北京六大景点英文导游词

第一篇：北京六大景点英文导游词

FORBIDDEN CITY(紫禁城)

(In front of the meridian gate)

Ladies and Gentlemen:

I am pleased to serve as your guide today.This is the palace museum;also know as the Purple Forbidden City.It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today.Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406.It took 14years to build the Forbidden City.The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi.For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne.In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng(Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star).The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace.Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence.In folklore, the term ―an eastern purple cloud is drifting‖ became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu Pass.Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments.The word jin(forbidden)is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic.Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth.Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people.Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape.It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west.It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters.A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex.Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall.There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military Prowess)to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military Prowess)to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate)to the west, the Donghua(Eastern Flowery Gate)to the east.Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City.A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed.Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province.Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province.Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China.Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province.Timber was cut, processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.The structure in front of us is the Meridian Gate.It is the main entrance to the forbidden City.It is also knows as Wufenglou(Five-Phoenix Tower).Ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese lunar year in honor of their counties.They also used this place for punishing officials by flogging them with sticks.Qing emperors used this building to announce the beginning of the new year.Qing Emperor Qianlong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon)to avoid coincidental association with another Emperor's name, Hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time.Qing Dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies.For example, when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield, it was here that the Emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war.(After entering the Meridian Gate and standing in front of the Five Marble Bridges on Golden Water River)

Now we are inside the Forbidden City.Before we start our tour, I would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns before us.To complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the City of Beijing.The Forbidden City covers roughly one –third of this central axis.Most of the important buildings in the Forbidden City were arranged along this line.The design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly –stratified feudal system.The Forbidden City is divided into an outer and an inner count.We are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count.In front of us lies the Gate of supreme Harmony.The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions, symbolizing imperial power and dignity.The lions were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind.The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity.The other one is a female.Underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession.The winding brook before us is the Golden Water River.It functions both as decoration and fire control.The five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by Confucius: benevolence, righteousness, rites, intelligence and fidelity.The river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is its arrow.This was meant to show that the Emperors ruled the country on behalf of God.(In front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony)

The Forbidden City consists of an outer courtyard and an inner enclosure.The out count yard covers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and the Gate of Heavenly Purity.The ―three big halls‖ of Supreme Harmony, Complete Harmony and Preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group.Flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: Wenhua(Prominent Scholars)and Wuying(Brave Warriors).The three great halls are built on a spacious ―H‖-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, Each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs.There are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures.The hall of supreme Harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of China.From the palace of Heavenly Purity northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns.In the center are the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union and Peace and Palace of Earthly Tranquility, a place where the Emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs.Flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princes lived.There are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial Garden, Caning garden and Quailing garden.An inner Golden Water River flows eastwardly within the inner court.The brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the Forbidden City.It is spanned by the White Jade Bridge.The river is lined with winding, marble –carved balustrades.Most of the structures within the Forbidden City have yellow glazed tile roofs.Aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial structures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns.With these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened.Folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the Forbidden City.Since Paradise only has 10,000 rooms, the Son of Heaven on earth cut the number by half a room.It is also rumoured that this half –room is located to the west of the Wenyuange Pavilion(imperial library).As a matter of fact, although the Forbidden City has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is nonexistent.The Wenyuange Pavilion is a library where ―Si Ku Quan Shu‖-China's first comprehensive anthology-was stored.(After walking past the Gate of Supreme Harmony)

Ladies and Gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the Forbidden City.This structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves.The Hall of Supreme Harmony sits on a triple ―H‖-shaped marble terrace is 8 meters high and linked by staircases.The staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9.The construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony began in 1406.It burned down three times and was severely damaged once during a mutiny.The existing architecture was built during the Qing Dynasty.On the corners of the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastened to the tiles.These animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits.There are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall.The number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled.There was a total of 24 successive emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties who were enthroned here.The ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the Winter Solstice, The Chinese Lunar New Year, the Emperor's birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war.On such occasions, the Emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur.In the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor.On both sides of the road the ground bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all.The purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace.In the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires.In the whole complex there are altogether 308 water vats.In wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing.Why so vast a square? It was designed to impress people with the hall's grandeur and vastness.Imagine the following scene.Under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme Harmony into a fairyland.Whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burnt in front of the hall.When the Emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played.Civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.The last Qing emperor Puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, His father carried him to the throne.At the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared.He was so scared that he kept crying and shouting, ―I don't want to stay here.I want to go home.‖ His father tried to soothe him, saying, ―It'll all soon be finished.It'll all soon be finished‖ The ministers present at the event considered this incident inauspicious.Coincidentally, the Qing dynasty collapsed three years later and there with concluded China’s feudal system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years.(On the stone terrace of the Hall of Supreme Harmony)

This is a bronze incense burner.In it incense made of sandalwood would be burnt on important occasions.There are altogether 18 incense burners, representing all of the provinces under the rule of the Sing monarchs.On either side of the Hall, 4 bronze water-filled vats were placed in case of fire.Next to the terrace on either side, there is a bronze crane and tortoise, symbols of longevity.This copper-cast grain measure is called ―jialiang.‖ It served as the national standard during the Qing dynasty.It was meant to show that the imperial ruler were just and open to rectification.On the other side there is a stone sundial, an ancient timepiece.The jialiang and the sundial were probably meant to show what the Emperor represented: that he was the only person who should possess the standards of both measure and time.In the very forefront of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there are 12 scarlet, round pillars supporting the roof.The hall is 63 meters from east to west and 37 meters from north to south.It is 35 meters in height.In front of this architecture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance.It has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams.In the middle of the hall, a throne carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform.Behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is an imperial desk.The flanks are decorated with elephants, Luduan(a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels.The elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals(i.e.rice, two kinds of millet, wheat and beans), which was considered a symbol of prosperity.As ancient legend has it that luduan can travel 18,000 li(9,000 kilometers)in one day and knows all languages and dialects.Only to a wise adjust monarch will this beast be a guardian.The Hall of Supreme Harmony is also popularly known as Jinluan Dian(gold bell hall or the throne hall).The floor of the hall is laid with bricks that turn it into a smooth, fine surface as if water has been sprinkled on it.The so-called golden brick, in fact, has nothing to do with gold.Reserved exclusively for the construction of the royal court, it was made in a secretive, and complex way, and, when struck, sounds like the clink of a gold bar.Each brick was worth the market price of one dan(or one hectoliter)of rice.The hall is supported by a total of 72 thick pillars.Of these, 6 are carved in dragon patterns and painted with gold and surround the throne.Above the very center of this hall there is a zaojing, or covered ceiling, which is one of the Specialities of China's ancient architecture.In the middle of the ceiling is a design of a dragon playing with a ball inlaid with peals.This copper ball, hollow inside and covered with mercury, is known as the Xuanyuan Mirror and is thought to be made Xuanyuan, a legendary monarch dating back to remote antiquity.The placing of the caisson above the throne is meant to suggest that all of China's successive emperors are Zuanyuan's descendants and hereditary heirs.Now you might have noticed that the Xuanyuan mirror is not directly above the throne.Why? It is rumored that Yuan Shikai, a self-acclaimed warlord-turned emperor moved the throne further back because he was afraid that the mirror might fall on him.In 1916 when Yuan Shikai became emperor, he removed the original throne with a Western-style, high-back chair.After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 the throne was found in a shabby furniture warehouse.It repaired and returned to the hall.(Leading the tourist to the bronze vats either on the east or the west)

the water vats in front of the palaces or house were called ―menhai,‖ or sea before the door by the ancient Chinese.They believed that with a sea by the door, fire could not wreak havoc.The vats served both as a decoration and as a fire extinguisher.They were kept full of water all year round.During the Qing Dynasty, they were altogether 308 vats in the palace enclosure.They were made of gilt bronze or iron.Of course, the gilt bronze vats were of the best quality.When the allied forces(Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the United States, Italy, Japan and Austria)invaded Beijing in 1900 under the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, the invaders ransacked the imperial compound and scraped and gold off the vats with their bayonets.During the Japanese occupation of Beijing, many vats were trucked away by the Japanese to be made into bullets.(In front of the Hall of Complete Harmony)

The square architecture before us is called the Hall of Complete Harmony.It served as an antechamber.The Emperor came here to meet with his countiers and add his final touches to the prayers which would be read at the ancestral Temple.The seeds, snowers and prayer intended for spring sowing were also examined here.The two Qing sedan chairs here on display were used for traveling within the palace during the reign of Emperor Qianlong.(In front of the hall f Preserving Harmony)

This is the Hall of Preserving Harmony.During the Qing Dynasty, banquets were held here on New Year's eve in honour of Mongolian and Northwestern China's xingjiang princes and ranking officials.The Emperor also dinned here with his new son-in-law on the wedding day.Imperial examinations were also held here once every three years.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were three levels of exams: the county and prefectural level, the provincial level and national level.The national exam was presided over by the emperor.The civil service exam in ancient China started during the Han Dynasty.It served the purpose of recruiting Confucian scholars to the ministers and high officials.During the Tang and Qing dynasties reinstituted and ancient system.Once every three years, three hundred scholars from all over the country came to Beijing and took exams for three day and night.This system was abolished in 1905.(Behind the hall of preserving harmony)

this is the largest stone carving in the palace.It is 16.73 meters long, 3.07 meters wide and 1.7 meters thick.It weighs about 200 tons.The block was quarried in Fangshan County, roughly 70 kilometers away.To transport such a huge block to Beijing, laborers dug wells along the roadside half a kilometer apart, and used the groundwater to make a road of ice in the winter.Rolling blocks were used in the summer.In 1760, Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty ordered the carving of the existing cloud and dragon design in place of the old one which dated back to the Ming Dynasty.Note : From here, the tour can be conducted via three different routes: a western route(Route A), a central route(Route B)or an eastern route(Route C).The commentary for each follows.Route A

Ladies and Gentlemen:

You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City.Now I 'd like to show you around the hall of mental cultivation and the imperial garden.The hall of mental cultivation is situated is in the western part of the innermost enclosure and is symmetrical to Fengxian(enshrinement of forebears)Hall in the east.This hall was built during the Ming Dynasty.IT is a H-shaped structure consisting of an antechamber and a main building.The hall is surrounded by corridors.In front of the hall is the Office of Privy Council.Before Emperor Kangxi of Qing the Dynasty came to power the Hall of Heavenly Purity served as the living quarter of the emperors.Emperor Yongzheng chose to live in this hall and attended to every day state affairs from here.For the sake of protecting cultural relics, this hall is not open to the public.You can have a look at the inside from the door.The central hall was the audience chamber where the emperor read memorials, granted audience to officials and summoned his minsters for consultation.The western chamber of the hall was where the emperor read reports and discussed military and political affairs.The hall consists of many inner rooms and is decorated with images of Buddha and miniature pagodas.On the screen wall there hangs a picture of two emperors in the Han costume.In a southern room there three rare calligraphic scrolls, hence the name of the room ―Sanxitang‖(Room of Three Rare Treasures).The room on the eastern side is of historical interest because it was here that Empress Dowager Cixi usurped power and made decisions on behalf of the young emperor.A bamboo curtain was used to separate them.Empress Dowage Cixi was born in 1835 in Lu'an Prefecture of shanxi province.She's of Manchurian nationality and her father was a provincial governor from south China.When she was 17 years old, she was selected to become a concubine of Emperor Xianfeng and moved into the Forbidden City.She gave birth to a son when she was 21years old and was made a concubine the following year.When the emperor passed away in the summer of 1861, her son ascended the throne and title of Cixi, meaning ―Holy Mother‖ was conferred upon her and she became the Empress Dowager.In that same year Empress Dowager Cixi carried out a count coup d'etat and ruled behind the scenes with another empress dowager, Ci'an, for 48 years.She passed away in 1908 at the age of 73.It was in reference to this situation that the term ―attending to state affairs behind a bamboo curtain‖ developed.In 1912, Empress dowager Longyu declared the abdication of the last Qing emperor Puyi.They were allowed to remain in the Forbidden City for the next 13 years.The royal family was forced to move out permanently in 1924.Behind the central hall were the living accommodation of 8 successive Qing emperors.Three of them actually passed away here.The side rooms flanking the hall were reserved for empresses and concubines.Now let's continue with our tour.It will take us to the Hall of heavenly purity, the hall of union and peace, the palace of earthly tranquility, and the imperial garden.Route B

(Inside the Hall of heavenly Purity)

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We are now entering the inner court.From the Gate of Heavenly Purity northward lies the inner court where the emperors and empresses once lived.The Hall of heavenly Purity is the central hall of the inner court, and was completed during the Reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty.There are 10 pillars supporting the entire structure and the hall is 20 meters in height.In the center of the hall there is a throne.Above it hangs a plaque with an inscription that reads ―Be open and above-board,‖ written by Shenzhi, the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty.Beginning with Qianlong's reign, the name of the successor to the throne was not publicly announced.Instead, it was written on two pieces of paper, one to be kept on the emperor's person throughout his reign, and the other placed in a small strongbox that was stored behind his plaque.The box was opened only after the emperor passed away.Altogether there where 4 emperors who ascended the throne in this way, namely Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xian feng.The hall of heavenly purity was where the emperors lived during the Ming and Qing dynasties.According to tradition, extravagant annual banquets were held here on New Year's Eve in honour of royal family members.Foreign ambassadors were received here during the late-Qing period.Two important ―one thousand old men's feasts‖ of the Qing Dynasty were also held here.All the invitees had to be at least 65 years of age.This hall was also used for mourning services.(Inside the Palace of Union and Peace)

this hall sits between the Hall of heavenly Purity and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility, symbolizing the union of heaven and earth, as well as national peace.It was first built in 1420 and reconstructed in 1798.The hall is square in shape, and is smaller than the Hall of complete Harmony.You will see a plaque here inscribed with two Chinese characters, wu wei, which were handwritten by Emperor Qianlong.A throne sits in the middle of the hall with a screen behind it.Above the throne there hangs a caisson, or covered ceiling.The emperor held birthday celebrations and other major events here.In 1748 during Emperor Qianlong's reign, 25 jade seals representing imperial authority were kept in this hall.No seals were allowed out of the room without the prior consent of the emperor.On each flack there is a water clock and a chiming clock.(Inside the palace of earthly tranquility)

This used to be the central hall where successive Ming empresses lived.During the Qing dynasty, it was converted into a place where sacrifices and wedding ceremonies were held.The room on the western side was used for sacrifices and the room on the east was the seeding chamber.Route C

Ladies and Gentlemen:

You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City.Now I'd like to show you around scenes of interest along the eastern route.The first is the Treasure Hall.This mansion is called the Hall of Imperial Zenith.This is where Sing Emperor Quailing lived after abdication.Nearly 1,000 artifacts and treasures are on display here, among which the Golden Hair Tower is one of the most famous.This tower is 1.53meters in height and its base is 0.53 meters in circumference.It was built under the order of Emperor Quailing to be used to collect fallen hair in commemoration of his mother.There is also a ―Day harnessing Water Jade Hill‖ on display here.Yu was a legendary monarch of the remote Ixia dynasty.Under his leadership, the people learned how to harness the Yellow River.This jade assemblage, 224 centimeters in height and 5 tons in weight, is the largest jade artwork in China.This mat was woven with peeled ivory.These artifacts are among China's rarest treasures.(In front of the Nine-Dragon Screen)

This is the Nine-Dragon Relief Screen.Erected in 1773,it is 3.5 meters in height and 29.4 meters in width.Underneath is a foundation made of marble.The surface of the screen is laid with a total of 270 colored, glazed tiles in the design of 9 dragons, some rocky mountains, clouds and the sea.It was meant to ward off evil spirits The ancient Chinese regarded 9 dragons, some rocky mountains, clouds and the sea.It was meant to ward off evil spirits.The ancient Chinese regarded 9 as the largest numeral and the dragon as a auspicious beast.The 9 dragons are different in color and posture and all are made of glazed tiles.Interestingly a piece of the third dragon from the left is made of wood.It is believe that when the Nine-dragon Screen was almost finished, a piece of glazed tile was damaged.Emperor Qianlong was scheduled to inspect the work the following day.Using quick wits, the craftsman in question molded the missing piece with clay and sailed through the imperial inspection.Later, he asked a carpenter to carve a wooden one to replace the one made of clay.(Approaching the Imperial Garden)

Behind the Palace of Earthly Tranquility and trading the north-south axis is the imperial Garden.There are old trees, rare flowers and exotic rock formation in this garden.It cover a space of 11,700 square meters, or roughly 1.7 percent of the Forbidden City.Most of the structures in the garden are symmetrically arranged.However, each is different in terms of pattern and decoration.Woods clumps of bamboo screen off the garden and strengthens its deep and serene atmosphere.There main structure of the Imperial Garden is the Qin'an Hall.Positioned in the central-northern part of the garden, this hall is flanked by other halls and pavilions on the east and west.The hall sits on a marble pedestal.The Taoist deity of Zhenwu is enshrined here and emperor would pay homage here a quarterly basis.Taoist rites were held during the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty.In front of the hall there is a cypress that is 400 years old.In all there are a dozen such rare trees in the garden, and most of them are cypresses or pines.To the northwest of the hall, there is the Yanhui(Sustaining Sunshine)Pavilion and to the northeast there lies the Duixiu(Accumulated Refinement)Hill.This Hill was built over the foundation of the Guanhua(Admiring Flowers)Hall of the Ming Dynasty.It is 14 meters in height and made of al kinds of rocks quarried in Jiangsu province.At its base stand two stone lions, each carrying a dragon shooting water 10 meters up into the air from its mouth.There are meandering paths leading to the hilltop.At the top of Duixiu Hill sits the Yujing(Imperial Viewing)Pavilion.Traditionally, On the day of the Double Ninth Festival(the ninth day of the ninth lunar month), the emperor, his consort, and his concubines would climb up to Yujing Pavilion to enjoy the scenery.At the southeastern corner of the Garden is Jiangxue(Crimson Snowy)Verandah.Nearby to the southwest lies Yangxing Study(study of the cultivation of nature).The yangxing study was used as a royal library during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty.The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Puyi once studied English there.In front of the Jiangxue Verandah some Chinese flowering crabapples grow.The structure got its name from the crabapples who blossoms from crimson to snowy white.In front of the Verandah, there grows a rare flower that was brought from henna Province under the order of Empress dowager Cixi.In the northeast is Chizao Tang(Hall of Using Flowery Language), once used as a library where rare books were stored.There are also specific pavilions symbolizing the four seasons.The halls of Wanchun and Qianqiu, representing spring and autumn respectively, are square in shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shaped ridges.The halls of Chengrui and Fubi, dedicated to winter and summer, are characterized by two verandahs and bridges at their bases.Paths were paved with colorful pebbles and arranged in 900 different designs.The Imperial Garden can be accessed through the Qiong yuan(Jade Garden)West gate or the qiong yuan east gate.A third gate, the shunzhen(Obedience and Fidelity)Gate, opens to the north.Its doors are laid in glazed tiles and it was only used by the empress or concubines.As our tour of the Forbidden City draws to a close, I hope that I have helped you understand why the Palace is a treasure of China and one of the cultural relics of the world.It is under the strict protection of the Chinese government.Since 1949 when the people's Republic of China was founded, nearly one trillion RMB was spent on its restoration and refurbishment.The Forbidden City has undergone four major facelifts to date.Each year, the government earmarks a large sum to gather, sort and study cultural relics.The Palace now contains a total of 930,000 cultural relics.Well, so much for today.Let's go to board the coach.Thank you!

北京导游词六大景点英文导游词之颐和园

(out side the east gate)

ladies and gentlemen: welcome to the summer palace.(after the self-introduction of the guide-interpreter)i hope this will be an interesting and enjoyable day for you.during our tour, you will be introduced to time honored historical and cultural traditions, as well as picturesque views and landscapes.the construction of the summer palace first started in 1750.at that time, the qing dynasty was in its heyday and china was a powerful asian country with vast territories.the monarch in power then was emperor qianlong.with supreme power and large sums of money, he summoned skillful and ingenious artisans from all over the country to carry out this construction work in honor of his mother `s birthday.after 15 years and one seventh of the nation` s annual revenue spent, the garden of clear ripples was completed and served as a testimony to china` s scientific and technological achievements.in 1860, this vast royal garden was burnt down along with the yuanming yuan(garden of perfection and brightness)by angol-french allied forces.in 1888, empress dowager cixi reconstructed the garden on the same site and renamed it the garden of nurtured harmony(summer palace).characterized by its vast scope and rich cultural embodiments, the summer palace has become one of the most famous tourist sites in the world.this is the main entrance to the summer palace-the east gate on top of the eaves of the door there is a plaque bearing a chinese inscription which means ―garden of nurtured harmony‖ , whose calligrapher was emperor guangxu.the gate that you are now entering was used exclusively by the emperor, the empress and the queer mother.all others used the side doors.(inside the east gate)

the summer palace can be divided into two parts: longevity hill and kunming lake.the whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares, of whih three-fourths consists of a lake and rivers.this imperial garden features 3,000 room-units and covers an expanse of 70,000 square meters with more than 100 picturesque spots of interest.the layout of the summer palace includes three groups of architectures: palaces where the emperor attended to state affairs, resting palaces of the emperor and empress, and sightseeing areas.entering the east gate we will come the the office quarters.entering the east gate we will come to the office quarters.the annex halls on both sides were used for officials on duty.this is the gate of benevolence and longevity.above the door there is a plaque bearing the same name in both chinese and manchurian characters.the gigantic rock in the foreground is known as taihu rock, or eroded limestone, quarried in jiangsu province and placed here to decorated the garden.on the marble terrace sits a bronze mythical beast, known as qilin or xuanni.it was said to the one of the nine sons of dragon king.a point of peculiar interest is that it has the head of a dragon, antlers of a deer, the tail of a lion and hooves of a ox, and is covered with a unique skin.it was considered an auspicious creature that brought peace and prosperity.this grand hall is the hall of benevolence and longevity.it was built in 1750 , and was known as the hall of industrious government.emperor qianlong ruled that the halls where monarchs attended to state affairs would be named after them.after the rebuilding of the summer palace, the hall was renamed, suggesting that benevolent rulers would enjoy long lives.the arrangement of the hall has been left untouched.in the middle of the hall stands a throne made of sandalwood and carved with beautiful designs.in the background there is a screen carved with nine frolicking dragons.on either side of the throne there are two big fans made of peacock feathers, two column-shaped incense burners, crane-shaped lanterns and an incense burner assuming the form of luduan, a mythological animal which was suppose to have the power to prevent fire.the small chambers on eight side were where the emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi rested and met officials on formal occasions.on the verandah in the foreground of the hall there are bronze statues of dragon and phoenixes which served as incense burners on major occasions.they are hollow and smoke comes through holes on their backs.also on the veranda are tai ping(peace)bronze water vats made during the reign of emperor qianlong.as a precaution in case of fire, a fire was lit underneath the vats in the winter to keep the water in them from freezing.(at the entrance of garden of virtuous harmony)

we are now visiting the garden of virtuous harmony, where emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi were entertained with beijing opera performances.it mainly consists of the dressing house, the grand theater building and the hall of pleasure smiles.the grand theater building known as the ―cradle of beijing opera‖ was uniquely laid out and magnificently decorated.on september 10, 1984, the garden of virtuous harmony opened its doors to visitors.there are also 7 exhibition halls with articles of daily use on display here.the staff here put up court dresses of qing dynasty in order to give the visitor a more vivid impression.(in front of the grand theater building)

this building is 21 meters in height and 17 meters in width and features three tiers of tilted eaves and stages.all of the stages are connected to a raise ,and a winch is installed at the top.a well and 5 ponds were sunk under the ground stage.there are trapdoors in the ceiling for fairies to descend, as well as on the floor for demons to surface.the underground passages also served as a means of improving resonance and making the performers` voices more audible.of the three main theater building of the qing dynasty, the grand theater building is the tallest and the largest.the other two are changyin(fluent voice)pavilion in chengde, an imperial summer resort.the building played a major part in fostering the birth and development of beijing opera: since the completion of the grand theater building, many performances were held in it in honor of the empress dowager cixi.(a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall of jade ripples)

we are now standing in the middle of a rockery behind the hall of benevolent and longevity.it appears that there` s nothing special ahead.however, after we clear the rockery, we will reach kunming lake.this is a application of a specific style of chinese gardening.not far away in the lake there is a islet.it is filled with peach and weeping willow trees and serves as a ideal place to appreciate the scenery.the pavilion on the islet is called zhichun(understanding spring)pavilion and is chardcterized by four-edged, multiple eaved roofs.(in front of the hall of jade ripples)

this group of special and quiet courtyard dwelling is the hall of jade ripples.it was first used by emperor qianlong to attend to state affairs.it was also where emperor guangxu of the late qing dynasty was kept under house arrest.this hall is a hallmark of the reform movement of 1898, emperor guanxu was empress dowager cixi` s nephew.after emperor tongzhi died, empress dowager cixi made her nephew, who was at that time four years old a successor in order to continue her wielding of power behind the scenes.when emperor guanxu was 19 years old ,empress dowager cixi relinquished power to him but continued to exert considerable influence.in 1898, the reform movement took place with the aim of sustaining the corn principles of the qing dynasty while reforming outdated laws.the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi.the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years.all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard.emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs.the wall remains intact for tourists to see..dynasty while reforming outdated laws.the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi.the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years.all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard.emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs.the wall remains intact for tourists to see.(in front of yiyunguan(chamber of mortal beings)this was where empress and empress dowager of china` s feudal system.however, emperor guanxu was not the last emperor of the qing dynasty.the last in the line was emperor puyi, who ascended the throne in 1908 at the age of three, too young to be married.in 1912, he was forced to abdicate.during the short reign of emperor puyi.empress longyu handled state affairs on his behalf in the name of empress dowager.in 1911, a revolution led by dr.sun yat-sun succeeded, and the year after, empress longyu announced the abdication of the last emperor of china.(in the hall of happiness and longevity)

the aged empress dowager cixi was so fond of the summer palace that she decided to live here from april through october of every year.this group of buildings served as her residence.this group of courtyard dwellings consists of a forecourt and a backyard with annex courts on each side.the whole compound was basically made of wood, which is ideal for ventilation and lighting.with its quiet and tasteful layout, the hall of happiness and longevity made life very easy and convenient.no wonder one of empress dowager cixi` s pleasure boat.on the pier there is a tall lantern post.flanking the staircase leading to the main entrance of the hall, there are bronze cranes, deer and vases, symbolizing universal peace.the interior layout is the same as the imperial court, with throne, a large table and incense burners placed in the middle.at mealtime, eunuchs-in –waiting would make a gigantic table out of this table and empress dowager cixi would dine on 128 courses.because of this more than 1,800 tales of silver would be spent each month on meals.on the east side of the living room is the cloak room.the bedroom in on its west.in front of the yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate of the long corridor the famed long corridor is ahead.facing kunming lake and in the foreground of longevity hill, the long corridor stretches from yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate to shizhang(stony old man)pavilion.it is 728 meters in length and consist of 273 sections and connects four octagonal pavilions.in 1990 ,it was listed in guinness book of world records.(strolling along the long corridor)

the long corridor is one of the major structures of the summer palace.since the corridor was designed to follow the physical features of the southern slope of longevity hill , four multiple-eaved, octagonal pavilions(beauty-retaining pavilion, enjoy-the ripples pavilion, autumn water pavilion and clarity distance pavilion)were placed at bends and undulation.thus sightseers will hardly notice the rise and fall of the terrain.as a major part of the architectural style of the summer palace, the long corridor serves as an ingenious connector between the lake and the hill.scattered buildings on the southern slope were linked to creat a unified complex.this corridor can also be called a ―corridor of paintings ‖: there are more than 14,000 paintings on its beams.some of them are of birds, flowers and landscapes of the west lake in hangzhou, zhejian province.others present scenes from literary classics.the majority of the landscape painting were done under the order of emperor qianlong, who preperred the scenery of south china.(by the door leading to the exhibition of cultural relics)

this group of temple-shaped structures are known as qinghua(clarified china)hall ,also known as arhat hall during the reign of emperor qianlong.the original hall burned down in 1860.after it was reconstructed, it was renamed.qinghua hall is now used as a exhibition hall displaying rare cultural relics collected in the summer palace.the hall consists of 6 exhibition rooms with tens of thousands of articles of treasure on display in turn.among the exhibits there are bronze ware, porcelain, jade assemblages from the ming and qing dynasties, and rare and paintings.there is also a gigantic stone slab, which is more than 3 meters in height and width.it bears the handwritten inscriptions of emperor qianlong is commemoration of the suppression of a rebellion in the xinjiang region.only this slab survived when the angle-french allied forces set fire to the summer palace.(in front of the gate of dispelling clouds)

now we are approaching the central part of the structures on the lakeside slope, the tower of buddhist incense within the hall of dispelling clouds.the hall of dispelling clouds was where numerous palatines kowtowed to empress dowager cixi.it was surrounded by galleries and flanked by annex halls.in the forecourt there is a pool and marble bridges.starting from the lakeside, there lies in succession a memorial archway, the gate of dispelling clouds, the hall of dispelling clouds and the tower of buddhist incense.all of these structures are built on a central axis and each is taller than its predecessor.this was designed to give prominence to the last structure, the tower of buddhist incense, which was a symbol of imperial power.the layout of this group of architectures was based on scenes described in buddhist sutras.this group of structure are among the most magnificently constructed here in the summer palace.inside the hall of dispelling clouds)

the original buildings on this site were burned down by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860.a new set of structures was built during the reign of emperor guanxu, and was called the hall of dispelling clouds, suggesting that it was a fairyland.the hall was built on a high terrace, and has 21 room.inside the hall are a throne, screens, tripods and mandarin fans.on a platform you will see bronze dragons, phoenixes and tripods.at the foot of the platform there are four bronze water vats, the ancient form of fire extinguishers.the 10th day of lunar october was ,empress dowager cixi` s birthday.on that day ,she sat on the throne here to receive congratulations and gifts.now we are going to pay a visit to the highlight of the summer palace-the tower of buddhist incense.what we are now standing on is a stone terrace which is 20 meters in height.it has a semi housed stairway of 100 steps, you will live for 100 years.so, let` s go!

(in the front of the tower of buddhist incense)

an octagonal structure with three storeys and quadruple eaves, the tower of buddhist incense is the very center of the summer palace, and is one of the masterpieces of ancient chinese architecture.the tower is 41 meters in height, and is buttressed by 8 solid pillars made of lignumvitae logs.with its complex structure, ingenious layout, towering terrace and convincing grandeur, the tower of buddhist incense was artfully set out by the imperial gardens and beautiful scenery surrounding it.the tower overlooks kunming lake and other picturesque spots within an area of tens of kilometers.on the west side of the tower stands baoyunge(precious cloud pavilion).it is made of bronze and is7.5 meters in height and 270 tons in weight.it resembles its wooden counterparts in every detail.it is one of the largest and most exquisite bronze pavilions still on existence in china.lamas prayed here during the reign of emperor qianlong in honor of the monarchs and their families.at the turn of the century 10 bronze windows were spirited abroad.in 1992 an american company bought the windows and returned them intact to china.(on a hilltop leading from the back door of tower of buddhist incense)

now we can see the long and snaking western causeway and a shorter dike that divides kunming lake into three areas that contain south lake island, seaweed-viewing island and circle city island.the three island represent three mountain in ancient chinese mythology, i.e.penglai, fangzhang and yingzhou.this peculiar method of incorporating a lake a three mountains within a single garden was a brainchild of emperor wudi of the han dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, bearing testimony to feudal monarchs` s longing for longevity.as the legend goes many heavenly elixirs grew on the three mythical islands.using artificial building techniques, the ancient chinese built this masterpiece based on the myth to make the mythical on appear to be accessible to humans.(inside the garden of harmonious interest)

setting a garden within a larger garden has been one of china traditional architectural styles.the garden of harmonious interest serves as a fine example of this.this garden was built under the order of emperor qianlong and modeled after the jichang garden(garden of ease of mind)at the foot of mount huishan, jiansu province.it was renamed by his son emperor jiaqing in 1811.the existing garden was rebuilt by emperor or guangxu.empress dowager cixi used to go fishing here.the garden features 10 waterfront platforms, pavilions and halls as well as hundreds of galleries with all of its structures facing the lake and pools, the garden of harmonious interest is basically a garden of waterscape.spanning the vast expanse of the lake and pools are five bridges, each quite different from the others.the most famous of them is the bridge known as ―knowing –the fishing-bridge.‖ it is said that more than 2,500 years ago during the warring states period, two philosophere named zhuang zi had an interesting argument by the side of a pond.zhang said, ‖fish swim to and fro in the water.what happy fish!‖ hui asked , ‖you are not a fish.how do you know they are happy? ‖ zhuang replied, ―you are not me.how do you know i don’t know? ‖ hui signed, ―i am not you ,therefore, i don’t know you.and you are not a fish ,so how do you know that fish are happy? ‖ zhang said, ―you ask me how i know fish are happy, why do you keeping me the same question?‖ although the garden of harmonious interest was designed after jichang garden, it not only absorbed the original designs, but exceeded it.(outside the south entrance to suzhou shopping street)

now lets have a look at longevity hill.on the back slope of the hill stands a group of architectures.the centerpiece of structures there are known as the four continents and are dedicated to buddhism.this group was laid out and arranged in accordance with buddhist cosmology.aside from a main shrine and structures embodying the four continents, there are eight towers representing minor continents.the shrine is surrounded by four lamaist pagodas and between the major and minor continents, there two platforms representing the sun and the moon.the qing authority attached great importance to buddhism.to further strengthen ties with the ethnic minorities who practiced buddhism, the monarchs incorporated both han and tibetan styles of architecture into this group of temples.further north at the foot of the four major continent lies the suzhou shopping street.built along the back lake of the summer palace, this street stretches about 300 meters and features more than 60 stores.it includes restaurants, teahouses, pawnshops banks, drugstores dye houses and publishing houses.in order to recreate the atmosphere of ancient times, visitors will have the chance to exchange their money to ancient style chinese coins for use here.storefronts are trimmed with traditional signboards and ornaments.the commercial culture of the mid-18th century has thus been recreated.(atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street)

visitors may be surprise to see that this shopping street is almost the same as that in south china.as a matter of fact, this street was designed after the shops along the canals in suhzhou.originally known as emperor` s shopping street, it was built during the reign of emperor qianlong.after making several inspection tours to south china and being duly impressed by its commercial prosperity, emperor qianlong ordered the construction of this street.the imperial shopping street was burnt down by anglo-french allied forces in 1860.the site remained desolated until 1987, when reconstruction began.it was opened to the public in september 1990.with commercial culture as its hallmark, the suzhou shopping street is a vivid representation of china` s traditional cultures.(on the road from the south fate of the suzhou shopping street to the marble boat)

this is the hall of pines.from it to the west we can walk to the marble boat.the path we aree taking stretches between longevity hill and back lake.monarchs and their cohorts used to stroll along it.hence it was named central imperial path.along this path you will see lilacs all around.hence, this road is also known as the path of lilac.(in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring)

quite a few unique structures were burnt down during the reign of emperor qianlong, among which the garden of complete spring was one of the most famous.the ruined and desolate courtyard by the roadside was its original site, it remains to be restored.this group of structures cover an area of 4,000 square meters and features a number of halls built on three different levels.all of the structures were connected with galleries and stone staircases.with its natural and ingenious combination of pavilions, a hall, galleries and rooms, the garden of complete spring serves as a fine model for other gardens.emperor qianlong frequently visited this compound.(along the lakeside by the marble boat

now we have returned from the back of longevity hill to the front.there is the famous marble boat.this structure is 36 meters in length and its body was made of marble.on top of it is a two storeyed structure.the floor was paved with colored bricks.all of the windows are inlaid with multi-colored glass and the ceiling was decorated with carved bricks.the drainage system channels rain water down through four hollow concrete pillars and into the lake through the mouth of dragon heads.according to a book written by emperor qianlong, the boat was used for enjoying the scenery and was supposed to be symbolic of the stability of the qing dynasty.halfway up the slope there stands the hall for listening to orioles.the ancient chinese liken the warble of an oriole to beautiful songs and melodies, hence the name of the hall which used to be a theater.now the hall is one of the most famous restaurants in china, featuring imperial dishes and desserts.it is a must for many foreign visitors to have lunch here when then come to beijing.more than one hundred heads of state worldwide have dined here and the late premier zhou enlai has held banquets here in honor of state guests.(sightseers who want to try the restaurant can go boating after they eat.those who do not can go abroad right away.those who do not feel like taking the boat can stoll along the long corridor to the outside of the east gate).(boating on kunmin lake)we are now going to enjoy the lakeside scenery from a pleasure boat.as a main part of the summer palace, kunming lake covers an area of 220 hectares, or three fourths of the combined space of this summer resort.this natural lake is more than 3500 years old.this lake was originally called wengshan lake.in 1749 emperor qianlong ordered the construction of qingyi garden, the predecessor of the summer palace.involving nearly 10,000 laborers, the lake was expanded and turned into a peach-shaped reservoir, the first of its kind for beijing.from 1990 to 1991, the beijing municipal government ordered the first dredging of the lake in 240 years.involving 200,000 men and hundreds of dredgers and other tools, a total of 625,600 cubic meters of sludge was dredged and 205 bombs dropped by the japanese during the anti-japanese war were removed.the summer palace set a precedent for sightseeing by boat.there used to be a large imperial flotilla, of which the ―kunming merry dragon‖ was the most famous.it was destroyed by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860.to make the tour of the summer palace a more pleasant one, a large pleasure boat ―tai he ‖(supreme harmony)was built.this double –decked boat is 37.09 meters long,8,59 meters wide and 10.49 meters high.it can travel at a speed of 9 kilometer per hour.small pleasure boats are also available to tourist.another major spot of interest on the western causeway is jingming(bright view)hall.both its front and rear face the lake.this structure also features three two-storeyed halls of varying heights.our tour is drawing to a close as we approach the shore.today we only visited the major scenic areas of the summer palace.i have left other spot of interest for your next visit.i will show you out through the east gate.i hope you enjoyed today` s tour.thank you.good-bye and good luck.北京导游词六大景点英文导游词之十三陵

At a distance of 50 km northwest of Beijing stands an arc-shaped cluster of hills fronted by a small plain.Here is where 13 emperors of the Ming dynasty(1368-1644)were buried, and the area is known as the Ming Tombs.Construction of the tombs started in 1409 and ended with the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.In over 200 years tombs were built over an area of 40 square kilometres, which is surrounded by walls totalling 40 kilometres.Each tomb is located at the foot of a separate hill and is linked with the other tombs by a road called the Sacred Way.The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals.Beijing served as the national capital during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.Unlike Ming and Qing rulers who all built massive tombs for themselves, Yuan rulers left no similar burial grounds.Why the difference?

This has to do with people's different views on death.Beijing nomads came from the Mongolian steppe.Mongols who established the Yuan Dynasty held the belief that they had come from: earth.they adopted a simple funeral method: the dead was placed inside a hollowed nanmu tree, which was then buried under grassland.Growth of grass soon left no traces of the tombs.By contrast, during the Ming Dynasty established by Han Chinese coming from an agricultural society in central China, people believed the existence of an after-world, where the dead “lived” a life similar to that of the living.Ming emperor, therefore, has grand mausoleums built for themselves.Qing rulers did likewise.Stone Archway

The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals.Well-proportioned and finely carved, the archway is one of the best preserved specimens of its kink in the Ming Dynasty.It is also the largest ancient stone archway in China.Stele Pavilion

The Stele Pavilion, not far from the Great Palace Gate, is actually a pavilion with a double-eaved roof.On the back of the stele is carvedpoetry written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty when he visited the Ming Tombs.Sacred Way

The Sacred Way inside the gate of the Ming Tomb is lined with 18 pairs of stone human figures and animals.These include four each of three types of officials: civil, military and meritorious officials, symbolizing those who assist the emperor in the administration of the state, plus four each of six iypes of animals: lion, griffin, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse.Yongling Tomb

Yongling, built in 1536, is the tomb for Emperor Shizong, Zhu Houcong(1507-1566).He stayed in power for 45 years.Dingling Tomb The Dingling Tomb is the tomb of Emperor Wanli(reigned 1573-1619), the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, whose personal name was Zhu Yijun, and of his two empresses, Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing.The tomb was completed in six years(1584-1590), it occupies a total area of 1,195 square meters at the foot of Dayu Mountain southwest of the Changling Tomb.Maoling Tomb

Emperor Xianzong, Zhu Jianshen, and his three empresses are entombed within Maoling.Zhu Jianshen(1447-1487)was the first son of Emperor Yingzong.He stayed in power for 22 years.We have covered some of the most significant tombs of the 13 Ming tombs in the tour.If you are also interested in the other tombs, the best way is to come and experience yourself.Changling Tomb

Changling is the tomb of emperor Yongle(reigned 1403-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty whose personal name was Zhu Di, and of his empress.Built in 1413, the mausoleum extends over an area of 100,000 square metres.The soul tower, which tells people whose tomb it is, rests on a circular wall called the “city of treasures” which surrounds the burial mound.The “city of treasures” at Changling has a length of more than a kilometre.Underground Palace

The underground palace at Dingling Tomb consists of an antechamber, a ceniral chamber and a rear chamber plus the left and right annexes.One of the pictures shows the central chamber where the sacrificial utensils are on display.Two marble doors are made of single slabs and carved with life-size human figures, flowers and birds.More than 3,000 articles have been unearthed from the tumulus, the most precious being the golden crowns of the emperor and his queen.19

第二篇：北京六大景点英文导游词之十三陵

At a distance of 50 km northwest of Beijing stands an arc-shaped cluster of hills fronted by a small plain.Here is where 13 emperors of the Ming dynasty(1368-1644)were buried, and the area is known as the Ming Tombs.Construction of the tombs started in 1409 and ended with the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.In over 200 years tombs were built over an area of 40 square kilometres, which is surrounded by walls totalling 40 kilometres.Each tomb is located at the foot of a separate hill and is linked with the other tombs by a road called the Sacred Way.The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals.Beijing served as the national capital during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.Unlike Ming and Qing rulers who all built massive tombs for themselves, Yuan rulers left no similar burial grounds.Why the difference? This has to do with people's different views on death.Beijing nomads came from the Mongolian steppe.Mongols who established the Yuan Dynasty held the belief that they had come from: earth.they adopted a simple funeral method: the dead was placed inside a hollowed nanmu tree, which was then buried under grassland.Growth of grass soon left no traces of the tombs.By contrast, during the Ming Dynasty established by Han Chinese coming from an agricultural society in central China, people believed the existence of an after-world, where the dead “lived” a life similar to that of the living.Ming emperor, therefore, has grand mausoleums built for themselves.Qing rulers did likewise.Stone Archway The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals.Well-proportioned and finely carved, the archway is one of the best preserved specimens of its kink in the Ming Dynasty.It is also the largest ancient stone archway in China.Stele Pavilion The Stele Pavilion, not far from the Great Palace Gate, is actually a pavilion with a double-eaved roof.On the back of the stele is carvedpoetry written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty when he visited the Ming Tombs.Sacred Way The Sacred Way inside the gate of the Ming Tomb is lined with 18 pairs of stone human figures and animals.These include four each of three types of officials: civil, military and meritorious officials, symbolizing those who assist the emperor in the administration of the state, plus four each of six iypes of animals: lion, griffin, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse.Yongling Tomb Yongling, built in 1536, is the tomb for Emperor Shizong, Zhu Houcong(1507-1566).He stayed in power for 45 years.Dingling Tomb The Dingling Tomb is the tomb of Emperor Wanli(reigned 1573-1619), the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, whose personal name was Zhu Yijun, and of his two empresses, Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing.The tomb was completed in six years(1584-1590), it occupies a total area of 1,195 square meters at the foot of Dayu Mountain southwest of the Changling Tomb.Maoling Tomb Emperor Xianzong, Zhu Jianshen, and his three empresses are entombed within Maoling.Zhu Jianshen(1447-1487)was the first son of Emperor Yingzong.He stayed in power for 22 years.We have covered some of the most significant tombs of the 13 Ming tombs in the tour.If you are also interested in the other tombs, the best way is to come and experience yourself.Changling Tomb Changling is the tomb of emperor Yongle(reigned 1403-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty whose personal name was Zhu Di, and of his empress.Built in 1413, the mausoleum extends over an area of 100,000 square metres.The soul tower, which tells people whose tomb it is, rests on a circular wall called the “city of treasures” which surrounds the burial mound.The “city of treasures” at Changling has a length of more than a kilometre.Underground Palace The underground palace at Dingling Tomb consists of an antechamber, a ceniral chamber and a rear chamber plus the left and right annexes.One of the pictures shows the central chamber where the sacrificial utensils are on display.Two marble doors are made of single slabs and carved with life-size human figures, flowers and birds.More than 3,000 articles have been unearthed from the tumulus, the most precious being the golden crowns of the emperor and his queen.

第三篇：北京六大景点英文导游词之颐和园

the tour will take 4-6 hours.the route is as follows: out side the east gate-side the east gate ¨Cin front of the hall of benevolence and longevity-in front of garden of virtuous harmony-in front of the grand theater building-a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall o jade ripples-in front of the o jade ripples-in front of the yiyunguan(chamber of mortal being)-hall of happiness and longevity-in front of the yaoyue(chamber of mortal beings)-hall of happiness and longevity-in front of the yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate of the long corridor-strolling along the long corridor-visiting an exhibition of cultural relics-in front of the hall of dispelling clouds-inside the hall of dispelling clouds-atop the tower of buddhist incense-on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense-on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense-inside the garden of harmonious interest ¨Coutside the south gate to suzhou shopping street-atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street ¨Con the road from the south gate of suzhou shopping street-on the road form the south gate of suzhou shopping street to the marble boat-in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring ¨Calong the lakeside by the marble boat-boating on the kunming lake-leaving out through the east gate.(out side the east gate)ladies and gentlemen: welcome to the summer palace.(after the self-introduction of the guide-interpreter)i hope this will be an interesting and enjoyable day for you.during our tour, you will be introduced to time honored historical and cultural traditions, as well as picturesque views and landscapes.the construction of the summer palace first started in 1750.at that time, the qing dynasty was in its heyday and china was a powerful asian country with vast territories.the monarch in power then was emperor qianlong.with supreme power and large sums of money, he summoned skillful and ingenious artisans from all over the country to carry out this construction work in honor of his mother `s birthday.after 15 years and one seventh of the nation` s annual revenue spent, the garden of clear ripples was completed and served as a testimony to china` s scientific and technological achievements.in 1860, this vast royal garden was burnt down along with the yuanming yuan(garden of perfection and brightness)by angol-french allied forces.in 1888, empress dowager cixi reconstructed the garden on the same site and renamed it the garden of nurtured harmony(summer palace).characterized by its vast scope and rich cultural embodiments, the summer palace has become one of the most famous tourist sites in the world.this is the main entrance to the summer palace-the east gate on top of the eaves of the door there is a plaque bearing a chinese inscription which means ¡°garden of nurtured harmony¡± , whose calligrapher was emperor guangxu.the gate that you are now entering was used exclusively by the emperor, the empress and the queer mother.all others used the side doors.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

第四篇：北京六大景点英文导游词之天坛

Ladies and Gentlemen: Welcome to the temple of Heaven.(After self-introduction)preserved cultural heritages of China.There are basically two kinds of visitors who come here: local pensioners who do exercises here in the morning and evening and sightseers both from home and abroad.All in all ,there are 12 million visitors very year.Now we are going to go along the route that leads to the alter.It will take roughly one hour.Mind you ,the emperor also walked along this route to pay tribute to the God of Heaven.(Along the Southern Sacred Road leading to the Circular Mound Altar)The largest group of architectures ever to be dedicated to Heaven ,the Temple of Heaven served as an exclusive altar for Chinese monarchs during the Ming and Qing dynasties.It was decreed that rulers of successive dynasties would place altars in their own capitals to worship Heaven and pray for good harvest.But why ? The ancient Chinese believed that Heaven was the supreme ruler of the universe and the fate of mankind ,and thus worshiping rites dedicated to Heaven came into being.The Heaven the ancient Chinese referred to was actually the Universe, or nature.In those days, there were specfic rites of worship.This was especially true during the Ming and Qing dynasties when elaborate ceremonies were held.The Temple of Heaven was built in 1420 during the reign of Emperor Youngle of the Ming Dynasty.Situated in the southern part of the city ,this grand set of structures covers an area of 273 hectares.To better symbolize heaven and earth ,the northern part of the Temple is circular while the southern part is square.The whole compound is enclosed by two walls, a square wall outside a round one.The outer area is characterized by suburban scenery, while the inner part is used for sacrifices.The inner enclosure consists of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest and the Circular Mound Altar.(Along the Imperial Passage leading from the Southern Lattice Star Gate in front of the Circular Mound Altar)the Circular Mound Altar is enclosed by two walls ,each containing four groups of Southern Lattice Star Gate, each in turn consisting of three doors, with 24 marble doors altogether.Standing on the passage facing north, you will notice that with each pair of doors on is narrower than the other.This reflects the feudal hierarchy: the wider door was reserved for monarchs, while the narrower one was used by courtiers.On the day of the ceremony ,the emperor would don his ritual costume and be ushered in by the official in charge of religious affairs.He ascended the three terraces in the forefront to pay tribute at the alter.(Atop the Circular Mound Alter)we are now on the top terrace of the Altar, or the third terrace.Each terrace has a flight of 9 steps.At the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 steps.At the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 concentric rings of stone.The number of stones in the first ring is 9, in the second ,18, up to 81 in the 9th ring.Even the number of carved balustrades on these terraces is a multiplee of 9.But why? According to ancient Chinese philosophy, yin and yang were two opposing factors.Heaven and the odd numbers belonged to yang while the Earth and even numbers belonged to yin.Nine was the largest heavenly number accessible to man.What is more, the ancient people also believed that heaven consisted of nine layers and that the emperor` s abode was on the uppermost tier.Once more look at the round stone in the center.The upper terrace is nine zhang(a Chinese unit of length, one zhang equals 3.3 meters)in circumference ,while the middle is 15 zhang, the lower, 21 zhang.Classified as yang numbers, the sum of these numerals is 45 zhang which was meant to symbolized success.What is more, by applying the concept of odd numbers and strengthening nine and its multiples, the concept of heaven was thus illustrated and realized.The concept of nine will also be mentioned when we visit some other buildings.Now I will give you a brief account of what happened here annually on the Inter Solstice.The memorial tablet dedicated to Heaven would be set up on the north side of the terrace, while tablets dedicated to the emperor `s ancestors would be enshrined on the flanks.The service would begin around 4 o` clock in the morning.All of the lanterns would be lit.In the foreground, a sacrificial calf is being barbecued.On the square in front of the altar, the emperor, under heavy escort of nearly a thousand courtiers, princes of royal blood ,musicians, dancers and uniformed soldiers, would slowly ascend the altar to offer sacrifice and pray in honor of Heaven.When the service drew to a close ,the sacrifice offered in front of the memorial tablets would be incinerated.All of participants would watch the thick smoke rise upward as if they were seeing God off.Music and dancing would follow.In the end ,the emperor would return to the Forbidden City secure in the belief that he would be blessed and protected by Heaven until the next winter Solstice.It is interesting to note that ,the stone in the very middle of the altar was of major importance ,since it was where the emperor used to stand to say his prayer.The stone ,which is known as the God`s heart Stone, is peculiar in that it is characterized by a specific acoustic phenomenon: it made the emperor` s voice clearer and louder, thus adding to the mystic atmosphere of the service.You can try this out by yourself.(Proceed northward to pass through the Lattice StarGate)(In front of the Gate of glazed tiles)this structure is known as Heaven` s Storehouse.It is entered through the Gate of glazed Tiles.The roofing ,beams, and brackets are all made of glazed tiles or bricks.This is the only structure of its kind in china today.the Heaven` s Storehouse was where memorial tablets dedicated to the gods were kept.Douglas Hurd, a former British foreigh secretary ,once said , ¡°God attends to His affairs on the Cir4cular Mound Altar but stays here.¡± Now let` s go in to to see it(Go through the left side door)(In the courtyard of Heaven` s Storehouse)this is the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the main structure of Heaven` s Storehouse.It was built in 1530 and is 17 meters in height and 19 meters in diameter.The structure feature blue roofs topped by a gilded ball ,and carved wooden doors and windows.It is decorated with colored paintings.Founded on a 3-meter-hign round marble terrace ,the building also features a gigantic carved marble ramp laid in the stone staircase leading up to the front entrance..The ramp is carved in ¡°Two dragons Playing with a pearl ¡± design in relief.We will enter the main hall by going up the stone staircase on the eastern side.(On the marble terrace of the main hall)the arch of the hall is buttressed by 16 giant pillars on two rings.On top of the pillars there are gilt brackets supporting a circular caisson ,or covered ceiling.The ceiling is characterized by a golden coiling dragon design.The 8 pillar of the inner ring are painted scarlet and decorated with golden lotuses.To the north of the hall there is a marble pedestal.Atop it ,up a wooden flight of 9 steps, is where the major tablet dedicate to Heaven was enshrined.On each flank four tablets are enshrined in honor of the ancestors of the Qing emperors.In the annex hall in hornor of the ancestors of the Qing emperors.In the annex halls in the courtyard, there are tablets dedicated to the deities of the sun, moon ,constellation, cloud ,rain, wind and thunder.(Echo Wall and Triple ¨Csound Stones)Aside from exquisitely laid out architectures, Heaven` s Storehouse is also famous for two structures with peculiar acoustic features, i.E.the Echo Wall and the Triple-Sound Stone.A mere whisper at any point close to the wall can be heard clearly on the other side, although the parties may be 40 or 50 meters apart.This is possible because the wall is round and hermetically constructed with smooth ,solid bricks.In front of the steps leading away from the halls is the Triple Sound Stone.If you stand on the first stone and call out or clap your hands, the sound will echo once;on the second stone, the sound will be heard twice;and on the third stone, the sound will repeat three times.Hence the name.(Go out through the right door and stroll along the circular path northward)(Nine-Dragon Cypress)the Temple of Heaven is also famous for its cypress trees-there are more than 60,000 cypress trees in all ,among which over 4,000 are more than one hundred years old ,adding to the solemn atmosphere of the temple.This tall cypress was planted more than 500 years ago.Its thick branches and twisting trunk resembling nine coiling playful dragons;thus it is known as the Nine-Dragon cypress.It is said that this tree was here to welcome the monarchs.Now it is here to welcome visitor from all over the world.(In the south of Chengzhen Gate)now we are back again on the Central Axis.This brick-arched gate is known as Chengzhen(Adopting Fidelity).This gate is the northern gate of the Circular Mound Altar and the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest.The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest is situated at the extreme end of the axis.It was used by the emperor in the first month of every lunar year for services dedicated to good harvest.(On the Red Stairway Bridge)entering the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, we set foot on a raised passage 360 meters long, which the emperor also took to proceed to the hall.This broad north-south walkway, called Danbiqiao(Red Stairway bridge), connects the two sets of main building in the Temple of Heaven and constitutes a single axis.The passage is divided into left, control and right paths by the cross arrangement of slabs.The central and the widest path is known as Heavenly Thoroughfare , which was reserved exclusively for God;nobody, including the emperor, was allowed to set foot onto it.The emperor used the path on the east ,which is known as the Imperial Walk.The ministers and princes used the one on the west.Interesting enough ,there is no walkway left for ordinary people.This is because the Temple of Heaven used to be off-limits to them.Contrary to appearances, this walkway is not a bridge at all.But how so ? This road is 4 meters above the ground and there is a cavern underneath that was reserved for sacrificial oxen and sheep.The cattle were slaughtered at a slaughterhouse about 500 meters away and brought here for sacrifice.All in all ,it can be said this walkway did serve as bridge and can be looked upon as the first cloverleaf in Beijing.Looking back at the thoroughfare, you may realize that this walk is gaining height toward its northern end.As people approach the architectural group of the Hall of Prayer for good Harvest, the flanking groves of cypress recede and perspective widens.Here you are in Heaven.(Costume-Changing Terrace)the marble terrace up ahead is called jufutai, or CostumeChanging Terrace.It is located to the east of the Red Stairway Bridge and covers a space of 25 square meters.IT has marble Slab balustrades.The day before the service ,officials in charge would put up a yellow satin tent on the terrace for the emperor to change out of his yellow dragon robe into blue ceremonial clothes.After the service, the emperor would return to the tentand change back into his imperial robe before returning to the palace.(Proceed to the South Gate of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest)(At the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvest)this structure is called the Gate of Pray for Good Harvest.We can catch a slight glimpse of the central building ,the Hall of Prayer for Good harvest, though the colonnade of the Gate.A gigantic and lofty group of buildings, the complex includes the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvest, the hall of prayer for good harvest, eastern and western annex halls ,the Huanqian(Imperial heaven)Long corridor, Heaven Kitchen, slaughterhouse, etc.the annex halls were symmetrically built on a 1.5-meter-hignbrick-and-marble terrace ,to set off the loftiness and magnificence of the main hall.This unique building ,38 meters in height, is characterized by a cone-shaped structure with triple eaves and a top that is crowned by a gilt ball.The roofing is made of blue glazed tiles, the color of the sky.Underneath the roof, the beams and bracket are decorated with colored paintings.The base of the structure is a triple-tiered, circular marble terrace.At a distance, the terrace looks like a gigantic, spiraling cloud with the structure perched on top of it.Today the hall of prayer for good harvest is the hallmark of Beijing, which enjoys a prolonged history of civilization.(At the base of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest)The base of the hall is a triple-tiered, circular marble terrace, which is 90 meters in diameter and 6 meters in height ,covering a space of 4,000 square meters.Meticulous accuracy was given to the layout of the structure.In the middle of each three-tiered flight of stairs, there is a giant marble ramp carved in cloud, dragon and phoenix designs.To set off the ramps, the top of the balustrades and downpipes are designed with corresponding floral scrolls.In southern part of each tier, a gigantic bronze incense burner is placed.Sandalwood was burnt in them when rites were observed.(In front of the hall of Prayer for good harvest)climbing up this marble terrace, we see the main hall ,a masterpiece of ancient China.Looking up you will see the caisson, or covered ceiling, characterized by complex designs of dragons and phoenixes.In and out , the hall is decorated with colored drawing of dragons and phoenixes.Without the use of steel ,cement and nail, and even without the use of big beams and crossbeams, the entire structure is supported by 28 massive wooden pillars and number of bars, laths, joints and rafters.The four central pillars, called the dragon-Well Pillars, are 19.2 meters high and painted with designs of composite followers, representing the four season.There are two rings of 12 scarlet pillars each.The inner ring represents the 12 months and the outer rings the 12 divisions of the day and night.Between the two rings there are 24 partitioned spaces to mark the solar terms of the Chinese lunar year.The pillars, 28 in number, also represent the 28 constellations in the universe-the ancient Chinese believed that there were 28 constellations that made up the sky.The center of the stone-paved floor is a round marble slab, which is 88.5 centimeters in diameter.Interestingly, the slab features natural black and white veins, corresponding to the dragon-phoenix design on the ceiling.This particular slab is known as the Dragon-phoenix stone and is regarded as a treasure inseparable from the hall.The furnishings within the hall are placed in their original positions dating back to when Emperor Xianfeng ruled.In the forefront and above the throne are enshrined tablets in commemoration of Heaven.On either table on each side tablets of the emperor` s ancestors were placed.Each tablet is fronted by an altar.A total of 24 kinds of offering were made on it ,including soup, wine, assorted cereals, and a calf.The sacrificial rites were observed in the wee hours of the morning, sometime in the first month of the Chinese lunar year.Because it was still dark, candles, lanterns and torches were lit.This lighting coupled with the incense being burnt inside the hall ,helped make the ceremony both grand and mystical.By the time the service began,207 musicians and dancers would be performing on platforms outside the hall.The emperor, in his blue sacrificial robe and with an air of piety and sincerity, would walk slowly into the hall, kowtow, and offer wine and prayer in hornor of the deities and his ancestors.All of the offerings would then be taken to incinerators on the eastern side of the gate of prayer for Good Harvest.With this we conclude our visit to the Temper of Heaven.The feudal monarchs and their sacrificial rites have long vanished in history.However, this group of magnificent and lofty structures remain as a fine testament of the ancient Chinese` s ingenuity and as one of the cultural heritages of mankind.(On the Long Corridor)From the Eastern Gate of the hall of prayer for good harvest, we have now enter a 300-meter-long corridor.Consisting of 72 sections, this corridor served as a connecting building between the Slaughterhouse.Heaven Kitchen, and the main hall ,It is said that this once served as a sacrificial food production line.Flanking the corridor are shopping stalls.You may find some souvenirs for your family and friend there.Well ,that is all for this tour.Thank you for your attention.I look forward to your next visit.Good luck and bon voyage.

第五篇：北京六大景点法语导游词

[法语导游词]Pékin-Les tombeaux des Ming明十三陵

Construit au moment de l’histoire prospère des jardins chinois, le Palais d’Eté demeure un grand jardin impérial bien préservé qui possède une énorme valeur culturelle.Sous la dynastie des Qing, il servait à l’empereur et à ses concubines de lieux d’habitation et de loisir.Il fut aussi un endroit où l’empereur s’occupait des affaires d’Etat.La construction du Palais d’Eté commença en 1750.Il fut détruit en 1860 par les troupes franco-anglaises et reconstruit en 1888.En 1900, l’armée coalisée des huit puissances envahit Beijing et le Palais d’Eté souffrit encore une fois de graves déprédations.C’est en 1903 qu’il fut restauré.La pagode du Parfum du Bouddha, la Longue Galerie couverte, le Bateau en marbre, la rue Suzhoujie, le jardin de L’Harmonie, tous sont des chefs-d’oeuvre de l’art architectural.Les construtions et les paysages du Palais d’Eté concrétisent les caractéristiques traditionnelles de l’art des jardins.A la beauté naturelle se mêle la beauté artificielle : le Palais d’Eté devient un immense rouleau de peinture de paysage.Le Palais d’Eté couvre une superficie de 290 ha dont les lacs occupent les trois quarts.Sur le lac Kunming, près du pont à dix-sept arches, les bâteaux construits à l’exemple des navires impériaux d’antant sont réservés aux touristes pour qu’ils puissent faire une promenade sur le lac Kunming.Dans le Palais d’Eté le restaurant Tingliguan est connu pour sa cuisine de Cour et son ambiance de culture impériale.Chinefrance.cn Sur la digue ouest, on peut pêcher à la ligne pour se distraire.Il y a aussi des magasins de souvenirs et d’objets d’artisanat.La lamaserie Yonghe

[法语导游词]Pékin-Le Palais d’Eté北京颐和园

Construit au moment de l’histoire prospère des jardins chinois, le Palais d’Eté demeure un grand jardin impérial bien préservé qui possède une énorme valeur culturelle.Sous la dynastie des Qing, yuanfr.com,il servait à l’empereur et à ses concubines de lieux d’habitation et de loisir.Il fut aussi un endroit où l’empereur s’occupait des affaires d’Etat.La construction du Palais d’Eté commença en 1750.Il fut détruit en 1860 par les troupes franco-anglaises et reconstruit en 1888.En 1900, l’armée coalisée des huit puissances envahit Beijing et le Palais d’Eté souffrit encore une fois de graves déprédations.C’est en 1903 qu’il fut restauré.La pagode du Parfum du Bouddha, la Longue Galerie couverte, le Bateau en marbre, la rue Suzhoujie, le jardin de L’Harmonie, tous sont des chefs-d’oeuvre de l’art architectural.yuanfr.com Les construtions et les paysages du Palais d’Eté concrétisent les caractéristiques traditionnelles de l’art des jardins.A la beauté naturelle se mêle la beauté artificielle : le Palais d’Eté devient un immense rouleau de peinture de paysage.Le Palais d’Eté couvre une superficie de 290 ha dont les lacs occupent les trois quarts.Sur le lac Kunming, près du pont à dix-sept arches, les bâteaux construits à l’exemple des navires impériaux d’antant sont réservés aux touristes pour qu’ils puissent faire une promenade sur le lac Kunming.Dans le Palais d’Eté le restaurant Tingliguan est connu pour sa cuisine de Cour et son ambiance de culture impériale.Chinefrance.cn Sur la digue ouest, on peut pêcher à la ligne pour se distraire.Il y a aussi des magasins de souvenirs et d’objets d’artisanat.La lamaserie Yonghe

[法语导游词]Pékin-Le Temple du Ciel 北京天坛

Construit en 1420, soit en l’an 18 du règne de l’empereur Chengzu, le Temple du Ciel était un lieu de prière oè les empereurs des Ming et des Qing venaient implorer les Dieux de leur accorder de bonnes récoltes, des pluies bienfaisantes et oè ils rendaient hommage au Ciel.Occupant une superficie de 273 hectares, il est entouré de deux enceintes successives de forme circulaire au nord et carrée au sud.Cette structure correspond à la conception de l’univers prévalant en Chine antique, selon laquelle , le ciel est rond et la terre est carrée.yuanfr.com Les principaux édifices du Temple du Ciel comprennent : la salle des Prières pour les bonnes récoltes,yuanfr.com,la Voête céleste impériale et le Tertre circulaire qui sont tous reliés par une voie pavée de briques, large de 30 mètres, et rehaussée de 4 mètres , et flanquée de rangées de cyprès.L’emsemble respire la solennité

Le Temple du Ciel à Beijing Fondé dans la première moitié du XVe siècle, le Temple du ciel forme un ensemble majestueux de bâtiments dédiés au culte, sis dans des jardins et entourés de pinèdes historiques.Son agencement global, comme celui de chaque édifice, symbolise la relation entre le ciel et la terre, essence de la cosmogonie chinoise, ainsi que le rôle particulier que jouaient les empereurs dans cette relation.Situé dans le sud de la ville de Beijing, le Temple du Ciel a été construit en 1420, soit en l'an 18 du règne Yongle des Ming.Couvrant une superficie de 2,7 millions de m², c'est le lieu où les empereurs des Ming et des Qing tenaient des cérémonies de sacrifice au Ciel pour demander des bonnes récoltes.Il s'agit également du plus grand temple-autel de Chine.Divisé en deux parties intérieure et extérieure, le Temple du Ciel compte ses principaux édifices dans sa partie intérieure.Au sud, on trouve le tertre circulaire du Ciel, la Voûte céleste impériale, et au nord, il y a la salle de la Prière pour de bonnes moissons et la salle Huangqian, reliés par une voie pavée de briques longue de 360 mètres, large de 28 mètres et rehaussée de 2,5 mètres.A l'intérieur de la porte ouest du Ciel, se dresse le palais de l'Abstinence où l'empereur devait prendre un bain et s'abstenir de tout avant la cérémonie.La salle de la Prière pour de bonnes moissons est l'édifice dominant du Temple du Ciel.De forme circulaire avec un diamètre de 32 mètres et une hauteur de 38 mètres, la salle a une triple toiture dorée de tuiles vernissées de couleur verte.Elle est soutenue par 28 colonnes énormes.L'édifice, luxueusement orné de peintures de couleur d'or, est bâti sur une triple terrasse en marbre blanc, haute de 6 mètres.Chinechinois.com

Le tertre circulaire, un autel du Ciel, est composé de trois plates-formes de marbre blanc, entourées de balustrades aussi de marbre blanc.Ce qui est fort intéressant c'est qu'au centre de la terrasse supérieure est disposée une pierre également circulaire, appelée Taiji(trône).Si on pousse des cris ou bat un objet en se tenant sur cette dalle, des échos reviennent de tous côtés.C'est vraiment merveilleux!Le tertre circulaire au temple du Ciel Voûte céleste impériale

Au nord du tertre circulaire, se situe la Voûte céleste impériale, où est installée la tablette du Ciel.Haute de 19 mètres et d'un diamètre de 15,6 mètres, c'est une construction de bois et de briques, une structure identique à celle de la salle de la Prière pour de bonnes moissons.A l'extérieur de la Voûte, se dresse un mur d'enceinte, haut de 3,72 mètres avec un diamètre de 61,5 mètres et une circonférence de 193 mètres.C'est le fameux Mur de l'Echo, une merveille du monde.La paroi intérieure du mur est fort polie, au point que, lorsqu'on parle tout bas, le bruit peut passer jusqu'à l'autre côté.La salle de l'Abstinence est « protégée » par une double « douve » et à l'extérieur encore, par une galerie couverte de 163 pièces.Sur la terrasse devant la salle, sont disposés deux kiosques abritant respectivement un être humain en bronze et une plaque horaire.Au nord-est, c'est une tour de la cloche.Autrefois, on frappait la cloche pour marquer le commencement de la cérémonie

[法语导游词]Pékin-La Place Tian’anmen北京天安门广场

La place Tian’anmen est le coeur de la Chine.Derrière la porte Tian’anmen, se trouve le Palais impérial.Au centre de la place, se dresse le Monument aux Héros du Peuple, un symbole de la libération et de l’indépendance nationales.Au sud de la place, dans le Mémorial se repose un grand homme-Mao Zedong.A l’ouest, yuanfr.com,c’est le parlement chinois--le grand Palais du peuple, et à l’est, le musée de la Révolution et de l’Histoire de Chine.Aux deux côtés de la porte Tian’anmen, ce sont le Parc Sun Yat-Sen et le Palais de la Culture des Travailleurs.yuanfr.com Au sud de la place se dresse l’imposante porte Zhengyangmen et le pavillon des Flèches.Toutes ces constructions sont d’un intétrêt précieux et historique.La place Tian’anmen est le centre politique et culturel de la Chine.Tout proche d’elle se trouvent des quartiers commerçants.Pékin ：La Cité interdite（Palais impérial—故宫）

Le Palais impérial , qu’on appelle aussi Cité interdite.De 1420 à 1911, durant 491 ans, il a été la résidence principale de 24 empereurs des Ming et des Qing.C’est aussi l’ensemble architectural d’anciens palais le plus vaste et le mieux conservé du monde.S’étendant sur plus de 72 hectares, le Palais impérial compte 9 999,5 pièces, protégé par une muraille d’enceinte de 10 mètres de haut, de 960 mètres de long du nord au sud, et de 750 mètres de large d’est à ouest.Une douve large de 52 mètres contourne toute la muraille.Ainsi, c’est une cité dans la cité La plupart des bâtiments ont été construits en bois.Les grosses colonnes en bois dressées sur des socles de marbre supportent la toiture magnifiquement décorée et couverte de tuiles vernissées jaunes.Les principaux bâtiments jalonnent l’axe central qui est aussi l’axe de la ville de Beijing, et les autres se répartissent sur les deux côtés, en respectant le principe de la symétrie.Toute la disposition offre un aspect majestueux.yuanfr.com L’architecture a divisé la Cité interdite en deux parties : la cour extérieure et la cour intérieure.La cour extérieure, yuanfr.com,oè le souverain recevait ses ministres et présidait les grandes cérémonies officielles, abrite la salle de l’Harmonie Suprême(Taihe), la salle de l’Harmonie Parfaite(Zhonghe)et la salle de l’Harmonie Préservée(Baohe)ainsi que les bâtiments latéraux principaux--la salle de la Gloire Littéraire(Wenhua)et la salle des Prouesses Militaires(Wuying).La cour intérieure comprend surtout le palais de la Pureté Céleste(Qianqing), la salle de l’Union(Jiaotai)et le palais de la Tranquillité Terrestre(Kunning), qui sont entourés respectivement par les Six Palais de l’Est et les Six Palais de l’Ouest, La cour intérieure servait de cabinet de travail à l’empereur et d’appartements à la famille impériale et aux concubines.En somme, le Palais impérial est une cristalisation de la culture et de l’histoire chinoises cinq fois millénare.[法语导游词]Pékin-La Grande Muraille北京长城

La Grande Muraille est une construction mondialement connue.Pendant plusieurs milliers d’années à partir de l’époque des Royaumes combattants, les rois et les empeureurs ont entrepris , l’un après l’autre, des travaux gigantesques, afin de protéger leurs Etats des incursions des nomades du Nord, et ainsi a été mis en place cet énorme système d’ouvrages de défense.La Grande Muraille de Badaling, située à 70 km au nord-ouest de la ville de Beijing, est l’ouvrage le plus remarquable bâti par la dynastie des Ming.La colline Badaling se situe à l’extrémité nord de la vallée oè se trouve la passe Juyongguan, et sous les Ming, elle servait de paravent de protection de la capitale.Du haut du nort de Badaling, on voit au loin des tours d’alterte, reliées par des tron’ons de muraille.C’était , à l’époque, un avant-poste de Badaling.A l’extérieur de la porte nord, près de la passe Suoyaoguan, se dresse une tour en brique , qui abritait alors le poste de commandement de l’avant-poste de Badaling.Elle a été construite en 1571 , en l’an 5 du règne de Longqing des Ming.Trois officiers et 788 soldats y stationnaient , avec une grande quantité de munitions et d’armes.yuanfr.com

Aujourd’hui , dans la zone de Badaling, on peut encore trouver le musée de la Grande Muraille et un cinéma panoramique de premier ordre en Asie.En 220 av.J.-C., sous Qin Shihuangdi, des sections de fortifications antérieures ont été reliées pour former un système de défense unifié contre les invasions venant du nord.La construction s’est poursuivie sous la dynastie des Ming(1368-1644), alors que la Grande Muraille est devenue la plus grande structure militaire du monde.Son importance historique et stratégique ne peut rivaliser qu’avec sa signification architecturale.Ce site a été inscrit au patrimoine mondial en 1987.− Comité du patrimoine mondial, Unesco.Le sommet du tronçon de Simatai.La construction de la Grande Muraille a commencé aux IXe et VIIIe siècles av.J.-C., et elle s’est poursuivie pendant plus de 2 000 ans.Si on faisait le total de toutes ses constructions et de ses divers tronçons qui s’étirent dans la vaste région de la Chine du Nord et du Centre, yuanfr.com,la Grande Muraille s’étendrait sur une longueur de plus de 50 000 km(100 000 li).En effet, les registres historiques montrent que depuis les Royaumes combattants, plus de 20 États féodaux et dynasties impériales ont commencé la construction de murs de défense.En d’autres mots, on a utilisé plus de briques, de pierres et de terre qu’il n’en faut pour construire une route moderne de dix mètres de largeur et de cinquante centimètres d’épaisseur et qui ferait dix fois le tour de la planète.Ces données stupéfiantes font que la Grande Muraille mérite bien sa réputation de « huitième merveille du monde ».Un exploit de l’histoire humaine

La construction de la Grande Muraille remonte à la dynastie des Zhou, au IXe siècle av.J.-C., alors que l’empereur Xuandi a fait bâtir des murs de défense dotés de tourelles pour protéger le pays des Barbares du Nord.Durant les Royaumes combattants(475-221 av.J.-C.), les seigneurs ont aussi fait construire leurs murs pour préserver leur portion de pays.À cette époque, la longueur des murs n’était pas très élevée, de quelques centaines à quelques milliers de mètres seulement.Pour les distinguer des 10 000 li construits par les empereurs Qin, les historiens les qualifient de « murs pré-Qin ».En 221 av.J.-C., l’empereur des Qin a conquis les six autres États et a unifié le pays.Pour renforcer cette unité et préserver la paix que les Hun tentaient de perturber, il a envoyé le général Meng Tian pour écarter ces envahisseurs, et il a mobilisé 300 000 travailleurs pour relier les murs des six États.La Grande Muraille des Qin commençait dans l’ouest, dans la province du Gansu, pour traverser la région autonome hui du Ningxia, les provinces du Shaanxi et du Shanxi, la région autonome de Mongolie intérieure et les provinces du Hebei et du Liaoning pour se terminer dans le fleuve Yalu.Elle s’étendait donc sur 5 000 km ou 10 000 li(7.300 km selon d’autres sources).L’empereur Wudi des Han a également fait effectuer différentes constructions de la Grande Muraille pour protéger les régions le long du grand coude du fleuve Jaune.La Grande Muraille des Han a atteint 10 000 km.On peut découvrir ses vestiges le long d’une ligne allant de la région autonome ouïgoure du Xinjiang à la province du Hebei.La route de la Soie longeait la muraille pour la moitié de son trajet.La construction de la muraille a aussi continué pendant les dynasties suivantes.Étant donné les invasions des Tartares et des Oïrats mongols, la dynastie des Ming a commencé des travaux de rénovation qui ont duré 200 ans.La Grande Muraille que l’on voit aujourd’hui est pour l’essentiel la muraille des Ming, allant de Shanhaiguan(la passe Shanhai), à l’est, à Jiayuguan(la passe Jiayu), à l’ouest, sur une longueur de 5 660 km.Durant le règne de l’empereur Kangxi des Qing, la construction de grande envergure a pris fin, mais certains ouvrages ont continué au plan local.On peut dire que la construction de la Grande Muraille n’a jamais été interrompue complètement en 2 000 ans, soit de l’époque des Royaumes combattants à la dynastie des Qing.Les registres historiques indiquent que, durant la dynastie des Qin, la construction a rassemblé des centaines de milliers de paysans, en plus des 300 000 à 500 000 soldats mobilisés, et au plus fort des travaux, il y a eu quelque 1,5 million de personnes.Un système de défense complet La Grande Muraille n’est pas seulement un mur, mais un système de défense intégré de divers murs, tours de guet et tours de feu de signalement sous le contrôle d’échelons militaires définis.Par exemple, sous les Ming, il y avait neuf sections relevant de différentes responsabilités militaires que l’on qualifiait de « Neuf Défenses vitales aux frontières ».On assignait un commandant, relevant directement du ministère national de la Défense, à chaque défense.En tout, environ un million de soldats ont été déployés le long de la Grande Muraille pour préserver la nation.Au cours des 2 000 ans de construction de la muraille, le peuple chinois a appris beaucoup sur les ouvrages de défense(harmonisation avec la topographie, localisation des forces militaires, matériaux de construction, etc.)Le format des murs a varié selon les exigences de la topographie et de la défense.Dans les plaines et les passages stratégiques, les murs étaient très hauts et solides, alors qu’ils étaient bas et étroits dans les montagnes élevées et abruptes pour réduire les coûts en argent et en labeur.Dans les lieux qualifiés « d’impossibles », les crêtes de montagnes tenant lieu de murs étaient incluses, et on les a qualifiés de « murs de montagne abrupte »;dans d’autres cas, ces crêtes étaient découpées en falaises et on en parlait comme des « murs de montagne coupée ».Dans certains endroits comme Juyongguan ou le tronçon de Badaling, règle générale, les murs ont sept à huit mètres de haut, quatre à cinq mètres d’épaisseur dans leur partie supérieure et six à sept mètres dans le bas.À l’intérieur de la partie supérieure, il y a un rempart parapet d’un mètre qui empêchait les soldats de tomber, des créneaux de deux mètres de haut, ainsi que des orifices pour tirer ou lancer des pierres.Dans les sections stratégiques, la partie supérieure est bloquée par une série de murs transversaux pour empêcher l’ennemi de grimper.Durant la dynastie des Ming, le général Qi Jiguang, célèbre pour avoir défait des pirates japonais, a amélioré beaucoup le système de défense de la Grande Muraille, en y ajoutant des tours de guet et des entrepôts d’armes et de munitions.Les passes sont des points stratégiques défensifs tout au long de la muraille.Un dicton révèle : « Un seul soldat dans une passe suffit à stopper une armée », ce qui illustre bien leur importance.La Grande Muraille des Ming avait près de 1 000 passes, et les principales villes à proximité supervisaient des passages de moindre importance, tels que la dizaine de ceux près de Shanhaiguan.Les tours de feu de signalement formaient l’un des composants essentiels du système de défense et un moyen efficace de transmettre les informations militaires.Bien que ce moyen eut été utilisé bien avant, la Grande Muraille en a tiré un meilleur parti et l’a perfectionné.On utilisait la fumée comme signal durant le jour et le feu, la nuit.Le nombre des envahisseurs était rapporté en utilisant un nombre spécial de feux ou de fumée.Durant les Ming, des sons d’explosion ont été ajoutés pour renforcer l’effet.En tant que système de défense, la Grande Muraille traverse des montagnes, des déserts et des prairies, des falaises et des rivières et harmonise sa structure à la complexité de la topographie.C’est une merveille d’architecture ancienne.Dans le désert, où le sable est abondant et où les pierres et les briques étaient inexistantes, la Grande Muraille des Han a ingénieusement combiné le conglomérat résistant à la pression avec les branches de saule rouge qui résistent à l’étirement.Dans le plateau de lœss, la Muraille a été construite à partir de terre battue ou de briques d’argile.Durant les Ming, on a empilé des pierres, des briques ou les deux.La surface était pavée, de manière à ce que l’herbe ou les arbres ne poussent pas dans les interstices.Les douves protégeaient la muraille contre les effets néfastes des pluies.Un trésor culturel et un monument commémoratif

La Grande Muraille est un jalon de l’histoire de Chine qui illustre la culture et l’art qui se sont déployés pendant plus de 2 000 ans.En plus des ouvrages architecturaux typiques de la muraille, il y a également quantité de poèmes, chants, histoires et opéras locaux qui s’y rapportent.En outre, depuis sa construction, la Grande Muraille a été le témoin de nombreuses scènes héroïques.On y a livré des batailles illustres, et la perte de la Grande Muraille a souvent donné lieu à des renversements de dynasties.Ces batailles célèbres ont engendré bon nombre de personnages héroïques, tant sur le plan militaire que politique, ce qui a grandement enrichi la valeur culturelle de cette ancienne architecture.Aujourd’hui, les touristes du pays et de l’étranger sont encouragés à escalader la Grande Muraille par ces lignes : « Celui qui n’a pas escaladé la Grande Muraille n’est pas un homme véritable.» Sites d’intérêt

Shanhaiguan.C’est le point final de la Grande Muraille à l’est, une forteresse stratégique des Ming située à 25 km de Qinhuangdao, province du Hebei.De tout temps, cet endroit a été un passage stratégique.Le mot Shanhai, qui signifie « montagne » et « mer » en chinois, vient de sa localisation : montagne derrière et mer, devant.La forteresse avait la réputation d’être un « passage de fer et un verrou doré de la Grande Muraille ».Du haut de Shanhaiguan, le panorama est splendide.La Grande Muraille s’étire des deux côtés, au sud jusque dans l’océan, endroit appelé couramment Laolongtou, et au nord, jusqu’à la colline de la Joie.yuanfr.com Tronçon de Niujijiao.Ce tronçon fait référence au troisième col du mont de la Corne, à huit kilomètres au nord-est de Shanhaiguan.En raison de l’altitude du mont et de la profondeur des vallées, ce tronçon semble agrippé sur la crête avant de redescendre dans la vallée et de remonter vers la cime opposée.On surnomme ce tronçon : la « Grande Muraille suspendue sens dessus dessous ».C’est une vue spectaculaire.Tronçon de Huangyaguan.C’était une importante forteresse de la Grande Muraille septentrionale de la dynastie des Ming, au pied du mont Yanshan, à 20 km du district de Jixian, ville de Tianjin.Ce tronçon a été construit en 556.Autour de la passe, il y a des dizaines de tours de guet, et sur le mont, de nombreuses pagodes.À un kilomètre à l’extérieur de la passe, il y a une tour de guet ronde de 23 m de haut : la tour du Phénix.Le district de Jixian offre de bons services de transport vers la passe.Tronçon de Simatai.Ce tronçon a quelque 5 km de long.L’entrée de la passe est réellement abrupte.À cet endroit, la muraille s’élargit ou se rétrécit selon la crête rocheuse en lame de rasoir.On y trouve non seulement une voie large pour chevaux, mais aussi les escaliers « échelle céleste » le long des crêtes abruptes.Sur une courte distance, le modèle de la muraille et des tours de guet varie beaucoup.Tronçon de Gubeikou.C’est un tronçon situé dans le district de Miyun de Beijing.Sur le plan géologique, c’est un tronçon très dangereux, et il contrôle le passage important allant de Beijing aux plateaux frontaliers.Il relie deux monts pour en faire une défense puissante.De nombreuses batailles célèbres y ont eu lieu.yuanfr.com Tronçon de Badaling.Ce tronçon se classe parmi les « neuf forteresses sur Terre », et il est le premier passage crucial de la Grande Muraille.Il représente la quintessence de la Grande Muraille des Ming.Ce tronçon, dont le nom signifie « qui mène dans toutes les directions », est situé à 80 km de Beijing.Il était difficile à attaquer et très gardé.On peut encore y voir l’inscription ancienne « barrière naturelle ».Tronçon de Jinshanling.Ce tronçon s’étire sur plus de 1 000 km, de Shanhaiguan jusqu’à l’ouest du district de Changping, Beijing.Il y a plusieurs tours de guet de formes variées(carrées, rondes, elliptiques ou en L)à cet endroit.On le surnomme le « deuxième Badaling ».Ce tronçon est situé à 4 km de l’autoroute Beijing-Chengde;il est donc facilement accessible.Tronçon de Mutianyu.Ce tronçon a été bâti sur des crêtes montagneuses, à 20 km au nord-ouest du district de Huairou, Beijing.Il tire parti de la barrière naturelle du mont Jundu comme protection essentielle du nord de la capitale.Avec Juyongguan et la Cité pour garder les frontières, il forme un système de défense complet.Dans ce tronçon, les remparts ont de cinq à sept mètres de haut, et la voie pour les chevaux, quelque quatre mètres.Sur le dessus des murs, il y a des créneaux pour tirer, et les tours de guet sont près les unes des autres.On dit que ce tronçon est très caractéristique des structures de la Grande Muraille.C’est aussi un site touristique intéressant, car il est entouré de ruisseaux.On dit qu’on y trouve les plus belles scènes de la Grande Muraille.yuanfr.com Juyongguan.C’est une autre porte importante de la Grande Muraille, située à quelque 50 km au nord-ouest de Beijing.Cette passe est située entre de hautes montagnes dans une vallée de quelque 20 km.De tout temps, l’endroit a été un passage militaire incontournable.Gengis Khan y a combattu.À l’intérieur du portique d’entrée, on trouve des gravures de plus de 2 000 bouddhas, un chef-d’œuvre de la dynastie des Yuan.Cette passe fait partie des huit beaux sites de Beijing.Pingxingguan.C’est le tronçon de la Grande Muraille intérieure des Ming, une forteresse importante au pied de la colline Pingxing, dans le nord-est de la province du Shanxi.Une ville est située à droite de l’entrée de la passe.Au nord et au sud, se dressent les monts Wutai et Hengshan.Cette passe relie la passe Yanmen dans l’ouest à la passe Zijing, dans l’est.Durant la guerre de Résistance contre l’agression japonaise, la Huitième Armée de route, dirigée par le PCC, y a attaqué l’armée japonaise en 1937 et a remporté une éclatante victoire.Chinefrance.cn

Niangziguan.C’est la passe méridionale des trois passes intérieures de la Grande Muraille des Ming.Elle est située dans la province du Shanxi et forme une barrière naturelle des provinces du Shanxi et du Hebei.Le chemin de fer Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan passe tout près, et du train, on peut y voir des scènes étonnantes de tours et de cols.Yanmenguan.C’était un passage stratégique durant les Ming, à l’entrée de la gorge Yanmen, province du Shanxi.Des monts et des monts entourent cette passe et une route menant vers la ville traverse une gorge périlleuse.yuanfr.com Jiayuguan.C’est l’extrémité ouest de la Grande Muraille.Cette passe est située à quelque 40 km de la ville de Jiuquan, dans le nord-ouest de la province du Gansu.Bâtie en 1375, on dit qu’elle est la « passe no 1 des prouesses sur Terre ».Sur le plan militaire, elle assurait la sécurité de la région à l’ouest du fleuve Jaune durant les Ming, et sur le plan architectural, elle est un jalon parmi les anciens bâtiments militaires encore intacts.Cette passe occupait une position qui était très difficile à assiéger, et elle a toujours été un passage stratégique.La route de la Soie y passait aussi.Cette passe est située à proximité du chemin de fer Lanzhou-Xinjiang et de l’autoroute.Il est donc facile de s’y rendre.Muraille suspendue.Ce tronçon particulier est situé à 7,5 km au nord de Jiayuguan, à l’entrée de la gorge Shiguan, ville de Jiayu.Des sections sont aussi planes que le sol, alors qu’en d’autres endroits, elles sont abruptes comme des falaises.De plus, il y a 200 m de cette muraille qui ont été construits sur une crête de 150 m de haut, avec une pente de 45 degrés, d’où le nom de muraille suspendue.Chinefrance.cn Conseils pour la visite Transport.Pour les tronçons situés près de Beijing, des autocars touristiques partent de Qianmen, Xuanwumen, de la gare de Beijing et de Dongdaqiao.Il est aussi possible de prendre le train de la gare de Beijing.Par l’autoroute, quarante minutes suffisent pour se rendre au tronçon de Badaling.Prix : Autour de 40 yuans, mais il varie selon les tronçons et les saisons.[法语导游词]Pékin-La Grande Muraille北京长城

Totalisant 6 350 km, la Grande Muraille, appelée en chinois Wan Li Chang Cheng(la longue muraille de 10 000 li), serait la seule construction humaine visible de la lune.Ce gigantesque ouvrage de défense de la Chine antique a plus de 2 000 ans d'existance.Durant l'époque des Royaumes combattants(475-221 av.J.-C.), la Chine était divisée en états rivaux, qui construisirent des murs pour se protéger les uns des autres.yuanfr.com Lorsque le roi Ying zheng des Qin, ayant conquis les six autres royaumes, unifia le pays, il fit relier les systèmes de défense des Yan, Zhao et Qin sur la frontière nord pour se défendre de l'attaque des envahisseurs Xiong nu.La réalisation du projet prit 10 ans.300 000 hommes(paysans, soldats et prisonniers)furent ainsi requisitionnés, soit une cinquième de la main-d'oeuvre du pays.La Grande Muraille de l'époque partait de Lintao(aujourd'hui Minxian dans le Gansu)pour aboutir à l'est du Liaoning, en passant par la Mongolie intérieure, le Shaanxi, le Shanxi et le Hebei.Elle serpentait sur les crêtes des montagnes, sur une longueur de plus de 5 000 km.Par la suite, les travaux de consolidation et d'expansion furent accomplis tout au long des dynasties suivantes.Sous les Hans, la muraille fut prolongée vers l'ouest sur plus de 500 km, jusqu'à la Passe Jiayuguan(Gansu).Sous les Tang, les tribus nomades du nord furent vaincus et la frontière reportée plus au nord.La muraille n'était plus la ligne frontière qu'elle avait été.Elle fut abandonnée pour un temps, son importance stratégique étant perdue.Sous les Song, la frontière fut reculée vers le sud : les deux c?tés de la muraille étaient alors occupés successivement par les Liao, les Jin et les Mongols.Quand la dynastie des Yuan fut renversée et les Mongols, refoulés au nord de la muraille, un des premiers soucis des Ming fut de reconstruire la Grande Muraille pour prévenir leur retour.L'empereur Taizu, dès la première année de son règne, chargea le général Xu da d'accomplir le projet.Les travaux de reconstruction duraient 200 ans.Simple remblai en loess à l'origine, une grande partie de la muraille fut batie de nouveau avec d'énormes blocs de pierre et de grosses briques.La muraille fut échelonnée de nombreux forts(tour de guet, tour d'alerte, forteresse)et crénaux de décochement des flèches.La partie que l'on en visite de nos jours fut construite à l'époque des Ming.yuanfr.com La muraille des Ming, suivant le tracé de celle des Qin, s'étendait sur 6 350 km, en traversant neuf régions(Le Liaoning, le Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, la Mongolie intérieure, le Shanxi, le Shaanxi, le Ningxia et le Gansu).Entre le fleuve Yalu(Liaoning)et la Passe Shanhaigun(Hebei), il ne reste rien de cette section, qui n'était formée que d'un remblai de terre.La section allant de la Passe Shanhaiguan à la Passe Jiayuguan(Gansu)est plus ou moins bien conservée, à cause de sa fortification en pierre.Haute de près de 8 m en moyenne, la Grande Muraille avait 6,5 m de large à la base et 5,8 m au sommet.Son chemin de ronde était praticable pour cinq cavaliers marchant de front.Les tours de guet permettaient une surveillance permanante de la frontière;les tours d'alerte étaient destinées à la transmission de signaux optiques.Si l'ennemi attaquait, on faisait des singaux de fumée le jour ou allumait le feu la nuit pour donner l'alerte.Sous les Ming, les gardiens tiraient des salves encore en allumant des feux d'alarme.Le nombre des feux et salves dépendait de la quantité des assaillants : un feu et une salve pour cent attaquants, deux feux et deux salves pour cinq cent, trois feux et salves pour un millier, quatre feux et salves pour dix mille, cinq feux et salves pour dix mille, ainsi de suite.La construction de la muraille était un miracle.Cet ouvrage colossal a suscité la verve de voyageurs européens.On lit dans le “Voyage autour du monde” du Comte de Beauvoir(1867)un court passage suivant: “Ce spectacle est souverainement grand!Quand on songe que des hommes ont construit tant de murs, sur des points parraissant inaccessibles, comme pour opposer à la voie lactée, au ciel, une voie murée sur les cimes, on croit à un rêve...Oui, assurément, ce serpent de pierre fantastique, ces créneaux sans canons, ces meurtrières sans fusils...resteront dans mes souvenirs comme une vision magique.”yuanfr.com Seules quatre sections de la muraille, soit les plus remarquables à Beijing, sont ouvertes au public : Badaling, Mutianyu, Jinshanling et Simatai.La longueur totale de la muraille de Beijing atteint 629 km, avec 827 terrasses, 71 cols et chateaux forts.Badaling comprend une section de la Grande Muraille et une forteresse, appelée la Passe Juyongguan.La passe, formée de deux cols: Nankou dans le sud et Badaling dans le nord, est située dans une vallée étroite de 20 km entourée de hautes montagnes, qui est la seule route entre la plaine centrale et le plateau du nord-ouest.Le col Badaling était l'avant-poste de la passe.Plus élevé que Juyongguan, il constituait une position stratégique importante pour la défense de la passe.Sous les Ming, cinq à six mille soldats y étaient stationnés en permanance.Du haut de Badaling, on aper?oit à l'ouest des restes des terrasses et quelques tron?ons de muraille en loess.Ces terrasses étaient à l'origine des fortins installés là pour déféndre Balading.Les murailles en loess constituaient la ligne de défense de ces avant-postes.Plus loin, au nord du chemin de fer, se dresse une place forte qui servait de poste de commandement de l'avant-poste de Badaling.Construite en 1571, elle était batie en briques et haute de 10 m avec une circonférence de plus d'un km.La Passe Juyongguan est célèbre pour la belle porte de son bourg.Celle-ci est une construction en pierre, d'époque mongole.Son plan est carré, sa partie supérieure étant jadis surmontée d'un stupa.Il n'en reste aujourd'hui que la base: une simple terrasse entourée de balustrade, appelée “Terrasse des Nuages.” Jadis, la route Pékin(Beijing)-Kalgan(Zhangjiakou)passait sous la porte, d'où le nom qui lui avait été donné: Guo jie ta “la tour enjambant la voie.”yuanfr.com La terrasse est une construction en pierre, en forme de trapèze, ornée de têtes de dragon à ses quatre angles.Un passage est percé au centre sous la terrasse.La partie la plus belle de la porte est le passage proprement dit.La vo?te à pans coupés de la porte est décorée de bas-reliefs en marbre représentant les éffigies du Bouddha et notamment les quatre Gardiens célestes très vivants, ainsi que des éléphants, dragons en spirales, roi-dragons à sept têtes et phénix à ramage d'or.Les inscriptions en six langues(le sanskrit, le tibétain, le tangout, l'ou?gour, le mongol et le chinois)sont gravées sur les parois de droite et de gauche, dans l'espace vide entre les gardiens célestes.Le plafond de la vo?te est orné de nombreuses petites statues de bouddhas et de cinq motifs circulaires de stramoines entourant des portraits de bouddhas.Ses bas sont décorés de motifs floreux variés, gracieusement exécutés et très vivants.Située à plus de soixante-dix de km au nord-est de Beijing, la section de Mutiayu de la Grande Muraille est embrassée par les arbres touffus.Elle dispose de 15 forteresses à deux étages et une tour d'alarme.La section a été ouverte au public en 1985.Une téléphérique y a été mise en place pour faciliter l'escalade des touristes.Construite sur des montagnes escarpées, la section de Simatai donne l'impression de péril.Elle est divisée en deux par un réservoir.La partie est dispose de 16 forteresses et l'autre, de 18.Les deux forteresses sont distantes l'une de l'autre de 15 à 16 mètres.yuanfr.com La section possède plusieurs fortesses très perilleuses: l' “échelle du Ciel”, le “pont du Ciel”, la “pagode de Wanjing”, “la pagode des Fées.”Du haut de la pagode de Wanjing(regarder Beijing), batie sur l'abrupt à 1000 m d'altitude, on a la vue panoramique de la ville de Beijing.Etant la meilleure section de la Grande Muraille, elle est inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondial par l'UNESCO.Les touristes peuvent prendre la téléphérique pour y monter.La section de Jinshanling se dresse à une dizaine de km au sud-est du col de Gubei(province du Hebei.)

Serpentant sur des montagnes, elle rassemble presque toutes les formes de construction de la muraille des Ming.Sur 10 km de muraille, on compte 76 forteresses.Ce site pittoresque est en cours d'amènagment.法语导游词]Pékin-La lamaserie Yonghe北京雍和宫

La lamaseie Yonghe est le temple le plus fréquenté par les touristes étrangers à Beijing.Construit en 1694 , la lamaserie Yonghe est le plus grand temple de lamas de Beijing.yuanfr.com.C’était à l’origine l’ancienne résidence de l’empereur Yongzheng des Qing avant son accès au trône.Elle fut convertie en 1744 en un temple lamaïste appartenant aux Ghelug-pa du bouddhisme tibétain(la secte jaune).La lamaserie Yonghe est un modèle de la combinaison des styles architecturaux tibétain et han.yuanfr.com.S’étendant sur une superficie de 66 000 mètres carrés et mesurant 400 mètres du nord au sud et 200 mètres d’est en ouest, elle est constituée de trois parties principales : la cour Baofang, le jardin et les bâtiments.yuanfr.com.Les bâtiments comprennent sept groupes d’architectures et cinq cours successives, avec un millier de pièces au total.Les salles de la lamaserie abritent beaucoup de statues bouddhiques, ainsi que de nombreux objets de valeur, comme par exemple des peintures et des calligraphies, des sculptures, des broderies de soie et des costumes.