第一篇:英语毕业论文
英汉翻译与评论:Attitude Is Everything Original:
Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate.He was always in a good mood and always had something positive to say.When someone would ask how he was doing, he would reply, “If I were any better, I would be twins!”
He was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had followed him around from restraint to restraint.The reason the waiters followed Jerry was because of his attitude.He was a natural motivator.If an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there telling the employee how to look on the positive side of the situation
.Seeing this style really made me curious, so one day I went up to jerry and asked him, “I don't get it!You can’t be a positive person all of the time.How do you do it?”
Jerry replied,“ Each morning I wake up and say to myself ,jerry ,you have two choices today.You can choose to be in a good mood or you can choose to be in a bad mood.I choose to be in a good.Each time something bad happens, I can choose to be a victim or I can choose to learn from it.I choose to learn from it.Every time someone comes to me complaining, I can choose to accept their complaining or I can point out the positive side of the life.I choose the positive side of life.” “Yeah, right, it's not that easy,” I protested.“Yes, it is,” Jerry said.“Life is all about choices.When you cut away all the junk, every situation is a choice.You choose how to react to situations.You choose how people will affect your mood.You choose to be in a good or a bad mood.The bottom line: it's your choice how you live you life.”
I reflected on what jerry said.Soon thereafter, I left the restraint industry to start my own business.We lost touch, but I often thought about him when I made a choice about life instead of reacting to it.Several years later, I heard that Jerry did something you are never supposed to do in a restaurant business: He left the back door open one morning and was held up at gunpoint by three armed robbers.While trying to open the safe, his hand, shaking from nervousness, slipped off the combination.The robbers panicked and shot him.Luckily, Jerry was found relatively and rushed to the hospital.After 18 hours of surgery and weeks of intensive care, Jerry was released from the hospital with fragments of the bullets still in his body.I saw Jerry about six months after the accident.When I asked him about how he was, he replied,“ If I were any better, I'd be twins.Want to see my scars?” I declined to see his wounds, but did ask him what had gone through his mind as the robbery took place.“The first thing that went through my mind was that I should have locked the back door,” Jerry replied.“ then, as I lay on the floor, I remembered that I had two choices:I could choose to live or I could choose to die.I choose to live.”
“Weren’t you scared? Did you lose consciousness?’’ I asked.Jerry continued,” The paramedics were great.They kept telling me I was going to be fine.But when they wheeled me to the emergency room and I saw expressions on the faces of the doctors and nurses, I got really scared.In their eyes I read, he’s a dead man.I knew I needed to take action.”
“ What did you do?” I asked.“Well, there was a big nurse shouting questions at me,” Jerry.“She asked if I was allergic to anything.Yes, I replied.The doctors and nurses stopped working as they waited for my reply.I took a deep breath and yelled, bullets!Over their laughter, I told them, I am choosing to live.Operate me as if I am alive, not dead.”
Jerry lived thanks to the skill of his doctors, but also because of his amazing attitude.I learned from him that every day we have the choice to live fully.Attitude, after all, is everything.(选自高等教育出版社 综合课程1 Unit 3)
译文:
态度决定一切
杰瑞是那种让你又爱又恨的人。他总是乐呵呵的,总有许多鼓励的话要说。当有人问他他是怎么做到这一切是,他总是回答:“如果我可以变得更好,我就成为双胞胎了。”
他是一个独一无二的经理,因为他有一批忠心的跟随他的服务员,跟随他从一家酒店转到另一家酒店工作。这些员工跟随杰瑞是因为他的态度。他是一个天生的励志家。如果有员工遇到不幸,杰瑞总会告诉员工怎么去看到事务的积极面。
我非常好奇看到这样的人,所以有一天我去找杰瑞,问: “我不明白。你不可能永远乐观,你是怎么办到的?”
杰瑞回答说:“每天早上我起床是总会对自己说,‘杰瑞你今天有两种选择。你可以选择坏心情也可以选择好心情。’我选择好心情。每一次不幸发生时,我可以选择成为一个受害者或从中吸收教育。我选择吸取教训。每当人们开始抱怨,我可以选择接受他们的抱怨或指出人生的积极面时,我选择指出人生的积极面。”
“嗯,对,可那并不容易。”我提出异议。
“是的,的确,”杰瑞说,“人生就是选择。当你铲除所以障碍时,任何情况下都是一次选择。你选择如何应对情况。你选择人们任何影响你的情绪。你选择好心情或坏心情。但根本点是:你选择如何过你的生活!”
我很认真的思考杰瑞的话,但是没过多久,我就离开酒店去发展我自己的事业。我们失去了联系,但是每当我面临生活做出选择时,我会时常想起他。
几年以后,我听说杰瑞经历了一些你在酒店绝不会经历的事:一天早晨,他打开后门时,被三个武装劫匪用枪指住打劫。
在他试图打开保险柜时,他的手因为紧张而颤抖的拨弄密码键,却被受到惊吓的劫匪开枪射中了。幸运的是,杰瑞在比较快的时间被发现并送往当地的医院。
在18个小时的外壳手术和几周的强化护理后,杰瑞出院了。但他的身体里仍然留有子弹的碎片。
在那次意外的六个月后我遇到了杰瑞。当我问他感觉怎样时,他回答:“如果我可以变得更好,我就成为双胞胎了。想看看我的伤疤吗?”
我回绝了看他的伤疤,当你却问他当抢劫发生时他的脑中在想什么。
“我想到的第一件事就是我本应该锁上门。’’杰瑞说,“然后,当我躺在地板上时,我记得我有两种选择:我可以选择活下去,或者死亡。我选择活下去。”
“你难道不怕吗?你有没有失去意识?”我问。
杰瑞继续说:“护工们非常了不起。他们一直告诉我,我会好起来。但他们把我推进急救室时,我看见医生和护士脸上写满了忧虑,我真的很害怕。在他们眼里,我看到,‘他就快死了。’我明白自己必须采取行动。”
“那你做了什么呢?’’我问。
“嗯,有一个护士大声问我问题,”杰瑞说,“她问我是不是对什么过敏。‘有’,我说。医生和护士就放下手中的活等我回答。我深呼一口气,大叫,‘子弹!’透过他们的笑声,我告诉他们,‘我要活下去。我要像活人那样接受手术,而不是死人。’’’
杰瑞将他的活下来的奇迹归功与他的医生的精湛的技术,但也因为他那不可思议的态度。我从他身上了解到:每一天我们的生活中都充满选择。
总而言之,态度决定一切。
Comment:
The Attitude of Life
Attitude is everything people think of “the Bible” where the sentence: as long as it believes that it is willing to believe that there is no impossible.For us, a firm belief is that a hung sailing, and good attitude is the driving force was sailing expedition.Work, some seemingly “impossible” to do something, so long as to maintain a good attitude is important is not thinking “Can I do”, but thinking about “how to do it,” to appear as a difficult task also may be pulled off.This story has been greatly from the ideologically inspired.I think it could only be a good attitude in order to have a better state to restrict themselves to a better work hard, to face different situations, use a good attitude when dealing with to get good results, conversely, can not but fail.Those winners who also use a good attitude when dealing with success and failure so that they can reach the other shore of life the other side of the ideal.In the work before the state of mind is everything.There is no unimportant work, only do not attach importance to the work of people.A different mentality, different achievements in life, what kind of mentality will produce what kind of behavior, to determine different results.Attitude is the attitude of Giga.Character of a person's unique personality and stable performance characteristics, it shows a person's psychological understanding of reality and the corresponding habituation behavior.Attitude is a person's psychological reactions of objective things.Therefore, only a good attitude can in order to have a good job performance.Successfully before the state of mind is everything.“The more slowly, as long as he does not lose goals, is better than people wandering aimlessly go faster.” Thus, life is not always fair;however, the door of hope for everyone is always open.When a person to life and concentrate on one point when, it is possible to make so that their amazing career.Then the basis for success is necessarily a good frame of mind.It is undeniable that, in every one of us psychologically, is the existence of such kind of problems.For example feel too good, learning not to reveal their ignorance;not consider the creation of convenience for others;to attach too much importance personal interests;always want to short-term effects;the lack of subject awareness;will not do any self-criticism.The existence of such a mentality of people, I believe that he will never be successful.On the contrary, those who pursue successful people have opted for precisely the optimization is a positive attitude, and in very good mentality has achieved unexpected success.Such a mentality and state is worth learning and the pursuit of each person, but I can tell you that the mentality of the adjustment and purification, some people are irreplaceable, this is a subjective autonomy of action, not an
objective plus, and passive ideas, other people can not do it guide.Only the right states of mind from the negative idea of coming out, have a positive attitude towards the completion of their goals and work.In other words, “only wanted to contribute, MO on the harvest,” when God will also give you quietly harvest prepared better.The world has countless people.In life, some successful, some fail, some happy, some sad.Some may, some people lose.Why, the same as the beginning of the outcome is different, life's fortune is even more disparity.Indeed, it all depends on your attitude on life.Positive bravely to face, or decadent loss, complaining in broken jar shattered.Really, in the person's life, life can not all be smooth sailing, and his calm.No matter who must have the ability to withstand setbacks? In the immediate difficulties, we should fearlessly go to work, perseverance, not to evade;escape will only make you more and weaker, until the vulnerable.This is why some people can not stand a little frustrated by a failure of despair they do not want to try again, did not dare go down fighting, just because fear of failure again.The boundless world is full of challenges.How to face life, be happy, is sad? Can not allow your life to the decision, nor is it allowed to forward to your fate will be kind, it should be your grasp!
Some people will talk over the failure: “fate, destiny!As already doomed, there is no need to force it adaptable by it.” But whether, but when disaster strikes, but also tightly seated, spoke: “all for life......” No, no, this is only the weak performance, we should regard the attitude of holding their own efforts to go ahead
Indeed, is to change your life, or do you change people's lives, there is up to you.Even if life on the road full of bumps, sadness and grief is always tight as you.But as long as you have always to accompany you to smile, no matter how difficult, how a sad thing to break was in the past, this is the attitude of life!As a matter of fact, the person's life is beautiful, but also very sweet.But often, negative attitude toward life decadent but make your life should have an excellent premature ending, or to give life filled with bitter, so this should be colorful life bleak.An active life does not necessarily make you successful, but a negative attitude toward life is bound to result in making progress, thereby giving up his life!
Everyone has the right to choose the road of life, no matter whether happy, sad matter whether,with the attitude of those who take seriously the life of the road, slowly open up their own little piece of heaven!
第二篇:英语毕业论文
中国式英语初探
中国英语初探
[摘 要] 随着中国政治经济的发展,中国英语也日益形成。本文阐述了中国英语与中国式英语的区别,对中国英语产生的原因及特点进行了分析。
[关键词] 中国英语 中国式英语 本土化
1、英语的使用现状
众所周知,英语是当今世界上主要的国际通用语言之一。对于许多国家而言,英语是她们的国语,是大多数人的生活语言、官方语言或政府工作语言,是国民交流、社会生活的重要途径和工具。随着经济全球化和贸易一体化的到来, 英语在世界其他非英语国家都作为外语在学习。
2、英语的区域性变体及其成因
橘子生在淮南和淮北会产生味道的不同,英语的迅速国际化必然会引起英语一定程度上的本土化。英语本土化主要体现在英语在世界范围内具有代表性的变体, 这些英语变体既保持了标准英语的特点,又增添了有别于标准英语的某些特征。如英国英语、美国英语、印度英语、新西兰英语、澳大利亚英语、马耳他英语等。但这些英语变体都有其共同的或独特的历史原因。从17世纪末起,英国就开始其海外扩张政策,随着对海外殖民地的统治与掠夺,英语逐渐发展为一种国际语言。但语言所反映的现实生活,由于受到不同国家和地区独特的本土文化、发音习惯和思维模式,从而出现了一些有别于标准英语的区域性变体。这些区域性变体英语在长期的发展过程中, 既保留了标准英语的基本框架,还吸收了其他殖民者如法国人、德国人、西班牙人和荷兰人等所使用的语言,并结合了大量的印第安人的本土语言,逐渐形成了如今各种英语的基本词汇。在中国,英语作为国际语言,虽然还没有完全走进百姓生活,但英语早已经作为各级各类学校的知识课与技能课在传授。
因此,英语的中国化正在日益形成。
3、中国英语产生的原因
大多数学者认为:中国英语是以规范英语为基础,用来表达中国特有的事物与现象的一种英语变体。它是中国文化与英语语言相结合的产物,是国际使用型的英语中国本土化的体现。它是有别于中式英语(Chinglish)的一种规范英语。
从前看到有人在信中写到 “Long time no see” 的时候,还会感慨,真是典型的中式英语。但如今这句 “好久不见” 也被收在新编实用英语综合教程1(2002年版)中(Unit 1),作为标准中国英语来使用。“no moneyno talk”(没钱就没商量)以及毛主席的题词 “好好学习,天天向上” 也被直译成 “Good good Study, Day day up”。首先,由于英汉两种文化上存在着许多的差异,汉语文化中的一些特有的事物与现象往往在英语中无法找到相对应的表达。这时人们常通过音译、借译、语义再生等手段,使汉语词汇进入英语交际。因此,大量的中国英语词汇中便体现出中国英语的本土化特色。中国英语在表达中国特有事物或现象方面有着独特的作用。全球语言监督会的主席帕亚克曾经对媒体表示,“由于中国经济增长的影响,它现在对国际英语的冲击比英语国家还大”。不断地创造新词汇,使英语成为世界混合语。自1994年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中, 中国式英语贡献了5%-20%,超过任何其他来源。例如:福娃(fuwa)、台风(typhoon)、功夫(kongfu)、太极(taiji)、武术(wushu)、儒家思想(Confucianism)、四书(FourBooks),五经(Five Classics)、家庭联产承包责任制(family contract re-sponsibility system)、知识经济(knowledge economy)、和平崛起(peacefulrising)等。这些中国式英语词汇都折射出了中国不同时期的时代特征。其次,汉语文化也在物质文化和精神文化上同时影响着英语:包括生产生活方式、自然地理环境、政治文化制度、风土人情习惯、伦理道德观念、宗教、科学、艺术等方面。英语国家的英语不能完全照搬照抄于中国国情的现状使得汉语在英语中的渗透变得尤为必要。例如,中国特有的传统节日诸如端午节、中秋节分别别翻译成 Dragon-boat Festival、Mid-autumn Day,把传统中国节日中的赛龙舟的习俗译于其中。此外,传统中医的许多专有名词在英语中并没有现成的对应词汇,若忽略中西方文化上的差异而强行直译,是会引起天大误解的。
例如把中医的 “生气”(生命力)译为 “发怒” ;把 “带下医”(妇科医生)翻译为 “躲在裙带下的医生”;“公孙” 是人体的一个穴位名称,国内一些专家就曾将其译为 “爷爷和孙子”。更有笑话说,有些菜馆为了与国际接轨,所有的菜谱统一配置了英文名,把 “童子鸡” 翻译成了 “chicken without sexual life”,“四喜丸子”
成了 “Four glad meatballs”。
再次,建国后,尤其是改革开放以来,中国在政治、经济、军事、文化、科学技术和国际地位等方面都发生了重大的变化,国际影响力日趋增强,中国文明的力量和威望使中国文化在英语中有了大规模地影响和渗入,越来越多的外国人想更多地了解中国传统文化。面对这些情况,人们通常通过音译、借译等手段,使中文词汇进入英语便成为了必然。因此,使用中国英语,更忠实地反映中国古、现代名著更有利于东西方文化交流。以美国著名华裔女作家汤亭亭为例,她把花木兰的故事传遍了英语世界,她经常强调她的第一语言是汉语。在她的英文小说里,她总是实验性地加入汉语,使她的英语更加完美。
4、中国英语的特点
不同国家和地域都因历史、地理及风土人情的不同使英语在本国使用中具备了自己的本土化特色。以印度英语为例。印度人英语口音重、语速快,说起话来满嘴里跑舌头,辅音r发颤音。印度式英语把标准英语中本应该咬舌送气的音 th 简化为 t。而且印度人发的t的音,又接近d的音。此外,受15世纪进入印度的英国商人影响,印度英语中仍然保留了一些现代英语中很少使用的词汇及用法。尽管中国英
语是以规范英语为核心的,然而,作为“世界英语”(World
Englishes)的一个组成部分的中国英语,在汉语中国文化与英语的漫长接触中,也与 “美国英语”、“印度英语”、“巴基斯坦英语”、“澳大利亚英语” 的发展一样,具备了自己的中国特色。在语音、词汇、语法、语篇等各个语言层面产生了具有中国特色的变异分化。首先,在语音方面主要体现在来自不同省、市、自治区的中国人说出的英语南腔北调,有的不会发th,有的分不清r和l、n和l。例如,很多人分不清楚read和lead、think和sink,three和free,night和light等。其次,在词汇方面具体表现为数量大、淘汰率低、翻译方式灵活多样、表意准确,许多汉语介词常见诸英美报刊,许多汉语固有的词汇大量的丰富了英语词库。例如:希望工程 Hope Project,拜年 pay New Yearcall, “豆腐渣” 工程
jerry-built project,三好学生three-good student等。再次,在语法方面,由于受到汉语思维与汉语句法的影响,中国英语倾向于修饰成分前置,致使中国英语在语篇内句子简短、单句偏多。例如:钱钟书先生所说的 “get the meaning,forget the words”(得意忘言)。最后,就篇章和文体而言,汉语的陈述和描写跟英语相比更加崇尚华丽,而英语写作崇尚平实;英语论说文喜欢用委婉含蓄的句式陈述观点,而汉语则喜欢直截了当。但中国英语应用得当,它能更忠实地反映原文;尤其在表达中国特有事物或现象方面,它有独特的作用。例如:《西游记》
就常被直接译为Pilgrimage to the West,Pilgrimage一词既有 “朝
圣、朝觐” 的意义,又包含了 “旅行、漫游” 的意思,忠实地译出了 《西游记》 的题目中的含义,又涵指了内容中师徒几人赴西天取经的征途。
5、总结 中国英语在跨文化交际中有着极其重要的作用,作为英语跟中国文化接轨的载体,它承载了中国文化的丰富内涵。在跨文化交际中,采取 “求同存异” 的原则,既要求充分尊重英语的语用原则和民族文化习俗,也应该理解和容忍中国英语中的异国特色。因此,在使用中国英语时,应注意以英美人的思维方式与中国文化相结合,避免把中国英语与中式英语相混淆,使中国英语的使用更能适应动态的,不可预知的情况,发挥其应有的作用。
参考文献 [1]李文中.中国英语与中国式英语[J].外语教学与研究,1993,(4)
[2]桂灿昆.美国英语应用语音学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999
[3]杜瑞清,姜亚军.近二十年 “中国英语” 研究述评[J].北京:外语教学与研究,2001,(1)
[4]邱立中.“中国英语” 质疑[J].外语教学,2002,(6)
[5]刘祥清,晏小花.“中国英语” 研究与英语写作[J].衡阳:南华大学学报,2004,(4)
[6]潘章仙.中国英语变体中的语言和文化认同 / 语言学论丛[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005,12
第三篇:英语毕业论文参考选题
2004级英语及外贸英语本科函授毕业论文选题参考
I. 中学英语教学:
1. 中学英语词汇教学初探
2. 中学英语教学中的“文化”因素
3. 浅议把英语释义引进中学课文教学
4. 浅谈听、说、读、写能力的培养
5. 中学英语教学中应注重学生能力的培养
6. 游戏在中学英语教学中的作用
7. 谈谈在英语教学中的情景教学
8. 身势语在英语教学中的应用
9. 在英语教学中开发学生的非智力因素
10.浅谈怎样用英语组织课堂教学
11.如何提高差生的阅读水平
12.“角色表演”在课堂教学中的应用
13.课外活动的设计与指导
14.英语教学中的德育渗透
15.电化教学在英语教学中的地位
16.英语课堂教学中怎样激发学生兴趣
17.中学英语句型教学
18.中学教学中如何提高听的能力
19.“任务型”教学模式探讨
20.音乐在英语教学中的应用
21.影响阅读理解的因素分析
22.浅谈中学生阅读理解能力的培养
23.如何培养和提高学生的英语交际能力
24.如何提高中学生的英语写作能力
25.母语对中学生学习英语的影响
26.英语教学中如何引导学生培养语感
27.论文化背景知识在阅读教学中的作用
28.文化差异对听力理解的影响
29.浅谈中学生英语口语能力的培养
30.浅谈中学英语教学中学生学习兴趣的培养
II. 语言学
1.英语中 “将来时”表达法初探
2.试谈 “颜色词”在英语中的使用
3.英语中的性别语言现象探索
4.英语委婉语的语言特点及文化内涵
5.跨文化交际中的语用差异
6.反意疑问句的特殊句型
7.运用构词法记忆英语单词
8.英语中“死亡”委婉语文化因素剖析
9.英语学习中的母语负迁移现象探索
10.语义模糊与交际
11.英汉语言形式与思维方式对比
12.中英文化差异在语言中的反映
13.英语中主动形式表被动意义
14.汉英数量词的文化差异
15.英语广告标题的修辞特点
16.浅谈英汉词语的文化内涵
17.论英汉词义的不对应性
III. 翻译
1. 谈英语谚语的翻译
2. 谈英语幽默的翻译
3. 英语汉译技巧初探
4. 台州地方名胜古迹汉译英
5. 翻译中常见错误分析
6. 中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响
7. 会话含义的推导与翻译
8. 词汇的文化内涵与翻译
9. 语境在翻译中的作用
10.翻译技巧探索
11.商标词翻译
12.广告语言的翻译
13.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题
14.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响
15.英汉谚语的理解和翻译
16.浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译
17.中西文化差异与翻译障碍
18.英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译
19.英语意义否定表现法及其汉译
20.浅谈新闻标题的翻译
IV. 英美文学
1. 英美文学名著(原著200页以上)读后感
2. 有关文学作品的评论、欣赏等等。(包括人物性格、主题思想、写作风格、人
物观点、流派、修辞)
第四篇:英语毕业论文致谢
Acknowledgements My study at the College of International Studies will soon come to an end and, at the completion of my graduation thesis;I wish to express my sincere appreciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study here at Tai Zhou Institute of Nanjing university of Science and Technology.Firstly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xu Guixiang, for her constant encouragement and guidance.She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Secondly, I should give my hearty thanks to all the other faculty members of the Department of English for their patient instructions in various courses and their precious suggestions for my study here.Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.中华人民共和国教育部制订的《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲》(试用修订 版)(2002一11一25)明确指出,义务教育阶段初中英语课程的目标是:“„„激发和培养学生的学习兴趣,帮助学生树立自信心,养成良好的学习习惯,发展自主学习的能力,形成有效的学习策略;使学生掌握一定的语言基本知识和基本技能,建立初步的语感,获得初步运用英语的能力,为真实交际打下基础”。在词汇学习方面,大纲要求学生在初中阶段完全掌握大约800个可产出性单词,短语200条;100一 400个可认读单词。然而,我们发现大多数学生无法达到这一目标。他们甚至无法正确拼、读、理解这些单词、短语,更不要谈提高其交际能力。根据本文作者多年的教学经验,造成这一现象的主要原因是学生缺乏学习英语词汇的兴趣一一单调乏味的传统词汇教学法使得他们对英语词汇学习感到疲惫而无聊。语言学习者非常清楚掌握足够量的词汇对学好一门语言的重要性。因此,作为一位语言教师,其主要任务应该是探索出一种简易而有效的教学方法使学生能够愉快而高效地学会词汇。在本论文中,作者采用了一种令人兴奋的词汇教学法一一游戏授词法教授初中学生生词。根据心
理学的动机理论和青少年特有的心理特征,由于参与游戏类活动而使大脑神经被激活的青少年无论学习任何材料都会显得简单而有效.为了满足初中英语词汇学习的需要,本研究旨在调查以下问题:1)游戏授词法是否能够激发初中学生英语词汇学习的兴趣;2)对于初中学生来说游戏授词法是否比传统授词法更有效;3)通过游戏方式教学生英语单词的发音、拼写、多重含义以及搭配是否能够提高初中学生的英语综合能力。通过问卷调查及分析,本研究希望得出以下结论:
1)通过游戏授词能够激发初中学生英语词汇学习的兴趣。
2)通过游戏授词能够提高初中学生对英语词汇的有效掌握。
3)通过游戏授词能够提高初中学生的英语综合能力。
It was described in the syllabus published by Education
Department of China in 2002, clearly pointed out, the stage of English curriculum aims of compulsory education in junior school:“......cultivate and stimulate the students' interest in learning, help students build their self confidence, develop the good study habits, develop their autonomous learning ability, form the effective study strategy;make the students master the basic knowledge and basic skills of language, establish an initial sense of language, to obtain the initial ability in using English, lay a foundation for the real communication”.In
vocabulary learning, it requires students in junior school should completely master approximately 800 output words and 200 phrases, 100 to 400 memorized words.However, we find that most of the students fail to achieve this goal.They even cannot correctly to spell, read, understand the words, phrases and let alone to improve their communicative ability.According to the author’s research for several months, the main reason to cause this phenomenon is the lack of students’ interest in
learning English vocabulary – the monotonous traditional vocabulary teaching method on English vocabulary learning makes them feel tired and boring.Language learners are clearly known to grasp sufficient vocabulary is very important in learning a foreign language.Therefore, as a language
teacher, its main task is to explore kinds of simple and effective teaching methods to enable students to learn vocabulary pleasant and efficient.In this paper, the authors adopt an exciting vocabulary teaching method-game award to junior middle school students' vocabulary lexical teaching.According to Krashen’s(1981)monitoring theory, the psychology of
motivation theory and adolescent psychological characteristics, due to the involvement of the game activities so that the brain is activated by adolescents regardless of much material will be simple and effective.In order to sacrifice the needs of junior high school English vocabulary learning, this study aimed to investigate the following questions:1)whether the games can stimulate students' interest in English vocabulary learning;2)for the
junior high school students whether the games are award more effective than traditional teaching method;3)whether the way ofusing games to teach English vocabulary can improve the
students’ comprehensive ability, such as pronunciation,spelling, words meaning and collocation of multiple meanings.Through the questionnaire survey and analysis, this research hopes to reach the following conclusion:
1)English vocabulary teaching through games can stimulate students' interest in learning English vocabulary.2)English vocabulary teaching through games can improve the mastery of words of the junior high school students.3)English vocabulary teaching through games can improve junior high school students ' English comprehensive ability.Interest is the key in language learning, stimulate students' interest in English learning of junior middle school stage is an important task in English teaching.English teaching should pay attention to the combination of students' psychological and physiological characteristics, is conducive to arouse students' interest in learning.The game teaching method is in the teaching as far as possible the boring language phenomena into students are happy to accept, vivid and interesting game form, for the students to create a rich language communicative situation, make the students to play high school, learning to play, be in junior middle school English classroom teaching method.
第五篇:法律英语毕业论文
法律英语毕业论文
法律英语毕业论文
一、通过内容阅读教学实现工具性与人文性目标的统一
在心理学意义上,阅读是读者对由视觉输入的语言文字符号的信息进行解码,获取作者想表达的信息的活动,这一活动是一个心理过程,影响作者对信息进行解码的,是读者已有的经验,也就是图式。由此而言,阅读就是读者看到作者的符号信息,然后比照自己的大脑中的图式,从而形成自己对于作者符号信息的理解。显然,理解的关键在于读者是否具有与作者所表达信息相同的图式。在此意义上,阅读即是基于已有图式理解文本内容。如何帮助学生建构理解阅读文本所需的图式,显然是阅读教学的重要任务之一,而任何一篇英语阅读材料都是由语言图式和内容图式构成的。语言图式是指词汇、语法、篇章结构等方面的语言知识,内容图式则是指语篇的意义(价值取向、情感态度)与文化内涵。影响阅读的首先是语言图式,但最终是内容图式,而内容阅读教学即是引导学生通过阅读理解文本的语言图式和内容图式的教学,正因为此,内容阅读教学在当今全球阅读教学研究中受到广泛重视。[3](一)通过内容阅读教学实现英语课程的工具性目标
英语课程的工具性目标要求英语阅读教学“培养学生通过英语课程掌握基本的英语语言知识,发展英语听、说、读、写技能,初步形成用英语与他人交流的能力,进一步促进思维能力的发展,为今后继续学习英语和用英语学习其他相关科学文化知识奠定基础”[1]。这些目标都需要通过引导学生建构阅读文本的语言图式而实现。
任何阅读理解都首先需要对阅读文本进行理解,而这需要对文本的语词、语句、语篇进行阅读理解,内容阅读教学也是如此。理解文本、建构语言图式,当然需要进行必要的语词、语法、语篇结构的教学,也需要进行相关的阅读理解技能的教学,理解语句、语句之间的联系、语段之间的联系,都可以培养学生的思维能力。
内容阅读教学还强调英语之外的其他相关学科的科学文化知识的阅读理解。联合国教科文组织所属的国际图书馆联合会长期倡导多学科、跨学科的阅读。该机构2007年发布了指导开展跨学科阅读实践的建议报告,2011年再度发布了强调通过多学科的阅读提升学生的综合素养的报告。[4]21世纪伊始,美国教育部就开展了“概念导向的阅读(Concept-oriented Reading)”大型项目,这一项目由美国教育部的教育科学研究所主持,把美国3~9年级的阅读和科学课程整合起来进行阅读教学项目,这一项目目前正在美国一些中小学广泛开展。
显然,内容阅读教学可以通过开展对阅读语篇的理解进行词汇、语法、语篇等语言知识的教学,以及阅
读技能的教学、思维能力的教学和其他科学文化知识的教学,从而实现英语课程的工具性目标。(二)通过内容阅读教学实现英语课程的人文性目标
英语课程的人文性目标要求“英语教学承担着提高学生综合人文素养的任务,即学生通过英语课程能够开阔视野,丰富生活经历,形成跨文化意识,增强爱国主义精神,发展创新能力,形成良好的品格和正确的人生观与价值观”[1]。这些目标都需要通过引导学生建构阅读文本的内容图式而实现。
对于内容阅读教学的早期研究则是源于内容图式对于阅读理解的影响。早在1987年,着名英语教育专家Patricia Carrell就在外语教育着名期刊TESOL Quarterly上发表Content and Formal Schemata in ESL Reading一文,介绍了她组织开展的一项阅读实验,其结论是:对于阅读理解,内容图式的影响远远大于形式图式(即语言图式)。[5] 内容阅读教学不仅仅引导学生理解文本,更要求开展对于阅读文本内容,尤其是文本所表达的价值取向、情感态度、文化内涵的分析、讨论,由此引导学生建构相应的内容图式,从而培养学生的理解文本的价值取向、情感态度和文化内涵的能力,并基于此而提升学生的综合人文素养,实现英语课程的人文性目标。
(三)通过内容阅读教学实现工具性与人文性目标的统一
国内外对于内容阅读的学术研究达成这样的共识:内容阅读教学要求教师在进行阅读教学时,不仅关注阅读技能的培养、对文本信息的获取,引导学生建构阅读文本的语言图式,更要引导学生理解文本内容,引导学生建构阅读文本的内容图式。此即,内容阅读教学可以首先通过理解文本,进行相关的词汇、语法、语篇等语言知识教学,进行阅读技能教学,进行基于语句、语句之间联系、语段之间联系的思维教学。同时,内容阅读教学可以在学生理解文本之后,引导学生展开对于文本的价值取向、情感态度、文化内容的分析、讨论等。显然,内容阅读可以实现英语课程的工具性与人文性目标的统一。在教学中,教师可根据教学内容的特征、学生的水平,进行工具性与人文性教学目标的整合统一,或者以语法、词汇等语言图式的建构为主,或者以价值取向、文化内容等内容图式的建构为主,或者二者都予以强调。
我国当前的英语阅读教学存在主要关注词汇、语法、语篇等语言知识教学,很少关注基于阅读文本发展学生思维能力,而对于文本的价值取向、情感态度、文化内容的分析、讨论则更少。这就更加要求我们在英语教学中着力开展内容阅读教学,引导学生在建构语言图式的同时,建构文本的内容图式。
二、内容阅读教学设计的基础 开展内容阅读教学,首先要
求教师要树立明确的内容阅读教学意识,在进行阅读教学时,既要设定引导学生通过阅读文本建构相应的语言图式的教学目标,更要设定引导学生理解阅读文本的内容,建构相应的内容图式的教学目标,从而通过内容阅读教学实现工具性与人文性目标的统一。
开展内容阅读教学,还要求教师认真分析把握阅读文本的内容特性,尤其是文本的价值取向、作者的情感态度、文本的文化内涵等。任何一篇阅读文本都必然呈现着文本的内容,表达着作者的写作意图,教师在分析阅读文本,尤其是作为课文的阅读文本时,一定要广泛了解作者背景,深刻理解文本内容,准确把握作者写作意图,不要只是把课文当做呈现语法的语言材料。只有这样,教师才能真正引导学生读懂阅读文本,尤其是课文。对于阅读文本的内容图式,我们还可以采用批判性话语分析,进行深度的理解与分析。在具体的分析中,我们可以通过回答以下问题进行深度把握:What opinions/facts/examples/terms did the author mention in the passage? For what purpose(s)did the author present these opinions/facts/examples/terms in the passage? What is the climax of the story? For what purpose(s)did the author present this climax/turning point? For what purpose(s)did the author write this passage? For what purpose(s)did the author write this passage in this way?等等。
开展内容阅读教学,还要求教师自身具有较为广泛的内容图式,对阅读文本有着较为敏锐的理解、感知与认知。这就要求教师进行广泛的阅读,不断丰富自己的内容图式,从而更加合理地开展内容阅读教学。论文电话:*** 电子邮箱:lunwen021@163.com