毕业论文--论英语文化与英语学习的关系

第一篇：毕业论文--论英语文化与英语学习的关系

论英语文化与英语学习的关系

目 录

摘要..................................................................................................................................................2 关键词..............................................................................................................................................2

一、英语文化背景知识...................................................................................................................3

1.日常生活交际和风俗习惯....................................................................................................3 2.历史文化、习语和典故。....................................................................................................4 3.宗教文化................................................................................................................................5

二、中西文化背景差异对英语教学实践的影响...........................................................................5

1.称呼语....................................................................................................................................6 2．致谢和答词.........................................................................................................................6 3.思维方式................................................................................................................................7 4.语言表达习惯........................................................................................................................7

三、在英语教学实践中如何进行英语文化背景知识的教育.......................................................8

四、学习英语文化背景对学习英语的促进作用...........................................................................9

1.学习英语文化背景有利于培养学生学习英语的兴趣........................................................9 2.学习英语文化背景有利于培养学生翻译能力....................................................................9 3.学习英语文化背景有助于学生记单词..............................................................................10 4.学习英语文化背景有利于培养学生交际能力..................................................................10

摘要：语言是人类文化的载体，二者是密不可分的。语言不仅仅是一套符号系统，人们的言语表现形式更要受语言赖以存在的社会/社团（community）的习俗，生活方式，行为方式，价值观念，思维方式，宗教信仰，民族心理和性格等制约和影响。所以，学习一种语言，不仅要掌握这种语言的结构，还要注重培养学生对文化差异的敏感性，这样才能了解文化差异汇中较多的隐形因素。同时培养学生对文化差异的宽容性和灵活性。要帮助学生开阔眼界，增加对异国文化的了解，采取理解、尊重、宽容的态度来学习文化知识。随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，培养学生根据双方文化背景灵活地调整自己的交际能力，使交际取得预期成果的能力，这都要求学生掌握精准的文化知识，因此文化知识的学习能有效促进语言知识的学习和掌握及其准确的应用。

关键词：英语文化 理解学习综合能力

Abstract: Language is the carrier of human culture, the two are inseparable.Language is not just a symbol system, one form of speech by language but also to the existence of social / community(community)of the customs, lifestyle, behavior, values, ways of thinking, religion, national psychology and personality and other constraints and impact.Therefore, learning a language, not only to master the language structure, but also focus on students of sensitivity to cultural differences, cultural differences in order to understand more of the stealth factor in the exchange.While students of the cultural differences of tolerance and flexibility.To help students broaden their horizons and increase understanding of foreign cultures, to understand, respect, tolerance attitude to learning and cultural knowledge.With the acceleration of global economic integration, according to cultural backgrounds and students the flexibility to adjust their communication skills, so that the ability of communication to achieve the desired results, which require students to master the precise cultural knowledge, cultural knowledge and therefore can effectively promote learning language learning and mastery of knowledge and accurate application.Keywords: English language-learning ability to understand culture

任何一种语言都包含着不尽的文化内涵。语言与文化是同时产生并且相互依存的。古德诺夫在《文化人类学与语言学》中是这样论述语言和文化的关系的：“一个社会的语言是该社会的文化的一个方面，语言和文化是部分和整体的关系，语 言作为文化的组成部分，其特殊性表现在：它是学习文化的主要工具，人在学习和运用语言的过程中获得整个文化。”中国文化与英美文化存在着明显的差异，这种差异在一定程度上干扰了我们的英语学习和阅读。因此，了解文化背景知识 对英语学习者来说是很重要的。

一、英语文化背景知识

1.日常生活交际和风俗习惯

中西文化的差异在日常生活中出现得很多，如姓名、称呼和问候之类。在汉语中先姓后名而在英美国家则完全不同，他们是名前姓后，而且在中间还喜欢加上一 个中间名。称呼别人时一般在姓的前面加上称呼语，如“Mr Smith”等，初学者 应当注意。在英语中我们会发现西方国家里对亲属的称谓很少,•如 “•Aunt,•Ancle, Cousin”等。而在汉语中则不同，汉语把亲属间的关系分得极 细，既能分别性别、大小又能分出与称者的关系。这种差异说明中国的文化背景，在几千年的封建统治下，中国人高度重视血缘关系和等级观念，提倡长幼有序尊卑分明。而在一些西方国家小辈直呼长辈之名比比皆是，少有避讳。家庭成员之间即使是长辈也常对小辈说“Thank you”。因为西方的一些国家追求人人平等和个人的独立意识。

在英国，熟人见面时谈论天气的话题较多如“Lovely weather,isn't it•”。而 在中国人们碰面时则常问“你吃了吗？”自古以来中国食风甚盛，请客吃饭司空 见惯。吃是人们谈话常见话题。英国位于大西洋北岸，属于海洋性气候，受北大 西洋暖湿气流的影响，四季变化不明显，但一日之内天气状况可能瞬息万变，英 国人认为“在本土没有气候，只有天气”，英国的天气每时每刻都是一个新鲜而 有趣的话题，因而长期以来养成了谈论天气情况的习惯。2.历史文化、习语和典故。

了解更多的历史文化和典故习语等方面的背景知识，有利于学生拓宽视野和对文 章的理解。“Black•”一词是美国人在二十世纪六十年代前对遭受种族歧视和压 迫的黑人的称呼，甚至称黑人为“Black Slave”。而随着黑人争取民族解放、平等、民主、自由运动的兴起，白人就借一个外来词“Negro”来称黑人。•当黑 人运动逐步地胜利后，黑人以“Black”而自豪。•美国著名黑人杰克逊则认为应 当称美国黑人为“An American of African descent”才适当得体。这说明随着 历史的发展，语言作为其交际工具，随时都应适应社会的需要。

历史文化是属于说这种语言的宝贵遗产，它们经常在日常交际和各种阅读材料中出现，值得倍加注意。如西方人说“He is a Shylock”，•不了解情况的学生没 法理解此句的含义，因为“Shylock”这一词很明显是一个人名。而如果你知道 “Shylock”是莎翁笔下的一个什么样的人物时，•此句就很容易理解为他是一个 守财奴。又如“Castle in spain”我们译为“西班牙城堡”，•而其真正的含义 是幻想或梦想。就相当于汉语中的空中楼阁之类的意思。英语习语是学英语者最为头痛的事，需逐步地和经常地积累。“Pull •one'sleg ”是指开玩笑而不是拖后腿。“Child's play”是简单容易不是视同儿。因为习语是该国文化在特定的场合内形成的，切不可望文生义，否则会差之毫厘失之千里。如“It's Greek to me”，英国人一般都不懂希腊语，因而此句意为“我不知道”。“Take French leave”是指用法国式的方式告别，•英国人借用十七世纪法国流行的风俗习惯离开客厅时无需向主人或女主人告别，引深为不经同意和通知而做什么事情。

中西文在各自领域内由于语言文化的背景不同，便有了各自绚丽多彩的习语、谚语和俗语而流传于世，但由于人类大脑生理机能相同对客观事物的认识有着相同 的规律，其语言所表达有很多相同之处。如“Seeing is believing•”即汉语中 的“眼见为实”，“You can't judge a tree by its bark”与中文的“人不可 貌相海水不可斗量”意思相同，“Pour oil on the •flame•”意为“火上加油”，“Walls have ears”是汉语的“隔墙有耳”的含义。诸如此类的谚语和俗语，说明中西文化许多相同点。3.宗教文化

英语中所涉及到的宗教词语数目庞大，经常在不同的场合出现。在英国基督教为 主要的宗教，在相当长的时间里大量与此有关的词语陆续汇入英语行列。应特别 注意。“Break the fast”当学生初次接触这一词组时无法理解“fast”的含义。其实这里“fast•” 是指基督教徒的斋戒和禁食(•期)•，••其意即我们常说的“Breakfast”。又如“Wise as Solomon”“He is no Solomon”这里所指的所罗门是《圣经》里的一位思想精深、学识广博，以智慧盛名远扬的人物。人们用 所罗门来形容有智慧的人。“at the eleventh hour”意为在最后的时刻、刚好 来得及“beat the air”是白费气力、劳而无功的意思，这些都来自于宗教文化。在西方国家宗教与人们的生活息息相关，日常生活交际的各种读物和材料中频 频出现。

由于现代英语教材和读物中已大量地深入了英美国家的文化背景知识，将英语这门学科的学习融入各种情景之中，使学生感到外语的特殊氛围，产生浓厚的兴趣同时也会产生各种阻力。教师应深刻领悟这一特点，重视中西文化背景的差异。

二、中西文化背景差异对英语教学实践的影响

长期以来，在我们的英语教学实践中，由于受传统教法的影响，比较注重形式及意义的讲解，而较少涉及文化背景知识教育，语言和文化的密切关系一直未得到足够的重视，似乎认为只要掌握了语音、语调、词汇和语法规则就能理解英语和用英语进行交际，使得学生虽然对语言基础知识掌握得不错，但在具体语境中进行交际时，却常常因为不了解中西文化背景的差异而词不达意、语不得体，甚至造成歧义和误解。总结起来，中西文化背景差异对英语教学实践的影响主要体现在以下几个方面： 1.称呼语

在称呼方面，英语国家常把男士称Mr．，女士称为Miss(未婚)或Mrs．(已婚)，另外还有称呼Sir和Madam一般既不与姓也不与名连用，而是单独使用。

在中国，习惯上有“赵同志”“黄经理”“李老师”等称呼，以示尊重对方，如我们的学生常常把“李老师”称为Teacher Li，其实这并不符合英语称呼表达习惯，在英语国家除了某些特定工作头衔，如法官、医生、博士、教授、教士等外，一般是直呼其名的。笔者在人民教育出版社初中英语教材第三册Lesson 14中见过有“I’m sorry to trouble you，comrade．”的表达，而事实上“comrade” 是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，如果我们和英语国家的人以“comrade”相称，他们会感到莫明其妙，这一点英语教师需要在教学中向学生指出。又如该书Lesson34中，学生们称呼一位工人为“Uncle Wang”，这也是中文称呼习惯套用英语的现象，如果我们对英语国家人称“Uncle Smith”“Aunt Bush”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳，英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面一般不带姓，只带名如“Uncle Tom”。

2．致谢和答词

一般来说，中国家庭成员之间很少用“谢谢”，这样听起来会觉得相互关系比较生疏，而在英语国家“Thank you”几乎用于一切场合，在所有人之间，即使父母与子女、兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。在英语国家对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是“Thank you”，而中国人常常以自我否定来表示谦虚，如听到别人赞美自己的长相、衣服漂亮时，往往会谦虚一番说:“哪里，哪里。”(“where?where”)或“过奖了”(“You are over praising me”)，而此时英语国家人常常会感到你在质疑他的判断力而感到十分尴尬。又如别人向你表示感谢时，中国人常回答说“这是我应该做的”(“It is my duty．I ought to do that”)，英语国家人听了会认为你的帮助不是出于本心，只是鉴于你的职责而已或不得已而为之，应该说“You are welcome．It is my pleasure．Not at all”等，才是最得体的回答。3.思维方式

在送礼物时，中国人常说：“Here’s something little for you，it’s not good．”不太了解中国文化的外国人自然不知道这是“谦虚”的说法，他们会很纳闷为什么要送一件自己认为“not very good”的小礼物给别人。对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开，而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼物，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢说“Thank you.I really appreciate it”。又如中国人同桌吃饭，先吃完者离席时常说“你们慢慢吃”，这是十分得体的情景性语言，但如对同桌的英语国家人说：“You eat s1owly，eat slowly．”他会感到莫明其妙。又如在中国称中年以上的人为“老”，是尊敬的表示，而西方人都忌讳“老”，也不喜欢别人称其为老人(elderly people)，所以在英语中用“年长的公民”(senior citizens)这一委婉语来指代老人。中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗?”(Have you had your dinner?)其含义已超过“吃饭”本身，相当于英语中的“Hello!Hi!How are you?”但在英语中，这句话的内涵仅仅限于“吃饭”，所以，当你这样问一个英语国家人时，他会以为你在邀请他吃饭而回答“Thank you，it is very kind of you．”决不会回答“Yes或No”。

4.语言表达习惯

在征求对方意见时，汉语多从正面入手，而英语却正好相反，例如中国学生常说：“Do you think so?”而英语习惯表达方式应为：“Don’t you think so?”英语即使从正面入手也往往在句尾加一反问的尾巴，用反句形式，如：“A fine day，isn’t it?You like coffee，don’t you?It’s a 1ively day，isn’t it?”又如英语教学实践中常会遇见这样的病句“The teacher pat the boy’s head”，而英语的正确表达方法应是“动词+人+介词+the+身体部位”，如“pat sb on the head;slap sb in the face;hit sb on the nose;lead sb by the arm”。还有在书写地址时，也表现出了中西文化的差异，中国人写地址是从大到小，而英语中则恰恰相反是从小到大的。

三、在英语教学实践中如何进行英语文化背景知识的教育

在英语教学实践中，教师应采用灵活多变的方法来提高学生对中西文化背景差异的敏感性，使他们能主动地、自觉地融入英语的文化环境中。根据本人的教学实践，总结起来有如下几个方面：

首先要培养学生跨文化意识，在教学实践中教师应适时介绍英语文化背景知识，引导学生在不同的语境中使用得体的语言，并有意识地展示中西文化的共性和差异，将中西文化在称呼语、致谢、谦虚、赞扬、表示关心、思维方式等方面的差异自觉、自然地渗透到英语教学中。比如：可将中国人与英语国家人谈话的禁忌归纳为四个词：I，WARM，where，meal，其中I代表income，第二个词中W代表weight，A代表age，R代表religion，M代表marriage，由此引出“七不问”：不问对方收入，不问体重，不问年龄，不问宗教信仰，不问婚姻状况，不问“去哪儿”，不问“吃了吗”，这样可使学生对与英语国家人交谈的禁忌有更清楚的了解和把握。

其次要鼓励引导学生多接触英美原版的东西，如利用报刊、杂志、电影等多种渠道，并充分利用现代化的教学手段如多媒体、幻灯、音像等，使学生直观地了解英语国家的艺术、历史和风土人情、语言习惯，体会中西文化的差异，使学生对英语的实际使用耳濡目染。也可以鼓励学生利用因特网获取更多的英语文化信息，还可以鼓励学生与英语国家的native speaker面对面交谈，让对方把自己亲身体会到的因中西文化背景差异所造成的跨文化交际障碍告诉学生。

再者浓厚的兴趣是英语学习最好的老师，而学生的学习兴趣能否被激发与教师积极引导和教学艺术是分不开的，教师应采用灵活多样的教学手段和教学方法，把学生的兴趣引向英语学习领域。比如在教授牛津英语小学教材5A M4 Unit2时，因为本文讲的是蝴蝶的生长过程，于是我选了英文歌曲《Shoo，fly》作为导入，并鼓励学生用英文对fly进行描述，从而拓展到对其他昆虫的描述，最后重点请同学们说说“关于蝴蝶你们都想知道些什么”，引出蝴蝶的生长过程是怎样的，我就这样在不知不觉中引导出了本课的知识要点，使学生掌握了如何用英语描述事物。同时学生们也在自由宽松的情境教学中感受到了学习语言的无穷乐趣，学习英语的兴趣和学好英语的自信心也在这些“似教非教”的课堂活动中被激发了出来。又如教形容词、副词比较等级时，在学生了解其基本用法后，我就叫学生上台来比赛画画，比谁画得快，谁画得好，让其他同学用英语进行评价诸如“I think Wang Fang’s drawing is the best”等，学生在轻松愉快的气氛中掌握并巩固了形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法。

四、学习英语文化背景对学习英语的促进作用

1.学习英语文化背景有利于培养学生学习英语的兴趣

布鲁纳说：“兴趣是最好的老师”。教学生英语要先培养他们学英语的兴趣。例如可以向学生介绍快乐丰富的西方节日：复活节（Easter Day）在春分后的第一个满月的第一个星期天，庆祝耶稣复活的节日。在复活节的前一天，有着兔子会下蛋的传说。孩子们玩着寻找涂有颜料的复活蛋（Easter egg）的游戏。Halloween，万圣节（Hallowmas）前夕，10月31日，孩子们提着南瓜灯笼（jack-o-lantern），穿着奇装异服，戴着骨骼面具（mask），纵情玩闹。他们挨家挨户地转，嘴里说着“Trick or treat”，而后拿了糖果（Candy）和点心就走。4月1日愚人节（April Fool），这一天大家在以不伤害人的前提下，可以尽情玩闹，可以捉弄人。感恩节（Thanksgiving Day），在美国是11月的第四个星期四，在加拿大是10月的第二个星期一，是人们欢庆收获的日子，一家人一起在家中吃火鸡大餐。圣诞节（Christmas Day），每年12月25日，相传晚上圣诞老人（Santa Claus）会在孩子们熟睡时从烟囱下来给孩子们送礼物（Christmas Present），实际上是爸爸妈妈送的，把这些和中国完全不同的节日介绍给学生，自然就引起了学生对英美文化的向往，提高了学英语的兴趣。

2.学习英语文化背景有利于培养学生翻译能力

如Last night I went to visit John twice.（昨晚我去了两趟厕所。）如果不知道John是俚语，指代厕所，则很难正确翻译。如果你在阅读理解中看到高速公路上有一辆奔驰的小轿车上写着：“stolen from„„Dealer”，你千万别翻译成这部车是偷来的，而是指这部从„„Dealer那儿买来的车，价格低廉，便宜得象偷来的一样。这是一种美式幽默广告手法，吸引顾客去„„Dealer那儿买车。

3.学习英语文化背景有助于学生记单词

如万圣节（Hallowmas）、圣诞节（Christmas Day）单词都比较长，不好记。如果教师讲一讲文化背景，如万圣节化装舞会，南瓜灯，圣诞节的圣诞树，圣诞老人送礼物等，则能引起学生兴趣，变学英语为快乐学习，有助于记住这些单词。如一周的每一天，Sunday（星期日）太阳神之日，它是从Sun’s day 演变而来的，其意为“日神之日”。Monday（星期一）月亮神之日，它是从Moon’s day 演变来的，意为“月神之日”。Tuesday（星期二）战神之日，它是从Tiw’s day 演变来的，意为“战神之日”。Wednesday（星期三）是由Woden’s day 演变来的。传说Woden 是战神Tiw的父亲，他是掌管文化、艺术、战争、死亡之神。人们为了纪念他，便用其名字命名Wednesday.Thursday（星期四）雷神之日。它是由Thor’s day 演变而来的。北欧神话里，传说Thor是掌管雷电的神。Friday（星期五）在古英语里，是以Frigg（掌握婚姻的女神）的名字命名的，意即the day of Frigg.Saturday（星期六）农神之日。根据农神的名字Saturn而得名。这样就把一星期的每一天在愉快的学习中就记住了。

4.学习英语文化背景有利于培养学生交际能力

学英语的目的是为了用，要培养学生的交际能力。中国人见面打招呼常用“吃了吗？”“去哪儿？”而你如果对英美人说“Have you had lunch?”，英美人则理解为你是想请他吃饭。如果你向英美人“Where are you going?”“How old are you?”“Are you married?”“How much do you earn a month?”会认为是触犯对方隐私，英美人是会不高兴的。要注意以下几点：不问对方收入（income）、不问体重（weight）、不问年龄（age）、不问宗教信仰（religion）、不问婚姻状况（marriage）、不问“去哪儿”(where)、不问“吃了吗？”（meal），不问财产状况、服饰价格等。而“Hello.”“How are you?”“Good morning!”“Good afternoon!”“Good evening!”“It’s a fine day, isn’t it ?”等关于天气的话题是比较适宜的。总之，在大学英语学习中，必须注意语言教学与文化教学相结合，这样不仅可以激发学习英语的兴趣，而且能够使我们认识到学习和了解英语国家文化背景知识对于英语学习的重要意义，更有效地运用英语进行跨文化交际。英语教学的最终目的是掌握基本的语言和文化知识，并在日常交际中正确使用英语。在提高文化修养的同时，成为合格的跨文化交际者。

参考文献：

[1]胡文仲 《文化与交际》，1994年。

[2]程世英《English背景知识ABC》、《卡通英语大王》，2005年7-8月。[3]崔明《Holiday》、《卡通英语大王》，2005年第5期第8页。[4]刘会林《英语教学中的文化意识》

[5]胡蓉、郭振海、《星期趣味多》、《卡通英语大王》，2004年第6期第7页。[6]吴洪英《形形色色的礼仪与禁忌》，中央民族出版社。

[7]大学英语教学大纲(高等学校本科用)（修订本）［M］．上海：上海外语教 育出版社,1999：1．

[8]胡文仲．胡文仲英语教育自选集［M］．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006:227.[9]郑树棠．新视野大学英语读写教程(第四册)［M］．北京：外语教学与研究 出版社,2003:30.[10]郑树棠．新视野大学英语读写教程(第二册)［M］．北京：外语教学与研 究出版社,2002:76.[11]霍 尔．无声的语言［M］．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1995:28.转 贴于 中国论文下载中心

第二篇：论英语习语与西方文化之关系

摘要：习语是语言的结晶。英语习语更显得纷繁浩瀚．渗透着浓郁的西方文化气息。本文从西方民族的历史发展、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、娱乐等文化侧面分析了英语习语．从而认识英语习语与西方文化的关系。

关键词：英语习语 西方文化 关系 影响

文化是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础。语言与文化密不可分 语言只不过是构成文化大系统的子系统之一。英语习语作为英语这种语言的特殊表现形式，是人民大众口头上习惯用的定型词组或短句。它的意思可以用现代语言来解释．也可以在日常生活中应用。但它的结构不一定和现代语言一致．词汇也不一定和现代词汇相同。它们相沿已久，约定俗成．具有完整而独特意义的词语，渗透着浓郁的西方文化底蕴。下面将从文化几个侧面进行阐述。

一、习语与历史发展

社会历史的发展对语言的影响是巨大的。随着时代的变迁，旧的语言逐渐衰亡，新的语言不断产生。在语言的发展过程中，西方文化的痕迹主要反映在英语习语中。例如在英国，罗马人、诺曼底人的征服对英语习语的影响是巨大的。翻开一本中型英语词典，在Rome(罗马)的词条下就会找到至少三条与“罗马”有关谚语：Do in Rome as the Romans do．— — 在罗马就要过罗马人的生活。(喻：入乡随俗)；Rome was not built in a day．— — 罗马不是一天建成的。(喻：伟业非一日之功)；All roads lead to Rome．—— 条条道路通罗马。(喻：殊途同归)。由此可见罗马帝国昔日的辉煌。⋯

二、习语与风俗习惯

风俗习惯是一种社会现象。一个地区的习俗就是一个地区的文化中的组成部分，成为该地区人的生活中的某些思想和准则。1．饮食习俗对英语习语的影响

一个民族的饮食文化与该民族所处的地理环境和生活习惯有很大的关系面包(bread)、牛油(butter)、奶酪(cheese)都是西方人的家常食品．围绕这些产品出现了许多习语．辐射到生活的各个方面。~rl bread and butter(生活必需品，生计)，面包和牛油是西方人的主食，所以，bread and butter就转义成提供衣食住行等生活必需品的“谋生之道”。又如：bread and circuses(安抚物)．有了面包就不会饿肚子了，但是“人不能光靠面包生活”．还要有精神生活，统治者要维护自己的统治，防止人民闹事，就要让人民吃饱喝足，再加上马戏表演，供老百姓观赏。这两样东西(bread and circuses)加起来，就可保天下太平了。[6] 围绕着“牛奶文化”又出现了不少习语。~I come home with the milk这是一条英语谚语。比喻某人在外“彻夜不归”．玩了个通宵后，天亮才同清晨送来的牛奶一起回家。又如：bring some body to his milk这是一条美国口语习语，喻指“使某人头脑清醒起来，迫使某人屈服(或默许)”的意思。再如：mother’s milk(母亲的奶)，这条习语比喻“好酒”、“生来喜欢的东西”。⋯

2．人名习俗对英语习语的影响

在英语中，人名出现在习语中有两种情况。一种是历史文化事件中的人名形成典故。在长期的使用中形成习语：另一种是风俗习惯、民间传说中出现的由人名构成的习语 在后一种情况中，习语的人名并不特指某一个人，而是泛指普通人或传说中的人。在英语中，构成习语最多的人名有Adam，Jack，Jill，John，Tom等。例如指since Adam was a boy指老早、自古：山e old Adam指人类犯罪的本性、私欲；Adam’s apple指喉结：a Jack in office指自命不凡的小官吏，摆架子的官吏：the Union Jack指英国国旗；Jack and Jill指少男少女；John Bull指约翰牛(典型的英国人)；Your John Hancock指请签上你的大名：Tom and Jerry是美国的习语，指吃喝玩乐的浪荡公子；Tom boy指顽皮的姑娘：

Joe Blow指老百姓；like a Rip Van Winkle指跟不上时代的人;plain Jane指纯朴少女

三、习语与宗教信仰 宗教是人类思想文化的重要组成部分。习语与文化的关系极为密切，更能折射出宗教对语言的影响。基督教在罗马帝国后期已被定为国教，后来传播到整个欧洲及世界其他地方。这在英语习语中就得到了体现。如：doubting Thomas(怀疑的托马斯)，该习语出自《新约》中的一个故事：基督被钉死在十字架上后，第三天复活，出现在门徒面前，但门徒之一的托马斯刚巧那天不在，因没有亲眼看到基督，他不相信别人的话，不相信基督已经复活。后来人们就用doubting Thomas指那些“多疑的人”、“不肯轻易相信别人的人”。又如：clean hands(双手干净)源自《旧约》，指“双手越干净的人会越来越有力”，表示“两袖清风”、“廉洁”：SOW the wind and reap the whirl wind(种的是风，收的是风暴)出自《旧约》中，上帝不满以色列人的偶像崇拜，告诫他们：“他们种的是风，收的是风暴”，后来人们用这个习语表达“恶有恶报。干坏事必将受到加倍惩罚”。也有一些习语出自基督教的仪式和历史。如go to the church(到教堂去)意思是去教堂做礼拜、结婚，因为西方的婚礼多在教堂举行。[4]

四、习语与体育娱乐

体育娱乐是民族文化的一部分。英语习语中就有很多以体育娱乐为主题的习语。以美国为例，棒球(basebal1)是美国最具普遍性的体育项目之一，被称作美国的“国球”。它是美国男女老少生活中不可缺少的一部分。不仅大、中学校有校棒球队，而且社会上还有职业棒球队。每到比赛的季节．美国几乎全民沸腾，万人空巷。新闻媒体更是成篇报道有关消息。棒球运动已深入到每个美国人的生活。美国人的许多习惯用语都出自棒球运动。如atfu11bat指在全力击球。俚语为“很快”；not get to the first base with指连一垒也没跑到．现表示“连第一步都没成功”：hit a home run指打了个本垒打，现表示“大为成功”；of one’s base(离垒)，现表示“大错特错的”“神智错乱的”。打扑克牌是美国人的一种传统性消遣活动，因此许多牌桌上的说法也就渐渐成了习语。Poker face的意思是面无表情，不露生色。玩牌的时候，把牌放在胸口的地方，免得被别人偷看，这在英文里就是close to the vest．意思是一个人非常谨慎，不让别人知道他在干什么。人们把电视迷叫做Couch potatoes。eoueh指沙发，potato指土豆，是指那些一有时间就坐在沙发上看电视的人。他们坐在那里一声也不吭，一动也不动。就像土豆一样。[3] 英语习语具有强烈的民族文化特征，所以．习语翻译要做到绝对等值是不可能的。译者的任务之一．就是引导读者接受异域文化，使译文在读者头脑中显现的形象和产生的联想都尽量接近原文读者得到的效果。英语习语中很多说法形象生动、寓意深刻，表现手法新颖独特。例如“In the country of the blind．the one—eyed man is the king．” “The devil may get in by the keyhole，but the door won’t let him out．”译成汉语分别为“盲人国里．独眼为王”和“魔鬼从锁孔里进去，开着门也请不出”。总之，西方文化对英语习语具有深远的影响，全面了解西方文化有助于我们更好地学好英语这门世界语言，轻松地学习英语习语。参考文献：

[1]平洪，张国扬．英语习语-9英美文化外语[M]．教学与研究出版社．2000． [2]柯素芬．文化与习语翻译[J]．温州师范学院学报，1996．

第三篇：论英语学习生涯

论英语学习生涯

从咿呀学语开始的a.o.e.从简单起步的A.B.C.无论是哪一种学习的开始，都是兴致极高。

那个时候还小，英语学习的普及是在5年级的时候，学校老师的发音并不标准。庆幸的是当时不需要考英语，以至于不怎么爱学习的我对英语基本是爱理不理，高兴的时候学几句。一般也就会说：Hello |How are you |How old are you…

于是两年培养学习英语兴趣的时光就在我的不重视间流失。

升至初中，英语成为老师的重点培养目标，赶上班主任是英语老师，要想日子好过些英语的学习确实需要花时间。初一时的英语还算简单，平均分数一般是95分。到了初二只有80分左右徘徊，有些沮丧。初三，人生一次新的转折，却迷茫了。

遇上杨老师不知道是幸运还是不幸，完全中国版的麻辣教师，各种损人不带脏字，全班在她的眼中清一色是学渣。

回答问题的方式也很特别，从左边第一排开始接龙型，站起来回答不出的自动坐下，下一个回答，到也好，上课睡觉的学生也就不大有了。

越发的不喜欢英语，但英语成绩却有了明显的进步，不知道为什么？

初三本是决定好好学习或者放弃学习的一个坎，终是在自己的努力和幸运神的眷顾下步入了高中的殿堂。

高中的英语却不在是初中般的小儿科，原本已经对自己的英语水平十分自信的情况下，却在第一次月考以60几分的战绩傻了眼。

这是什么情况，看着周围人的分数，瞬间更加不解，大家都是一样的不可置信。

只依稀的记得，英语老师说的最后的一句话是：不要以为自己的英语有多好，自信多了变成自负，看看自己的成绩单，掂量掂量自己几斤几两。

之后英语的每一次考试都成为大家被打击的利器，重点是高中的英语可谓是三足鼎立。拉分现象普遍重于英语和数学。

有人说，高中是你知识的巅峰时代。诚然这是真的，上知天文地理，下懂物理化生。中英文熟练，计算头头是道。

高一到高三，英语从勉强及格到不及格的转变，亚历山大。

大学英语考试简单，但是大学英语等级考试可不是这般容易，四级证书，六级证书，八级证书，大家都为了证书而不断的努力死读书。

英语基础好了，口语只需要一个平台。

学习英语没有这般简单，补习班的英语只是一知半解，真正想要学好英语，两年时间是必须的，看你怎么看待它对你的重要性。

第四篇：英语毕业论文-论中西饮食文化差异

Content Abstract On Differences Between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures Abstract Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'.For such a standard fair, western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women, but because of the narrow gender relations, Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.Key Words dietary culture;cultural tradition;differences 摘 要 饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需，可是由于中西方文化传统的差异，导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异，研究这些差异，找出可以融会贯通的地方，促进中西文化交流。台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’。就这样的标准而论，西方文化（特别是近代美国式的文化）可说是男女文化，而中国可说是一种饮食文化。”由于文化传统的缘故，西方人的人生倾向男女关系，而中国人由于对男女关系的褊狭，把人生精力倾泄导向于饮食。由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵，虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达，但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果，所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义。通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析，我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统；同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。关键词 饮食文化;文化传统;差异 Introduction Once there is a saying that ”Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato's dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers’ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners’ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristic.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.I.Differences in Concepts First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement ”which people often said to make the“ realm ”reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co1q-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.II.Differences in targets All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.Chu ? Mandarin language: “Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun’s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners’ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth’s opinions on the ”cultural pattern“ theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners’ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about ”home“ and ”roots“, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.III.Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national ”happy“ mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of ”and“ impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: ”First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.IV.Differences in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: ”Flavor in the mouth has the same interests“.”Interests“ points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of ”delicious“ for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming ”dietary restraint“.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the ”overload“ and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human.doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people's views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: ”The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people's appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still 'food to eat' stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people's spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people's life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm, in fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China's cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.V.Differences in the Nature Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the ”KFC“ ”DICOS“, ”McDonald“.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.Conclusion By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the ”KFC“ ”DICOS“, ”McDonald".These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries’ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other's advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is the country of a long history with an ancient culture, and enriching in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China's new culture.This work can make the world to know China better and let China go to the world.Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to assistant professor, Guo Jun, my tutor, to whom I owe a great deal of gratitude and appreciation.Mr.Guo gave me many invaluable instructions and helped me much in every stage of my thesis writing.And I also greatly appreciate the help coming from my respectable teachers, Professor Deng Xingyi, assistant professor, Liao Hong, Zhang Chun and Sun Peng.Moreover, my numerous thanks go to my dear friends and my lovely roommates, Wu chengying, Zou Yan and Hu Ping, who spend much time with me on my thesis.And I also want to thank my dear parents;they give me the best love and supporting for my study.Finally, I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis.Bibliography [1] 安静.解读美国[M].北京：中国旅游出版社，2007.[2] 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪[M].北京：世界知识出版社, 2005.[3] 金炳镐.民族理论通论[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1994.[4] 刘枋.吃的艺术[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2003.[5] 刘玫君，陈加真.出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中国旅游出版社，2005.[6] 马文.哈里斯(美).好吃:食物与文化之迷[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2001.[7] 苏珊.罗德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮动的豪宴[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.[8] 唐鲁孙.天下味[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.[9] 王晓昕,李学友.传统文化与道德建设[M].贵阳：贵州民族出版社,2004.[10] 萧家成.升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M].北京:华龄出版社，2007.[11] 徐先玲,李祖状.西方饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.[12] 徐先玲,李祖状.中国饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.[13] 向世陵.中国哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.[14] 殷珍泉.礼仪有学问[M].北京：北京台海出版社, 2002.[15] 张茗阳.食物改变你的一生[M].上海:学林出版社, 2003.[16] 张志伟,欧阳谦.西方哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.[17] 张起钧.烹饪原理[M].北京: 中国轻工业出版社,2000.

第五篇：(英语毕业论文)论中美送礼文化差异

本科生毕业设计（论文）封面

（2016 届）

论文（设计）题目 作 者 学 院、专 业 班 级 指导教师（职称）论 文 字 数 论文完成时间

大学教务处制

英语原创毕业论文参考选题(200个)

一、论文说明

本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业本科论文3000起，具体可以联系qq958035640。下列所写题目均可写作。部分题目已经写好原创。

二、原创论文参考题目 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 《飘》中斯佳丽的性格特征解读 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 析《鲁滨逊漂流记》中“星期五”的人物形象 浅析《野性的呼唤》中人的意象

从莎士比亚女性主义意识浅析《驯悍记》主角凯瑟琳娜 浅析英汉语言中颜色词的运用

《红楼梦》两英译版本中姓名翻译的对比研究 从电影《乱世佳人》看美国女性价值观 《了不起的盖茨比》叙述者尼克分析 立法语言模糊现象研究——以刑法为视角 11 英汉同义词对比及翻译 12 论《小妇人》中的超验主义思想 13 从理解文化角度翻译英语习语 14 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 15 李清照“声声慢”英译本的对比研究 16 跨文化交际意识与中文旅游文本翻译 17 试析威廉布莱克和他的《老虎》 18 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 19 《屋顶丽人》中的多重冲突及其张力 20 口译中的语用失误分析 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象及象征意义 22 论中西文化中家庭观念的差异 23 《榆树下的欲望》卡博特的悲剧分析 xx大学影视英语教学调查 埃兹拉庞德意象派诗歌解析：以《在地铁站里》为例 26 论《一个小时的故事》中马拉德夫人女性意识的觉醒 27 问题类型对TEM阅读成绩影响的实证研究 28 唐诗中比喻修辞格的翻译——以许渊冲英译本为例 On the Character of Scarlett O’Hara and the Transition of American Society 30 文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响

英语政治新闻中的模糊限制语及其语用功能分析

An Imitation of the Primitive Society: Evil of Human Nature in Lord of the Flies 33 英汉衔接手段对比分析－－基于The Old Man and the Sea及其译本的对比分析 34 从《野性的呼唤》看杰克・伦敦的人生观 35 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的成长三部曲 36 我国中小学英语语音教学现存的问题与对策 37 论中西方思维方式的差异 38 论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识

肯克西《飞越疯人院》的女性主义批评

电影《苔丝》的缺失——与原著《德伯家的苔丝》的比较 41 简爱——平凡而非凡的女人

从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的幻灭 43 中西建筑文化差异及其形成背景分析 44 论《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》的悲剧成因

从《汤姆叔叔的小屋》看斯托夫人的宗教矛盾心理 46 A Study of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemisms 47 Hawthorne’s Religious Notion: an Analysis of The Scarlet Letter 48 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 49 英式英语与美式英语的拼写差异

极限环境中的善与恶——浅析《蝇王》中的主要人物人格结构 51 从礼貌原则角度分析电影《暮光之城》中的对白

The Application of Cohesive Devices in Chinese-English Translation of Chinese Literary Works

从东西方文化差异视角看动物词汇的翻译 54 《魔术与童年》翻译中英汉词汇衔接对比研究 55 文本分类理论与广告翻译

修辞在政治演讲中的作用－－以奥巴马获胜演讲为例 57 沃尔玛策略研究

浅析中学生英语学习中的情感因数 59 时事政治汉译英该注意的几个问题 60 论《老人与海》中圣地亚哥性格的双重性 61 《吉姆爷》的生态女性主义解读

教师在农村初中英语游戏教学中的角色分析－－以某中学为例

A Discussion of the Cultural Similarities and Differences of Color Terms in English and Chinese 64 Thackeray’s Ambivalent Attitude towards the Women in Vanity Fair 65 如何提高小学生对英语学习的兴趣

A Comparative Study of Women in Fortress Besieged and Pride and Prejudice 67 Pragmatic Failures in the Practice of Interpretation in International Business Communication 68 中文商标英译研究

《嘉莉妹妹》中男女主人公命运的对比分析 70 The Tragic Fate of Tess 71 语法翻译法视角下的中学生英语家教辅导 72 二元对立模型在伍尔夫《达洛卫夫人》中的应用 73 《小妇人》结局分析

种族沟通的桥梁——对《宠儿》中两个丹芙的人物分析 75 从《自我之歌》,看美国梦对惠特曼的影响 76 从《无名的裘德》看哈代的现代性意识 77 英语委婉语的特点及运用

浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 79 体态语在英语课堂教学中的运用研究

英语专业学生议论文写作中连接词使用情况研究

儒家文化与和谐世界的构建 82 论《月亮宝石》的现实主义手法

从目的论角度分析商业电视广告中双关语的翻译 84 人文主义思想在《皆大欢喜》中的运用 85 探析《蝴蝶梦》中的悬念写作手法 86 Feminism in To the Lighthouse 87 Comparative Study of Love-Tragedy Between Romeo and Juliet and The Butterfly Lovers 88 奈达功能对等理论指导下英汉广告修辞的翻译策略探究 89 浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的反叛精神 90 论《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的悲剧原因 91 论英语新闻标题中修辞的汉译 92 对外新闻的导语编译研究

A Contrastive Study on Language Features of Chinese and English Proverbs 94 A Brief Analysis of the Main Female Characters in Golden Notebook 95 论王尔德在《道林格雷的画像》中的美学思想 96 浅析歇后语翻译中直译的可行性

从《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》看维多利亚时期的新女性主义观

出人意料的结局和夸张－基于欧亨利的短篇小说《忙碌经纪人的罗曼史》 99 《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义解读

《俄狄浦斯王》与《少数派报告》中先知与命运关系的对比分析 101 论基督教教义对美国人慈善观的影响 102 论“成长的烦恼”中的美国家庭文化 103 浅析翻译中的文化缺省及其补偿策略 104 从目的论看电影《音乐之声》中对白的汉译

《边城》与《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中的河流的比较研究

译者主体性视角下的翻译策略—杨氏夫妇《聊斋志异》英译本个案研究 107 认知语境对文学文本翻译策略的影响 108 小学英语课堂教学氛围调查研究

边缘人群的孤独与无奈——对《夜访吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究

商务英语合同的翻译特点及策略研究 111 中英姓氏差异及其原因探究

论视觉小说中的西方神话形象重塑——以《命运之夜》系列为例 113 浅析托妮莫里森《恩惠》中的母爱 114 《紫色》的生态女性主义解读

从《纯真年代》的女性角色看旧纽约的女性地位 116 从中外节日看两种文化—以春节和圣诞节为例 117 论《老人与海》中的象征主义

简析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的人格特征 119 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 120 从功能对等角度翻译委婉语

从功能对等理论看《好汉两个半》的幽默字幕翻译 122 《格列佛游记》对理性的反思与批判 123 论威廉戈尔丁《蝇王》中知识分子的悲剧 124 从就餐细节看中美儿童个性能力的差异 125 会话含义在商务谈判中的运用

从中英文动物隐喻看中国与英语国家的文化差异 127 从顺应理论的角度对广告翻译的分析 128 试述《亚当夏娃日记》的圣经情结 129 瓦尔登湖畔的隐士：反抗与变革 130 文化差异视域下英语报刊硬新闻的翻译 131 伍尔芙的人生经历对其小说创作的影响 132 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读

The Analysis of the Narrative Style in Toni Morrison’s Beloved 134 《哈利波特》系列作品中颜色的象征意义 135 论《麦田里的守望者》的“非乐观性”

从合作原则谈影视翻译策略——以《功夫熊猫》为例

A Study on the Cross-Cultural Management in the Sino-American Joint-Venture Enterprises－－With Special Reference to Changan & Ford Motor Company 138 从就餐细节看中美儿童个性能力的差异

On Translation of Humorous Language from English to Chinese 140 关于《白鲸》中的象征主义手法运用的研究与探讨 141 论《麦田里的守望者》中的佛教禅宗因素 142 模糊限制语在英语新闻中的语用功能 143 英语新闻标题的语言特点及翻译

英语经济新闻标题翻译在模因传播中的分析 145 简爱性格魅力分析

《德伯家的苔丝》中的意象分析

威廉福克纳《圣殿》小说创作里的自卑情结 148 从跨文化的角度看翻译的归化与异化 149 会计英语的语言特点及其翻译 150 “垮掉的一代”形成的背景探析 151 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析 152 论爱伦坡小说《莫格街谋杀案》中悬疑的设置 153 从《蝇王》中的象征看人性的恶

154 从《简爱》的多译本看中国两性关系的变化 155 东西方文化中团队意识的差别 156 从新闻用语特点对比中西方文化差异 157 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读

158 语境及其在提高高中学生英语阅读能力中的应用 159 霍桑的《胎记》中乔治亚娜的死的深层原因探究 160 海明威文学作品中青年和老年人物关系对比探究 161 浅谈中国古词的色彩美在英语中的重现 162 《远大前程》中的“远大”可以是“错误”的 163 英语动词时态的认知及隐喻概念研究

164 Cultural Influences on Business Negotiation between China and Japan 165 论弗罗斯特诗歌中自然意象对意境的构建 166 《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻观对当代中国的现实意义 167 从《穿靴子的猫》看美国动画电影中的英雄主义 168 爱神简论

169 接受理论视角下英文商标名汉译研究 170 论本杰明富兰克林《自传》 中的美国精神 171 浅析不同文化中的身势语 172 “狗”在中西文化中的对比研究

173 从奈达翻译理论初探英汉新闻导语翻译策略 174 《天边外》的悲剧分析

175 从目的论看中国电影字幕翻译：以《金陵十三钗》为例 176 颜色词的中英对比翻译 177 从接受美学看广告翻译 178 论翻译中的衔接与连贯

179 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 180 英汉含文化植物词谚语对比研究 181 从跨文化角度看中美商务谈判

182 [毕业论文](经贸英语系毕业论文)优衣库创意营销策略 183 《了不起的盖茨比》中的原型解析 184 企业英文简介中的概念语法隐喻分析 185 初中生英语自主学习现状调查与分析

186 从自然主义视角解读德莱赛《珍妮姑娘》中珍妮的形象 187 谈电影片名汉译的不忠

188 风筝在《追风筝的人》中的象征意义分析 189 On Alice Walker’s Womanism in The Color Purple 190 商务谈判策略研究

191 英国议会制辩论－－探究与实践 192 《雾都孤儿》中南希形象分析 193 从语用角度和文化角度浅谈隐喻的翻译

194 A Paralysed Wilderness—The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby 195 汉语公示语英译之跨文化交际研究 196 大卫王：在希伯来世界中的社会地位 197 论《红字》中的奇异情景

198 《了不起的盖茨比》和《太阳照常升起》中时髦女郎的对比

199 从里奇的礼貌原则角度分析《老友记》中的言语幽默 200 英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究