，犹太人为Jew都是很不礼貌的称呼。
▲mess around（with）瞎混；Get to work.Don't mess around.赶快工作，别瞎搅和。
▲snob 势利眼。
▲sneak in,sneak out 偷偷溜进去，溜出来。sneakers 运动鞋。
▲She is such a brown-noser.她是个马屁精。
▲This is in way over my head.对我而言这实在太难了。
▲I am an exam jitter and I always get a cramp in my stomach.我是个考试紧张大师，一考试胃就抽筋。
▲Keep your study（work）on track.请按进度读书（工作）。
▲Did you come up with any ideas? 有没有想到什么新的意见？
▲Don't get uptight!Take it easy.别紧张，慢慢来！
▲Cheese!It tastes like cardboard.Cheese吃起来味如嚼腊！
▲Get one's feet wet.与中文里的“涉足”或“下海”，寓意相同，表示初尝某事。I am going to try dancing for the very first time.Just to get my feet wet.
第二篇：喜怒哀乐的地道英文表达
喜怒哀乐的地道英文表达
心情不同时，呈现在脸上的表情也不同；微笑、流泪、抿嘴……各种表情就是你内心世界的外在写照。当你看到他人的表情时，你能用英语形象准确地描述出来吗？
1.She throwed her head back in a hearty laugh after she heard the joke.听了那个笑话，她笑得前仰后合。
2.She'll smile from ear to ear if we give her a bike for her birthday.如果她生日得到我们送的自行车，一定会笑得合不拢嘴。3.Come on, a big smile for me!开心地笑一个吧！
4.Did you see the way her eyes sparkled? She's so happy.你们看到她闪闪发亮的眼神了吗？她很开心。
5.See how she pouts, someone must be not very happy.瞧瞧她那努嘴的样子，有人正生气呢。
6.Come on, wipe that frown from your face, nothing's that bad.我说，你就不要那么一副难过表情了，没什么大不了的。7.She's all teary-eyed.她眼里噙满泪水。
8.He had his eyes downcast and was crestfallen.他低着头，一副特别失落的样子。
9.I was frightened by the mean look in his eyes.他眼神里充满愤怒，让我感到害怕。
10.Her lips were pursed, and she was ready to let him have it.她的双唇紧闭着，准备好好训他一顿。
11.His face was flushed with anger, like he's about to throw a tantrum.他气得满脸通红，好像马上就要爆发了。
12.She smirked and I could tell she was happy that I had failed.她嘲弄地笑了笑，我知道她是因为我失败了而感到高兴。
13.She grimaced at the fact that he was there at the party.因为他也在派对现场，所以她皱了一下眉头。
14.She had her chin up and nose high up in the air, like she's the queen of the world.她一副趾高气昂、目中无人的样子，好像自己是女王一样。
第三篇：出国推荐信英文
出国留学导师推荐信范文 1 to whom it may concern, mentor 出国留学导师推荐信范文 2 dear colleagues: i have known ms.zhang since 2003, when she was admitted as a master of science candidate into the school.as her research adviser, i directed her research and found her a promising youth radiating with intelligence and creativity.during her first year, she got a very good record in major courses and earned good scores major and general gpa 3.3.she particularly enjoyed challenging areas of studies such as quantum chemistry and theory of electrochemistry.materials project for his degree thesis “theoretical study of electronic structures of several representative metal element in the hydrotalcite slabs”.to make the theory model meet the actual materials, she faced down many practical problems, such as building reasonable module of inorganic materials, and calculation techniques.working hard and independently, she cracked the problems one by one, and came up with a thesis that was characterized by academic excellence.during her m.s.period, she had three papers published in international journals.judging by her outstanding performance while she studied with me, i am convinced that ms.zhang has acquired the knowledge and intellectual sophistication on the basis of which she can undertake world-class training.i therefore lend her my enthusiastic support and would appreciate your favorable consideration of her application.from: x x x x department of the special class gifted for youths university of science and technology hefei, anhui 230026, p.r.china july 1, 1998 3 dear sir or x x x: mr.ren was admitted in 1986 at 14 years of age into the special class for the gifted youths, my universitys unique program that caters to the intellectual needs of unusually talented chinese youngsters.it was a rare privilege he earned with his nearly impeccable academic performance through the years of his elementary and secondary school.he impressed me almost as he entered into my university, a major cradle of chinas scientific and technological talents.at the time, members of the gifted class all had to spend half a month studying by themselves the principles of calculus and then take an exam so that we could evaluate their self-study capability.mr.ren scored the highest grade in that exam.he also exhibited a keenly whetted mind during class discussions.to my regret at the time, his english was not as good as his mathematics or physics.but i noticed he made a point of working especially hard in improving his english during his five undergraduate years with us.by now, he seems to be at least as proficient in english as most of his former classmates in the gifted class.yours sincerely x x x x professor and deputy head 4 as director of the state key laboratory of electrical insulation at abc university in superior performance on her thesis paper.in terms of her character, ms.xiao is an amiable, courteous, and helpful young woman who has many friends amongst our laboratory personnel.sincerely, name director state key laboratory of electrical insulation, abc university 5 表现,以表现你的应变能力。又如,申请者是否有其它潜力未发挥？ 如果申请者的成绩未尽理想,评述你对申请者的看法。解释申请者虽然形式上的成绩未尽理想,却有极深厚的潜力尚未发挥。如果申请者转系,也可以强调申请者有强烈的学习动机,根据推荐者的观察,相信以申请者的表现,一定可以成功完成学业。
（四）推荐者对申请人人格个性特征的印象：譬如学习精神、工作态度、与同事（同学）相处的情形、组织领导能力、学术专长、研究能力、有无工作经验与否,并 application for admission to your school.if any further information is required, please feel free to contact me.” 签名： sincerely, sincerely yours, very truly yours, with best regards, 下面结合上面的部分内容，给出一篇推荐信样例（被推荐的同学是数学系的）dear sir/madam: i have known mr.caleb for more than 6 years since his freshman year at university of minnesota.at that time, he took the course--mathematical analysis, which i taught mainly for junior students majoring in mathematics.to my surprise, i found he was among the few students in his class who could keep up with the pace of my lectures.moreover, he often posed thought-provoking questions during the course.thus it was natural that i liked discussing with this young man and became familiar with him.the more i knew him, the more i found he was talented at mathematics.as you can see, he got excellent scores on the course.in fact, he ranked no.1 on this 270 hours course in the talented student class which has 34 intelligent others.with his outstanding talent and solid mathematical background, he also did quite well in most other courses during his undergraduate study.as to his personality, i would like to say mr.caleb is a warm-hearted, honest and upright student.he was always ready to help others.during my lectures, many students got confused at some points and i could always see mr.caleb help them explain during breaks.in the meanwhile, i must admit that mr.caleb was a bit impatient sincerely yours, xxx 6 推荐信样本—经济学 school of economics beijing university p.r.china nov.11, 2008 to whom it may concern: due to miss yang’s high intellect and incessant assiduity, she is an unquestionable top student.her solid mathematical and theoretical backgrounds are quite worthy of mentioning.among the 150 students in her grade, she is one of the three who have never got a grade lower than 90(in 100 scoring scale)in mathematical analysis and linear algebra.also, her scores in macroeconomics and microeconomics were the highest in her 32—student specialty class.at the same time, miss yang grasped every chance to satisfy her strong desire for advanced learning.every time those alumni who had abstained ph.d degree in ivy league came back to lecture to the graduate students, she audited without exception their influence, in addition to her own篇二：出国留学英文推荐信
推荐信
推荐信在西方国家是求职，求学的必备材料。
写推荐信的人必须对被推荐者有一定的了解。最好有较深的资历。如被推荐者的原单位领导，本专业的专家等，名声越大越好。
推荐信大体上可分为两种：专业推荐信（特意为被推荐人申请某一单位的某一职务而写的。写信人应了解聘方的要求、工作性质等有关情况以便有的方矢地推荐被荐人）。通常推荐信（即一封信可以用于不同的聘人单位，通常以“to whom it may concern”）为称呼。
推荐信要多写优点，充分肯定成绩，篇幅不宜过长，也不能三言两语。一般包括以下三个内容：
1．说明推荐人与被荐人的关系，熟识程度等。2．概述被荐人的品质、能力、性格等。] 3．建议招聘人录用。
推荐信上应提供推荐人的工作单位、地址、电话等以便对方联系，签名后必须注意职称或学衔。
除了请别人推荐，也可以自荐，其格式与上述要求相同。
出国留学，准备申请材料是一件颇费心思的事情。申请大学时，一封很棒的英文推荐信，绝对能给你带来绝处逢生的机会。对于如何得到成功的英文推荐信，大家各执一词，漫天飞的教你如何写成功英文推荐信的书，让人眼花缭乱；也有捉笔代刀者；然而，中西方对于推荐信的观点也有不同，尤其是英文推荐信，不妨借鉴一下如下的英文推荐信范文，给你或多或少一点启示。from: x x x x department of the special class gifted for youths university of science and technology hefei, anhui 230026, p.r.china july 1, 1998 dear sir or x x x: mr.ren was admitted in 1986 at 14 years of age into the special class for the gifted youths, my university s unique program that caters to the intellectual needs of unusually talented chinese youngsters.it was a rare privilege he earned with his nearly impeccable完美的 academic performance through the years of his elementary and secondary school.he impressed me almost as he entered into my university, a major cradle of china s scientific and technological talents.at the time, members of the gifted class all had to spend half a month studying by themselves the principles of calculus and then take an exam so that we could evaluate their self-study capability.mr.ren scored the highest grade in that exam.he also exhibited a keenly whetted mind during class discussions.to my regret at the time, his english was not as good as his mathematics or physics.but i noticed he made a point of working especially hard in improving his english during his five undergraduate years with us.by now, he seems to be at least as proficient in english as most of his former classmates in the gifted class.considering his application.i would greatly appreciate it you decide to accept him as he wishes.yours sincerely x x x x professor and deputy head dear sir, [mrs chen ping] graduated from [the physics department of beijing teachers’
university in 1982].from [1983] to [1985] [she] had been a research student [in physics department] of the above-mentioned university under my direction, majoring in [molecular spectra] study.since [1986 she] has been doing teaching and research work in [tianjin chinese medical col-lege] in [the line of infrared spectra of lipids].i have found [mrs chen] to be a hard-working person, who has made some outstanding achievements in [her] work.[mrs chen] now intends to engage in further study of [infrared spectroscopy, and laser spectroscopy] in particular.if possible, [she] would like to do research work under the direc-tion of [professor li gang] whose distinguished attainments are well-known.not only i myself but also my colleagues in [the physics department of our university] shall deem it a great favor if you will give [mrs chen ping] assistance and guidance during her study in your university.yours truly, [signature] 我高兴地向您推荐[天津中医学陆军物理学讲师陈平夫人]。[陈平夫人于1982年]毕业于[北京师范大学物理系]。[从1983年到1985年]在我的指导下，在上述的大学进行[分子光谱研究]。自[1986年]以来，一直在中医学院任教并研究[脂肪的红外光谱]。我发现她是一位勤奋工作的人，在工作中做出过一些突出的成绩。
现在她拟在[红外学光谱学]，特别是[激光光谱学]方面作进一步的研究。如果可能的话，她愿意在卓有成就的[李刚教授]的指导下从事研究工作。如果[陈平夫人]在贵校攻读期间，您能给予帮助和指导，那么不仅我本人，我们大学物理系的同事们也将不胜感激。[world publishing house] [55 wu fu street] [heping district] [beijing, 300000] [china] [july 15, 2005] [warner books] [p.o.box 690] [new york, n.y.10019] [u.s.a.] dear sir, i wish to apply for a position with your [publishing house].i’m [35] years old and am at present employed by [world publishing house], where i have been for [the past five years].formerly i was employed by [dongfang press] where i was nearly [five years].my only reason for leaving either those positions would be to better myself and i feel there is no further opportunity in my present position.the editorial work had always had a great appeal to me as i have some ability in writing and editorial work.i can give you references from both these press houses as to my character and ability as an editor.very truly yours, [li ming] [signature](略)我希望能在贵社谋求一职位。我现年[35]岁。目前受雇于[天津出版社]，最近 [5年里]本人一直在该社工作。在这之前，本人还在[东方出版社]工作近[5年]。我打算离开这两个职位的唯一理由就是谋求高升。我觉得目前的职位不利于本人的发展。
由于我在写作和编辑工作方面有些能力，所以编辑工作一直对我具大的吸引
力。
关于我的人品和能力，我可以请上述两个出版社单位写介绍信以供参考。[李明]（签字）[2005年7月15日] 本文是一名国际贸易专业学生的英语老师为其写的一封英文推荐信。表达了这名学生的优秀给自己留下了深刻的印象。to whom it may concern： sincerely, dr.tim wu 本文是为好朋友写的一篇120字左右的推荐信，信中简单地地介绍了该朋友的一些个人背景，工作经历和语言能力。dear mr.brown, my friend-li ming wants to apply for a position with your firm.now, id like to introduce my friend to you.li ping graduated from a college three years ago and since then he has worked as a lawyer.he is good at english and knows some japanese.he works hard and is careful in everything he does.he is honest, kind and easy to get on with.he was born on may 1,1968 in jinan, shandong province,china.he is married and lives at no.148 renmin road,jinan city.he shows great interest in your firm.if he is accepted, he will do his best.im sure he will be fit for the position.if you agree with him, please write a letter to him, his telephone number is 6600537.yours truly [signature] university of international business and economics beijing 100029, p.r.china sept.28, 1998 dear colleagues: i have known ms.shan as a resourceful and goal-oriented individual since 1990, when she attended a lecture i delivered, at which she asked perceptive and challenging questions.although she did not officially take a course with me, she while at this university, ms.shan was an outstanding student, boasting excellent performance in all subjects of her studies and demonstrating great potential.her overall gpa ranked her among the top 3 in her class of 40 students.but ms.shan was no bookworm devoted exclusively to exams.she read extensively in subjects outside her major, particularly in business law, marketing, finance and journalism, all of which seemed to be fascinating to her.in recognition of her intellectual strengths, the department offered, at the time of her graduation, to accept her into its graduate without the normally mandatory examinations.she, however, turned down the offer.in ms.shan, we all saw an optimistic and easy-going character.with highly unusual determination, she is not to be daunted by any difficulties.she believes that, with hard work, she can achieve anything she wants.i think her confidence in herself is well grounded in her track record, especially when considering the fact that she entered into this university as the daughter of a most impoverished family, but graduated as a top student.yours sincerely 电子工程
最新出国申请签证英文介绍信模板 letter of introduction to: embassy of uk in beijing address: beijing city.tel:010-57105750 fax:010-84471317 date: 21mar 2011篇四：出国留学推荐信范例(巨经典!)我名字叫林蕊，生于1982年，2005年从上海师范大学（shanghai normal university）
毕业，获得学士学位，专业是英语语言。我想申请你们大学的xxxxx硕士课程。
我的祖父母和姑姑都是老师，很小的时候就从他们那里知道了很多世界各地的有趣的事情。诺贝尔是我对瑞典的第一印象，因为诺贝尔奖的存在，让我对遥远的瑞典有了一种崇敬。我读的第一个儿童小说就是《pippi》，后来才知道，这是瑞典作家von astrid lindgren的作品。随着年龄的增长，我逐渐知道了越来越多关于北欧，关于瑞典的历史和人文知识。从诺贝尔到圣诞老人，从爱立信到宜家（ikea）。知道得越多，我就越是对瑞典充满了向
往，希望自己有一天能踏上这个美丽的国度。
受到祖父母的影响，我考进了上海师范大学，选择了英语专业，因为我觉得这是我了解
世界的一个有力的工具。
在四年中，我系统的学习了英语语言的知识，听、说、读、写都打下了坚实的基础。在学习中，我知道每门课程都会给我带来收获，都是实现我的梦想的基石。我坚信只要我认真的，努力的去学习，我一定能做到最好。四年中，我连续获得了学校的奖学金，顺利的通过了专业英语考试6级，8级，而且现在已经通过了上海市高级口译的笔试部分，近期我就要参加口试部分，我有十足的把握通过这个测试，获得高级口译证书。当我从上海师范大学毕
业时，我在专业中排名第4，获得了“优秀毕业生”的称号。毕业以后，我进入了一家机械贸易公司。作为经理的助理，我整日要面对大量的英文文档的书写、翻译。除了日常的英语交流以外，我遇到了大量的机械、贸易等等方面的专业词汇，这是对我的挑战，而且我知道，如果战胜了这个挑战，我将会有一个很大的提高。于是我利用所有可以利用的时间翻阅专业字典，跟此行业内的资深人士交流。从开始的磕磕绊绊，经过努力的学习，我现在已经可以十分自如的应对这些专业知识了。
通过多年的学习和工作，我逐渐感到自己还有比较大的提升空间，于是我萌生了出国留学的想法。瑞典是一个我最向往的国家，如果能在瑞典学习，我想我不但能进一步提高自己的英语水平，而且可以学习瑞典语，这样我就能更好的去了解瑞典、了解欧洲。
随着中国经济的发展，中国跟北欧的文化、经济交流必然会越来越多，涉及的面会越来越广。如果我能获得一个在你们学校xxxxxxx专业的学习机会，我想我必然会在中欧交流的大潮中处于非常有利的位置。我一定会利用自己学到的专业知识，多做一些对中瑞交流有益的事情，将瑞典文化介绍给中国人民，将中国文化介绍给瑞典人民，增进我们的相互了
解，增进我们的友谊。
申请人：林蕊
2007．3．1 personal statement i am lin rui, born on april 29, 1982.majoring in english at shanghai normal university, i put across my undergraduate program of english in 2005 and obtained a bachelor’s degree of arts at the same time.in view of my insufficiency in current acquisition, i am determined to file for xxx offered by xxx so as to win self-improvement.my grandparents and my aunt are engaged in teaching.in my early years, i got to know a lot of interesting things at every corner of the world from them.my first impression on sweden was nobel prize, because of whose existence, i held a kind of admiration for remote sweden.the first children’s novel that i touched was pippi, which, i latterly knew, was the work of sweden’s writer von astrid lindgren.along with my growth, i gradually acquainted myself with north europe increasingly, like its history and humanistic knowledge, ranging from nobel prize to santa claus and from errison to ikea.the more i understood sweden, the more i yearned for it, hoping that someday i can set foot on this beautiful land.influenced by my grandparents, i was matriculated in shanghai normal university and chose to study english, for i felt that it was a powerful tool for me to understand the world.in the four-year study at the university, i systematically acquired knowledge about english language, laying a sound foundation for listening, speaking, reading and writing in english.in study, i realized that every course would bring me a different gain and all the courses were the cornerstone for the actualization of my ideal.i firmly hold the belief that so long as i studied earnestly and assiduously, i was bound to do a good job.at the university, consecutively winning scholarships of our university, i smoothly passed tem 4 and tem 8 as well as the written part of shanghai advanced english excellent graduate.after my graduation, i serve my employment in regloplas(shanghai)co., mechanism and trade, which is a challenge for me.and i know that if i conquer the challenge, i will make a great enhancement.therefore i avail myself of the time that i can use to thumb through specialized dictionaries and exchange my ideas with seniors in these fields.from the initial ignorance, under my great endeavor, i am now able to deal with the professional kn 推荐信范例
大多数学校都要求申请人提供二至三封推荐信。有力的推荐是录取的重要条件之 一。推荐信要客观、公正、切忌流于形式，内容空洞，要与申请人的其它材料（如成绩单）等相符。推荐信也应注意格式、文法等。因为向来有“名师出高徒”之说。推荐信的格式与一般书信基本相同。有信头，发信日期，收信人姓名，称呼，正文，信尾谦称，签名，推荐人姓名，职称及工作单位等部分。但推荐信还应着重以下方面： 1.为了便于校方查阅，必须提到被推荐者的全名。2.必须交待与被推荐者的认识期间（何时开始认识或认识多久），认识程度（偶尔见面或密切接触）及关系（师生关系，上下级关系，同事等）。3.对被推荐者的优点介绍及评价，这是推荐信的核心。主要包括被推荐者的天赋，学习成绩，研究能力，工作经验，学习精神，组织能力，品行及个性方面。4.必须表明推荐人的态度，是极力推荐还是有保留地推荐。
最近一些学校出于各种原因，设计了推荐表格，由推荐人填写，但其主要内容也和推荐信涉及的相同。
范例1 计算机教授推荐信 i came to know him in september 1987 when mr.chen enrolled in my class on fortran iv programming, a three semesters course.in the class he was one of the most outstanding students.at the semester final he earned a high grade of 81, which should be a according to our grading system.i also found him good at other studies.范例2 商管系教授推荐信 though mr.cheng graduated from this college 5 years ago, he keeps, contact with me very often.worthy of mention also is his personality, honest, reliable, responsible and mature.范例3 法律系教授推荐信 i am pleased to write this letter for my former student miss nan li, who graduated from this college with an l.b.degree in june 1978.miss lis performance, like that in many other courses she taken, was excellent with a superior grade of 86 for the first semester, and 84 for the second semester.in our university and in other university here, 80 is considered a , the highest level.推荐信的份量直接关系到能否出国留学，能否获得奖学金等，作为对外联系的材料，是其中一份较为重要的文件。推荐信的目的是通过国内专家向对方介绍申请人的工作、学习和专业方向等情况。在出国申请是否成功的诸多要素中，有力的推荐信是录取的重要条件之一，其份量仅次于于本科成绩单和标准化考试（gre、gmat、toefl）成绩。
多数学校都要求申请人提交两封到三封的推荐信，由教授、系主任或工作主管直接寄给指定的单位。
一、选择推荐人 推荐信是了解申请人的重要依据，在研究生课程中尤其如此。申请人可以选择现在或以前的老师、教授或雇主。推荐人必须熟悉学生的学习情况，了解学生的学习目的是否明确，在学术上是否有前途，以及学生的适应能力、创造能力、品行和特长。
书写推荐信的最理想的人选是一封由系主任写，一封由专业课教授写，一封由自己的导师写。不过，对方若无规定，则除了自己的亲属之外，任何人皆可为推荐人。推荐人一般应具备高级技术职称，如教授、副教授、研究员、副研究员等。如果推荐人在国内外学术界享有盛誉，或者被申请就读学校聘为客座教授，或者曾经在该校讲过学，那么这样的推荐人写的推荐信就具有很强的效力了。
二、推荐信的内容
推荐信一般应包括下列内容：
被推荐人的基本情况介绍。侧重于个人的毕业时间、学校、所获学位以及个人的专业经历。
推荐人对被推荐人的基本评价。侧重于被推荐人的专业基础、个性、特点、工作态度和在学术上的前途估计。若是推荐研究生，推荐人还需进一步说明其深造学习的基础和当前所具备的研究能力。显然，恰如其分地评价被推荐人的基础、能力和前途，比言过其实的赞誉更令人情服，更具有实际意义。
推荐人可以着重介绍被推荐人曾经获得的奖励，发表过的论文，参加过的重要学术会议，以及曾在学生组织或学术团体中的任职等来支持自己的评价。
推荐人还必须清楚地表明被推荐人留学的身份是研究生还是访问学者，专业领域和研究方向是什么。如果大学提供了现成的推荐表格，则必须按这类表格认真逐项填写。推荐表格中一般有学生综合评估的一项，即要求推荐人说明该生在所教的学生中应列为前5％，10％，或25％等。这种评估是指教授的个人评价，可以稍高一点。另外，推荐表格上常有许多难以填写的项目，遇到这种情形可填i dont know，亦不致对该生的评价有何严重影响。
第四篇：英文出国邀请函
Einladung
Ich lade hiermit Herrn / Frau / Fraeulein
________________________________________________________
Zuname, Vorname
________________________________________________________
Geburtsdatum, Geburtsort
________________________________________________________
Staatsangehoerigkeit
________________________________________________________
fuer die Zeit vom________________ bis __________________ein.Ich verpflichte mich, fuer alle im Zusammenhang mit dieser Reise entstehenden Kosten aufzukommen.Vom Inhalt des §84 Auslaendergesetz wurde ich durch umseitiger Merkblatt in Kenntiniss des Verpflichtung wurde mir ausgehaedigt._______________________________________
--Ort, Datum
_______________________________________
Unterschrift
Beglaubigung des Unterschrift
_______________________________________
Zuname, Vorname
_______________________________________
Beruf
_______________________________________
Wohnhaft, Strass, Wohnort
()personalausweis Nr.: ____________________
()Reisepass Nr.: _________________________
hat vorstehende Unterschrift vor mir vollzogen.Auf die Verpflichtung gemaess §84 Auslaedergesetz Dies wird hiermit amtlich beglaubigt._________________________________________
Datum
第五篇：专家教你写成地道的英文
本文的作者是早年在中国大陆从事英语教学，后移居加拿大，继续从英语教学工作的一位经验丰富的英文教学专家。她通过实践总结出了一套极为有效的英文写作学习方法和技巧。相信一定能够给有志向学好英语并想出国深造的同学带来极大的帮助。
一、怎样写出地道的英文句子
做为一名英文教师，我有着20多年的英文教学经验，尤其是在海外多年的教学，让我对英语学习有了更深的体会。在这里，我想就英文写作中普遍存在的一些问题与大家共同探讨分享感悟。
首先，我想通过一些实例对英文写作中普遍存在的问题做些具体分析。对中国人来讲，英文写作要应付两种考试：一种是ESL的各类英文考试：中国的高考、四级、六级、考研及全球认可的托福、雅思等等；另外一种是进入美国、加拿大一些大学的写作考试，例如SAT(Scholastic Assessment Test)及LPI（Language Proficiency Index)。这是两种程度完全不同的考试。简单说，ESL写作只要句子对，有基本写作格式和一定的论据，考试过关就没问题。而SAT及LPI这类考试是一种相当于中国高考语文作文的写作考试，英语为母语的人都很难过关，更不用说母语不是英语的人了。这类写作我会放在最后讲。我先讲的是ESL和SAT及 LPI 两种不同程度的写作考试的共性，也是写作中最基本、最重要部分。
英文写作是由两方面的技能组成；一是Technic部分，包括文章的格式(format)、语法(grammar)、句子结构(sentence structure)；二是表达部分，包括词的用法(word usage)、句子组合(sentence combination)、文体一致(style agreement)。对一个ESL学生来讲，写作的第一步是能把句子写对。什么是对的句子?这是问题的关键。
正确的句子绝不是简单的中文翻译，更不是语法的简单排列。正确的句子就是以英语为母语的人能读懂你在写什么为标准。秘诀就是简单准确(Simple but correct)。如果只是简单地把中文按字面意思翻成英文肯定会出错。例如：“文学来源于生活，高于生活”。很多中国学生是这样表述的：Literature comes from life but beyond life．加拿大老师无论怎样都读不懂。他们会这样写：Literature dramatizes life．
再比如，“要想提高英文得多同加拿大人接触”。中国学生基本会直接翻译过来：To improve English，we should keep contact with Canadian people more often．这是一个很令加拿大人费解的句子keep contact with的意思是与人保持联系，一般指熟人，用在这里不妥，没有表答出写作者的真正意思，因为以英语为本族语的人读不懂，你的同学甚至你的中国老师读懂没用，因为他们同你一样也是用中译英的方法。加拿大人会这样写：To improve English，we should expose ourselves more often to Canadian people.怎样避免这样的问题并不需要来加拿大留学，在中国学英文照样能学得地道。关键是怎么学?从哪里下手?我在后面会具体讲。
在写作时，切记不要写太深奥、难翻的句子，尽可能直截了当地表述。例如：“苹果有营养。”如果你不知道 “nutritious” 这个词怎么办?那就简单意译：Apples are good for health．千万不要以为写得简单拿不到高分，可是写一个错句根本拿不到分。简单句容易写对。但是大多数中国学生就是陷在这个误区出不来。这也难免，中国学生特别是具备高等学历以上的成年学生这个问题最突出。这些人的中文水平和逻辑思维能力都已相当成熟，而英文的语言表达能力跟不上，又不肯“低就”写简单、准确的句子。简单准确是所有语言写作的基础。中文也是如此，我们刚开始上小学时写作是从组词造句开始，并且句子很简单。“她的脸红得像苹果。”一个一年级的小学生写这样的句子应该很正常，老师不会期盼这么小的孩子写出“她的脸嫣红”这样的句子。因此，写作是由简单准确开始，然后逐步过渡到优秀，也就是与你的思维能力基本同步。
我接触过许多来自大陆的学生，他们大多是在国内接受过考前强化培训，甚至有为数不少的人还曾花几十万元在国内上过所谓的预科学校，有的托福成绩非常高。，然而，就是这样的学生写出的作文竟也有许多让人摸不着头脑的地方。他们一个共同的特点就是特别喜欢写长句，写从句。例如：The barrier which is formidable is language．这是中国学生写的十分典型的错句。有很多学生不服气，认为自己写的句子有主语，有动词，还有定语从句呢，多有水平。问题就出在这儿，真正的英文写作一定要避免重复，每个词都要有用。上面的句子用一个简单句就可以表达清楚：The language barrier is formidable．
使用过多从句不但使读者困惑，最主要是容易出错。例如：Before going to the grocery，you should make a list if you make a habit of planning first，you will not buy unneeded items．这个句子看上去挺长、挺有水平的，但是个错句。请读者认真读一下这个句子，用已学 的英文知识改正这个错句。接下来就开始进入主题。先谈谈中国学生也是ESL学生甚至包括本族学生也存在的问题，四大类型的句子错误。很多知识点是当地中学生的英文写作内容，是写作基础的基础。上面句子的正确答案是接下来要主讲的内容之一，请大家继续关注。
二、英文写作中常见的错句
（一）粘连句
在这一部分，我谈谈中国学生最常犯但又几乎意识不到的四种句子错误。因为，对这几种错误，很多中国学生出国前根本没把这些当成什么错儿，但是，出来后却发现，在国外的英文写作中这些错是非常严重的错误，很多学生6分的作文只能拿到2到3分，挫折感很大。这也许是国内外英文教学的侧重点不同造成的吧。基于这些同学的经历，作为一名英文教师，我深感有必要把国外的英文教学介绍给中国的读者，在未来的英文学习尤其是有一天来到国外学习深造时少走2 弯路。
我们都知道，写作的基础是句子。什么是句子?大部分人会想到主谓宾的结构，但这个概念并非十分严密。例如：Because l have a baby．尽管包含了主谓宾成分，但不是句子，至少不是一个完整的句子。Money talks．没有宾语仍然是句子。简单讲，一个完整句子=subject+verb+complete idea.(主语+动词+完整意思+句号)。句子的概念是看似简单但却是英文阅读及写作的灵魂。托福考试中语法部分很大程度上都是在考这个最基本的句子概念：基于这个概念我们来看第一类常见错误：粘连句(run-on sentence)。
在写作时，一个句子写它后最常用的标点是句号，以告诉读者，意思到此结束。如果在两个完整句之间点逗号(，)，就使前后两句变成了粘连句。这种错误叫逗号粘连(comma slice)，因为逗号只是句子的暂停，意思没有结束：如果在两个完整句子间不加任何标点同样使前后两句粘连，这种称为全粘连(fused sentence)，我们把这两种错误统称为粘连句(run-on sentence)。就是说一组S+V+complete idea冲入了另一组S+V+complete idea，中间没有适当的分离，这种错误使读者产生混乱，因此是英文写作的第一大忌。中国学生易犯此种错误，一方面原因是中文写作中标点符号的使用比较随意，再者中文的标点与英文的用法上是有一定的不同；另一方面，国内的英文课堂讲写作的课时也不是很多，也就难怪学生会出现这样那样的错了。
记得2002年下半年我们学院来了一位叫Frankie白的大陆学生。他是国内某大企业的高级管理人员，他的托福和 GMAT其他项分数很高，但写作不理想。Frankie的第一篇文章，没有分数，老师只给了四句批语1．run-on sentences；2．faulty parallelism(不平行结构)；3．sentence fragments(断句)；4．dangling modifiers(悬空修饰)。Frankie拿着作文来找我，说：你们这个老师没教什么，也没有帮我改正什么，只写了这几条评语，而且他也不知道这些评语是什么意思。为什么老师不讲?我对他说，他犯的这几种句子错误，在母语为英语的国家从小学就开始介入，一直到中学，贯穿整个英文学习过程，是英文高考必考语法项目，更是老师批改学生作文的一大原则。Frankie的例子是非常普遍的。我真诚地希望读者能从这些例子里吸取一些有益的东西，对一些国外写作的常规逐步熟悉。我们来看下面的句子：
Canada is a beautiful country，many inter-national students like studying there．
这个句子很多大陆学生会认为是正确的句子，实际上是一个很典型的粘连句，是个错句。如果你的写作里充满了这样的句子，即便你用了许多漂亮的词汇，文章写得多么有趣儿，也一定会丢很多分。这个句子最简单的改法是把逗号变成句号，也就是把一个错句变成两个正确的句子：
Canada is a beautiful country． Many international students like studying there．
另外一种常见写法是除逗号外再加一个连接词：
Canada is a beautiful country，and many international students like studying there．
最后还可以用分号代替逗号把两个完整句连起来，换句话说，分号可以独立连接两个完整句而逗号不行：
Canada is a beautiful country;many inter-national students like studying there．
下面我们做一点小练习。
试从下面句子中找出粘连句(run-on sentences)：
1．Teaching is a hard job． Great efforts go into each lesson．
2．Teaching is a hard job great efforts go into each lesson．
3．Teaching is a hard job，great efforts go into each lesson．
上面练习1是两个正确的句子，2是粘连句，3也是粘连句。你的答案和我一样吗?
上一部分我在最后给读者留了一个错句，不知改正得如何。看了上面这段讲解应该知道如何下手了。原句：
Before going to the grocery, you should make list if you make a habit of planning first, you will not buy unneeded items．这是很典型的粘连句，完全粘连型。两个完整句中间没有任何连接词，是错的。最简单的改法就是把两个完整句用句号断开，成为正确句。Before going to the grocery，you should make a list.If you make a habit of planning first, you will not buy unneeded items.错句看起来简单，具体应用在写作上，就不容易了。为了说明巩固本部分所讲的内容，我们做几个粘连句练习，答案在本期内找。
1．Since I never cook perhaps it would be wise not to try，it will make me bored.2．Without my mom's love,I would give up I did not．
3．A great number of Chinese students prefer to major in business, actually they do not have any interest in it．
4．Working hard，he passed the test，his parents are pleased and relieved.5．Although I was tired，I tried to finish the article, my husband helped me proofread it.6．If the claims by the manufacturer are true，I do not mind attempts to get me to buy a podcast，false claims tend to anger me though．
（二）断句或不完整句
本部分要讲的是在国外英文写作中，ESL学生包括母语是英语的学生常犯的第二类大错：断句或不完整句(sentence fragments)。所谓句子，简单地说就是：主语+动词+完整意思。如果在写作过程中，缺主语或缺动词或意思不完整，就会产生断句错误。断句不但使句子艰涩难懂更会在写作中失去很多分数。下面就谈谈几种常见的情况。
第一种情况：缺主语。例句：
1．Many Chinese people are becoming rich is obvious．
2．Walk on Oak Street，Helen did not notice the bus loop．
例1中，动词is没有主语。一个完整的句子是不能作主语的。这是个很典型的缺主语的断句。对刚刚出国不久语感还不强的中国学生来讲，通常都是靠简单的中译英来写句子和文章；因而，这样的句子就频频出现，使写作分数大打折扣。可改为：That many Chinese people are becoming rich is obvious．或者It is obvious that many Chinese people are becoming rich．
例2的情况比较复杂，动词walk没有主语，但简单 加一个主语，句子仍然是错的。She walked on Oak Street，Helen did not notice the bus loop．读过上一部分就不难发现，这是一个非常明显的粘连句。正确的写法是：When Helen walked on Oak Street，she did not notice the bus loop．或 Walking on Oak Street, Helen did not notice the bus loop．比较而言，第二句要好很多，但第一句不是错句，只是弱了些。
下面我们做几个小练习，识别一下刚讲过的缺主语的断句。
1．There are a lot of Indian people live in Vancouver.2．My tutor is in the study，talking with my dad．
第一句是断句，这是一句极为典型的中译英错句：有很多印度人住在温哥华。这样直接翻译过来的句子，因live这个动词没有主语，造成错句。正确写法是：There are a lot of Indian people living in Vancouver．或A lot of Indian people live in Vancouver．改过后的前一句读起来要地道很多。第二句是正确的句子。
第二种情况：缺动词。例句：
1．The teacher helping me out of ESL class．
2．The issue debated．
3．She looks almost like her twin sister．The only difference being that she is a little taller．
例1中，主语teacher没有动词，改法就是给句子加上动词，可改为：The teacher helping me out of ESL class is patient．这里没有惟一答案，因为每个人要表达的意思不一样，所用的动词就不一样，但主语必须有动词，这是最重要的。
例2中，主语issue同样也没有动词，主语一定要有动词。可改为：The issue debated is controversial．或The issue debated is critical.不管怎样，主语issue有了自己的动词，使要表达的句子完整，达到了交流的目的。
例3中，第一部分是正确句子，第二部分虽然有主语，有句号，但是主语difference没有动词，being是不能独立作动词的。最简单的改法是：第一部分不动，She looks almost like her twin sister；第二部分把being改成is，形成一个完整的句子。The only difference is that she is a little taller．或许有的写作水平高一些的同学会把第一部分的句号换成逗号，第二部分不动，只是将The only...变成the only...:She looks almost like her twin sister, the only difference being that she is a little taller.第二种写法难度比较大，笔者认为，作为初学写作的同学，不必急于尝试写这种句子，现阶段只要能写正确的句子就可以了。请大家再看几个练习：
1.I have two sisters, one living in China, and the other in Vancouver．
2．They looked at each other longingly.None of them speaking a word.第一句是正确的句子，但第二句是断句，正确写法：They looked at each other longingly None of them spoke a word．或 They looked at each other longingly , none of them speaking a word．
第三种情况：意思不完整。例句：
I enjoy the sunshine.Because it soothes my weary muscle．
很明显，这是个错句。第一部分是正确的，而第二部分根本就不是一个完整的句子，尽管有主语和动词，但没有完整意思，只是一个从句，所以不是完整句。正确写法：I enjoy the sunshine because it soothes my weary muscle．这是一个主句加一个状语从句。或者把从句中的连接词去掉，使之变成两个完整的正确句子：I enjoy the sunshine．It soothes my weary muscle．这种情况的错误通常都是很多同学在用由when，before，after，since，until，every time，once，because，as，if, unless，although等引导的状语从句时出现的。避免这种类型错误的简单方法就是不要以状语从句开始一句话，而是先写主句再写从句，等熟练以后确保不会犯断句错误时，主句放前还是从句放前都没关系，只要句子对。国外很多中学的英文老师为了防止学生犯这类错误，开始只是告诉学生永远不要以 Because开始句子。我们做几个练习。
1．At the airport when I met him.2．Angela did not give up.Though she knew she was on the wrong track．
这两个句子都是断句。
参考答案如下：
1．At the airport when I met him he hugged me．
2．Angela did not give up though she knew she was on the wrong track．
有关断句错误我们就先到这里。总结如下：在英文写作时，每个句子都应该有三大要素：主语、动词和完整意思；只要缺少一个要素，就犯了断句错误。为巩固这一部分的内容，希望大家能把下面的练习做一下，答案见本期。
1．The fall trees are lovely.Magnificent shades of golden red.2．Children grow up in Canada are happy and carefree.3.I am amazed at the new buildings.buildings，on both sides of the street and in the lot behind the old shopping mall．
4．The girl looks beautiful．Long hair blowing in the wind．
5．The favorite spectator sport for Americans is football．While Europeans get excited about soccer．
6．You should go．Whether it deserves or not．
Ｗarm up exericses :
1.She is pretty, smart and has a lot of money.2.The new material is both lightly and remarkably strong.（三）不平行结构
我们先来看看上一节中的warm-up exercises：1．She is pretty，smart and has a lot of money．2．The new material is both lightly and remarkably strong．这两句尤其第一句对很多ESL学生来讲完全是个正确的句子，如果加拿大的写作老师说是错的，很多同学会觉得老师是鸡蛋里挑骨头。第二句是一道托福真题，当然是错的句子。这两句到底错在哪儿了?这正是我们要讲的不平行结构(faulty parallelism)。
语句子中将两个或两个以上的相同句子成分用并列连词连接起来称为并列结构，也称平行结构。组成平行结构的可以是词、词组，或者从句。英文写作要求平行结构中各个部分必须采用相同的表达形式，否则就会犯失去平行的错误。常见的连接平行结构的连词有：and，or，but，not，than；词组有：not only...but also，either...or，neither...nor，both...and。这些词和词组看似简单，却不容易用对。但记住一条，很多错误就可避免，即在使用这些词尤其词组时，一定要保证这些连词和词组前后的句子成分一定平行。简单讲就是这些连词或词组前面的中心词是什么词性后面的中心词就一定是相同词性。比如前面是名词那么后面也要名词。例如：a girl and a boy．前面是形容词后面一定是形容词，例如：good but costly．前面是动名词，动词不定式，从句或句子，后面一定跟相同成分。例如：not only reading currents but also watching news on TV／either to dine out or to have a snack at home／The nanny does not know whether she has to quit the job or whether she has to stay just for money./Helen has much more money than does her boyfriend．
读到这里，我们应该知道开头练习的答案了。在第一句中，and前面是形容词，可后面却是一个句子，是非常典型的不平行结构，应改成：She is pretty，smart and rich．第二句就复杂一些，both后面是副词，可and后面的中心词是形容词，显然不平行，根据全句的意思，both和and后面都应该是形容词，所以，正确答案是：The new material is both light and remarkably strong．
在整体平行结构中，and这个词是最难辨认的，所以也是最难正确使用的。可以说，and对ESL学生来说是最简单的单词，但是真的用起来是非常难把握的。很多读者会觉得，有那么严重吗?不要危言耸听吧。让我们先来做几个平行结构的练习再继续讨论。
1．Kurt started being on the rink at four years old，skating at six，and to play hockey at eight．
2．Jennifer's husband，Glen，is not only a romantic partner but quite resourceful as well．
3．Who can tell me how to do this efficiently and without any effort?
4．It is better to repeat a noun than making an ambiguous statement．
5．The style of the American poet Hilda Doolittle is characterized by a particular emphasis on the precise and object treatment of images.在这五个练习里不完全都是错误的句子，有一句是对的。是哪一句呢?我们逐句分析后，答案就出来了。
第一句里，and很明显应该连接的是started后面的三个动名词，而在错句里and前面有两个动名词，being和skating,可后面就变成动词不定式to play了，因此导致了句子不平行，造成错句。应改成：Kurt started being on the rink at four years old，skating at six，and playing hockey at eight．
第二句里，not only...but also，或not only...but...as well，或not only...but这几个词组要求平行。简单讲，not only后面的中心词是什么词性或什么句子成分，but(but also)后面的中心词也应该是一样的。第二句中not only后面的中心词是名词partner，可是but后面的中心词却是形容词resourceful，这是一个失去平行的错句。
很多中国学生在刚上英文写作课时，每次加拿大老师把作文发下来，只要用了上面这几个词组的同学，极少有人用对，多数人都有这样的红字批改：faulty parallelism。原因是他们确实不知道这是错误。这也是国内外英文写作教学和学习侧重点不同造成的。国内英文写作比较看重漂亮词汇和词组的使用，而国外英文写作重视词或词组用得是否恰当，即比较看重整体性。不仅如此，严重的是要为此失去很多分数。这就是为什么我们对刚到国外留学的学生反复强调尽量先写简单准确的句子，经过一段时间的海外英文学习，结合国内的知识就能写出既漂亮又合乎国外英文写作要求的句子或文章。真正有水准的高分英文写作绝不是停留在简单准确，更不是机械地堆积华丽词语。用漂亮词没错，关键是用对。回头再看第二句，虽然用了一个很好的词组，可惜用错了。正确用法：Jennifer's husband，Glen，is not only a romantic partner but is resourceful man as well．
第三句比较而言会使刚接触平行结构的读者上当。这是个对的句子。为什么呢?这里就是上文所说的 and的难用之处。用and作简单连接很容易，比如：Tom and Mary；smart and rich...但句子稍复杂一点，很多同学就晕了。可以毫不夸张地说，如果在阅读尤其类似国外大学课本或托福阅读材料时，能准确知道and到底连接的是什么，再难的文章也相对容易多了。在读第三句时很多同学都觉得是错的，因为and连接的是副词efficiently而后面是介词短语without any effort，表面看是错了，实际上and连接的是两个平行的语法成分(状语)，所以是对的。
第四句里，要注意than的使用，这个词所要连接的成分一定平行。在这句里，than后面是动名词making而前面没有动名词，只有动词不定式to repeat a noun，所以失去平行。要达到平行，或把动名词改成动词不定式：It is better to repeat a noun than to make an
ambiguous statement．或把动词不定式改成动名词：It is better repeating a noun than making an ambiguous statement．
第五句是一道托福真题。托福文法部分的考点都是非常基本的，概括起来大约十大类考点，我这里讲的四大句子错误就是其中的四点，尤其这里讲的平行结构，不但必考无疑，而且占的比例非常大。看第五句中and连接谁，这并不难，应该是两个形容词共同修饰名词treatment，但现在and 前面是形容词precise，可后面不是形容词而是名词object，为使句子达到平行，也就是使句子正确，必须把名词。objiect变成形容词形式 objective，应改为：The style of American poet Hilda Doolittle is characterized by a practical emphasis on the precise and objective treatment of 6 images．
下面简单总结一下这部分内容。在英文写作中，当使用连词and，but，or，not还有than时一定要记住用平行结构，关键是连接什么；另外用词组not only...but also，either...or,both...and，neither...nor时更要注意句子结构的平行，如果拿不准，建议最好不用，不用总比错用要好得多。为巩固这部分内容，我们做几个练习：答案本期内找。
1．There is a great difference between learning knowledge and to apply．
2．Wanting to accomplish something and if you actually accomplish it may not be the same thing．
3．It is what you do，not saying it，that counts．
4．Peter enjoyed chatting with Elsa, listening to her complaints，and to give her suggestion．
5．A kiln(干燥炉)is a furnace used to dry，cure，hard，or melt many kinds of materials．
6．Summer has more friends than me．
7．He jogs to lose weight，stay healthy，and it is fun．
Warm-up exercises:
1.Meeting her only once, she enchanted him completely.2.To go to university in Canada, TOEFL has to be tested.（四）悬空修饰
让我们来看看ＥＳＬ学生在英文写作中最容易犯的最后一种错误(dangling modifier悬空修饰)。这种错误是非常普遍的，尤其是在写英文作文时，习惯逐句把中文硬翻译成英文后再下笔的同学更易犯这种错误。比如这样一个句子，“要上美国和加拿大的公立大学得考托福”。这句话中文讲得通，但用英文来表达时，问题就出来了，很多中国学生都会写成To attend university in both America and Canada，TOEFL has to be tested．这个句子看上去似乎没错，实际上是个错句。为什么呢?
在英文写作中，一个完整的句子前面，有修饰成份是司空见惯的，但问题往往就出在修饰成份上。作为修饰成份它一定要有所修饰，换句话说就是要有自己的主语(完整的状语从句)或逻辑主语(省略后的状语从句)。如果省略后的状语从句的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，就犯了悬空修饰的错误。我们来看刚才的这个例句，主句TOEFLl has to be tested前面的动词不定式应该是修饰成份，但这个动词不定式修饰谁呢?按现在的写法是修饰TOEFL，可是逻辑上讲不通，因为只有人才能上大学，才能发出attend这个动作，而 TOEFL不是人也根本发不出这个动作。简单讲就是attend的逻辑主语不可能是TOEFL，所以句子是错的。正确的改法有两个：1．把主句的主语变成人，任何人称都可以，只要能发出attend这个动作就可以，比如，To attend university in both American and Canada，many international students have to take the TOEFL test． 2.把动词不定式还原为状语从句，使attend有自己的主语，从而使整个句子逻辑通顺，If international students want to attend university in both America and Canada.TOEFL has to be taken．比较而言，第一句要比第二句自然地道很多，但第二句也是个正确的句子。
读了上面的例句及解释，我们上一节的warm-up练习2就有了答案。原句：To go to university in Canada，TOEFL has to be tested．应改为：To go to university in Canada，many foreign students have to take the TOEFL test．或If foreign students want to go to university in Canada，many of them have to take the TOEFL test．既然这种错误是称为悬空修饰，很明显，充当修饰语的那个部分很重要。一个主句的前面要是有修饰成份，除了完整的状语从句外(完整状语从句不会引发悬空修饰错误，这里讲的主句修饰成份不包括完整状语从句)还有什么样的结构来充当修饰成份呢？
上文的例子里，修饰语是动词不定式，除此之外比较常见的是现在分词和过去分词短语(doing/done)、介词短语、形容词或形容词短语，最后是名词短语。名词短语放句首作修饰很不容易用对，也是托福考试中的考点，如果不从悬空修饰的角度理解很难答对题目。下面分别举例分析：
一、现在分词短语作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误。Finishing dinner,the table was cleaned．这句显然错了，table不可能发出finishing这个动作，也就是说finishing的逻辑主语不是table，所以出现错误。应改为：1．Finishing dinner,mom cleaned the table.或 2．When we finished dinner，the table was cleaned．这个例句读完，前一节的warm-up 练习就有了答案。原 句：Meeting her only once，she enchanted him completely．应改成：Meeting her only once，he was enchanted by her completely．
二、过去分词短语作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误。Made in China，Rebecca bought a Beijing jeep．这个句子里，made是过去分词，是被动态，修饰谁呢?好像是Rebecca，但根据句子的意思，Rebecca 不可能被 made，人只能说 born，这样made就没有什么可修饰的了；也就是说made的逻辑主语不是主句的主语Rebecca，这样写的结果就是修饰语没有自己的逻辑主语，没有什么可修饰的，悬空在那里，造成错误。应改成：Rebecca bought a Beinjing jeep made in China.三、介词短语放在句首作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误。At the age of three，her mom sent her to the music school．很多中国学生在刚看此句时都觉得是对的，因为翻译成中文也挺顺口的：三岁时，妈妈就送她去音乐学校了。这个英文句子现在的写法意思是：When her mom was three years old，her mom sent her to the music school．如果这样写笑话都出来了，哪里有三岁的妈妈?应改成1．At the age of three, she was sent to the music school by her mom．2．When she was at the age of three，her mom sent her to the music school．
四、形容词或形容词短语作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误。Very expensive，my mom did not buy me the pants．很明显，expensive不可能修饰my mom,按以上写法，悬空修饰的错误就出来了。应改成：Very expensive，the pants were not bought by my mom.五、名词在句首作修饰语可能带来的悬空修饰错误。A beautiful city，many tourists favor Vancouver．这里名词city应该是指Vancouver，可现在这样写，就变成city在修饰many people了，这显然不合逻辑。因为city的逻辑主语不是也不可能是tourists，因为city不是人。如果不动前面的名词，应改成：A beautiful city, Vancouver is favored by many tourists.总结一下上面的内容：1：任何一个主句前都经常会有修饰成份，不论修饰成分是动词不定式或动词不定式短语、现在分词或过去分词短语、介词短语、形容词或形容词短语、名词及名词短语，不管修饰成份由什么充当(完整状语从句除外)，这个修饰语一定要修饰主句的主语，必须要有逻辑关系，否则就会出现悬空修饰的错误。下面做几个练习巩固一下：
1．At home，the live show can be watched on TV．
2．If watered twice a week，grandma will grow a good garden．
3.Standing on the sundeck，the beautiful stars are twinkling．
4．While a child，my parents often took me to the beach.5．When ready，take the meat out of the oven immediately.6．To get good scores，more exercises have to be done．
上面的6句都是错的，逐句分析一下：
1．介词短语类。可改成：At home，the kids can watch the live show on TV
2．过去分词类。可改成：If watered twice a week，a good garden will be grown by grandma．
3．现在分词类。可改成：Standing on the sundeck，my daughter observed the beautiful tars twinkling．或When shewas standing on the sundeck，my daughter observed the beautiful stars twinkling．
4．名词类。可改成：While a child，I was often taken to the beach by my parents．或When I was a child，my parents often took me to the beach.5．形容词类。可改成：When ready，the meat has to be taken out of the oven immediately．或 When the meat is ready, take it out of the oven immediately.6．动词不定式类。可改成：To get good scores，students have to do more exercises．或If students want to get good scores, more exercises have to be done.我们的练习是请大家用已经给出的修饰成份，写一个基本主句使之与修饰部分呼应，避免悬空修饰。（答案见本期）
1.Having grown up in the 1960s，_______.2.To receive permission for a field trip，_________.3．If properly frozen, _________.4.By mowing the grass infrequently and cutting it high,__________.5.When riding on a train, _________.6.In the elevator, _________.7.To understand Shakespeare, _________.8.Before I graduate, _________.9.Upon entering the twelfth grade, _________.10.Tied securely to the tree, _________.三、英文写作常见四大句子错误回顾
我们已经把国外英语学习与教学过程中最基本、最重要，也是很多中国大陆学生忽视或者根本没有意识到的英文写作四大句子错误讲完了。为了加深印象，温故而知新，让我们一起来通过例句总体回顾一下这几种错误句型：
一、Run-on Sentence(粘连句)：在英文写作中，两个完整的句子如果不是用并列连接词连接就要依靠标点符号，要么句号要么分号，绝不能用逗号或者什么标点符号都不用，这样就会造成粘连句。
例1 Vancouver is a beautiful city,I enjoy the life here．(逗号引起的粘连)
例2 The Hip-Hop recital is sensational everyone has a wonderful time.(两个完整句中间没有标点符号造成的粘连句)
二、Sentence Fragments(断句或不完整句)：一个完整的句子最基本的要素就是主语+动词+完整意思，其中缺少任何一个要素都会造成断句或不完整句。
例1 They looked at each other.None of them speaking anything.(缺动词造成的断句)
例2 There are many Chinese people live in Vancouver．(缺主语造成的断句，动词live没有自己的主语)
例3 Because his proposal is declined.(缺少完整意思的断句)
三、Faulty Parallelism(不平行结构)：英语句子中将两个或两个以上的相同句子成分用并列连词连起来称为并列结构或平行结构。组成平行结构的可以是词、词组或从句。英文写作中，要求平行结构中各个部分必须采用相同的表达形式，否则就会犯失去平行的错误。
例1 She is pretty，smart and has a lot of money.(这里and应该连接三个平行的形容词，但这句子里and却把两个形容词和一个动词连接起来，造成不平行)
例2 There is a great difference between dining out and to have a snack at home．(动名词短语dining out和动词不定式短语to have a snack不平行)
四、Dangling Modifier(悬空修饰)：在英文写作中，一个完整的句子前面，有修饰成分是常见的。作为修饰成分它一定要有所修饰。换句话说，就是要有自己的主语(完整的状语从句的主语)或逻辑主语(省略后的状语从句的逻辑主语)。如果省略后的状语从句的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，就犯了悬空修饰的错误。
例1 Meeting her only once，she enchanted him completely．(Meeting的逻辑主语不是she，所以出现悬空)
例2 To meet the requirement，LPI(Linux认证考试)has to be tested.(To meet的逻辑主语不是LPI，形成悬空修饰)
我们简单地回顾了四大基本写作错误。下面来看国内一名普通的高中毕业生刚进入加拿大的学校学习时写的一篇文章。文章中有四大错误的一种或几种，读一读，看是否能把这些错找出来。
1)There are some people think knowledge gained from experience.2)Other people refuse this opinion, said the source which gained from books is more important.I think both of them are important.Knowledge gained from experience is absolutely correct.When a baby is born, 3)does he/she learning something from book?The answer is no because he does not know alphabet, 4)he even cannot call his parents.5)How he to learn.Eating, speaking, smile, and so on.That is gained from their experience and not from book.Second, where does the book come from? That is from author.6)How the author to write the book.The answer is from his experience.Therefore, I think, if people do not have experiences, they will not create any knowledge, so experience is more important.Nevertheless, learning from books is a shortcut toward some people.Creating knowledge should take much time, so the knowledge which is discovered will be written in a book by author.When people want to learn the knowledge,they do not need spend too much time, and just find a book which is written.Anyway, 7)book is not neither good nor reason.Finally, I think that should not stop us from looking for quickiness along the way.Which way is correct? Nobody can give the exact answer.8)Such as nobody is same as somebody.9)Therefore, choosing a way which is suit to oneself is absolutely practical.参考答案
“粘连句”参考答案：
1.Since I never cook perhaps it would be wise not to try.It will make me bored./Since I never cook perhaps it would be wise not to try or it will make me bored.2.Without my mom's love, I would give up.I did not./ Without my mom's love, I would give up but I did not.3.A great number of Chinese students prefer to major in business.Actually they do not have any interest in it.4.Working hard, he passed the test.His parents are pleased and relieved./ Working hard, he passed the test, and his parents are pleased and relieved.5.Although I was tired, I tried to finish the article.My husband helped me proofread it.6.If the claims by the manufacturer are true, I do not mind attempts to get me to buy a product.False claims tend to anger me though./If the claims by the manufacture are true, I do not mind attempts to get me to buy a product, but false claims tend to anger me though.“断句或不完整句”参考答案：
1.The fall trees are lovely with magnificent shades of golden red.2.Children growing up in Canada are happy and carefree.3.I am amazed at the new buildings on both sides of the street and in the lot behind the old shopping mall.4.The girl looks beautiful with long hair blowing in the wind.5.The favorite spectator sport for Americans is football while Europeans get excited about soccer.6.You should go whether it deserves or not.“不平行结构”参考答案：
1.There is a great difference between learning knowledge and applying it.或There is a great difference between to learn knowledge and to apply it.2.Wanting to accomplish something and actually having accomplished it may not be the same thing.3.It is what you do, not what you say, that counts.4.Peter enjoyed chatting with Elsa, listening to her complaints, and giving her suggestions.5.A kiln is a furnace used to dry, cure, harden or melt many kinds of materials.6.Summer has more friends than I do.或Summer has more friends than do I.7.He jogs to lose weight, stay healthy, and have fun.“悬空修饰”参考答案：
1.Having grown up in the 1960s, my sisters are familiar with the movie.2.To receive permission for a field trip, the teacher sent out the form.3.If properly frozen, strawberries can keep good for quite a while.4.By mowing the grass infrequently and cutting it high, the gardener does not come to the house very often.5.The little girl screamed when riding on a train.6.In the elevator, Cindy met Dr.Ben.7.To understand Shakespeare, read his plays.8.Before I graduate, TELUS(加拿大第二大电话公司)offers me a volunteer job in which I am quite interested.9.Upon entering the twelfth grade, Angela starts staying up late.10.Tied securely to the tree, the little pony looks hopeless.
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