第一篇：【美联英语】正式与非正式英语表达的使用法则
两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平
http://m.meten.com/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 美联英语提供：正式与非正式英语表达的使用法则
一、正式英语
正式英语主要应用于写作中。这种文体格式通常带有学术性的写作口吻，通常见于学术课本，大学论文，商业信函和合同中。
在口语表达方面，正式英语通常只用于官方或正式场合，例如，在大学毕业典礼上正式欢迎来宾。
正式英语比日常用语使用更多的复杂词汇。例如，正式用语常常比日常对话使用“更庞大”的词汇。如以下几个多音节词compensate，ascend 和 interrogate。正式用语还常常使用单个动词(如establish)来代替简单的短语动词(如set up)。此外，在正式用语中还要尽量避免俚语和口语的出现。
当正式用语应用于写作中时，句子通常较长，较为复杂，也应严格遵循语法规则。正式写作中，通常较为客观，经常使用it这样的非人称代词和动词的被动形式。应该尽量避免缩略语和缩写单词的出现。
二、非正式英语和流行英语
非正式英语是大多数人们日常所说的英语。非正式英语广泛应用于电子邮件和朋友书信中。
使用非正式英语的人们对词汇的选择不太在意，如：非正式英语使用很多较短的单词(如fire，climb和 ask)，使用许多口语词汇(如stuff，a lot of，thing和 sort of)，还很使用一些短语动词(如使用set up，而不用establish)。非正式英语在语法上没有正式英语要求严格，常使用简单的语法结构和比较松散的句子或短语。
在写作中，非正式英语比正式英语常常使用更加个人化的文体，常用第一，第二人称(例如I，you，we)。缩写单词(如常常使用it’s，而不是 it is)也常常见于非正式英语之中。而且，非正式英语比正式的写作句式通常更短。在正式英语写作中，常常使用较为正式的标点符号---而避免分号(;)和冒 号(：)的出现，非正式英语则可以出现。
流行英语很少应用于写作中，大多是用于口语之中。非正式英语中包括大量的俚语。俚语就是一些非正式的，在礼节性的演讲和正式场合常常被看作不合适的单词或短语表达。俚语常常由固定的社会团体或职业人群使用。
三、关于短语动词
人们使用非正式英语谈话或写作时，经常使用短语动词(也叫做多个单词或多部分动词)。以下是几组例子。括号中是其对应的正式用语。
雅思考试中的正式英语和非正式英语作何解?
短语动词和其对应的单个动词
要求ask for(request)订约go down with(contract)
建立set up(establish)处理deal with(handle)
发现find out(discover)欺骗take in(deceive)
短语动词在口语中较为常见。然而，比起其对应的单个动词不太正式。
在正式写作中，作者常常更倾向于使用单个动词，例如 examine和devise，而不使用短语动词，如look at 和come up with。请对比下页表格中的每对动词。
虽然在正式英语中，倾向于使用较短的短语动词，但是如果真的使用了这些短于动词句子也不为错误。然而，如果有比短语动词更为简短的单个动词，最好使用单个动词。
不要认为在雅思写作考试中使用多个短语动词会使文章不太正式。实际上，在许多情景之中---甚至是在非常正式的文体中---短语动词依然是确切表达文章主旨的方式。例如，put on 比起其更加正式的用语don来说，更加自然贴切。
四、非正式用语较正式用语
他调查了(checked up on)他的会计。他调查了(investigated)他的会计。
他们容忍了(put up with)邻居们。他们容忍了(tolerated)邻居们。
她很快就理解了(caught on)。她很快就理解了(understood)。
为了弥补(made up for)它，她早早的睡了。为了弥补(compensated)它，她早早的睡了。
他发烧了(went down with)。他发烧了(contracted)。
生活费上升了(went up)。生活费上升了(contracted)。
五、辨别不同
通常很容易的决定一个词是正式用语还是非正式用语。非正式用语就是人们每天使用的那些共同的，普通和熟悉的词，而正式用语则是更加“严肃”和较少常用的单词。通常，正式词比非正式用语较长。单个动词比它们所对应的短语动词也较为正式。
例如，称某件东西是极大的enormous是正式的，但是要说whopping是不非正式的。象一方面on the one hand 或如上所示 as indicated above，这样的词组是正式的，但是，如顺便说一句by the way 或那提醒我that reminds me就是非正式的。
请注意：一些非正式单词比其他一些非正式的单词更为正式。例如，非正式用语understand，比非正式用语get更为正式。然而，二者均不如正式用语comprehend更加正式。
六、雅思考试使用半正式文体格式
相关语言学家上建议：学术文章可以使用“中间的或稍正式的文体格式”。
这就意味您雅思学术文章写作中可以使用稍加正式的词汇(例如，可以使用spark off 而不用 cause 这样的短语动词)，还可以使用更加正式的用语。可以使用正式英语中常常使用的复杂语法，也可以使用更加简单的语法结构。
但是，越使用正式词汇和更复杂的语法结构，雅思的考试得分就会越高。例如，在词汇方面，评分标准之一就是---当使用“不太普通”或“不普通”的 词汇，也就是使用较正式的词汇时，考生就会得到较高的分数。考生可以登录一下网址 http://tinyurl.com/4uddk 来查看详细的评分标准。
这是我对参加雅思学术写作考试的考生在使用词汇方面的几点建议：
如果使用一个更加正式的单个动词，比其相对应的短语动词听起来更加贴切自然，最好使用
正式的单个单词。
避免使用个人化的或会话样式的文体格式(听起来好像正同考官聊天)。因此，尽量不要使用词，如I，me，my，you，we，us 和 our这样的单词。虽然这些单词广泛应用于非正式用语和口语中，通常认为在正式的学术性写作中，这些单词太过个人化，太过随意。
如果考生愿意，考生可以使用代词I来发表自己的看法。但是，在开篇和文章结尾使，尽量避免I的出现。这样，考生就可以避免使自己的文章太过个人化，具有太多的会话风格。
避免使用经常在日常会话中出现的单词和短语，因为这些单词或短语不太适合应用于学术写作中。字典中经常在这些词的前面标有“informal。(非正式)”的标签。考生在写作中，要使用更加正式得单词和短语。举例如下：
避免使用应该使用
孩子们(kids)孩子们(children)
好的(OK)好的(all right;acceptable)
许多(a lot of)许多(much;many)
很多(heaps)很多(many;a great deal)
不要使用口语化的英语或俚语。口语化的英语是一种非正式的英语类型，它包括词像gonna 或 wanna这样的缩写单词，还有例如ain’t nothin’和dead as a doornail这样的短语。字典中通常在口语化英语前面标上“colloq。”这样的注解。由于口语化的英语和俚语通常是应用于口语而不是写作中，如果出现在正式的学术写作中，文章就会太过口语化，而且缺少信度。
虽然在非非正式的写作中，常常使用缩写单词(如can’t，won’t，shouldn’t 和 hasn’t)，但考试一定要避免在正式的学术写作中出现类似的缩写单词。
避免在正式的学术写作中使用缩略语。不要写yrs，e.g。这样的单词(分别代表原始的拉丁文中的exempli gratia和“for example(例如)”的意思)。也不要使用i.e.(原始的拉丁文id est的缩略语，意为“that is(也就是)”)。而应该写出这些单词相对应的形式(years，for example 和that is)。
第二篇：美联英语：父亲节与母亲节口语表达
美联英语提供：美联英语：父亲节与母亲节口语表达
小编给你一个美联英语官方试听课申请链接：http://www.xiexiebang.com/?tid=16-73374-0
父爱与父亲节
Brian: Hi Dario.Long time no see.Dario: I know.I have been leaving you alone so that you could spend more time with your girlfriend.Brian: Well actually, we have broken up.Dario: I am very sorry to hear that, Brian.Brian: Yeah, I was really sad for a few days after she told me that I was dumped.Dario: Why did she decide to leave you?
Brian: She said that my English was just not good enough for her.Dario: How can she say that!I have taught you everything I know.Brian: We obviously need to do even more study together then.Dario: Do you still have her phone number?
Brian: She's too good for you!
布莱恩：嗨，达里奥。好久不见了。
达里奥：我知道。我一直没有打扰你好让你可以和你的女朋友多在一起。
布莱恩：唔，实际上我们已经分手了。
达里奥：听到这我感到很遗憾，布莱恩。
布莱恩：没错，当她告诉我我被甩了以后我真的伤心了几天。
达里奥：为什么她决定离开你?
布莱恩：她说对她来说我的英语就是不够好。
达里奥：她怎么会这么说!我已经教了你我知道的所有东西。
布莱恩：很显然我们还需要在一起更努力学习。
达里奥：你还有她的电话号码吗?
布莱恩：她太好了，不适合你 Father's Day: a day for everyone to stop and remember how much you love and respect your father
父亲节：每个人都停下来，记住你是多么爱你的父亲，多么尊敬他的日子
My dad and I are really close, so everyday feels like Father's Day for us.我老爸和我很亲密，因此对我们来说每一天都像是父亲节。
2)Faith: believing and trusting in a person
信任，信仰，信念：相信、信赖一个人
Have you any faith in what he says?
你相信他的话吗?
3)Proud: a feeling of being very pleased
自豪的，得意的，感到骄傲的：感到很高兴
I know that I make my dad proud of me sometimes, but other times I disappoint him.我知道我有时候让我老爸为我感到自豪，不过其它的时候我令他失望。
Dialogue-对话
Jessie: Do you think it's harder to be a mom or dad?
Tina: I have never really thought about that question.Jessie: I think moms work harder, but being a dad would be stressful.Tina: Did you cause your dad a lot of stress when you were growing up?
Jessie: I think so.He was always worrying about my grades and my boyfriends.Tina: Did he like any of your boyfriends?
Jessie: He liked the ones that I didn't like!
Tina: He was just trying to look after you because he wanted the best for his little girl.Jessie: And I love and respect him for that!
杰西：你觉得做妈妈更难，还是做爸爸更难?
蒂娜：我还真从没想过这个问题。
杰西：我觉得妈妈更辛苦，不过做爸爸压力很大。
蒂娜：你成长的时候给你爸爸增加了很多压力吗?
杰西：我想是吧。他老是担心我的成绩和我的男朋友。
蒂娜：他喜欢你的那些男朋友吗?
杰西：他喜欢那些我不喜欢的。
蒂娜：他只是想照顾你，因为他希望他的小女孩得到最好的东西。
杰西：而我因此爱他，尊敬他!
New Words 生词
1)Slap: to hit someone with an open hand
拍，掌击，拍击：张开手打某人
My girlfriend slapped me because I accidentally called her the name of my previous girlfriend.我的女朋友拍打我，因为我无意中叫她我前任女朋友的名字。
2)Punch: to hit someone with a closed hand
击拳，猛击：用拳头打某人
You should never punch someone unless it is in self-defense.除非是正当防卫，否则你永远都不要挥拳打人。
3)Father's Day: a special day to stop and remember how much you love and respect your father
父亲节：停下来，记住你是多么爱你的父亲，多么尊敬他的特别的日子
I always buy my Dad a small gift on Father's Day to show him that I really appreciate what he has done for me.父亲节我总是给我的老爸买小礼物，告诉他我真的感激他为我所做的事情。
Lesson: 课文
Father's Day 父亲节
Father's Day falls on the third Sunday in June.The idea for creating a day for children to honor their fathers began in Spokane, Washington.A woman by the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought of the idea for Father's Day while listening to a Mother's Day sermon in 1909.六月的第三个星期日是父亲节。设立一天让孩子们表达对父亲的尊敬的想法起源于在华盛顿州的斯普肯镇。1909年，一位名叫索娜拉·史玛特·杜德的女士在听母亲节的布道时想到也应该有一个父亲节。
Having been raised by her father, Henry Jackson Smart, after her mother died, Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was to her.It was her father who made all the parental sacrifices and was, in the eyes of his daughter, a courageous, selfless, and loving man.Sonora's father was born in June, so she chose to hold the
first Father's Day celebration in Spokane, Washington on the 19th of June,1910.索娜拉的母亲过世后，父亲亨利·杰克逊·史玛特把她抚养成人，她想让父亲知道他对她来说有多么重要。父亲为了她既当爹又当妈，而且在女儿的眼中，父亲是个勇敢、无私、慈爱的好父亲。索娜拉父亲的生日是在六月，所以她就选择1910年6月19日在华盛顿的斯普肯镇举行了第一次父亲节庆祝活动。
In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge proclaimed the third Sunday in June as Father's Day.Roses are the Father's Day flowers: red to be worn for a living father and white if the father has died.1924年，美国总统加尔文·库利奇宣布每年6月的第三个星期天为父亲节。玫瑰是父亲节的吉祥花：红玫瑰献给健在的父亲，而白玫瑰则送给已过世的父亲。
Father's Day, contrary to popular misconception, was not established as a holiday in order to help greeting card manufacturers sell more cards.In fact, when a “father's day” was first proposed, there were no Father's Day cards!
与人们普遍的误解相反，父亲节不是为了帮助问候卡生产商销售出更多卡片而设立的节日。实际上，当“父亲节”首次得到提议时，并没有父亲节卡片。
Father's Day has become a day to not only honor your father, but all men who act as a father figure.Stepfathers, uncles, grandfathers, and adult male friends are all to be honored on Father's Day.父亲节已经变成了一个不仅尊敬你的父亲，而且尊敬所有担任父亲角色的男人的节日。继父、叔叔、舅舅、爷爷、外公以及成年男性朋友都是父亲节尊敬的对象。
Look your father in the eye, shake his hand and tell him that you love him.That's the best present you can give him.注视着父亲的眼睛，握住他的手，然后告诉他你爱他。这是你所能予他的最好礼物。
Dialogue
Jeff: What did you do yesterday, Joan?
Joan: I took my Dad to a really fancy restaurant for lunch.Jeff: I bet he liked that Joan.You are very thoughtful.Joan: Well, he is my Dad after all.He really helped me when I was growing up.Jeff: I took my father out to play golf.Joan: That sounds nice.Did you let him win?
Jeff: Of course!It was Father's Day!
杰夫：你昨天做了什么，琼?
琼：我带我爸爸去一家很豪华的餐馆吃午饭。
杰夫：我打赌他喜欢那样，琼。你很周到。
琼：唔，他毕竟是我的父亲。我成长的时候他真的帮了我很多。
杰夫：我带我爸爸出去打高尔夫球。
琼：那听起来很好。你让你赢了吗?
杰夫：当然了!那是父亲节!母爱与母亲节
Dario: How is your new girlfriend, Brian?
Brian: She is really well,thanks.But how did you know that I had a new girlfriend?
Dario: Because I haven't seen or heard from you for weeks.Brian: Maybe I was studying?
Dario: If you were studying, you would have called me to be your study buddy.Brian: Maybe I was too sick to leave the house.Dario: No way.Your mom would have called to tell me that.Brian: Well, your logic is too good for me, Dario.Dario: Can I meet her someday?
Brian: No way!She might fall in love with you and leave me.戴瑞奥：你的新女朋友好吗布莱恩?
布莱恩：她很好，谢谢。你怎么知道我有新女朋友的?
戴瑞奥：因为我有好几周没看到你也没听到你的消息了。
布莱恩：也许我在学习呢?
戴瑞奥：如果你在学习，你会给我打电话让我跟你一起学。
布莱恩：也许是我病得太重了不能出门呢。
戴瑞奥：不可能，你妈妈会打电话告诉我的。
布莱恩：好吧，你太了解我了戴瑞奥。
戴瑞奥：哪天我能见见她吗?
布莱恩：不可能!她可能会弃我而去爱上你的。
NEW WORDS 新单词
1)Mother's Day: a special day to stop and remember how much you love, cherish and respect your Mom
母亲节：一个特殊的日子，让你停下来想一想你有多爱你的妈妈、多么珍惜她和尊敬她。
It's hard to show your mom just how much you love her in only one day, but you should try to make Mother's Day really special for her.仅仅在一天里向你妈妈表达你有多爱她不是件容易的事，可你应该尽量让母亲节这一天对她来说很特别。
2)Cherish: to feel or show affection for someone
珍爱：向某人表示爱
My mother, my girlfriend and my sister are the only three women I truly cherish.我妈妈、我女朋友和我妹妹是我真正唯一喜欢的三个女人。
3)Pamper: to treat with care and attention
娇纵、呵护
I love going to the beauty salon because they really pamper me.我喜欢去美容院，因为他们实在是对我很好。
Dialogue-对话
Jessie: Tina, I really need your help.Tina: You are my best friend Jessie.Just ask me and I will help you.Jessie: I want to write a nice poem on this card for my mother, but I can't think of what to say.Tina: Just tell her how much you love her and list all the reasons why.Jessie: But I love her for so many reasons.Help me to decide where to start.Tina: How about you begin with the letter 'M' and then think of something that starts with that letter to describe her.Jessie: And then move to the letter 'O'?
Tina: Right!You really are smart, Jessie.Jessie: I owe it all to my mother!
杰茜：蒂娜我真的需要你的帮助。
蒂娜：你是我最好的朋友杰茜，跟我说我会帮你。
杰茜：我想在这张卡片上给我妈妈写一首很美的诗，可我想不出来写什么。
蒂娜：就告诉她你是多么爱她，再列出所有你爱她的原因。
杰茜：可是我爱她的原因太多了。帮我想一下从哪开始。
蒂那：从字母“M”开始，然后再以这个字母为首写点儿什么来形容她怎么样?
杰茜：接下来再用字母“O”?
蒂娜：没错!你真的很聪明，杰茜。
杰茜：这都归功于我妈妈!
New Words 生词
1)Cover for me: to tell a small white lie to explain why someone is missing from work or class
撒一个善意的谎言来解释为什么某人没来上班或上课。
My friend said that he would cover for me,but the boss didn't believe him when he said that I was seeing a client.我朋友说他替我撒谎了，可是他说我在见客户时老板不相信他的话。
2)Mate: a good friend
好朋友
Friends and mates are among the most important people in the world-after your Mom and Dad of course.朋友和哥们儿是世界上最重要的人，当然除了你父母以外。
3)Mother's Day: a special day to stop and remember how much you love，cherish and respect your Mom
母亲节:一个特殊的日子，让你停下来想想你是多么爱你的妈妈，多么珍惜她和尊敬她。
My Mom says that everyday should be Mother's Day so she can eat chocolate all the time.我妈妈说每天都应该是母亲节这样她时刻都可以吃到巧克力了。
Lesson: 课文
Mother's Day 母亲节
The first celebrations in honor of mothers were held in spring in ancient Greece.They paid tribute to Rhea, the Mother of the Gods.During the 17th century, England honored mothers on “Mothering Sunday,” celebrated on the fourth Sunday of Lent.In the United States, Julia Ward Howe suggested the idea of Mother's Day in 1872.Howe saw Mother's Day as being dedicated to peace.最早为母亲们庆祝节日是在古希腊的时候。庆祝活动在春天举行，人们向众神之母莉娅献祭。十七世纪时英国人用“拜望双亲日”来表示对母亲们的尊敬，定于四旬斋的第四个星期日庆祝。在美国朱莉娅·沃德·荷于1872年提出了“母亲节”的建议。荷把“母亲节”当作是对和平的贡献。
Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia is credited with bringing about the official observance of Mother's Day in the USA.Her campaign to establish such a holiday began as a remembrance of her mother who died in 1905 and who had, in the late 19th century, tried to establish “Mother's Friendship Days” as a way to heal the scars of the Civil War.费城的安娜·查维丝为母亲节成为美国官方节日做出了努力。她发起成立母亲节的运动
是从纪念她的母亲开始的。安娜的母亲去世于1905年，曾在十九世纪末期提倡过建立“母亲友好日”以抚慰内战带来的创伤。
In 1910, West Virginia became the first state to recognize Mother's Day.A year later, nearly every state officially marked the day.In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson officially proclaimed Mother's Day as a national holiday to be held on the second Sunday of May.1910年西弗吉尼亚成为第一个认可母亲节的洲。一年后几乎每个洲都将这一天定为官方节日。1914年美国总统胡佛·威尔森公开宣布将母亲节定为国家节日，定于五月的第二个星期天。
Today many celebrations of Mother's Days are held throughout the world.Although they do not all fall at the same time, such countries as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia and Belgium also celebrate Mother's Day on the same day as the United States.现在全世界有很多地方庆祝母亲节，虽然这些庆祝活动并不是在同一天举行。丹麦、芬兰、意大利、土尔其、澳大利亚和比利时等国家和美国在同一天庆祝母亲节。
Don't forget Mother's Day.Make your Mom breakfast in bed, buy her a bunch of flowers and some chocolates and, most importantly, tell her how much you love and respect her.不要忘记母亲节。把早餐端到你妈妈床前，给她买一大束花和一些巧克力，最重要的是，告诉她你是多么爱她和尊敬她。
Dialogue
Jeff: You look a little tired this morning, Joan.Joan: I know.I got up at 4AM to make breakfast for my mother.Jeff: You really are a great daughter, Joan.Joan: Not really.It is my mother who is wonderful.She gave me life and brought me up very well.Jeff: So you try to re-pay her on Mother's Day?
Joan: Right.But she has given me so much that it would take hundreds of years to re-pay her.Jeff: Maybe we should have Mother's Day everyday instead of just once a year?
Joan: It's a good idea Jeff, but I can't get up so early to make breakfast for her everyday.Jeff: But we should tell our Mom's how much we love them more often.Joan: I agree!I will tell my children your great idea!
杰夫：琼，你今天早晨看起来有点累。
琼：我知道。我四点就起床给我妈妈做早餐了。
杰夫：你真是个好女儿琼。
琼：不是的。是我妈妈伟大，她给了生命又悉心把我抚养成人。
杰夫：所以你想在母亲节报答她?
琼：没错。可是她给予我的太多了，要花几百年才能报答她。
杰夫：也许我们应该每天都过母亲节,而不是一年一次?
琼：这是个好主意杰夫，可我不能每天早晨起来那么早给她做早餐。
杰夫：但我们应该更经常地告诉我们的妈妈我们多么爱她们。
琼：我同意!我会把你的好主意告诉我的孩子们!
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第三篇：美联英语：与手机相关的词汇
美联英语提供：美联英语：手机相关词汇
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手机 mobile phone / cell phone
打给某人 call sb.(to/for..)
发短信 send(short / text)message
彩铃 polyphonic ringtone
和弦铃声 chord music ringtone 对讲机 Walkie-Talkie
全球定位系统 GPS(Global Positioning System)
高保真 high fidelity(常简写为hi-fi)
移动梦网 Monternet(Mobile+Internet)
短信服务SMS(Short Message Service)
彩信服务 MMS(Multimedia Message service)
客户身份识别卡 SIM卡(Subscriber Identity Module)
全球移动通信系统 GSM(Global System For Mobile Communications)
储值卡 pre-paid phone card
语音提示 voice prompt
直板手机 bar phone
翻盖手机 clamshell phone /flip phone
滑盖手机 slide phone
翻盖接听 flip answer
按键 keypad
按键音 keypad tone
提示音 warning tone
手机充值 cellular phone replenishing/recharging
手机入网费 initiation charges for mobile phone;mobile access fee
漫游 roaming service
手机用户 mobile phone user/subscriber
短信 short message;text message
图片短信 picture message
手机费 mobile phone fee
关机 power off
手机铃音 mobile phone ringtone
振动 vibrate
手机实名制 mobile phone identification policy
双向收费 two-way charging scheme
彩屏 color screen
壁纸 wallpaper
待机模式 standby mode
操作菜单 options
菜单模式 list view/ grid view
快捷图标 short-cut icon
自动重拨 automatic redial
快速拨号 speed dial
语音拨号 voice dial
任意键应答 any key answer
限制呼叫 fixed dial
呼出通话 outgoing call
被叫通话 incoming call
近来的呼叫 recent call
呼叫转移 call divert
未接电话 missed call
已接电话 received call
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第四篇：【美联英语】雅思写作中因果关系表达的词汇总结
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美联英语提供：雅思写作中因果关系表达的词汇总结
雅思大作文中有一类题目是因果关系类，具体包括三小类：cause and effect、cause and solution、problem and solution。这三小类问题也可以穿起来，即针对某个topic的cause—effect(即problem)– solution。无论哪种题目，写明因果关系很重要。关于因果关系的表达同学们都很熟悉，无非是BS(because / so)，而且大家也一定很清楚的知道BS在英语中，用了前者就不能用后者的道理。例如
Because further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, an increasing number of people have degrees
Further education has become more accessible for a wider range of people, so an increasing number of people have degrees.但是除了BS之外，还有很多其它表示因果关系的表达，具体如下：
Because系列(表原因)：
1.because of : because后接的是一个句子(主谓宾);because of 后一般直接跟名词。例如：
Because of the increasing number of machine—and as we noted before, machines magnify human effort—then anyone using a machine can
get a higher wage than anyone not using a machine.2.as / since(除了“因为“外，还有”自从”的意思，使用时要注意避免歧义)
Hours spent on commuting, traffic jams, and fights for parking should diminish, since workers make fewer journeys or work staggered hours
Unfortunately, as the number of people living in the city increases, so do the different problems associated with population growth.(注意此句中的so不表示“所以”，而是“…也…”的意思)
3.thanks to(positive situations 通常适用于结果好的时候)
Thanks to new technology, it's easier than ever to work remotely.due to(negative situations通常使用与结果不好的时候)
owing to / attributable to /on account of
Due to /… / On account of extreme weather conditions, damage to property occurs.4.当原因需要的表达较多时，我们还可以把以上表达改写为原因状语从句，使用thanks to the fact that /due to the fact that /owing to the fact that 或者on the grounds that ，，Will we live longer merely due to the fact that / on the grounds that technology, if implemented properly, will take stress away from our lives
5.caused by / result from 也表原因
Many car accidents were resulted from / caused by a lack of guardrails
So系列(表结果)：
1.thus/ therefore / thereby / hence
thus: 表示‘in this/that way’
As a country develops, its cities become the engines of development, thus jobs are available in these areas.therefore: 表示 ‘for this reason’ /‘because of this or that’
Therefore, the influence of the peer group is important both for one’s own competence and for the relative evaluation of the process itself, given that one sees oneself in relation to others.thereby: by that means, as a result of that
In some countries, reduced budgets have led to the elimination of busing systems, thereby increasing the use of cars and the congestion they create.hence: 表示 ‘from this/that’
Drinking lots of water is healthy and reducing plastic waste is great for the environment.Hence, trendy reusable water bottles that you can refill yourself are health-promoting, eco-friendly, and green.2.As a result / As a consequence
As a result, those people who were indoors had much lighter skin, which means that whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin.As a consequence, environmental health must address the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease.3.consequently /accordingly
Consequently 更偏重因果逻辑;accordingly 更偏重后续解决
Water pollution affects drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the world.This consequently harms human health and the natural environment.Some of the laws were contradictory.Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.Cause系列(表结果)：
1.cause(v.)引起
The amount of garbage produced by the people also increases which causes sanitary landfills to fill up faster.2.lead to/ result in 导致
注意这里是result in, 后跟结果，前面提到的result from后面跟的是原因。
The society’s attitude to food often leads to over-consumption.3.bring about: to cause to take place 引起，带来(注意使用时更倾向于“带来“这个意思)
The internet technologies that have brought about so much social change were scarcely imaginable just decades before they appeared.4.spark off 引发、引爆，具体指引发比较严重的后果、冲突等(=trigger / activate)，或指”点燃“(=inspire)
Spark off a series of problems / a chain of events related to…
They can spark off each other's talents
affect系列(影响到)
1.Affect/influence
More likely than not, getting a vehicle from point “A” to point “B” involves combustion of a fossil fuel, a process that emits gasses and affects the environment and the ozone layer.People's behavior is influenced by circumstances and events, friends and family, education, job prospects, income, housing and environment.2.impact on 对…产生影响(impact 一般做名词使用，也可以作为动词
Over the last few decades, there has been a tremendous growth in information technology, which can impact on our everyday life.3.give rise to 使发生
The decrease inthe number of bicycles and cars might give rise to another new set of problems.名词系列(因果)
1.cause(of sth.)/ reason 原因
Obesity can be divided into three main causes – diet, lifestyle and education.Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons.2.result(for sth.)/ effect 结果
This is a difficult problem with many serious effects on the individual and country.Another result is lack of self-esteem.3.causality 因果关系(cause and effect)causation 原因
The correlation between population and housing price does not indicated causality, only the association.这里的causality也可以换成：causal effect(因果效应)
Such a causality-driven, prevention-focused approach to homicide and other serious crime would revolutionize our conception of criminal justice, moving from the imposition of “just deserts” to the enlightened pursuit of a less violent society.4.impact/influence 影响
This area is often overlooked but has a tremendous impact on your life
Friends have a big influence on the way that we use social media—from unwritten rules to buying decisions and so much more.形容词系列(因果)表示因果的形容词不是很常用，使用时多和factor, element 结合
1.causal 原因的，因果的
Low income and elderly are among the potential causal factors of prevalence of obesity among adults
2.consequential 结果的，随之发生的
Measures other than ratings will prove more consequential
3.influential 影响的，有影响力的(大多数情况下使用第二个意思)
Family is the most influential factor on happiness.小编给你一个美联英语官方试听课申请链接：
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第五篇：【美联英语】双语阅读：青春
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Let's take steps to banish some of the most common negative thoughts many of us repeat to ourselves.Being in a negative space is harmful to our overall well-being, because what you dwell on can easily become self fulfilling if you don't change your mindset.让我们一起行动起来，消灭那些我们经常告诉自己的消极想法吧!如果你不改变想法，而是一味地沉浸在消极的念头中，那么，我们的整个身心就会受到影响，因为“噩梦”也会成真。
1.I'm not good enough.我不够好。
This type of negative thought that can apply to many categories.Maybe you don't think you're a good enough mother or good at a sport.Even if you find yourself lacking in something, there's no need to keep repeating it to yourself.The human brain is an incredible thing.Be inspired by Dr.Jill Bolte Taylor, Harvard-trained neuroscientist who suffered a stroke that left her unable to walk, read, write, talk, or remember her previous life.Dr.Taylor took eight years to recover and has since then written a best-selling book about her experience and appeared on Oprah.Keep on working toward something, and watch the leaps and
bounds you'll make.这种消极想法有很多类型。比如你认为自己不是个称职的妈妈或不擅长运动。即使你真的发现了自己的弱点，也没必要对自己不断复述。人脑是神奇的。吉尔泰勒就是个激励的好典型，她是哈佛大学的神经系统学专家，中风后她就失去了行走、阅读、书写、交谈的能力了，甚至还失忆了。她花了八年的时间复原，用自己的经历写了畅销书，还上了奥普拉的节目。坚持做一件事，亲眼见证自己的变化。
2.No one cares about me.没人关心我。
To accurately say that your family and friends don't care about you would be a very rare situation.Maybe you're being too negative and overlooking the gestures of love they show you.They don't even have to be big gestures, but it's the little things they do for you that count.And people may be reacting to the energy you're putting out;perhaps you think they don't care about you so you don't make any effort in your relationships.Start showing people you care, so they can show you back in kind.And if you don't have good relationships with the people you know, what's stopping you from making new friends?
家人朋友都不关心你，这种情况其实不太常见。可能你过于消极的想法使你忽略了他们对你表达的爱。他们甚至并不需要为你做什么惊天动地的大事，正是一些小事才真正打动人心。或者你觉得没人关心你，所以无需再经营人际关系，但其实也许人们只有在感知到你的付出后，才会对你进行回报;关心别人，别人才会关心你。如果你和周围人的关系处理不好，为何不结交些新朋友?
3.I really dislike this person.我真的不喜欢这个人。
If you dislike a person in your work or personal life, focusing on her bad qualities is not going to make things better.You need to let go of your assumptions about her and know that she is human too, which means she makes mistakes.Either you move on and stop thinking and talking about her, or learn to approach her or think about her in a positive manner.Focus on her good qualities, and repeat them to yourself instead of honing in on the unpleasant things.如果工作或生活中有你讨厌的人，只关注她的缺点有害无益。你需要放下对她的所有成见，告诉自己她也是个人，也有犯错的时候。要么就不再谈论她和想着她，要么学着去接近她，或想想她好的一面。多想想她的优点，不要再专注于让你不开心的事情。
4.Why is she better off?
为什么她比我好?
Comparing yourself to someone else is never productive or positive.There's always going to be someone who is younger, prettier, smarter, or richer than you.If you keep coveting what someone else has, then this may cause you to be resentful of them, which will open a whole other negative can of worms.Remember, what they don't have is your whole package.Be appreciative of what you have, because if you want to play the comparison game, remember that there are people who are also worse off than you are.和别人比较永远不是有效率和积极的表现。总有比你年轻，漂亮，聪明，富有的人。如果你始终关注别人拥有什么，会带来你对他们的恨意，随即带来更多消极的想法。记住，你所拥有的也是他们所没有的。珍惜你所拥有的东西，如果真的想和别人比较，也别忘了总有
比你差的人。
5.I'll never reach my goal.我永远无法达到目标。
If you think you're not going to be able “get there,” think again.There are many people who are worse off and have overcome bigger obstacles than what you are facing.Take, for example, Olympic sprinter Oscar Pistorius, an amputee who overcame his handicap to compete in the Olympics against his able-bodied peers.Everything is within your reach as long as you work hard and have a a positive attitude.如果你认为自己达不到，再想想。比你差的人比比皆是，他们遇到的困难也比你的更大。比如，奥运会短跑选手刀锋战士奥斯卡·皮斯托利斯，一个被截肢的运动员，战胜了自己的阻碍，在其他健壮的对手中脱颖而出赢得了奥运会的冠军。只要你努力付出，有着积极的信念，任何事都能够做到。
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