第一篇：美国时代周刊常用词汇
美国时代周刊常用词汇特别编辑版
艺术 · Art
1.abstract art : 抽象派艺术
A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes formal values over the representation of subject matter.强调形式至上，忽视内容的一种非写实主义绘画风格
Kandinsky produced abstract art characterized by imagery that had a musical quality.康定斯创作的抽象派作品有一种音乐美。
2.abstract expressionism : 抽象表现派；抽象表现主义
A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes emotion, strong color, and giving primacy to the act of painting.把绘画本身作为目的，以表达情感和浓抹重涂为特点的非写实主义风格。
Abstract expressionism was at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s.20世纪四五十年代是抽象表现艺术发展的顶峰时期。
3.airbrush : 喷枪；气笔
A nozzled tube used to apply paint in a spray form.一种将颜料喷成雾状的喷嘴管。
The famous sexy robots in Japan are produced using an airbrush.那些性感的日本机器人就是用喷枪绘制成的。
4.action painting : 动作画派
A term used to describe aggressive methods of applying paint.指使画布产生强烈动作效果的绘画风格。
Action painting often looks childish to the non-artist because of the techniques used to apply paint, such as throwing it on the canvas.在外行看来，动作派的作品通常是幼稚的，这主要是因为画家采用的作画方法，比如将颜料泼洒在画布上。
4.airbrush : 喷枪；气笔
A nozzled tube used to apply paint in a spray form.一种将颜料喷成雾状的喷嘴管。
The famous sexy robots in Japan are produced using an airbrush.那些性感的日本机器人就是用喷枪绘制成的。
5.art deco ：装饰派艺术
A style dominant in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by repetitive, ornamental, and highly finished curvilinear and geometric designs, esp.in synthetic materials such as plastics.盛行于20世纪二、三十年代的装饰艺术和建筑艺术风格，以重复的、装饰精美的曲线和几何图案为特点国，多采用塑料等合成材料。
Mary attended high school in a building that was famous for art deco style of architecture.Mary就读的中学以其装饰派建筑而闻名。
6.art nouveau ：新艺术
A decorative style in which fluid, biomorphic lines and swirling motifs were emphasized.以曲折有致的天然生物形态为特色的装饰性风格。
Beardsley prints produced in the late 19th century are a good example of the style of art nouveau.19世纪末比乐兹利的作品是新艺术的典范。
7.avent-garde : 先锋派
Innovative art in advance of popular ideas and images, characterized by unorthodox and experimental method.不拘于现有的创作定式，勇于创新超前思维的艺术形式。
The avant-garde home of the famous actress sold for millions.那位影星的先锋派住宅卖出了几百万美元的好价钱。
8.Baroque ：巴罗克风格
An emotional, dramatic style of the 16th-18th century, anticlassical in form and spirit.流行于16至18世纪，以情感强烈、铺张浮华为特点的反古典主义的艺术风格。
Status and architecture from the Baroque have a dark, muscular, looming quality about them.巴罗克风格的雕塑和建筑雄伟、高大、格调阴暗。
9.batik ：蜡防印花
Painting on wax-treated cloth.在蜡布上作的画。
Susan learned about batik in college.苏珊在读大学时学过蜡防印花。
10.Bauhaus ：包豪斯建筑风格
A design school that promoted functional and geometric elements in design.指包豪斯造型学院倡导的强调实用和几何学要素的建筑风格。
Bauhaus school of design in Germany changed the way that the world thought about design.德国的包豪斯造型学院倡导的艺术改变了世人的既定设计思维模式。a
11.Byzantine ：拜占庭艺术风格的
（adj.）A term used to describe a style of art with strong religious content.艺术风格突出强烈宗教色彩的。
The Byzantine era extended from the 13th century and went into the 16th century and was characterized by art with religious influence.拜占庭式艺术始于13世纪，一直延续到16世纪，其主要特点是浓郁的宗教气息。
12.calligraphy 书法艺术
Handwriting or penmanship, esp.elegant or “beautiful” writing as a decorative art.书写的艺术，特别是优雅漂亮可作装饰的笔迹。
Calligraphy has practically become a lost art in today’s computerized society.在今天的电脑时代，书法艺术差不多要消亡了。
13.cartoon 草图，底图
A full-size, preliminary painting or sketch for a completed work.一部完整艺术作品的雏形。
Leonardo da Vinci’s cartoon of the Virgin Mary and Saint Anne hangs in the British National Gallery.达·芬奇的圣母马丽亚和圣安妮画像的草图现存于英国国家美术馆。
14.ceramics
(1)The art of making objects such as pottery or clay.(2)The objects themselves.陶器制作艺术；陶器制品。
Savannah enjoys making ceramic pottery.萨文喜欢做陶器。
15.collage ：拼贴艺术
A composition of found objects, newspaper, and cloth over other material on a single surface.把拣得的报纸、碎布等在画面上粘贴成画。
We used to make computer collages when I was in college by first pasting various items together and then using a video camera to transmit the image onto a computer screen.我们在大学时曾用电脑制作拼贴画。其步骤是：首先，将各种材料粘在一起，然后用摄像机将图像传送到电脑上。
16.composition ：艺术作品
Aesthetically pleasing, harmonious, and effective arrangement of parts to form a whole.各部分和谐生动、符合美学规律的作品。
Matisse used color and shapes and worked back and forth until he felt he had achieved a balanced composition.马蒂斯反复调试色彩、构思图案，终于画了一幅布局和谐的作品。
17.computer art 计算机艺术
Electronically produced images displayed on video screen.在屏幕上显示运用电子手段设计图像的艺术。
Computer art become popular in the 1980s when computers started to become more available to the public.当80年代个人电脑开始普及之后，计算机艺术也流行起来。
18.cubism ：立方主义；立体派
A style of art that departs from traditional reality, and emphasizes multifaceted, simultaneous views of subject and distorted perspectives.(early 20th century)
20世纪初出现的一个艺术流派。它抛弃传统现实，强调艺术作品的形体结构，即同时性、多角度性及扭曲的视角。
Pablo Picasso played a principal role in the early movement of cubism.帕勃洛·毕加索在立体派早期发展中起首重要的推动作用。
19.Dada ：达达主义
A style(1915-1925)with antirational approach and nihilistic, absurdist, and incongruous themes.流行于1915年至1925年间的艺术流派，其特点是反理性的创作手法和虚无、荒诞。矛盾的主题。
Dadaism asked “what is art?” and used humor and shock value as communicative elements.达达主义设问“什么是艺术？”并用幽默和让人震惊的色彩对比手法作答。
20.drawing ：素描
A picture, design, or sketch done with lines in pen or pencil.用钢笔或铅笔勾勒出的图画、图案或写生图。
The drawings of Michelangelo were recently exhibited in New York.米开朗基罗的素描最近在纽约展出。
21.expressionism ：表现主义
An early 20th-century style emphasizing emotional expression, strong color and composition, and a distorted, theatrical treatment of image.20世纪的一种艺术风格，强调情绪的表现，以浓重的色彩、鲜明的构图，扭曲、夸张的形象处理为特点。
Professor Bryer will be giving a lecture on expressionism tonight.今晚布莱恩教授有一个关于表现主义的讲座。
22.fresco ：温壁画技法；湿壁画
A technique of painting directly on a wet, plaster surface.在潮湿的石膏表面上直接作画。
We all marveled at the beauty of the 17th century fresco.23.funk art ：非理性艺术；恶臭艺术
A combination of painting and sculpture, deliberately messing and rough, often humorously depicting provocative subjects.(U.S., mid-20th century)
20世纪中期出现在美国的一种艺术流派。故意杂乱无章、不加修饰的绘画与雕塑的融合。多以幽默的方式描绘刺激性的场面。
Jeson has been collecting funk art since the mid 1960s.杰森从20世纪60年代中期就开始收集非理性艺术作品。
24.futurism ：未来主义
A style glorifying modern technology, speed, and the machine age.(Italy, early 20th century)颂扬现代技术、速度和机器时代的创作风格。起源于20世纪初的意大利。
Art from the era of futurism can be identified by a combination of machine elements, cubism, and motion.未来主义时期艺术的突出特点是机器法则、立方主义与运动机械的组合。
25.genre ：风俗画
A realistic depiction of scenes from everyday domestic life.日常家居生活的写实画。
Who is your favorite genre painter? 你最喜欢的风俗画家是谁？
26.Gothic ：哥特风格
A style that emphasizes Christian imagery, brilliant color, and strong verticality in composition.(12th – 16th century)
以基督教题材、亮丽的色彩、明显的垂直线条为特点的绘画风格。流行于12至16世纪。
Jean dislikes Gothic art because it feels too religious.吉不喜欢哥特风格的作品，因为它们的宗教色彩太浓。
27.gouache ：树胶水彩颜料
An opaque watercolor bound with gum.由胶水调和的不透光水彩。
Do you like the quality of gouache in paintings? 你喜欢水彩画吗？
28.graphic arts ：平面造型艺术
Those visual arts that are linear in character, such as drawing and engraving, esp.those that involve printing and printmaking.平面视角艺术，特别是指与印刷业有关的素描、雕刻等。
The computer is now enabling anyone to produce and design and experiment with graphic art.计算机的出现使任何人都能制造、设计和试验平面视角艺术。
29.hard-edge ：锋刃派绘画的；硬边画的
(adj.)A style characterized by geometric abstraction, a flat picture plan, perfection of a surface, and graphic precision.（U.S., mid-20th century）
流行于20世纪中期的美国，以轮廓分明的几何形体、精确的画面为特点的抽象绘画。
Patrick Nagel’s hard-edge style of 80’s women became one of the strongest images in the 20th century.派特克·纳哥尔的锋刃派风格的80年代妇女成了20世纪最具说明力的形象之一。
30.history painting ：历史题材的绘画
An academic depiction of scenes from mythology, history, or the Bible.以神话、历史或圣经为题材的传统绘画。
Temple Square in Salt Lake City has a visitor center filled with history paintings.盐湖城的神殿广场有一个观光中心，里面存满了历史题材的绘画作品。
31.hyperrealism ：高度写实主义
An extension of photorealism in which depiction of subject is indistinguishable from reality.(late 20th century)20世纪末兴起的一种绘画流派。照相现实主义的延伸，强调对现实的临摹。
The interesting aspect of hyperrealism is that it challenges the viewer to try to decide what is real and what isn’t.高度写实主义绘画很有意思的一点是，观者很难判断哪些是真实的，哪些是虚构的。
32.impressionism ：印象主义，印象派
A style emphasizing the depiction of light and its effects, with the act of seeing as its primary subject.(France 19th century 强调绘画中的光感，以视觉影象作为描绘对象。
Impressionism has long been one of the most popular art movements.Van Gogh’s impressionistic painting entitled “Dr.Gachet” was purchased for a world record $ 85 million by a Japanese investor.长期以来，印象主义一直是最具有影响力的艺术运动之一。凡高的印象派作品《盖什医生》被一名日本投资商以8500万美元的天价购得。
33.Kakemono ：画轴
A Japanese vertical scroll painting.日本的一种垂直式卷轴画。
Debbie purchased several kakemono scrolls during her year as an exchange student in Japan.德比在日本做交换学生时买了几卷画轴。
34.kinetic art ：活动艺术
Art characterized by the incorporation of painted and sculpted mechanical parts into an art piece that moves or creates the impression of movement.兴起于20世纪中期的一种与机械学相结合的艺术，采用活动部件，造成动感效果的雕塑艺术。Kinetic art can be seen in front of many office buildings built during the 50’s and 60’s.在五、六十年代，办公大楼前的雕塑多属活动艺术作品。
35.landscape ：风景画，山水画
A depiction of natural land forms, sometimes allegorical.以自然风景为主题，有时含有讽喻意义的作品。
Paula travels to New Mexico each summer to paint western landscapes.波拉每年夏天都去新墨西哥州画西部风景画。
36.medium ：溶剂，调色剂，材料
A liquid in which pigment is mixed to form paint;a type of paint of coloring matter used in painting.绘画用的调和颜料的液体；艺术创作所使用的材料。
It’s sometimes fun to look at a painting and try to figure out what medium the artist used.有时猜猜一部艺术作品所使用的材料很有意思。
37.Ming ：具有明代艺术特色的
(adj)Characteristic of a highly academic classicism, esp.in porcelains.(China, 14th –17th centuries)高度传统古典主义倾向的，特别是指与14至17世纪中国明代瓷器有关的艺术。Dr.Franks is an expert on porcelains from the Ming dynasty.37.minimal art ：极简抽象艺术；最小主义艺术
An abstract, simple, reductionist style with absence of all but basic formal elements and primary colors.(U.S.mid-20th century)美国20世纪中期兴起的一种艺术流派，其特点是抽象、简单、微缩，即把作品简略到基本抽象成分。
Minimalism is characterized by space with very sparse design elements and helped launch the popular art slogan of “less is more.”
最小主义艺术的特征是稀疏的画面，这一艺术促成了“简即繁”的艺术口号。
38.modernism ：现代主义
A style that breaks with traditional art forms and searches for new modes of expression.一种新的、脱离传统艺术手法的表现形式。
Modernism became popular in the early part of the 20th century.现代主义在20世纪初开始流行起来。
39.mosaic ：马赛克；镶嵌工艺，镶嵌画
An illustration composed of small, colored stones or tiles set into cement.用五颜六色的小石子或瓦片在水泥板上镶嵌面成的图案。
The new mall in town features a giant mosaic over the main entrance way.在城里新建的林荫道的主要入口处有一个巨大的镶嵌画。
（我觉得这句话应译成：城里新建的大型商场/购物中心的入口处有一巨幅镶嵌画。---southleaf）
40.mural ：壁画；壁饰
A large-scale painting, usually on a wall or ceiling.通常挂在墙上或天花板上的巨幅画。
The McMullen’s have a giant mural painting along the hallway in their home.麦克伦家的门厅里有一幅巨型壁画。
41.neoclassicism ：新古典主义
A style modeled after proportion and restraint of Greek and Roman classical antiquity.(late 18th, early 19th century.)模仿和借鉴古希腊罗马匀称、庄重建筑风格的艺术形式，盛行于18世纪末，19世纪初。
We knew that Mr.Samuels was into neoclassicism by the way that he had his courtyard decorated with nude statues.42.new wave ：新浪潮
A combination of cartoon, graffiti, and performance art in a minimalist, unsophisticated style(late 20th century.)综合漫画、涂鸦和表演艺术的艺术形式，其风格简单自然。
There’s a new wave art show currently on exhibit up at the local college gallery.本地大学美术馆正在举办一个新浪潮艺术作品展。
43.nude ：裸体画，裸体像
The undraped human figure, sometimes allegorical.无遮盖的人体画像，有时具有讽喻意义。
The nude has always played a powerful role in art throughout the ages.在艺术领域，裸体画一直占有重要地位。
44.oil paint ：油画颜料；油漆
Pigment mixed with drying oil, exp.linseed oil.和亚麻油等干性油混制成的颜料。
You can buy a beginner’s set of oil paints for under $ 20.花不到20元，你就可以买到初学者所用的一套油画颜料。
45.op art ：光效应艺术，视觉艺术 A style with graphic abstraction and pattern-oriented optical effects(mid-20th century)利用几何图形和色彩对比给人以模棱两可的视幻觉艺术，起源于20世纪中期。
Riley and Vasarely are two noteable artists who made contributions in the illusory world of op art.瑞利和凡撒里这两位著名的艺术家为梦幻般的光效应艺术作出了贡献。
46.performance art ：戏剧表演艺术
Use of paintings, sculpture, and video in live theatrical performance by the artist.(late 20th century)现场戏剧表演中艺术家掺入绘画、雕塑和摄像等形式的综合艺术。兴起于20世纪末。We watched a program that featured performance art on TV last night.昨晚有一个电视节目介绍了表现派艺术。
47.pastel ：彩色粉笔画
A crayon made of color ground with chalk and compounded with gum water into paste, often of pale color.粉笔作底色，用胶水调和色彩。色调淡雅。Degas is probably my favorite pastel artist.德加大概算是我最喜欢的彩色粉笔画家了。
48.perspective ：透视画法
A system of realistically depicting three-dimensional objects or views onto two-dimensional, flat surfaces through convergent lines and planes.以现实的手法，在两维的平面上，利用线和面趋向会合的视错觉原理刻画三维物体的艺术。Perspective illustration provides a three-dimensional view of objects or views.透视画法提供了一个对物体或景色的三维视角。
49.pictograph ：象形文字；图画文字
A picture symbolizing an idea or object, used as an early form of writing.代表一个思想或物体的图画。属早期的文字。
Three men were arrested for vandalizing ancient pictographs found I the canyons of southern Utah.50.pointillism ：点画法；点彩派
Neo-impressionism characterized by the use of tiny, closely spaced dots or points of color that blend to produce a luminous quality.新印象主义画法，用微小、密集的彩色点混合后产生一种夺目的效果。
The painting “Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” by Seurat is probably the most famous work of pointillism.修拉的《在拉·格兰德·加特岛的一个星期天下午》大概是最有名的点彩派画了。
51.pop art ：波普艺术
A style-making use of images from popular culture and commerce, often reproduced exactly.(mid-20th century)把精确复制大众文化和商业中的形象作为一种艺术创作。起源于20世纪中期。
Roy Litchenstein, who helped start the movement in the 1950s, continues to rule the king of pop art into the 90s.早在50年代，罗耶·列克敦斯坦就参与发起波普艺术运动，直到90年代他依然是波普艺术的顶尖人物。
52.primitivism ：原始风格
A style with an unsophisticated, pretechnological, simple approach to form and content.形式处理和内容表现力求简洁，避免复杂化或工艺手段的创作风格。
The famous series of “cut-outs” by Henri Matisse are a good example of primitivism.亨利·马蒂斯著名的《割断》系列作品是原始主义流派的代表作之一。
53.realism ：现实主义风格
Art that depicts reality as it appears.以写实的手法描绘现实。
I am in awe when I view realism such as the landscapes painted by 17th century Dutch artist Jan Vemeeer.欣赏着17世纪荷兰画家杨·弗美尔的风景画，我被其中的现实主义风格所震撼。
54.Renaissance ：文艺复兴时期风格的；文艺复兴
(adj.)Art that is classical in form and content.(n.)revival of aesthetics of classical antiquity.(14th – 17th century)艺术作品的形式和内容具有古典主义色彩的；从14世纪延续到17世纪的经典传统美学的复兴。Renaissance art is still appreciated by artists of today.现在的艺术家仍然对文艺复兴时期的艺术珍爱有加。
Much of the greatest art in the history of the world was produced during the Renaissance.世界艺术史上最伟大的作品很多是在文艺复兴时期产生的。
55.rococo ：洛可可艺术的；洛可可式的
A style with ornamental, poetic, curvilinear forms and lyrical themes.融装饰性、诗化的、曲线的形式和抒情主题为一体的艺术。Mrs.Mead is looking for a chair in rococo style.米德夫人想买一个洛可可式的椅子。
56.sculpture ：雕刻术；雕塑术
The art of carving wood, chiseling stone, casting or welding metal, molding clay or wax, etc.into three-dimensional representations, as statues, figures, forms, etc.通过对木头、石头进行雕刻，对金属加以铸造、焊接，或对泥、蜡加工制成的三维雕塑作品。Mr.Rushmore which depicts images of 4 U.S.presidents in the Black Hills, South Dakota, is one of the most famous sculptures in America.在南达科他州布莱克山区的拉什莫尔山刻有四位美国总统的雕像。它们是美国最有名的雕塑之一。
57.self-portrait ：自画像
A depiction of an artist’s own face 艺术家创作的自己的肖像画。
Artist’s self-portraits are usually very sought-after works of art.人们总是乐于求购艺术家的自画像。
58.still lift ：静物画
A realistic depiction of inanimate objects, esp.flowers, fruit, or domestic items.以写实的手法描绘无生命的物体，比如花、水果、家什等。Cezanne is known for his unique still life paintings of apples.赛尚以独具一格的苹果静物画闻名遐迩。
59.surrealism ：超现实主义
A style using subconscious mental activity as its subject matter, characterized by dreamlike, hallucinatory imagery.将下意识的精神活动作为描写对象，多运用梦幻意象的艺术形式。The artist Salvador Dali is synonymous with surrealism.艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利是超现实主义的同义词。
60.Symbolism ：象征主义
A 19th century French movement that rejected realism and expressed subjective visions through evocative images.产生于19世纪的法国艺术运动。它摒弃现实主义手法，通过使人产生联想的意像表达主观感受。Great art most always incorporates symbolism.伟大的艺术几乎总具有象征意义。
61.video art ：视频艺术
The use of filmed or videotaped material display alone or with other media.(late 20th century)通过创造性地利用视频技术产生可以在电视屏幕上观看的一种艺术形式，产生于20世纪末。Video art has become a popular medium in today’s art, especially in collages.今天，视频艺术已经成为一种非常受欢迎的绘画形式，特别是拼贴画中。
62.watercolor ：水彩颜料；水彩画
A paint which is mixed with water and used to create pictures;A picture which has been done with this type of paint.一种与水混合用来作画的颜料；用这种颜料作的画。
My uncle did a beautiful watercolor of a sunset while in Mexico.我的叔叔在墨西哥时画了一幅漂亮的日落水彩画。
商业·Business
63.account ：财务帐；帐户 A record of financial transactions kept in a ledger.在分类帐中保存的财务来往记录。A bank account 银行帐户
A customer or client 顾客或客户
Let’s check the account again.我们再查一遍帐。
How much is left in our bank account.银行帐上还剩多少。
This firm is our best account.这家商行是我们最好的客户。
64.accounting ：会计
A system and process of gathering and recording financial information that provides a continuous balance between assets and liabilities.收集和记录财务住处的制度和过程，并据此不断提供资产和负债之间的余额。You need to discuss that matter with the accounting department.你应当和财务部讨论这个问题。
65.accumulation ：资本增益
An addition to capital investments or stock from profits.资本投资的收益或股分增值。
What kink of accumulation are you getting on the ABC stock? 你有ABC公司的股份有什么资本增益？
66.affluence ：富裕
The condition of substantial wealth and economic power.拥有雄厚财富和经济实力的状况。
Luxury cars are targeted towards the affluent segment of a population.豪华轿车是以人口中的富裕阶层为销售对象的。
67.affiliate ：成员，分公司
A business that contracts to work with another business.签订合同与另一公司合作的公司。
The ABC office supply company is one of our many affiliates.ABC办公用品公司是我们众多分公司的其中之一。
68.agenda ：日程表 A list of things to be done.要处理的事务清单
Could you please fax me a copy of tomorrow’s agenda? 能否将明天的日程表给我发个传真？
69.agribusiness ：农业综合企业
The production and marketing of corps by large corporations as opposed to individual farms.由大集团公司进行的农产品的生产和销售，与个体农场主经营方式相反。
John was forced into bankruptcy when he lost millions of dollars he had invested in a poor agribusiness venture.约翰在农业综合企业中投资不当，损失了数百万美元，被迫破产。
70.air-pocket stock ：气穴股票 Stock that falls sharply on bad news.一有坏消息便急剧下跌的股票。
Company stock sometimes turns into air-pocket stock upon the news of the company’s CEO’s serious illness or death.一旦公司总裁病重或去世的消息传出，其股票有时会变成气穴股票。
71.annual report ：年度报告
A financial report produced by the management of a corporation for shareholders the end of fiscal year.在每个财政年末，由公司的资方向股东提供的财务报告。
72.asset ：资产 A possession that can be turned into cash to cover liabilities 能被转化为现金以抵消债务的财物
We were forced to liquidate some of our assets to pay our debts.我们被迫变卖一些资产以偿还债务。
73.automation ：自动化
The replacement of human laborers with computers and self-regulating machines 用计算机和自动化控制的机器来代替人力。
Automation in factories will continue to eliminate more and more jobs into the 21st century.到21世纪，工厂的自动化将继续削减更多的就业机会。
74.balanced budget ：平衡预算
Spending that is equal to revenue, esp.in government.一个机构的开支和收入相等，特别指在政府方面
75.bankruptcy ：破产
The inability to pay one’s debts;legal insolvency 无力偿还债务，法律上的资不抵债。
Many private companies are forced to declare bankruptcy when they begin to lose business to their competitors.许多私营企业在经营上输给其竞争对手时，不得不宣布破产。
76.big business ：大公司
A term used to describe large corporations, as opposed to small individually or family-owned business.大规模的股份有限责任公司，与私有或家庭经营的小型企业相反。Darren wants to get into big business some day.77.Black Monday ：黑色星期一
October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell a record 508 points in trading on the New York Stock Exchange.1987年10月19日，纽约股票交易所道·琼斯工业股票平均指数狂跌创纪录的508点。
78.blue chip stock ：热门股票，绩优股，蓝筹股
A term used to describe high-quality stocks of financially sound corporations 指财务上可靠的公司发行的高质量股票。
Mr.Jeppson has a portfolio of nothing but blue chip stocks.杰普逊先生持有的有价证券里全部都是热门股票。
79.bond ：债券
A security issued by a corporation or public body and carrying a fixed rate of interest 由公司或政府机构发行的固有利率的有价债券。What’s the interest rate on these bonds? 这些债券的利率是多少？
80.boom ：繁荣
A period of great economic activity and business expansion(企业等)经济非常活跃，经营扩张的时期。
The soft drink business always booms in the summertime.饮料业在夏天总是兴旺繁荣。
81.boondoggle ：无效的投资 A wasteful business venture 不见回报的经营投机
Our investment in water softeners was a boondoggle.我们在水软化器上的投资打了水漂。82.bottom line ：最终结果
The final result or ultimate objective 最终的结果或目标
What’s the bottom line of your proposal? 你的建议要达到的最终目标是什么？
83.boycott ：抵制
The refusal to purchase the products of an individual, corporation, or nation as a way to bring social and political pressure for change.拒绝购买某一个人、公司或国家的产品，作为施加社会、政治压力，促进其改变政策的一种手段。Americans boycotted tuna several years ago until tuna companies guaranteed that they weren’t catching dolphins in their tuna nets.几年前美国人抵制金枪鱼，直至金枪鱼公司保证在捕捞金枪鱼时放掉海豚。
84.budget ：预算
A plan of expenditures based on anticipated revenues.根据估算的收入而制订的开支计划。How much do we have left in our budget? 我们的预算还剩多少？
85.business cycle ：景气周期
Periodic rise and fall in economic activity 经济活动中周期性的涨落。
U.S.retailers see the same basic business cycle every year and typically do most of their business during the Christmas season.美国零售商们每年都经历相同的景气周期。通常情况下，他们大部分生产都是在圣诞节期间做的。
86.bust ：崩溃
An informal term referring to a financial or economic collapse 非正式用语，指金融或经济上破产。The economy is currently in a bust.目前经济处于崩溃之中。
87.buying power ：购买力 Purchasing power 购买商品的能力。
The buying power of the dollar has steadily declined during the last twenty-five years.在过去的25年里，美元的购买力持续下降。
88.capital ：资本
Money, assets, or property used as a means of production or for investment 可以用作生产或投资手段的金钱、资产或财物。
Some futurists claim that human capital is a company’s greatest asset.一些未来学家声称公司的人力资本是其最大的资产。
89.capitalism ：资本主义
An economic system based on private ownership and profit incentive 建立在私有制和利润刺激基础上的一种经济制度。
People in some countries don’t really understand the system of capitalism.一些国家的人们并不真正理解资本主义制度。
90.cash cow ：摇钱树
An informal term for a business with a dependable source of income 非正式用语。指收入来源可靠的生意。
This product has always been a cash cow for our company.这种产品一直是我们公司的摇钱树。
91.cash flow ：现金流通
Fluctuations in a company’s cash position 公司现金形势的波动情况。
Our company is currently having a cash flow problem.92.CEO ：总裁，总经理
An acronym for “chief executive officer”.The highest executive officer of a company.“chief executive officer”的缩略词。指公司的最高行政长官。
Advertisers are using CEO’s more frequently in their company’s commercials because studies show that people trust and admire leaders.广告商们在广告片中越来越多地利用总裁的形象，因为研究表明，人们相信、崇拜领导者。
93.Chapter 11 ：破产条款
A bankruptcy code section that applies to a corporation going out of business which may require restructuring.破产法的部分章节，适用于需要重组的倒闭公司。
Rumors are spreading that one of the big movie companies is filing a chapter 11.有谣言说一家大的电影公司正申请破产。
94.commercialism ：重商主义，商业行为
The practice and spirit of business in which the making of profits is emphasized.商业做法和精神，强调利润的追求。
Many American dislike the commercialism that is associated with Christmas.95.competition ：竞争
The rivalry between similar businesses for customers or clients.经营产品相近的厂商间争夺顾客或客户的斗争。
Competition in business is good because it generally results in better quality and lower prices for consumers.商业竞争中是好事，它可以为消费者带来更好的质量和更低的价格。
96.conglomerate ：集团公司，联合大企业
A corporation made up several companies that produce large quantities of output in a variety of industries.诸多产业中，由几家公司组成的股份公司，大量生产各种产品。Proctor & Gamble is a large personal product conglomerate.宝洁公司是一家生产个人卫生用品的大集团公司。
97.consumerism ：（1）消费；（2）消费者权益运动 The consumption of goods and service.商品和服务的耗费
Inflation always hurts consumerism.通货膨胀总是打击消费。
The protection of consumers form poor products or misleading claims.保护消费者免受劣质产品和误导性广告的侵害。
The U.S.Food and Drug administration tries to regulate consumerism.美国食品和医药管理局想规范消费者权益运动。
98.consumer price index ：消费品价格指数
A measure of the fluctuation in prices of common consumer goods and services over a fixed time period.在一定时期内衡量常用消费品和服务价格波动情况的一种尺度。
The consumer price index is a good reference tool to use in order to learn how much the price of a specific item has changed over the last several years.想了解某一特定商品在过去几年内的价格变化情况，消费品价格指数是一个很好的工具。
99.corporate ladder ：公司的官阶
A series of steps in the organizational hierarchy of a company.公司组织等级制度中的一系列晋升阶梯。
Climbing the corporate ladder is not as popular as it used to be.走公司的晋升之道不象以前那样有吸引力了。
100.corporate raider ：强行收购
A person, company, etc.that attempts to take over another company, exp.by buying up the stock of the target company.个人或公司通常以全部买下其看准的公司的股份而吞并该公司。
101.cost cutting ：削减成本
A reactive measure taken by companies esp.in hard times, in order to save money by eliminating waste or unnecessary spending.公司采取的应付措施，特别是在困难时期，通过减少浪费和不必要的开支来节省资金。
Companies in the 90s have been implementing a lot of cost cutting in order to become more efficient and competitive.为了提高效率和竞争力，许多公司在90年代一直在实施削减成本的各种措施。
102.cost of living ：生活费用 The average cost for the basic necessities of life 支付基本生活必需品的平均花费。
Many employees expect a yearly cost of living increase in their paychecks.很多雇员希望其工资的生活费用部分每年都有增长。
103.creeping inflation ：轻度通货膨胀
The barely noticeable but persistent increase in prices.物价不断上涨，但因涨幅很小而不为人注意。
Creeping inflation continues to spread throughout the economy in the 1990s.90年代轻度通货膨胀一直波及经济生活
104.decline ：萎缩，下降
A period of reduced business activity.经营活动下降的时期。
College students are not happy about the decline of job opportunities waiting for them when they graduate.大学生们对其毕业后就业机会的减少感到忧心忡忡。
105.deficit ：赤字
A budget imbalance in which expenditures exceed income.支出超过收入的预算失衡
Our company ran a deficit for the first three years before we started to make any profit.我们公司在开始赢利前的头三年中都是亏损经营。
106.deflation ：通货紧缩
A decrease in the money supply, causing a sharp fall in prices.货币供应的减少，导致物价的急剧下降。Consumers are always motivated by deflation.通货紧缩往往能刺激消费者的购买欲。
107.demand ：需求
The desire and ability of consumers to purchase goods and services.消费者购买商品和服务的能力。
Marketers and advertisers are always looking for new ways to create demand for their client’s products.营销商和广告商总是在寻找新的途径以创造其客户对产品的需求。
108.depression ：萧条
A severe, extended period of decline in business activity.商业活动严重减少并且长时间没有好转。
Many older Americans remember the great depression of the 1930s.许多上了年纪的美国人对三十年代的大萧条仍记忆犹新。
109.deregulation ：撤消管制
A gradual removal of government control over business.政府逐步撤消对经营活动的控制。
Most business and industries approve of deregulation from government control.大多数公司和产业赞成政府撤消管制。
110.distribution ：商品流通 The marketing of merchandising.商品的营销。
If a product doesn’t have good distribution, it won’t sell.商品流通如果不畅就卖不出去。
111.diversification ：经营多样化
The act of expanding business by increasing the number of goods produced or the number of services offered.通过增加产品品种和服务项目来扩展经营业务。
Many fast food businesses are diversifying in an attempt to capture more customers form their competitors.许多快餐企业正实行经营多样化，力图从其竞争对手手中夺取更多的顾客。
112.dumping ：倾销 The act of selling goods below cost to other nations to eliminate surpluses or offset competition.以低于成本的价格向其他国家销售产品以减少过剩产品，引发竞争。The U.S.has accused Japan of dumping mini-vans here in American.美国控告日本在美国倾销小型货车。
113.economics ：经济学
The study of wealth and its creation, distribution, and consumption.形容财富及其创造、分配和消费的科学。Susan is majoring in economics at Harvard.苏珊在哈佛攻读经济学专业。
114.economy ：经济
The organization of social and political institutions and business for production.社会及政治机构的组织以及以生产经营为目的的企业组织。National leaders must always worry about the state of the economy.国家领导人必须一直为经济状况操心。
115.Fortune 500 ：《财富》500家公司
A list of the 500 largest American corporations published annually by “Fortune” magazine.由《财富》杂志每年公布的全美国最大的500家公司。Who are the top 10 companies on the Fortune 500 list? 在《财富》500家公司中，前10名是哪些？
116.franchise ：经销权，连锁店
A contract or license permitting a regional distributor to use the name and sell products of another company.地区分销商得到其他公司的合同或许可证，有权使用其名称并销售其产品。Clancy is opening a new McDonald’s franchise in London.克兰西在伦敦开了一家麦当劳连锁店。
117.freeze ：冻结
The fixing of some economic factor, such as prices, employment, spending, etc.停止一些经济因素的变动，如价格、就业、开支等。The government caused a price freeze at the gas pumps.政府冻结了汽油泵的价格。
118.full employment ：充分就业
An economic condition in which unemployment is deemed minimal and acceptable, usually under six percent.失业率处于可接受的最小值，常常是６％以下的经济形势。
The condition of full employment is something that most countries rarely achieve.充分就业是大多数国家很少取得的经济局面。
119.glamour stock ：热门股票
A stock in a new or rapidly developing industry that tends to rise quickly in price.新兴且发展迅速的产业所发行的股票，有迅速升值的趋势。
John specializes in buying glamour stock, particular in media, and entertainment companies.约翰专门购买由传媒、娱乐公司发行的热门股票。
120.glas ceiling ：性别障碍，玻璃天花板
A term used to describe an invisible barrier that prevents women from entering the ranks of senior-level management.指阻止女性进入高级管理阶层的一种无形障碍。
Many women in the 90s are protesting the glass ceiling that bars them form upper management in large corporation.90年代，许多妇女抗议阻止她们进入大公司高级管理阶层的性别障碍。
121.global economy ：全球经济
Worldwide trade, travel, competition, etc.世界范围内的贸易、旅游、竞争等。
Companies in the 1990s are thinking globally in order to stay competitive in the new global economy.为在新的全球经济中保持竞争力，90年代的公司都从全球的角度考虑问题。122.GNP ：国民生产总值
An abbr.For “gross national product.” The total annual monetary value of all goods, services, and products sold on markets of national economy.“gross national product” 的缩写词，指在国民经济市场上销售的所有商品、服务和产品的年度货币总值。
What was Japan’s GNP in 1987? 1987年日本的国民生产总值是多少？
123.golden parachute ：高额离职补贴
A substantial compensation given to top executives as a severance bonus when they are terminated from the positions in the event of a corporate merger or takeover.在发生合并或兼并的情况下，公司高层行政领导离开其职位时所获得的丰厚补偿，作为高额离职补助金。
CEOs typically receive a golden parachute when their companies are seized in a hostile takeover.公司被他方恶意接管时，通常情况下总裁们都会得到高额的离职补贴。
124.gray market ：灰色市场
A market in which scare goods such as computer chips are traded at above-market prices through irregular channels or by methods not illegal but usually not considered ethical.以高于正常市场价格来销售稀缺商品如电脑芯片的市场。这种交易通常以非正常渠道进行，手段虽不犯法但也不被认为是合乎道德的。
Our company is losing a lot of money to similar products being sold on the gray market.由于类似产品在灰色市场上销售，我们公司损失很大。
125.greenmail ：绿票欺诈
The purchase, usually in secret, of a large block of a company’s stock, thereby signaling a possible takeover attempt, and ultimately forcing the company to try to thwart the attempt by buying back its stock at a much higher price.秘密购买一公司的大部分股票，以此暗示可能进行接管，最终迫使该公司为挫败对方的企图，不得不以高出很多的价格买回股份。
The ABC company found themselves a victim of greenmail when they realized they had bought back their stock at a much higher price.当ABC公司以高得多的价格买回自己的股份时，发现本公司成了绿票欺诈的受害者。
126.hardball ：商场上的杀手锏，动真格
Slang for highly competitive or ruthless business practices.俚语，指生意上极具竞争力或冷酷无情的做法。
Our competitors are using tactics that indicate that they want to play hardball.我们的竞争对手所用的战术表明他们要动真格了。
127.hostile takeover ：敌意接管
The act of taking control of a company by buying up enough of its stock t gain a controlling interest.通过购买足够股份从而获得控股权的办法来接管一家公司。
Last year the small airline company was bought up in a hostile takeover.去年这家小航空公司在一次敌意接管中被收购。
128.hyperinflation ：高通胀
Rapid inflation and major shortages caused by panic buying.迅猛的通货膨胀和抢购造成严重的商品短缺。
The fear of sudden natural disaster caused hyperinflation to occur in certain food markets because of panic buying by the public.由于担心自然灾害会突然降临，公众疯狂抢购，导致了一些食品市场的高通胀。
129.inflation ：通货膨胀
A sustained rise in the price of goods and services.商品和服务的价格持续上涨。
Has the rate of inflation dropped in the last six months? 在过去的６个月里通货膨胀率下降了吗？
130.junk bond ：风险债券，垃圾债券
A slang term for a high-risk bond that offers a high return but is considered to have a dubious backing.俚语。指高风险高回报的债券，但被认为有可疑的背景支持。
Michael Milken will always be synonymous with the term ”junk bond king.” 迈克尔·米尔肯总是“风险债券之王”的同义词。
131.labor-intensive ：劳动密集型的
(adj.)A term used to describe production that uses more labor than capital.运用人力多于资本的生产。
The parts are very labor-intensive which makes them very expensive.零件是用密集劳动生产出来的，这样价格就很贵。
132.leveraged buyout(LBO)：举债收购
A procedure by which an investor borrows money to purchase enough of a company’s assets to gain a controlling interest, using the assets of the targeted firm as collateral.投资者以收购对象的资产作担保，借钱来收购该公司的足够资产以获得控股权的过程。
Sometimes a smaller company will use the technique of a leveraged buyout to takeover another company.有时候小公司可以用举债收购的手段来接管另一家公司。
133.macroeconomics ：宏观经济学
An economic branch dealing with broad aspects of the economy, esp.factors on a national level.经济学的分支，研究经济的宏观方面，尤其是国家层次上的因素。Mr.Samuels is an expert in macroeconomics.塞谬尔斯先生是位宏观经济学专家。
134.market share ：市场份额
A percentage of total sales within a specific market by one company.一公司产品的销售总额在某一特定商品市场上所占的百分比。
The kelloggs company has over 50 percent of the market share for breakfast cereals 克洛格公司在早餐粥市场上占有超过50％以上的份额。
135.mass production ：大规模生产
The manufacturing of goods in large quantities using standardized parts and assembly lines.利用标准零件和生产线大批量生产商品
Mass production allows a lot of people to enjoy a particular product at a more reasonable price.大规模生产使得很多人能以更为便宜的价格享用某种产品。
136.microeconomics ：微观经济学
The branch of economics that deals with single units of production and consumption.经济学的分支，研究生产和消费的单个单位。
Microeconomics in the future will lead to more customization and specialization of products for consumers.在未来微观经济会导致产品的专业化和客户化以方便顾客。
137.mogul ：商业巨头
Informal.A rich and powerful person in business or industry.非正式用语。商业或产业界的富有且势力大的人物。
We watched a television interview of an entertainment mogul who had amassed a fortune of over $ 100 million.我们收看了一段电视访谈，采访对象是一位拥有一亿多美元资产的娱乐业巨头。
138.mommy track ：母亲路线
A career path in which a woman declines rapid advancement in order to spend time with her family.女性的职业模式。指女性不愿晋升过快，以便有更多时间和家人相处。
Millions of women in the 1990s are choosing the mommy track over climbing the corporate ladder.90年代，数以百万计的妇女宁愿走母亲路线也不愿攀登公司的官阶。
139.monopoly ：垄断
A domination of the market by a single company.由单一公司统治市场的局面。
The breakup of monopolies creates competition, which leads to better quality and lower prices for the public.打破垄断可以产生竞争，这会给公众带来更好的质量和更低的价格。
140.oligopoly ：寡头垄断
A market condition in which there are few sellers, enabling them to influence price and other factors.少数商家占有市场，因此他们可以操纵价格和其他因素。
The U.S.auto industry is an oligopoly, because there are only three main producers.美国汽车工业是寡头垄断的行业，因为只有3家主安生产商。
141.Pac Man defense ：帕克曼防卫
An attempt to prevent a hostile takeover in which a targeted company bids to take over the hostile firm.被定为兼并对象的公司通过出价收购敌对公司，从而阻止其恶意收购。
The out-throat 1980s made strategies like Pac Man defense essential to companies who wanted to survive a hostile takeover.在竞争残酷无情的80年代，对于那些希望躲过恶意兼并的公司来说，帕克曼防卫之类的战略手段太重要了。
142.Paper profit ：纸上盈利
An unrealized profit due to appreciation in value of something owned but not yet sold.对拥有的某种商品进行估价而计算出来的利润，因为商品没有出手，利润尚未实现。Jack’s business showed a paper profit last year simply due to the appreciation.因为评估了公司的所有的资产，去年杰克的生意才有纸上盈利。
143.paradigm shift ：改组
A term by a CEO to inform his company that there will be major changes made.公司总裁通知公司上下将有重大变化时所用的词。
The CEO of a major computer software manufacture announced a paradigm shift to his executives today.一家大型软件生产商的总裁今天宣布要对其管理人员进行改组。
144.Peter Principle ：彼得原则
A statement that every employee in a hierarchy tends to rise to the level of his or her incompetence.一种认为在等级森严的公司里，每个职员都想升到其无法胜任的位置的说法。The term “Peter Principle” has become quite popular among the American work force.在美国的劳动力大军里，常可听到”彼得原则”这个术语。
145.poison pill ：反兼并手段，毒丸
Any of various methods devised by a company to thwart a hostile takeover attempt, such as by issuing new stock or instituting a generous package of employee benefits, which would prove costly to a potential acquirer.公司为挫败敌意兼并所采取的各式各样的方法，如发行新股票，为雇员制定慷慨的福利计划。这会使潜在的兼并者感到代价昂贵而放弃兼并。
146.power lunch ：事务餐
A business lunch where food is an afterthought to intense dealmaking and negotiation.在工作午餐上，忙于紧张的交易和谈判而顾不上吃饭。
We’re discussing the possibilities of a company merger over a power lunch this afternoon.今天下午我们在事务餐上讨论了公司合并的可能性。
147.productivity ：生产力
A measure of ability to produce output from given input 一定投入得到产出的能力的衡量尺度。
Productivity at the XYZ company was up slightly this month over last.XYZ公司本月的生产比上月略有提高。
148.quality control ：质量管理
Techniques used to eliminate defective products or to improve performance standards and practices.采用技术以消除次品，或提高经营水平。
No company can afford to neglect quality control if they wish to remain competitive in the new global economy.任何一家公司要想在新的全球经济中保持竞争力，就不得不重视质量管理。
149.raw goods ：原材料商品
Materials gathered in original state from nature for use in production.源于自然，收购来用于生产的原始材料。
Knowledge and information are becoming the most valuable assets to a company while raw goods are becoming less and less valuable.知识和信息正成为公司最有价值的资产，而原材料商品的价值越来越低。
150.recession ：衰退
A period of no growth in the national economy for at least six months.国民经济在至少6个月的时间里没有任何增长。
A recession is characterized by a decreased demand for goods, increased unemployment, and decline in the gross national product.衰退的特点是需求下降，失业增加，国民生产总值减少。
151.recovery ：复苏
An increase in business activity following a recession or depression.在经历衰退或萧条之后出现的经营活动的增加。
Economists often disagree on whether the U.S.is in a recovery or not.经济学家们对美国经济是否已经复苏看法不一。
152.sanction ：制载
Coercive economic restrictions placed on one nation by another.一国施加给另一国的强制性经济限制。
The two superpowers are currently negotiating trade sanctions.两个超级大国目前正就贸易制载进行谈判。
153.service economy ：服务经济
An economy that emphasizes services over industrial production.强调服务甚于工业生产的经济。
You can enjoy almost anything you want in today’s service economy.在今天的服务经济中，你可以享受到几乎任何形式的服务。
154.slump ：疲软
A decline in business activity.经济活动的减少。
The car industry has been in a slump since the beginning of the year.汽车工业从年初起就一直疲软。
155.smokestack industry ：浓烟工业
A term that refers to heavy manufacturing, such as steel or automobile manufacturing.指重工业，如钢铁和汽车制造业。
Information and entertainment is replacing the smokestack industry as the new major methods of creating wealth in the economy.信息和娱乐业正代替浓烟工业，在经济中充当创造财富的新型手段。
156.socioeconomic ：社会经济的
A term used to describe the connection of social and economic factors.用以描述社会和经济因素的联系。
The study of socioeconomic factors is important in order to understand various groups within society.要了解社会的各个群体，必须研究社会经济的种种因素。
157.stagflation ：滞胀
A term that combines inflation and stagnation.A condition when inflation and high unemployment occurring together.“通胀”和”停滞”结合而成的术语，指通货膨胀与高失业率并存的局面。Stagflation is a very unpopular buzz word in the business world.滞胀是商界不受欢迎的时髦词语。
158.stock exchange ：股票交易所
A market where securities are traded, such as the New York Stock Exchange.进行证券交易的市场，如纽约股票交易所。My friends works at the New York Stock Exchange.我的朋友在纽约股票交易所工作。
159.stock market ：（1）股市；（2）股市行情 A market in which stocks are bought and sold.股票买卖的地方。
The general condition of the sale of securities in a corporation.一家公司的证券销售情况。The Wall Street Journal gives a daily report of the stock market.《华尔街日报》每天报告股市行情。
160.supply and demand ：供需
A basic economic law stating that as the price of a good increase, suppliers will be willing to produce more but consumers will demand less, so that price and quantity are both interrelated.一条经济基本法则，即商品价格上涨时，生产商愿意扩大生产，但消费者的需求下降，这样价格和数量相互制约。
All products must follow the laws of supply and demand.所有的产品都必须遵守供求法则。
161.surplus ：过剩
A situation in which the supply of goods exceeds the demand, esp.at a given price.特别是以一定价格销售的商品的供应超过需求的状况。
Smart consumers try to purchase items that are in surplus in order to get more for the same money.精明的消费者在商品过剩时购买，以便用同样的钱购买更多的商品。
162.tax shelter ： 减免所得税
An investment in certain business, activities, etc.that legally entitles the investor to avoid, reduce, or defer income taxes.在某些行业、活动等方面的投资，投资者合法地享受减、免或缓交所得税。Some business use tax shelters in an effort to reduce or defer their income tax.一些公司采取合法减免所得税的手段来减少或迟交所得税。
163.tech angst ： 技术顾虑
(A combination of “technological” and “anxiety”.)The fear of automation among consumers.“technological”（技术的）和 “anxiety”（担心）的合成词。顾客对自动化产生的担心。
The tech angst of many people makes them reluctant to put their trust in automated teller machines.许多人有技术顾虑，因而不愿使用自动提款机。
164.technological monopoly ： 技术垄断
A condition in which a company has exclusive rights to a patented product or process.一公司对专利产品或制作方法享有专属权的状况。
AT & T has a technological monopoly over a number of products and processes in the communications world.在通讯领域中，美国电话电报公司在一些产品和方法 享有技术垄断。
165.trade barriers ： 贸易壁垒
Tariffs, quotas, and other regulations used by one country to discourage the importation of certain goods.一个国家为阻碍某些产品的进口所采用的关税、配额和其他规定。
The U.S.is poised to eliminate trade barriers with Mexico and other neighboring countries.美国准备减少同墨西哥及其他邻近国家的贸易壁垒。
166.trade deficit ： 贸易赤字
An imbalance in which a nation’s imports exceed its exports.一国进口超过其出口的不平衡状况。
No nation wants to run a continuous trade deficit with other countries.没有一个国家愿意自己同他国的贸易处于持续的赤字状态。
167.trade imbalance ： 贸易不平衡
A condition in which a nation’s exports and imports and imports are not equal.一国的出口和进口不持平的状况。
The subject of trade imbalance is an ongoing debate between the U.S.and Japan.贸易不平衡是美日两国间长期争论的话题。
168.trickle-down economics ： 滴入式经济学
A theory that government financial incentives to big business will eventually benefit smaller businesses and general public.一种经济理论，认为政府对大企业的财政补贴最终使小企业和大众受益。
President Bill Clinton dose not believe that trickle-down economics works for the benefit of the nation.克林顿总统不相信滴入式经济学有益于国家。
169.trust ： 托拉斯 Several companies acting together to control production, pricing, and distribution of a product.几家公司联合行动以控制一种新产品的生产、定价和销售。
The government has anti=trust laws that regulate against companies forming trusts in order to control product prices and distribution.政府有反托拉斯法，反对公司组成意在控制产品价格和销售的托拉斯。
170.upward mobility ： 往上晋升
The movement of an individual to ever higher levels of responsibility in a company.一个人在公司里上升到承担相应责任的较高职位。
It was no surprise to the other workers that the boss’s nephew enjoined such a great degree of upward mobility.老板的侄子往上晋升如此之快，其他工人并不感意外。
171.white knight ： 公司的救星
A business that prevents a hostile takeover of another company by offering better terms.一公司通过提出更优厚的条件来阻止另一公司被他人敌意兼并。
One of our affiliates acted as a white knight on our behalf and saved us from being the victims of a hostile takeover.我们的一家分公司充当了我们公司的救星，使我们免遭敌意兼并。
计算机·Computer
172.abort ：异常中止
To cancel or end a program or procedure while it is in progress.取消或终止正在运行的程序或过程 We decided to abort the program.我们决定中止这项程序。
173.access ：访问，存取
The locating and/or obtaining of desired data.查找和/或获取所需数据
Only authorized personnel can access these computer files.只有经过授权的人才可以访问这些计算机文件。
174.artificial intelligence(AI)：人工智能
The branch of computer science that deals with using computers to simulate human thinking and to perform functions normally associated with human intelligence.计算机科学的一个分支，研究如何使用电脑模仿人的思维，并执行一些通常与人类智能有关的功能。
Artificial intelligence has been the focus of much hype since the early 1980s and is widely expected to be achieved in the 21st century.自从80年代初以来，人工智能一直被大量宣传。人们普遍认为在21世纪人工智能将获得成功。
175.backup copy ：备份
A copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss or damage.为防止当前文件的丢失或损坏而另存储的一份。Did you make a backup copy of that file? 那份文件你有备份吧？
176.batch ：批（处理）
A group of records or transactions that can be processed together.可以一块处理的一组记录或事务。I've gotta finish this batch by tomorrow.明天之前我必须做完这批处理。
177.boot(up)：启动
To start up a computer, making it ready to operate.打开电脑使之可以运行。
Just a minute, I'm waiting for my computer to boot up.等会儿，我正等我的电脑启动起来。
178.bug ：错误，故障 A mistake or malfunction that can occur in a computer program.电脑程序可能出现的错误或故障。
For some reason, we've been experiencing some bugs in this particular program.不知什么原因，这个特定程序总有错误。
179.canned software ：软件包
Programs prepared by computer manufacturers that are in ready to use form and can used by many business and individuals.由电脑生产商准备好的可供公司或个人即买即用的程序。
WordPefect 6.0 is one of the newest items of canned software on the market.WordPefect6.0是市场上销售的软件包中最新的一款软件。
180.character ：字符
Any symbol, digit, letter, etc.that is stored or processed by a computer.由电脑存储、处理的任何符号、数字、字母等。
An optical scanner can actually read characters and transfer them to the monitor screen of a computer.光学扫描仪能读出字符，并将其转换到电脑显示屏上。
181.clones ：克隆，仿制品
A term used to describe a product that is a copy of another one, such as a computer clone.指以其他产品为范本复制出来的产品。
In the new global economy, there are dozens of computer clones on the market.在经济全球化的今天，市场上有几十种电脑仿制品。
182.coding ：编码
The writing of a list of computer instructions causing it to perform specific functions and operations.编写一系列计算机的指令，使之执行特定功能和操作。We are currently recoding all the computers in our office.我们现在正为办公室的所有计算机重新编码。
183.computerese ：计算机行话 Slang for computer jargon.计算机专业术语的俚称。Are you fluent in computerese? 你对计算机行话熟悉吗？
184.computernik ：计算机专家，计算机迷
Slang for a person who spends a lot of time using computers.俚语，指长时间使用电脑的人。
John hangs around with all the computernik.约翰同许多计算机机专家有来往。
185.crash ：（系统）崩溃
A system shutdown caused by a hardware or software malfunction.由硬件、软件故障导致系统的关闭。Our system just crashed.我们的系统刚才崩溃了。
186.data leakage ： 数据丢失
The illegal removal of data from a computer.非法移动电脑中的数据。
We’ve had no data leakage problems since we’ve installed our new security program.自从安装新的保密程序后，我们的电脑没有出现数据丢失的问题。
187.dot matrix ： 点阵（打印）
Forming letters or characters from dots, as opposed to type.通过输出点来形成字母或字符，这和（传统的）打字相反。
Dot matrix printers are being phased out and replaced by printers that can produce clean type.点阵式打印机正被淘汰，并为高清晰度打印机所取代。
188.downtime ： 故障停机时间
The length of time a computer is “down” because of a malfunction.由于故障而使电脑停机的时间。Sorry, you’ll have to come back later – the computers are down.抱歉，你待等会儿再来，我们的电脑出故障了。How much downtime did we log last month? 我们上个月的故障停机时间有多长？
189.info highway ： 信息高速公路
The flow of TV and cable channels that will allow individuals to access a revolutionary variety of entertainment, news, communications, home-shopping, etc.电视和电讯通道的信息传输，这些信息通道让个人获得大量的娱乐、新闻、通讯服务和在家购物等，其种类令人目不暇接。
Time Magazine featured a cover devoted to the new info highway in early 1993.1993年初，《时代周刊》刊载了一篇封面文章，专门介绍信息高速公路。
190.infomaion overload ： 信息充塞
A condition characterized by an excess of messages demanding attention, which leads to confusion and a loss of efficiency.需要关注的信息内容过多的状况，这种状况导致混乱和效率的降低。Most of us are suffering from information overload in the 1990s.在90年代我们大多数人都受害于信息充塞。
191.information revolution ：信息革命
A condition characterized by an excess of message demanding attention, which leads to confusion and a loss of efficiency.需要关注的信息内容过多的状况，这种状况导致混乱和效率的降低。
192.ink-jet printer ：喷墨打印机
An output device that prints by spraying a thin stream of ink onto the paper.一种通过喷射细墨水流到纸上的打印装置。What brand of ink-jet printer do you use? 你用的是什么牌子的喷墨打印机？
193.knowledge engineering ：知识工程学
The scientific study of integrating knowledge into computer systems to solve complex problems that would usually require human expertise.一科学领域，主要研究如何将知识合成到电脑系统中以解决通常需要专门知识才能解决的复杂问题。
The next generation of computers will integrate knowledge engineering into their programming in order to solve complex problems in a way that more closely resembles human reasoning.下一代计算机将会把知识工程学融合到其程序中，以便用一种近似人类思维的方法来解决复杂问题。
194.pixel ：象素
The smallest display picture element on a video display screen.在显示屏上所显示图像的最小显示元素。
The display screen of a computer contains thousands of tiny pixels that convey the images on the computer screen.电脑显示屏上有千千万万个象素，这些元构成了屏幕上的图像。
195.software piracy ：软件盗版
The duplication of commercial software without permission from the developer.未经开发商许可复制商业软件的侵权行为。
The XYZ company used international lawyers to prosecute a crime ring involving software piracy in Taiwan.某某公司聘请国际律师起诉台湾的一个涉嫌软件盗版的犯罪团伙。
196.superconductor ：超导体
Material that has almost no resistance to the flow of electricity.对电流几乎没有阻力的材料。
The new technology of superconductors has advanced the world of communications by allowing more information to be sent in a much faster manner.超导体技术可以使更多的信息以快得多的速度传输，从而促进了通信业的发展。
197.telecommuting ：居家办公，远程上班 Working at home and using a computer to communicate and interact with the office.使用电脑同办公室保持通讯联络，从而实现在家办公。
More and more people are now telecommuting one or more days a week as opposed to going to the office everyday.与以前每天去办公室上班不同，现在越来越多的人每周一天或几天在家办公。
198.touch screen ：触摸屏
A computer that can be given commands by touching its display screen in the appropriate locations.一种电脑的屏幕，使用者可以触摸其适当的位置而对电脑发出指令。
Some restaurants have provided touch screen computers to enable their customers to order food via the computer without to tell someone.199.user-friendly ：方便用户的
Hardware or software that is designed to help people become familiar with their computer by simple, easy-to-follow instructions.电脑生产厂商所设计的一些硬件和软件，可让用户通过一些简单易学的指令来熟悉其电脑。Computers must be user-friendly in order to be accepted by the public.要让公众接受，电脑必须让用户感到方便。
200.Virus ：病毒
Coded directions in software that can erase or replace files and operating software in a computer.A computer virus can sit undetected in a computer until it's automatically activated, as when computer's clock strikes a certain date.软件中的密码指令，它可删除、转换电脑中的文件以及操作软件。电脑病毒会隐藏在电脑中不被发现，当电脑时钟指向某一日期它会被自动激活。
犯罪 · Crime
201.accomplice ： 同案犯
Any person who takes part in a crime.参与犯罪的每个人。
Tony was found to be an accomplice in the crime.人们发现托尼是该案的同案犯。
202.adult business district ： 红灯区
A neighborhood zoned for pornographic bookstores and movie theaters, striptease bars, etc.划定的街区，作为开设色情书店、影院、脱衣舞场等的场所。Police are constantly arresting people over in the adult business district.警察常在红灯区拘捕人犯。
203.agricrime ： 农业犯罪
Sort for agricultural crime.The theft of crops and /or farm equipment.“agricultural crime”的缩写词，偷盗庄稼和/或农场设备的犯罪。Farmers are losing thousands of dollars each year due to agricrime.每年农业犯罪给农场主造成了成千上万美元的损失。
204.armed robbery ：武装抢劫
The act of using a deadly weapon when raking or attempting to take property form another person or party.夺取或试图夺取他人或他方财物时使用致命武器的犯罪行为。Did you read about the armed robbery in this morning’s paper? 今早的报纸上报道了这次武装抢劫，你读了吗？
205.arrest warrant ： 逮捕证
A document that orders the arrest of an individual who has been accused with a crime.对被指控犯罪的某人实施搜捕的文件。
The court issued an arrest warrant on the suspect.法庭对这个嫌疑人发出了逮捕证。
206.arson ： 纵火
The crime of intentionally destroying property by the use of fire.故意放火毁坏财产的犯罪。Police think the fire that burned down the old warehouse was an act of arson.警察怀疑这座仓库的大火是纵火行为所致。
207.assassin ： 暗杀
A murderer.A person who sets out to kill someone, esp.a prominent person.谋杀者。密谋杀害他人，特别是一位杰出人物的凶手。
Police are still looking for the assassin of the president candidate.警方仍在追查暗杀总统候选人的凶手。
208.assault ： 袭击
The act of attempting or threatening to harm another person.试图伤害或威胁要伤害他人的行为。
Mr.Green was assaulted while he was walking on 25th street.格林先生在第25大街行走的时候受到袭击。
209.attack dog ： 攻击犬
A canine dog that has been trained to attack burglars, etc.一种经过训练的狼犬，用来攻击窃贼等。
The officer’s attack dog has saved his life many times.这位警察的攻击犬多次救了主人的命。
210.back-alley butcher ： 卑鄙的屠夫 Slang for abortionist.俚语，给人施行流产手术的人。
Demonstrators picked an abortion clinic with signs that said “back-alley” butcher.示威者将一家流产诊所用标语牌围起来，牌子上写着”卑鄙的屠夫”。
211.bail ： 保释金
Money that is deposited with a court in order to secure the release of a defendant while awaiting trial.存放在法庭的一定数量的保证金，以使被告在候审期间获得释放。Frank’s wife came down to the police station to bail him out.弗兰克的妻子到警察局将他保释出来。
212.ballistics ： 弹道学
The science of firearms and the study of the motion of bullets.研究火器及子弹运动的科学。
A ballistics expert was taking evidence at the scene of the crime.一位弹道学家正在犯罪现场提取证据。
213.blackmail ： 敲诈，勒索
The act of threatening to reveal personal information, esp.sexual scandals, in order to extract money.以揭露隐私特别是性丑闻为威胁手段以谋取钱财的行为。Linda was involved in a blackmail scandal of the mayor.林达涉嫌敲诈市长的丑闻。
214.black market ： 黑市
A market place where illegal or hard-to-get items are sold or where money is illegal exchanged.非法或紧俏物资的销售点，或者非法换汇的地方。Gangs are buying assault weapons on the black market.黑帮总在黑市购买攻击性武器。
215.blood money ： 血腥钱
Money that is paid as retribution for injury, loss of life, vandalism, etc.为他人受伤、丧命、损坏财产而付出的酬金。The mafia paid blood money to have that man killed.黑手党拿出血腥钱将那人杀了。
216.body bag ： 装尸袋
A heavy-duty bag that is used to contain a corpse.一种结实的用来装运尸体的袋子。
The officer warmed the man to drop his gun or “end up in a body bag.” 警察警告那人放下武器，否则必死无疑。217.bomb squad ： 爆破小组
A team of police who are specially-trained to remove and deactivate bombs.经专门训练，从事排除和拆卸炸弹的一支警察队伍。The bomb squad was called in to deactivate the car bomb.有关部门请来爆破小组拆除这枚汽车炸弹。
218.bootlegging ： 贩卖违禁品
The illegal distribution of items such as alcohol, drugs, firearms, etc.非法销售物品如酒类、毒品、枪支等。
Three Mexicans were arrested for bootlegging firearms across the border.三名墨西哥人因越境贩卖枪支而被捕。
219.break-in ： 非法闯入 A burglar 入室盗窃
It looks like you are the victim of a break-in.看起来，你是入室盗窃的受害者。
220.bribery ： 行贿受贿
The act of offering, giving, or taking bribes.赠送，提供，或接受贿金的行为。
The congressman resigned after having been found guilty of bribery.这位议员被证实犯有行贿受贿罪后辞职了。
221.bucket shop ： 投机商号
(Also called “telephone boiler room.”)An office that is used to promote worthless land or securities by mail or through telemarketing.(也被称为”电话交易所”)通过邮件或电话营销来推销荒地或垃圾证券的地点。Crooks across the country are using bucket shops to scam older people.全国各地的骗子都利用投机商号来欺骗老年人。
222.bug ： 窃听
To use electronic listening devices to listen in on the conversations of others.使用电子收听装置来偷听他人的谈话。This office has been bugged.这间办公室已被窃听。
223.bum rap ： 错捕 An unmerited arrest 不应实施的逮捕。
Steve served six months jail time on a bum rap.史迪夫因错捕而受了6个月的监禁。
224.burglary ： 入室盗窃
The act of breaking into a home, building, etc.with the intent to steal from it.闯入民宅、建筑物等，企图偷盗的行为。Burglaries in our town have been on the upswing.我们小城里的入室盗窃案一直在上升。
225.car bangers ： 汽车窃贼
Thieves who steal form automobiles.从汽车里偷东西的贼。
Police caught the car bangers in the act.警方将这些汽车窃贼当场抓获。
226.career criminal ： 职业罪犯
A person who makes a living from crime.以犯罪为生的人。
John was a career criminal until the day he got caught in the home of a policeman.约翰是位职业罪犯，直到一天他在一个警察家里被抓获。
227.child abuse ： 虐待儿童
The physical and verbal mistreatment of children.对儿童进行身体上和言语上的虐待。
The most unnerving thing about child abuse is the number of cases that go unreported.有关虐待儿童方面最让人不安的事情是大量的此类行为没有报道。
228.chop shop A shop where criminals take apart stolen cars and sell the parts.： 地下拆车厂
犯罪分子将所盗汽车拆成零件并销售出去的窝点。
I watched a news program that tracked chop shops across the country.我收看了一个追踪全国地下拆车点的电视节目。
229.cocaine A powerful stimulant drug.： 可卡因 一种有强力兴奋作用的毒品。
What is the street value of a pound of cocaine? 一磅可卡因市值多少？
230.computer cleaner A person who, for a price, clean computer files of unfavorable financial credit information of others.： 消除财务信息的电脑黑客
将反映他人财物信用赤字的计算机文件抹去以获取报酬的人员。
Computer cleaners cost companies and financial institutions million of dollars every year.消除财务信息的电脑黑客每年给公司和金融机构造成百万元计的损失。
231.con artist A person who is skilled at convincing others of believing in fraudulent schemes.： 行骗高手
擅于蒙骗并使人进入骗局的人。Bob makes his living as a con artist.鲍勃是位行骗高手，并以行骗为生。
232.con game Any fraudulent scheme ： 骟局 任何骗人的把戏。My grandparents got burned in a con game.我的祖父母曾上过骗子的当。
233.convict A person found guilty of a felony and confined in a prison.： 囚犯
被判有重罪并羁于狱中的人。Mr.Welch is an ex-convict.韦尔奇先生从前是囚犯。
234.counterfeit To illegally reproduce a copy of money, postage stamps, bonds, etc.： 伪造
非法印造钱币、邮票、证券等。
Police busted up a counterfeiting racket in Miami last week.上周警方捣毁了迈阿密的一个伪造团伙。
235.credit-card fraud The attempted use of a credit to obtain goods or services with the intention of avoiding payment.： 信用卡欺诈
企图使用信用卡获取货物或服务，并故意逃避付款。That woman is wanted in 5 states for credit-card fraud.那位妇女因信用卡欺诈而被5个州通缉。
236.crime of passion Murder that resulted form the infidelity of a lover;Murder committed in the heat of rage.： 激情犯罪；冲动犯罪
由于情人的不忠而导致的谋杀；暴怒驱使的杀人行为。
Crimes of passion seem to be popular material for TV infotainment programs.冲动杀人似乎是娱乐性新闻节目受欢迎的题材。
237.Crime rate The number of reported crimes per specified number of the population.： 犯罪率
每一定人数中发生的犯罪数量。
Which state has the highest crime rate in the U.S.? 在美国，哪个州的犯罪率最高？
238.criminal ： 犯罪
A person who has violated a criminal law.触犯刑法的人。
We are placing your son in criminal detention.我们对你儿子实行刑事拘留。
239.date rape ： 约会强奸
A rape that is committed by a woman’s date.由女性的约会对象实施的强奸。
Date rape is the last thing that a young girl should have to worry about.约会强奸是年轻女子最不用害怕的事。
240.deadly weapon ： 致命武器
Any object, or instrument that is capable of being used to kill.任何可以用以杀人致命的物体、器具。
It is against the law to carry a concealed deadly weapon.秘密携带致命武器是违法的。
241.death penalty ：死刑
Punishment by death, that is imposed in a legal manner.以合法的形式剥夺罪犯生命的一种惩罚。
Three men have received the death penalty so far this year.今年已有三个被判死刑。
242.death row ： 死囚牢房
A cell block reserved for convicts awaiting execution.特别为等待处决的死刑犯设置的牢房。
This convicted killer has been on death row for 15 years.这位被判决死刑的杀人犯住在死囚牢房已15年了。
243.defendant ： 被告
A person who has been charged with a crime 被指控犯有罪行的人。
The court found the defendant guilty of murder.法庭判定被告犯有谋杀罪。
244.domestic violence ： 家庭暴力
Violence toward a family member, including child abuse or wife beating.对家庭成员施加的暴力，包括虐待儿童和殴打妻子。
Domestic violence is one of the most dangerous calls that a law enforcement officer has to make.家庭暴力是执法官最难应付的案件之一。
245.drug abuse ： 吸毒
The excessive and compulsive use of drugs to the point of damaging one’s health.强迫性过量使用毒品，以致损害身体。
It was obvious to see by looking at the needle marks on her arms that the young girl was a victim of drug abuse.从她臂上针扎的痕迹来看，很明显，这位年轻女子是吸毒的受害者。
246.drug king(czar)： 毒枭
The person who controls the production, transportation and selling of drug in an area.控制某一地区的毒品地区生产、运输和销售的头号人物。
After two years of using an undercover operation, the FBI finally arrested the Cuban drug king.经过两年的秘密行动，联邦调查局终于逮捕了这位古巴毒枭。
247.drunk driving ： 酒后驾驶
Driving while under the influence of alcohol.在受酒精影响的状态下开车。
This is your second drunk driving offense this month.这是你本月第二触犯次酒后驾驶的禁令。
248.edp crimes ： 电脑犯罪 Electronic data-processing crime;criminal offenses committed using computer technology.在电子数据处理方面的犯罪；利用电脑技术进行的犯罪。The IRS investigated hundreds of edp crimes every year.美国国内收入局每年都要调查数以百计的电脑犯罪。
249.embezzlement ： 贪污
The illegal misappropriation of funds entrusted to one’s care.将由自己保管的资金非法据为已有。
We have never had a problem with embezzlement at this bank.我们这家银行从没发生过贪污案件。
250.first-degree murder ： 一级谋杀案 Premeditated murder.事先策划好的谋杀。
The man was changed with first-degree murder in the death of his lover’s husband.这位男子其情人的丈夫死亡案中被指控犯有一级谋杀罪。
251.forensic medicine ： 法医学
The use of medicine in solving legal problems.利用医学解决法律问题。
Many crimes could not be solved without using forensic medicine.没有法医学，很多犯罪案件无法结案。
252.forgery ：伪造
The act of creating a document, either written or printed, with the intent to defraud.Forgery also covers counterfeiting, or producing fake signatures, works of art, etc.以欺骗为目的而仿制手写或印刷文件的行为。伪造还包括制假钱币、仿冒签名和艺术品等。
253.gamble ： 赌博
To bet or wager money on games of chance, races, etc.在概率类游戏或比赛中打赌或下注。
Burt lost $ 3000 gambling in Las Vegas over the weekend.伯特周末在拉斯维加斯赌博输了3000美元。
254.gang ： 黑帮
A group of people organized to achieve some common goal.Gangs are often involved in drugs, violence, money lending, prostitution, etc.为达到某种共同目的而组织起来的一群人。黑帮常常涉嫌毒品、暴力、高利贷和卖淫等。Gangs often have automatic weapons more powerful than the police in many large U.S.cities.在美国的许多城市里，黑帮常配备有自动武器，其火力强于警方。
255.hijack ： 劫持
To seize control of an airplane, boat, automobile, etc.强行控制飞机、船只、车辆等。Terrorist just hijacked a plane to Cuba.恐怖分子刚刚动持了一架飞往古巴的飞机。
256.hit-and-run ：肇事逃逸
An automobile accident in which the driver fails to stop and identify himself or herself.The term “hit-and-run” may also be applied to such a driver.指一起汽车事故中，肇事司机不停车，且不亮明自己身份。该词也可以指肇事逃逸司机。I was a victim of a hit-and-run accident on Monday.周一发生了一起肇事逃逸案，我是其中的受害者。
257.hold-up ： 持枪抢劫
The act of robbing someone at gunpoint.持枪相威胁，抢夺他人财物的行为。
There was a hold-up at the bank over on 2nd street.在第二大街的银行里发生了一起抢劫案。
258.homcide ： 杀人，他杀 The act of killing someone.杀死他人的行为。Police are investigating the homicide of a prostitute.警方正在调查一起妓女被杀案件。
259.hot wire ：（汽车）电启动
To electrically start a vehicle without using an ignition key.不用点火钥匙而用电来发动汽车。
Seasoned crooks can hot wire a car in seconds.手段高明的窃贼可在几秒钟内用电启动来发动汽车。
260.impulse crime ： 冲动犯罪
Crimes such as shoplifting, raping, vandalizing, etc.that are done on an impulse.在冲动之下所犯的罪行，如商店扒窃、强奸、损坏公物等。
261.juvenile delinquency ： 青少年犯罪 Criminal behavior by adolescents and children.少年和儿童的犯罪行为。
Some parents aren’t concerned about juvenile delinquency.一些家长对青少年犯罪漠不关心。
262.labor racketeering ： 工会诈骗
Corrupt practices and organized crime that involve organized labor.涉及工会的腐败行为和团伙犯罪。
The New York union leader was convicted of labor racketeering.纽约的工会领袖被判有工会诈骗罪。
263.larceny ： 偷盗
The stealing of another person’s property.偷取别人财产的行为。
Have you over been arrested for larceny? 你有偷盗被捕的经历吗？
264.libel ： 文字诽谤 Written defamation.以文字材料来诋毁他人名声的行为。
The famous actress is suing the tabloids for libel.这位知名的女演员正以诽谤罪起诉数家通俗小报。
265.Mafia ： 黑手党
A secret society that originated in Italy in the 1860’s.The Mafia now widespread, and is focused on power and profit.19世纪60年代起源于意大利的秘密团体。现在黑手党势力广为分布，专门从事扩张势力、牟取钱财。
The “Godfather” is a story about the powerful mafia families in New York.电影《教父》就是有关纽约黑手党的豪门大户的故事。
266.mail fraud ： 邮政诈骗
The using of the mail system to defraud the public.利用邮政系统诈骗公众的行为。
That mail-order company has been convicted of mail fraud.那家邮购公司被判有邮政诈骗罪。
267.manhunt ： 追捕
An organized search to catch a criminal or an escapee.有组织的追踪、捉拿囚犯、逃犯。
Police have organized a manhunt to capture the escaped convict.警方组织了一次追捕以抓获那名逃犯。
268.mass murderer ： 谋杀多人的凶手 A murderer who kills many people.多条命案的谋杀者；连环杀手。
More and more mass murderers are popping up in the news these days.这些天来，新闻里不断报道谋杀多人的凶手。269.money laundering ： 洗钱
The act of concealing the source of funds for the purpose of tax evasion and fraud.为达到逃税和欺骗的目的而隐瞒资金来源的行为。This restaurant is just a front for money laundering.这家餐馆仅仅是洗钱的掩护所。
270.mule ： 挟带毒品者，贩运私货的人
A person used to transport drugs or contraband from one place to another.被用来从一地到另一地运送毒品或违禁品的人。
Security officials in airports are finding an astounding number of people who are being used as mules.机场的安检人员发现数目十分庞大的旅客充当贩运私货的人。
271.organized crime ： 集团犯罪
A term used to describe underworld societies such as the Mafia who deal in crimes such as gambling, narcotics, and prostitution.黑手党之类的黑社会组织所进行的犯罪，如赌博、贩毒、卖淫等活动。This company is associated with an east-coast organized syndicate.这家公司同东海岸的一个犯罪集团有联系。
272.parole ： 假释
A conditional release of an offender from confinement before the expiration of his or her sentence.The offender is usually placed under the guidance of a parole officer.囚犯在服刑期满前有条件地释放出来，但必须置 于假释官的督导之下。The victim’s family is nervous that the offender is up for parole.受害者家属很紧张，因为罪犯即将获得假释。
273.penitentiary ： 监狱，劳改所
A maximum-security facility designed to detain prisoners serving long sentences.Lee is serving his sentence down at the penitentiary.李正在监狱服刑。
274.perjury ： 伪证
The crime of willingly giving false information while under oath.在法庭上立誓之后故意提供虚假证词的犯罪行为。
If you lie while you are under oath, you can be found guilty of perjury.如果立誓之后还撒谎，你可能被判伪证罪。
275.pickpocket ： 扒手
A thief who is skilled in stealing items from other people’s pockets.擅于从别人口袋里偷取物品的窃贼。
I had my wallet stolen by a pickpocket while I was on the subway.今天乘地铁时我的钱包让扒手偷了。
276.pilice brutality ： 警察暴力
The act of using excessive physical force by police or other law enforcement officers.警察或其他执法人员过多使用体罚的行为。
The infamous Rodney King beating in L.A.showed the public at how rampant police brutality is.发生在洛杉矶的不光彩的罗德尼·金毒打案向公众展示了警察暴行是多少猖狂。
277.police corruption ： 警察腐败
The misuse of police power in return for favors of gain.警察滥用权力以换取好处和利益。
The mayor is working to put an end to police corruption in this city.市长正致力于肃清本市的警察腐败。
278.pornoshop ： 色情商店
A shop or bookstore that sells pornographic materials.出售色情物品的商店。
The local pornshop has been shut down form selling materials to minors.当地的色情商店因向未成年人出售色情物品而被关闭。
279.prison break ： 越狱
An escape from prison involving violence by one or more prisoners.一个或多个囚犯使用暴力从监狱逃跑。
Two guards and two inmates were killed in a prison break in Texas, yesterday.昨天在得克萨斯州发生一起越狱案，两名卫兵和两名囚犯被杀死。
280.property crime ： 财产犯罪 Auto theft, burglary, larceny, etc.偷汽车、入室盗窃、偷盗等。
This section of town has been plagued with property crimes.这个城区的财产犯罪很猖獗。
291.serial killer ：系列命案的杀手，连环杀手
A murder who commits a series of killings, usually with distinct similarities in the murders.制造多起命案的凶手，其作案手段通常有明显相似之处。
Doesn't it seems a little inappropriate to put serial killers on trading cards.将系列命案的凶手印在商业卡片上是不是有些不合适？
292.sin tax ：罪孽税
Tax that is imposed on cigarettes, liquor, gambling, etc.对香烟、精、赌博等开征的税收。
Many people complain about the sin tax in Utah.许多人抱怨犹他州过高的罪孽税。
293.skid row ：贫民街，贫民窟
A rundown section of a city characterized by drunkards living on the street.城市的破旧区域，常见到许多酒鬼露宿街头。
After his divorce, Mike became a drunk down on skid row.离婚之后，迈克尔沦落为贫民街的酒鬼。
294.slush fund ：贿金
Money that is used to bribe public politicians and other influential officials 用来贿赂知名政客或其他有影响力的官员的资金。Lobbyists use slush fund to bribe public officials.院外集团的说客用贿金拉拢政府官员。
295.statutory rape ：法定强奸罪
Sexual intercourse with a female who has consented, but who is legally incapable of consent because she is underage.与未成年女子发生的性行为，虽经其本人同意，但法律规定其尚未成年，不具备表达同意意愿的能力。
What is the penalty for statutory rape? 对法定强奸罪的惩罚是什么？
296.suicide pact ：自杀合约
An agreement between two or more persons to commit suicide together.一起自杀的两者或多者之间的协定。
The whole high school was shocked at the news of the two classmates who killed themselves in a suicide pact.两个同班同学订立自杀合约并自杀身亡的消息使整个学校感到震惊。
297.suicide season ：自杀季节
The Christmas season when many lonely people feel isolated and take their own lives.指圣诞节期间，许多人孤独不堪而自杀。December is without question, the suicide season.十二月无疑是自杀季节。
298.tax evasion ：逃税
The illegal attempt by a taxpayer to avoid paying his or her taxes.纳税人企图逃避纳税的非法行为。
Bill was found guilty of tax evasion and owes the IRS over $60,000 in back taxes.比尔被判逃税罪，他现在仍欠国内收入局六万多美元的滞纳税金。
299.vandalism ：故意毁坏 The defacement or destruction of public or private property.损坏或破坏公私财产的行为。
Vandalism is a major problem in inner city schools.故意毁坏财物的的行为是市内学校的一个严重问题。
300.vice squad ：警察缉捕队
Plain clothes policeman who work undercover to detect crime.隐蔽调查犯罪的便衣警察。
Sean has been a member of the vice squad for nine years.西恩在缉捕队工作已经9年了。
301.vigilante ：治安维持会
A person or group who takes the responsibility of a law enforcement officer into their won hands.承担执法人员维持治安责任的个人和群体。
The subway vigilante in New York was in the media for weeks.纽约地铁治安维持会几周来受到了媒体的关注。
302.war crime ：战争犯罪
Crimes that violate the customs and laws of war.违犯战争法律和战争习惯的犯罪。
The retired officer was found guilty of war crimes when evidence was uncovered during a recent investigation.在最近的一次调查中发现的证据证明这位退休军官曾有战争犯罪。
303.white-collar crime ：白领犯罪
Crimes committed by persons in businesses including expense-account padding, stealing office supplies, price-fixing, product fraud, etc.公司职员的犯罪，包括虚报开支、偷盗办公用品、私定价格、产品欺诈等。
Businesses are losing millions of dollars, and products are more expensive due to white-collar crime.由于白领犯罪，企业界每年损失数百万美元，产品也因之更贵。
第二篇：美国时代周刊上的中国人物
创刊于1923年的美国《时代》周刊，如今是在全球都有重要影响的新闻周刊。它从一开始就以封面人物的创意而形成自己的特色。《谁在〈时代〉封面上？》一书的作者列努斯说得好：“那些经常出现在《时代》封面上的人物，必将被收入历史课本。”
本人花费大量时间搜集整理了此贴，虽然仍然有一些没有找到，但是相信已经可以说是网上此类帖子中最全的一个了，当然，欢迎大家补充，以期更加完善。
吴佩孚《时代》封面第一人
一个中国军阀的肖像，出现在1924年9月8日美国《时代》杂志的封面上。照片下面有两行说明： “GENERAL WU ”（吴将军）“Biggest man in China ”（中国最强者）
1924年《时代》上的张学良
从1927年以“上海征服者”形象首次登上《时代》封面，直到去世，蒋介石前后10次登上时代封面。这既是蒋介石个人命运的浮沉缩影，同时也是中国近现代史的浮沉缩影
1927年4月4日担任北伐军总司令的蒋介石第一次成了《时代》的封面人物，被选用的是一幅正面肖像速写。光头蒋介石表情冷峻，目光凌厉，有一种威慑的气势。封面下方只有简单说明——
GENERAL CHIANG KAI SHEK（蒋介石将军）
……rose out of the Sun-set（在孙陨落之后升起）
关于这个封面人物的介绍，小标题只用了一个词——征服者。
“基督将军”冯玉祥
继吴佩孚、蒋介石之后，冯玉祥成了《时代》封面上的第三位中国人物，时在1928年7月2日。
他站起来足有6英尺高。他不是纤弱的黄种人，而是个头魁梧、古铜色皮肤、很和蔼，《圣经》拿在手上或者放在口袋里的虔诚的基督徒。
阎锡山：“山西王”的起伏跌宕
1928年，中国政治舞台上的三巨头蒋介石、冯玉祥、阎锡山并排坐在一起，留下了现代史上一张重要的合影。
“山西王”阎锡山成了1930年中国政治舞台上的一位主角。1930年5月19日出版的《时代》，遂选择阎锡山作为封面人物。
蒋介石宋美龄“九一八”之际联袂亮相
1931年，“九一八”事变爆发，日本侵略中国的战争硝烟顿时弥漫整个东北。在这一背景下，1931年10月26日出版的《时代》，选择蒋介石和宋美龄夫妇作为这期杂志的封面人物。
在他们之前，10月12日，日本负责处理“九一八”事变的外相币原率先成为封面人物。
从1933年到1935年的3年间，有3个中国人物在《时代》封面上出现：1933年蒋介石、1934年溥仪、1935年汪精卫。
《时代》1933年12月11日封面：中国领导人蒋介石将军。
溥仪，寒冷中惨淡的皇帝梦
1934年3月初，在中国北方的长春，有一个人陶醉在美梦终于实现的兴奋之中。他就是末代皇帝溥仪，3月5日，溥仪出现在《时代》封面上：
“高度近视、戴着眼镜的溥仪将成为一个新的国家――大满洲帝国的皇帝。上周，这里叫满洲国，两年前则被称作满洲。”（《时代》，1934年3月5日）
1935年3月18日，汪精卫出现在《时代》封面上。
这一年，汪精卫任中华民国国民政府行政院院长兼外交部长，年届52岁，已是暮年。《时代》封面选用了汪精卫近期的一幅肖像素描，脸上虽透出干练，但神情略显疲惫。曾以风度翩翩而著称的汪精卫，传奇的丰采不复存在。
有意思的是，《时代》在描述汪精卫的政治经历时，他被比喻为鲸鱼的胡须――容易弯曲，也能予以反击。
蒋介石 从出拳到被拳击
1936年2月24日，蒋介石成为《时代》封面上的人物。不过，这一次，他是一组人物中的一个，报道的背景是新年伊始在中、蒙边界上爆发的苏、日军事冲突，而参与者还有支持苏联的蒙古、支持日本的“满洲国”。
于是，这一期的《时代》封面，用了这样一个简洁的概括：“东亚：苏维埃与帝国”；同时，封面图片中出现了几位人物：苏联的斯大林，日本的裕仁天皇，“满洲国”的溥仪，中国的蒋介石。
《时代》1936年11月9日封面：蒋介石将军。
新生活运动
1937年1月在《生活》杂志上出现的毛泽东。
1937年新年，《时代》照例一年一度评选封面人物，这一次，他们评选的1936年人物是辛普森夫人（Wallis War field Simpson）。然而，从对未来历史产生重要影响的角度来回顾当年，我们便会发现，在1937年年初亮相的人物中，真正具有世界意义和历史轰动效应的，显然不是《时代》封面上的这位身着黑色礼服、悠闲地坐在天幕之下的辛普森夫人，而是另有其人。这个人就是1937年1月在《生活》杂志出现的毛泽东。神秘的中共领袖、未来中国历史舞台上的一个主角，第一次在美国（也可能是在全世界）露出了庐山真面目。
《时代》1938年1月3日封面：蒋介石将军和夫人。伴随着1938年蒋介石宋美龄联袂成为《时代》人物的，是中国抗日战争的全面展开。
《时代》1942年6月1日封面：蒋介石。
武汉保卫战结束后，抗日战争由战略防御阶段转入战略相持阶段。蒋介石表示了继续抗战的决心，汪精卫等人则对抗战前途完全失望。1941年12月8日日军袭击珍珠港，太平洋战争爆发，美、英同时对日宣战。蒋介石积极开展外交活动，与美、英同盟，任中国战区最高统帅，得到了美国的物资和财政援助。1942年2月，日军进攻仰光，驻缅英军向中国战区统帅部求援。2月16日，中国政府派遣远征军入缅作战。与对抗战的顽强坚持相对应的，则是中国国际地位的逐渐提高。
这是发行于1941年6月16日的期刊，封面人物是陈诚，文字说明：重庆城的保卫者.这是1943年3月1日的宋美龄的封面。
下面小字大意：她和中国知道忍耐意味着什么。字面上的味道比较悲观。因为当时美英在太平洋战场上并没有占到便宜，欧洲战场也呈胶着状态，在这种情况下，中国的命运确实不乐观，而且日军有可能打通印缅，进攻云南，这对国民政府的最后大本营是严重的威胁。宋美龄在美国游说，争取美国更大的支持和对中国战场的了解。所以说，气氛十分紧张，中国只有忍耐。
宋子文曾想取代蒋介石
“通往胜利的路在峭壁之上”——在“中国的宋子文”的称谓下面，《时代》用了这样一句说明。
1944年12月18日，宋子文成了这一天出版的《时代》周刊的封面人物。两个星期前，他刚刚在重庆出任国民政府行政院的代院长。
封面选用的是一幅宋子文彩色标准肖像画。
1945年8月20日报道日本投降的《时代》封面。
1945年8月20日出版的《时代》，居然没有像通常一样安排一个封面人物，而是一幅图像：通体白底，中央一个太阳，红得如血，上面画上了一个浓黑的大叉子。强烈的视觉效果，明确地告诉读者一个不争的事实——以太阳旗为国旗的日本终于战败投降了！
《时代》1945年09月03日封面。八年抗战之后，和平正经受挑战。
1945年8月14日，日本政府照会美、英、苏、中四国政府，宣布接受《波茨坦公告》。8月15日，日本天皇裕仁以广播“终战诏书”的形式正式宣布日本无条件投降。9月2日，日本投降的签字仪式在停泊于日本东京湾的美国战列舰“密苏里号”上举行。9月9日，在南京陆军总部举行的中国战区受降仪式上，日本驻中国侵略军总司令冈村宁次代表日本大本营在投降书上签字，并交出他的随身佩刀，以表示侵华日军正式向中国缴械投降。至此，抗日战争胜利结束。抗战结束了，和平还是战争，成了摆在国共两党面前的首要问题，也是蒋介石迫切需要做出抉择的问题。
1947年5月26日 封面陈立夫
《时代》1948年12月06日封面。thehowitzerscouldnowbeheardinKansasCity——榴弹炮的声音，远在堪萨斯城也能听到。
1948年9月-11月的辽沈战役、11月6日开始的淮海战役，以及11月29日开始的平津战役，无论是已经结束还是正在进行之中，对蒋介石来说形势都不容乐观。
年2月7日，毛泽东第一次成为《时代》封面人物。
卢斯1945年10月重访中国，他要亲眼看看胜利后的中国——这也将是他的最后一次中国大陆行。他抵达重庆时，中共领袖毛泽东正在重庆与蒋介石举行谈判，此次重返中国，该是卢斯与《时代》中国封面人物最为集中的一次会面。最值得关注的应是他与毛泽东和周恩来的见面，几年后，随着中共取得胜利筹建中华人民共和国，1949年2月7日，毛泽东第一次成为《时代》封面人物。
吴国桢
这个封面很有意思，英文说明是：“Formosa''''''''s Wu“。时间是1950年8月7日。吴国桢，他担任过蒋介石的秘书，国民党中央宣传部长、外交部政务次长、汉口市长、重庆市长、上海市长，１９４９年后还当过“台湾省主席”，后被蒋赶下台（这好像是画面上一条龙欲吞掉台湾岛的由来）。
这是1951年6月18日的期刊，人物是周恩来，也是其第一次登上时代封面。标题是：共产主义者周恩来。不过下面的小字很有意思：美国的敌人也是中国的敌人。
《时代》首次介绍给西方人的周恩来，在政治上成了暴虐的统治者，在外交上成了听话的仆从，在经济上成了无能的领导者。《时代》对周恩来和新中国的“妖魔化”和“丑化”也许不难“理解”，因为当时美国的双脚正深陷朝鲜战争的泥潭中。
年12月11日的封面。标题是：红色中国的毛泽东。红色的基调和蝗虫明确体现着意识形态的含义
这一期是1954年3月10日,人物是周恩来。标题是:红色中国的周恩来。下面的小字是:一边参与战争,一边谈论和平。“Waging War and Talking Peace”。背景是一条张牙舞爪的龙被竹栅格开。
这是1955年的封面,人物是蒋介石,名字前面没有任何头衔。背景是一个国民党的士兵孤单的守望着大海,对岸是中华人民共和国的土地。蒋的脸上是无奈,还是失望?
这一期的人物是罗瑞卿大将,时间是1956年3月5日。标题是红色中国的警察头子罗瑞卿,因为罗时任公安部长。他身后的血色手印是不是在控诉他整人太多太狠呢?如果联想到当时社会上的三反五反运动,反右运动的话,这个手印应当是这个含义。
这是1959年10月12日的期刊,人物是刘少奇。左上角的文字是:红色中国的第一个十年,工作,清洗(如果是指政治运动的话),失望。从画面上看,刘的表情不轻松,背景是无数的蚂蚁,高举着红旗。
这是1958年12月1日的封面,人物是毛泽东。封面的右上角引用了拿破仑的一句话,我们经常把它译成:中国是一头睡狮,醒来后他将震惊世界。”
1960年8月8日。与格瓦拉、赫鲁晓夫同登封面。格瓦拉和他的古巴是本期《时代》杂志的中心。
这是1960年11月21日的期刊，封面是香港。从这幅画来看，香港在当时已经初具资本主义现代都市的规模和繁荣景象。
1962年11月30日。与印度总理尼赫鲁同登封面。1962年11月22日零时，中国军队遵照毛泽东的命令，在中印边界全线停火。
年9月13日。标题是：红色中国，狂妄的被孤立者。船头上的四个人物是毛泽东，刘少奇，周恩来和邓小平。一艘过分拥挤的大船，船舷上摞着补丁，船上热闹非凡，标语上写着打倒赫鲁晓夫，打倒资本主义；斯大林，列宁和赫鲁晓夫的画像被抬出来示众，船尾是中国的导弹，有人在上面以武力示威；有人从船上落水，水中有人拼命的往船上爬。。如果联想到当时的历史背景就不难理解这幅画要表达的意思。
1964年11月13日的封面，标题是周恩来受到苏联柯希金的欢迎
这是1965年2月26日的期刊，封面人物是外交部长陈毅。左上角写着：亚洲的敌人。
1966年9月9日。封面人物是国防部长林彪。右上角写着：中国人的噩梦。其后是一个二字，难道是一山二虎之意？
1967年1月13日。左上角写着：中国陷于混乱。众所周知，此时此刻，文化大革命正在神州大地风起云涌，这一期《时代》的内文标题则是《红色中国：舞蹈的蝎子》。
1969年6月13日。与布里兹涅夫、铁托、齐奥塞斯库、卡斯特罗等同登封面。本年3月，在珍宝岛爆发了震惊世界的中苏边境冲突，中苏关系由此急转直下，走向对抗。
这是1971年4月26日美国乒乓球运动员在长城的合影。这是中国展开乒乓外交，与美国接近的一个策略。
1971年11月8日，人物是周恩来。左上角写着：中国人来了。
《时代》的封面文章这样写道。从1949年到1971年，中国用了22年时间才重返联合国，最终“入会”却充满了戏剧性。
1972年2月6日的期刊，标题是：尼克松的“长征”。一个大大的“友”字，将整个封面分割为四个区域，主题凸显得相当明确。画面表现着尼克松与毛，周的见面，参观长城，以及观看中国的歌舞表演。
1975年2月3日，周恩来生前最后一次登上《时代》封面。从面部表情看十分的疲惫。标题是：中国在关注毛时代以后的发展（或者中国在关注比毛更远更多的东西）。
1999年6月7号标题：下一场冷战？
2003年5月5日。SARS的真相。
这张大概很多人网上都看过,在中国受到过抗议。
2005年6月27日。中国的新变革——小世界，大赌注。
美国《时代》周刊 2004 年4月18日发表了一年一度的“世界最具影响力的100人”名单，其中包括美国总统布什，并称其为激进的赌徒。中国国家主席胡锦涛、副总理吴仪和篮球明星姚明入选。据路透社报道，中国国家主席胡锦涛和副总理吴仪入选《时代》周刊“世界最具影响力的100人”名单中的“领袖组”。另外，现在休斯敦火箭队效力的姚明被列入“世界最具影响力的100人”的“偶像组”。
《时代》周刊“2006人物”封面 中国网民也是一大成员
第三篇：美国时代周刊比较中国改革开放前后
中国经济发展前后30年对比
项目
1949-1978 1979—2008
1979～2008
期 限
前30年
后30年
发展环境 一穷二白
系统的工业化现代化的国家
年均发展
16.90%
10%
最 高
20%以上
12%
最 低
9.8%
7%
世界平均
3%
3.20%
以上数据来于美国时代周刊
科技人员
绝对数量
相对数量
绝对数量
相对数量
世界第一
世界第一
已经减少
很 低
科学成就
原子弹
仅次于美俄
基本没变
氢 弹
仅次于美俄
基本没变
人造卫星
仅次于美俄
神六上天
70年代技术
核潜艇
仅次于美俄
略有发展
导 弹
仅次于美俄
略有发展
民族工业
中等发达国家
民族工业
几乎卖光或倒闭
科学成就
民族品牌
中等发达国家
民族品牌
几乎没有了
先进战斗机 中等发达国家
先进战斗机
略有发展
大飞机
仅次于美俄
大飞机
倒退（还要30年）
万吨巨轮
中等发达国家
万吨巨轮
略有发展
自主品牌汽车 中等发达国家
自主品牌汽车 几乎都是帖牌
各种机床
中等发达国家
各种机床
略有发展
世界领先技术
多 项
世界领先技术 几乎没有
国家资源
全部国有
国家资源
几乎卖光(包括银行)
农业育种 袁隆平水稻等
农业育种
略有发展
电子信息 中等发达国家
电子信息
略有发展
半导体工业世界先进行列
半导体工业
倒 退
社会环境
吸 毒
无
吸 毒
泛 滥
卖淫嫖娼
无
卖淫嫖娼
泛 滥
拐卖人口
无
拐卖人口
泛 滥
性 病
无
性 病
泛 滥
教 育
完全免费
教 育
老百姓上不起学
医 疗
完全免费
医 疗
老百姓看不起病
住 房
完全免费
住 房
老百姓住不起房
人口素质
绝对高
人口素质
相当低
人权状况
高
人权状况
相当低
民主状况 老百姓有话语权
民主状况
老百姓无话语权
国家综合环境
很高
国家综合环境
相当低
国家综合能力
很高
国家综合能力
很低
第四篇：时代周刊翻译
Statement of William H.Overholt1
Asia Policy Chair Director, Center for Asia Pacific Policy
The RAND Corporation Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review
Commission May 19, 2005 Summary China has transformed itself from the world’s greatest opponent of
Globalization and greatest disrupter of the global institutions we created, into a committed member of those institutions and advocate of globalization.It is now a far more open economy than Japan and it is globalizing its institutions to a degree not seen in a big country since Meiji Japan.Adoption of the rule of law, of commitment to competition, of widespread use of English, of foreign education, and of many foreign laws and institutions are not just updating Chinese institutions but transforming Chinese civilization.中国已经由以前世界上最大的全球化反对国和全球各机构的打扰者转变成全球化的提倡者和那些机构坚定的成员国之一。它现在是一个远比日本开放的经济体，并且正在使国内机构全球化，达到一个从日本明治时期就从未出现过的高度。采取法制手段，致力于竞争，广泛使用英语，实行国外教育和众多国外法律制度，这些不仅仅是在改革中国体制，而是在重塑中华文明。
All of China’s economic successes are associated with liberalization and globalization and each aspect of globalization has brought China further successes.Never in world history have so many workers improved their standards of living so rapidly.Thus popular support for globalization is greater than in Japan, where postwar recovery occurred in a highly managed economy, or with the former Soviet Union, where shock therapy traumatized society.In consequence, China has effectively become an ally of U.S.and Southeast Asian promotion of freer trade and investment than is acceptable to Japan, India and Brazil.中国所有经济上的成就都离不开自由化和全球化，而全球化的每个方面又为中国带来更多的成就。可以说在世界史上，从来没有这么多工人曾如此迅速地提高他们的生活水平。所以，对全球化的欢迎程度和拥护度高于日本，战后日本的经济复苏产生于高度管理的体制；或者和前苏联相比，那里动荡使社会元气大伤。于是，中国主动成为美国和东南亚的盟国，一起推动更加自由的贸易和投资，这些都超过了日本、印度和巴西的接受范围。The opinions and conclusions expressed in this testimony are the author’s alone and should not be interpreted as representing those of RAND or any of the sponsors of its research.This product is part of the RAND Corporation testimony series.RAND testimonies record testimony presented by RAND associates to federal, state, or local legislative committees;government-appointed commissions and panels;and private review and oversight bodies.The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world.RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Nonetheless, rapid Chinese globalization has required stressful adjustments.State enterprise employment has declined by 44 million.China has lost 25 million manufacturing jobs.125 car companies are expected to consolidate rapidly into 3 to 6.在这张证词中表述的观点和结论都是作者一家之言，不应该被理解为代表Rand或者这个研究的赞助商们。这个产品是Rand公司证词系列的一部分。Rand的证词记录了由Rand企业联合出示的证词，它分别呈递给联邦、州以及当地立法委员会，政府指定的佣金事务委员会，私人审查和监管单位。Rand法人是一个非营利研究组织，专门为面临挑战的全球公、私部门提供客观分析和有效解决方法。Rand的出版物不一定反映内部研究委托方和赞助者的观点。但是，中国快速发展的全球化过程要求紧张的调整。国有企业的就业人数下降了4400万。中国已经失去了2500制造业的工作，125家汽车公司将会快速合并成3-6家。
China’s globalization successes are profoundly influencing its neighbors.India has learned from China the advantages of a more open economy.Asians schooled in antipathy to foreign investment and Latin Americans with protectionist traditions are going to have to be more open to foreign investment and less dependent on loans in order to compete with China.This will transform third world strategies of development and create broader global opportunities for our companies.中国全球化成就正深远地影响着领国。印度从中国学习到一个更加开放经济体的优势。被培养成憎恶外国投资的亚洲人和有着地方保护主义传统的拉丁美人正学着必须更加开放地对待外国投资并且不依赖于借贷来和中国竞争。这将会转变第三世界发展的策略并为我们的公司提供更广阔的全球机会。
Contrary to early fears, China’s rise has stimulated neighbors’ trade and foreign investment rather than depriving them.Indeed China’s recent growth spurt revived Japan’s economy and saved key neighbors from recession, possibly averting a dangerous global downturn.和早前的害怕相反，中国崛起已经刺激而不是剥夺了邻国的贸易和外国投资。事实上中国近年来经济急剧增长使日本经济复苏并且拯救了主要邻国免于经济衰退，可以说避免了一场危险的全球经济衰退。
Chinese growth has brought American companies new markets.The flow of profits from China to the U.S.is as disproportionate as the flow of goods.Inexpensive products have substantially improved the living standards of poorer Americans.Inexpensive Chinese goods and Chinese financing of our deficit have kept U.S.inflation and interest rates down and prolonged our economic booms.At the same time, it has caused trade deficits and social adjustments.Chinese misappropriation of intellectual property creates losses for many of our companies.A manic construction and transportation boom has raised
global raw materials prices, to the great benefit of producers and a great cost to consumers.中国的经济增长也为美国公司带来了新的市场，从中国流向美国的利润也和货品一样不协调。廉价的商品在提高了美国下层的物质生活。廉价的中国商品和赤字，使美国保持通货膨胀率和利率的下降，使经济持续增长。同时，它也导致贸易赤字和社会调整。中国不合理的知识产权为我们的很多公司造成了损失。建设热和交通热使全球原材料价格上涨，使生产商受利并使消费者遭受损失。China’s success is one of the most important developments of modern history, but projecting from current growth to Chinese global dominance or threats to our way of life is just wrong.Unlike the old Soviet Union, reformist China does not seek to alter any other country’s way of life.Its economy faces world history’s most severe combination of banking, urbanization and employment challenges, and by 2020 a demographic squeeze that will have few workers supporting many dependents.The best outcome for us would be a China that is eventually like Japan, prosperous, winning in some sectors, losing in others.Signs that China is making rapid progress in that direction should be welcomed , not feared.中国的成功是现代史最重要的发展之一，但是从中国目前的发展就认为中国会统治全世界或者会为我们的生活方式造成威胁是完全错误的。不像之前的苏联，改革者中国并不寻求改变其他国家的生活方式。它的经济面临着世界史上最剧烈的结合----银行业、城市化和就业的挑战，并且在2020年以前，人口统计学上的拥挤将会使更少的工人支撑这么多的家庭。最好的结果就是---中国最终会像日本一样，繁荣，并在某些领域赢得一席之地，或输给别人。中国正在朝着那个方向飞速进步应该受到我们的欢迎而不是恐惧。
China and Globalization Before reform, China was the world’s most important opponent of globalization.It had an autarkic economy.It opposed the global economic order.It opposed the global political order and the major global institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank.It believed that global disorder was a good thing, and under Mao Zedong it actively promoted disorder throughout the world, including promotion of insurgencies in most of China’s neighbors, in much of Africa and Latin America, and even in our universities.Accompanying foreign policy disaffection was domestic cultural despair on a scale the world has seldom witnessed.In the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976, China’s students and others, under the guidance of Mao Zedong’s peasant chiliasm, humiliated a majority of senior government and party leaders, attacked the country’s major educational, social and political institutions, destroyed much of China’s cultural heritage, and in general tried to smash the country’s establishment.For two centuries Chinese had tried a range of ways – socialism, capitalism, empire, republic, warlords, religious fundamentalism, and others.All failed.Alienation was so severe that, along with students, much of the country accepted that the world economic and political order, and the Chinese economic and political order, were so stacked against them that any path to success had to start with destruction of the existing order.The Cultural Revolution was actually just one small episode in the problems that Chinese impoverishment and political division created for the world and specifically for us.Had China been prosperous and unified throughout the twentieth century, we would have had European War II rather than World War II and World War I would have been quite different.China would have been able to deter or defeat Japanese aggression.The cost of those conflicts to the U.S.would have been radically smaller because Pearl Harbor and much else would not have happened.We and the world, not to speak of a billion Chinese citizens, have paid a horrible price, over more than a century, for China’s weakness.The world needs a healthy China.Because of China’s successful globalization we no longer have such problems.China is no longer a vacuum that sucks the world’s great powers into gigantic conflicts.China no longer sponsors insurgencies in Southeast Asia and Africa and Latin America.China no longer seeks to undermine the global financial institutions.We obtain benefits from a China that supports stable capitalist democracy in Thailand and the Philippines;that joins the IMF, World Bank, and WTO;and that counsels its neighbors about the benefits of political stability, free trade, and free investment.From the beginning of the Cold War, it has been the central tenet of U.S.foreign policy that, if we could engage as much of the world as possible in successful economic growth, through domestic reform and what came later to be called globalization, we could stabilize Europe and Asia, win the Cold War, and create a stable global order.Our military protected this process, but from the Marshall Plan to our aid missions in Asia and Africa, the core long-run strategy of our country has been to engage the world and stabilize it by enmeshing other countries in a web of institutions and successful economic practices that constitute the kind of world we want.This strategy has proved to be one of the most successful geopolitical strategies in human history, so much so that it has entangled our former enemies as well as our allies in the web we wove.Throughout, it has stimulated many controversies, and occasional waves of fear in this country.Key industries, including especially textiles and shoes, have successively opposed liberal trade with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China and Latin America.We had a wave of panic over whether Japan was going to takeover all manufacturing and buy all our most important assets;after all, if they could triumph in steel, cars, and televisions, and buy Rockefeller Center, wasn’t everything in our economy at risk? Elsewhere，weren’t
we
sponsoring
horrible dictatorships by encouraging the development of Taiwan and South Korea? Each time, our fears have proved excessive, and each time our strategy triumphed.The results have been good for our security, good for our prosperity, good for political liberalization overseas, and good for the people of our trading partners.Our concerns about China are the same.China’s globalization
What we never expected from our strategy was that it would entice our former adversaries, including China, into our web of economic institutions and our commitment to geopolitical stability.Although joining late, China has joined the globalized system much more enthusiastically than Japan.China’s economy is much more open than Japan.China’s trade in 2004 was equal to 70% of its GDP, Japan’s to 24%.China received $60.6 billion of foreign direct investment in 2004, while Japan, with an economy several times larger and in a phase of restructuring that should have attracted disproportionate foreign investment, received only $20.1 billion.China’s globalization is not confined to opening the economy but more importantly to globalization of institutions.Here the development strategy of contemporary China bears a striking resemblance to that of early Meiji(mid-nineteenth century)Japan, when the Japanese government was sending missions around the world to choose for emulation the best foreign navy(Britain), the best foreign education system(Germany), and so forth.In the intervening century and a half, Japanese practice has become more inward-looking, while China has evolved from Qing defensiveness and Maoist peasant xenophobia to an assimilative cosmopolitanism.Today China is the country that sends missions throughout the world seeking best practice.It adapts not just foreign technology and foreign corporate management techniques but also a wide variety of foreign institutions and practices: international accounting standards;British, U.S.and Hong Kong securities laws;French military acquisition systems;a central bank structure modeled on the U.S.Federal Reserve Bank;Taiwan-style regulations for foreign portfolio investment;an economic development strategy adapted from South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan;and many others.Among the most important of these changes are the decision to adopt the Western concept of rule of law;adoption of competition as a centrally important economic practice;and adoption of English language as virtually a second language for the educated Chinese population.Today I can lecture in Peking University and interview senior officials in Beijing and Shanghai without a translator.Perhaps most importantly, China has sent its elite youth abroad for education in an exercise of internationalism comparable to the Romans turning over their children to the Greeks.Of course, such changes occur gradually;you can’t instantly introduce Western accounting or Western law in a country that starts with no professional accountants or lawyers.But the changes are startlingly fast compared with what other countries do.More importantly, these are not technical adaptations in the manner of the old dynastic efforts to pursue “Western technology, Chinese culture.” These are transformative processes that in cases like rule of law and promotion of competition repudiate core aspects of traditional Chinese civilization that go back for millennia.China is also experiencing globalization of tastes.The exposure of the Chinese population to foreign brands has been incorporating them into global culture.To take one example, I spent many months studying the Chinese car industry.One of the questions we were asked was whether China might develop indigenous car models in a closed-off market like that of South Korea in the 1970s and 1980s.What we discovered was that the Chinese people have been so much more exposed to global culture than South Koreans of a generation ago that no car could succeed in China unless it incorporated global designs and prestigious foreign technologies.Ten to thirty years ago,when South Korea was at a phase of car industry development more comparable to China today, one virtually never saw a European or American car on the road, and they are still very rare today.But in China the roads are packed with Volkswagens and Buicks.China has come to believe in globalization more than most third world countries and many first world countries.China’s successes have all coincided with “reform and opening,” that is, with globalization.In contrast, Japan’s and South Korea’s successes occurred in an era when, although they were globalizing, they employed far stricter controls on trade, foreign investment, and domestic economic activity than today’s China.Globalization has required extremely painful adjustments by China.Employment in the state enterprises has declined from 110 million at the end of 1995 to 66 million in March 2005.Those who think there has been a simple transfer of U.S.manufacturing jobs to China will be surprised to know that manufacturing jobs in China have declined from over 54 million in 1994 to under 30 million today.Even these striking numbers understate the adjustments China has had to accept due to greater competition and lately from WTO membership.For instance, while employment in the car industry has remained relatively constant, the number of car manufacturers is expected to decline from 125 at the peak to somewhere between three and six.Meanwhile, foreign joint ventures have come to dominate much of the market.It is hard to overstate the social adjustment Chinese are experiencing.But because China has been willing to accept such adjustments, no large country in human history has ever experienced such rapid improvements in living standards and working conditions.When reform began, workers in Shanghai all wore the same clothes, looked tired and listless, and seldom owned basic appliances like televisions or even watches.In the countryside malnutrition was widespread.Today Shanghai workers wear colorful clothes and look confident and energetic.Today the average Chinese family owns slightly more than one television.Malnutrition has
vanished.As
a
result，Chinese overwhelmingly support further globalization.
第五篇：《时代周刊》2012年美国十大教育事件
http://www.xiexiebang.com/ 《时代周刊》2012年美国十大教育事件
10.Go, Fight, Win: Texas Cheerleaders and the B-I-B-L-E
Don’t mess with the Bible in Texas.The cheerleaders at Kountze High School in East Texas took their words of encouragement to a whole new level when they wrote Bible verses on the banners that football players run through when taking the field.After the banners, with phrases like “And let us run with endurance the race God has set before us”(Hebrews 12:1)，caught the eye of the Wisconsin-based Freedom From Religion Foundation, the cheerleaders were told by the school district to keep God off of their signs.In response, the 15 cheerleaders and their parents sued the district, claiming the ban violated the students’ freedoms of religion and speech.“As students, we still have rights,” cheerleader Rebekah Richardson told the Associated Press.“As Christians, not only is it our right, but it’s our job.It’s our duty as Christians to share the word with other people, and that’s what we want to do。” After nationwide outcry on both sides of the debate, Governor Rick Perry intervened, saying the ban was “a great insult,” and a judge issued a temporary injunction that allowed the cheerleaders to use the banners for the rest of the season.No word yet on what will happen next season。
10、加油，战斗，胜利：德克萨斯和b-i-b-l-e(圣经)啦啦队
在德克萨斯州，不要乱用“圣经”。东德克萨斯州的孔茨高中的啦啦队队员，把圣经里的话当做鼓励奔跑在田径场上的足球运动员。当出现了类似这样的标语之后“让我们用耐力与上帝设在我们面前的比赛一同奔跑”(希伯来书12章1节)，这吸引了威斯康星州以宗教自由为基础的基金会的注意，随后该学区的啦啦队员被告知在标语中不要出现上帝。作为回应，该区的15个 啦啦队员和他们的父母状告该区，声称该禁令违反了学生宗教和言语自由。“作为学生，我们也有权利”，啦啦队员利百加理查森告诉美联社记者。“作为一个基督
徒，这不仅是我们的权利，它是我们的职责。基督徒与其他人分享这句话，是我们义不容辞的责任，这就是我们想要做的。双方在发生了令全国哗然的辩论之后，州 长瑞克·佩里干预，他说，这一禁令是“一个极大的侮辱，法庭颁发临时强制令，允许拉拉队在赛季余下的比赛中使用该标语。
9.The Rise of the Digital Textbook
“Over the next few years, textbooks should be obsolete,” Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said on Oct.2 in his remarks to the National Press Club.As tablet use both in and out of the classroom ticks upward, state governments, textbook publishers and tech companies are jumping on the digital textbook bandwagon.In January, Apple released the holy grail of education technology—slick, easy-to-navigate iPad textbooks that integrate video, photo and interactive graphics—and Amazon, Microsoft, Samsung and Google have all made advances into the industry as well.The benefits of digital textbooks are clear: they are more engaging, easy to customize and integrate with social networks, and can be updated more quickly than dead-tree books—and perhaps even save school districts money in the long run.But as cool as these new-age textbooks are, the hurdles to overcome are even bigger: many districts don’t have the money—or the mandates—to make digital books available to all students.(Voters in Idaho just defeated a ballot initiative that would have given every high-school teacher and student a laptop。)But those issues won’t be around forever.“The world is changing,” Duncan said.“This has to be where we go as a country。”
9、数字教科书的崛起
10月2日，在全国新闻俱乐部上教育部长阿恩·邓肯(Arne Duncan)说：“在未来的几年中，纸质的教科书应该被淘汰。”随着平板电脑使用在课堂内外使用的不断增多，州政府，http://www.xiexiebang.com/
http://www.xiexiebang.com/ 教科书出版商和科技公司都纷纷加入了数字教科书的行列。今年1月，苹果发布了教育技术的一大法宝------很容易浏览的，整合了视频，照片和交互式图像的iPad的教科书，并且亚马逊，微软，三星和谷歌公司都有所进展。数字教科书的好处是显而易见的：他们更吸引人，容易定制并且和社交网络整合，同时比纸质的书籍更新的速度更快，甚至从长远角度来讲它也节省了学校的资金。这些新时代的教科书很酷，但是要克服的障碍也更大：许多地区没有资金或者没有权利给每个学生提供电子图书。(爱达荷州的选民投票否决了给每一个高中老师和学生每人一台笔记本电脑的倡议。)“但是，这些问题不会永远存在，世界正在发生变化”，邓肯说，“这是我们一个国家必须要前进的方向。”
8.Harvard’s Cheating Scandal
“Students may not discuss the exam with others,” the directions explicitly stated at the top of the take-home final.But that didn’t stop some 125 students at Harvard University from allegedly doing just that, submitting answers on the final that were identical or what the school described as “too close for comfort。” While the Harvard scandal may have been the highest-profile cheating incident this year, it was hardly the only one.At the U.S.Air Force Academy, 78 cadets were suspected of cheating on a skills exam, while school administrators in El Paso, Texas, have been accused of orchestrating a scheme to prop up standardized test scores by keeping low-performing students from taking the tests.The incidents raised questions about high-stakes tests, the line between collaboration and cheating and the drive to succeed at any cost.And after 71 kids at New York City’s prestigious Stuyvesant High School were caught exchanging answers on state tests via text message, the school newspaper offered this insight: “For years, cheating has gone unchecked, creating a perverse set of incentives in which the benefits of cheating outweighed both the probability and magnitude of punishment。”
8、哈佛作弊丑闻
“学生不得与他人讨论考试”带回家的指导语在最上面明确规定。但是这并没有阻止约125名哈佛大学学生涉嫌这样做，提交最终答案相同或像学校形容的“距离过近，舒适。”虽然哈佛丑闻可能是今年最引人注目的作弊事件，但它绝不是唯一的。在美国空军德克萨斯州埃尔帕索学院，78名学员在技能考试中涉嫌作弊，而学校行政管理人员被指控策划了该方案：为了支持标准化考试的成绩，不让表现不佳的学生参加这个测试。这些事件把不计任何代价参加高风险的测试，合作与欺骗和对胜利的渴望这些问题提出疑问。71名纽约著名的史岱文森高中学生，在参加州考试时通过短信交换答案被抓住之后，学校的报纸提供这种见解：“多年来，作弊已经泛滥，创造出一个反常的激励，作弊的利益压倒了受惩罚的概率和力度。”
7.Shaming the For-Profit Colleges
After a two-year investigation of the for-profit higher education industry, the Senate’s Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee issued a report in July that condemned for-profits for delivering a poor-quality education for a monster price tag.The report said that the 30 for-profit colleges investigated, including DeVry, Kaplan and the University of Phoenix, misuse government funds, attract students with deceptive advertising and burden them with massive amounts of debt—some programs at for-profit schools cost as much as four times more than similar programs at non-profit schools—without providing graduates with good job prospects.And these schools do all of this on the backs of American taxpayers: In 2009-10 alone, for-profit colleges received $32 billion in federally backed student loans.But since Congress issued its scathing report, little has been done to reform for-profits.The Obama Administration’s “gainful employment” rule, which would stop awarding federal loans to for-profits whose students graduate with more debt than they
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7、耻辱的盈利为目的的学校
经过两年对盈利为目的的教育行业的调查，参议院的健康，教育，劳工和养老金委员会七月发布了一份报告，谴责的为了利益而提供质量低劣的教育。报告中说，被调查的30个盈利性高校，包括德锐，卡普兰和凤凰城大学，滥用政府资金，用欺骗性的广告吸引学生并且用大量的债务加重他们的负担--------在一些以盈利为目的的学校的项目花费高达非盈利学校相同项目的四倍以上的资金，同时没有给毕业生提供好的就业前景。所做的这些都是在美国纳税人身上：仅在2009年10月，盈利性高校，就获得了由联邦政府提供的价值32亿美元的抵押学生贷款。但是，由于国会发出了措辞严厉的报告，盈利性高校才完成小部分改革。奥巴马政府的“有报酬的就业”的条例，被定七月生效，这将停止授予联邦政府贷款给盈利为目的的学校的权利，这些学校的毕业生伴随着比他们能力范围内能偿还的还更多的债务。在此期间，一些盈利为目的的学校自愿地改革，例如凤凰城大学，已实施了三个星期，让学生思考后再报名参加非信贷投向课程。但对于大多数的盈利，除非国会采取行动，他们还是照常营业。
6.Bypassing No Child Left Behind
George W.Bush’s signature education-reform legislation marked its tenth anniversary this year.But Congress has never gotten around to reauthorizing or adjusting No Child Left Behind, which has been widely branded a failure as it punishes more and more schools for failing to make adequate progress toward the law’s goal of having 100% of students be proficient in math and reading by 2014.With no relief in sight from Capitol Hill, the Obama Administration in February began awarding waivers to states that adopt the Common Core curriculum standards, develop plans to overhaul their lowest-performing schools and implement teacher evaluations that take into account how students perform on standardized tests.To date, 34 states and the District of Columbia have received waivers, effectively ending the NCLB era of public education in the U.S。
6、解决不让一个孩子掉队
乔治·W·布什的签名教育改革立法，今年已经签署十周年。但国会从来没有解决或者重新授权不让一个孩子掉队的法案，它已经被打上了失败的烙印，因为它惩罚越来越多因为没有在2014年之前让100%的学生在数学和阅读上取得长足的进步这一目标的学校。眼下国会没有所改变，奥巴马政府在2月开始授予豁免权，各州制定共同的核心课程标准，修改表现最差的学校和教师的评价，以及到如何把学生的标准化考试按计划实施。至目前为止，34个州和哥伦比亚特区已收到豁免权，有效地结束了美国NCLB年代的公众教育。
5.The Ever-Worsening Student Loan Crisis
With average student debt this year climbing to an all-time high of $26,500, the issue took on new prominence when a study by the Pew Research Center found that—for the first time in history—nearly 20% of U.S.households have outstanding student loan debt.College debt, which had already outpaced credit card debt, topped $1 trillion this year—also a first.Many students and college administrators have started to question the bang that higher education delivers for all those bucks.In a poll sponsored by TIME and the Carnegie Corporation of New York this fall, 80% of U.S.adults surveyed said that at many colleges, the education students receive is not worth what they pay for it.And although President Obama started 2012 by issuing a plan to make college
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5、日益恶化的助学贷款危机
今年随着学生平均债务水平攀高至26500美元，这个问题了新的突出地位，皮尤研究中心的研究发现，在历史上首次，近20%的美国家庭拥有大量的学生贷款债务。高校债务第一次超过了信用卡债务高达一万亿美元。许多学生和高校管理者开始怀疑邦高等教育提供的这些钱。在一项今年秋季，时代杂志和纽约卡内基公司的民意调查中，80%被调查的美国成年人说，在许多高校，学生所接受的已经是没有什么值得他们付出的教育了。尽管美国总统奥巴马2012年启动了一个计划，使大学的费用更加透明，并降低一些借款人的每月还款的债务，但是多数还债人还是会在未来数年甚至几十年内感到痛苦。
4.UVA President Ousted—Then Reinstated
On June 10 the University of Virginia’s governing board shocked the campus community when it issued a short, cryptic statement announcing the resignation of the school’s popular president, Teresa Sullivan.In the statement, the head of the board, Rector Helen Dragas, thanked Sullivan for her service during her two years on the job, but noted, “In a rapidly changing and highly pressurized external environment in both health care and academia, we believe that the university needs to remain at the forefront of change。” In the two weeks that followed, a professor resigned in protest, the board’s vice-rector stepped down and students and faculty held rallies in support of Sullivan on campus.(Someone even spray-painted the world “GREED” on the columns of the school’s famed Rotunda building。)The chaos intensified, and speculation over what prompted Sullivan’s ouster swirled until June 26, when the board turned on its heels, voting unanimously to reinstate the president.“It’s time to bring the university family back together,” Dragas said。
4、弗吉尼亚理工大学校长被废除，现在已经恢复
6月10日弗吉尼亚州的大学管理委员会发出短促的，神秘的，震惊的校园的声明，受学生欢迎的校长邓丽君沙利文，宣布辞职。在声明中，董事会主席，校长海伦德拉加什，为沙利文在她的两年的工作时间内所做的表示感谢，但他指出，“在一个迅速变化和高压力的外部环境下，我们相信无论在医疗保健还是学术界，大学需要保持在变革的前沿。”在随后的两个星期中，教授辞职以示抗议，董事会的副校长下台，支持沙利文的学生和教师在校园中举行集会。甚至有人在学校的著名的圆形大厅上喷涂“贪婪”的世界。混乱加剧，大家猜测是什么促使沙利文下台，直到6月26日，当董事会回归正常之后后，投票一致决定，恢复校长。“是时候把学校大家庭带回来的时候了”德拉加什说。
3.Malala and the Fight for Girls’ Education Worldwide
Malala Yousafzai started blogging about the Taliban’s ban on girls’ education when she was just 11 years old, telling al-Jazeera in a 2010 interview, “If this new generation is not given pens, they will be given guns by terrorists。” At 14, she was shot—along with two of her classmates—by Taliban assailants on the girls’ way home from school in Pakistan’s Swat Valley.She survived the Oct.9 shooting, in which a bullet grazed her brain, and is now recovering at a hospital in Britain, where her fight for girls’ education continues.Some 32 million girls worldwide are denied access to education;in Pakistan some five million children do not go to school.A month after Yousafzai was shot, the Pakistani government announced that it will adopt new measure to get every child into school by the end of 2015.3、Malala 和世界范围内争取女童的教育
Malala Yousafzai 当她11岁的时候开始写关于塔利班禁止女孩的教育的博客，在2010
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http://www.xiexiebang.com/ 年的一次采访中她告诉半岛电视台，“如果没有给新一代年轻人笔，那么恐怖分子将给予他们枪。”14岁的她以及她的两个同学在巴基斯坦的斯瓦特山谷从学校回家的路上，被塔利班袭击者枪击。她在10月9日的枪击事件中幸存，其中一颗子弹擦过她的大脑，现在她在英国的一家医院中接受治疗，期间她仍然继续为女孩的教育抗争。全球约有32万女孩被剥夺了受教育的权利。在巴基斯坦有大约500万儿童没有去学校上学。在Yousafzai枪击事件发生一个月之后，巴基斯坦政府宣布到2015年底，将采取新的措施，让每一位儿童到学校上学。
2.Chicago Teachers Hit the Picket Lines
After 10 months of negotiations between the Chicago Teachers Union and city officials failed to yield a new contract, teachers took to the streets.More than 29,000 teachers and support staff walked out of classrooms in the nation’s third largest school district on Sept.10, leaving some 350,000 students idle.“After 15 years of a fixation on testing, closing schools and being poked in the eye by the mayor, teachers finally said, ‘enough was enough,’” Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, which is the parent organization
of the Chicago Teachers Union, told TIME.The strike lasted seven days, and the deal that was struck behind closed doors was viewed largely as a win for the unions.But the fight over teachers’ contacts is anything but over as the same issues debated in Chicago—evaluations, merit pay, tenure and length of the school day—are being hammered out nationwide.“What I think it’s done, more than anything, is change the conversation,” Weingarten said of the showdown in Chicago.“There had been this unholy alliance between some mayors, governors who are dealing with budget cut after budget cut and as a result not wanting to make public education a priority, combined with lots of these so-called reformers who simply want to tell teachers to do more with less, ignore their voice and then blame them when things don’t go how they think they should go。”
2、芝加哥教师冲击警戒线
芝加哥教师工会和市政府官员经过10个月的的谈判没有取得一份新的合约，教师们走上街头。9月10日在全国第三大的学校学区超过29,000名教师和支持人员走出教室的，造成约35万学生闲置。“15年来市长的眼中执着于测试，关闭学校和挑选教师，教师们最后说，“够了，受够了，”兰迪万家顿告诉时代杂志记者，他是美国教师联合会主席，该联合会是上级组织的芝加哥教师工会。罢工持续了七天，最后签署的协议被视为工会的胜利。但是教师们在芝加哥讨论着相同的问题——绩效工资，职位和学校工作日的长度——这被视为一个全国性的问题。“我认为它这样做，最重要的是，改变了对话的方式”魏因加滕说，“在芝加哥的罢工中”。“曾在一些市长，州长中有过一种罪恶的联盟，他们一再地削减预算，与此同时带来的结果是他们不想让公共教育有优先的权利，也有很多这样所谓的改革者，他们只是想告诉老师们少花钱多办事，忽视他们的声音，然后当一切没有朝着他们的预想发展的时候责备老师们。
1.Planet of the MOOCs
In the education world, 2012 could be called the year of the MOOC.The silly-sounding acronym, short for massive open online courses, covers a new breed of online classes that is shaking up the higher education world in ways that could be good for cash-strapped students.That’s because the classes are free and open to any student anywhere.MOOCs first made waves in the fall of 2011 when then-Stanford professor Sebastian Thrun—inspired
by the free video tutorials Salman Khan has been making for k-12 students—put his graduate-level artificial intelligence course online, opened it up to the public, and 160,000 people
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1、MOOCs(大规模的网络开放课程)的星球
在教育领域，2012年可以被称作大规模的网络开放课程之年。这种近似愚蠢而又冠冕堂皇的首字母缩写，大规模开放在线课程，它涵盖的是一个全新的，震动了高等教育界的，一种对于囊中羞涩的学生可能是个好的方式在线课程类型。这是因为这些课程对任何地方任何学生都是免费开放的。MOOCs于2011年秋天掀起了第一次波澜，当时的斯坦福大学教授塞巴斯蒂安·史朗灵感来自于萨尔曼·汗一直在为K-12学生做的免费的视频课程，教授把他的研究生水平的人工智能课程面向公众放在网上，超过190个国家和地区160,000人注册了免费课程。一月，史朗推出一家私人公司Udacity和十几门学生能依照自己的进度在网上完成的课程。类似的，由两个斯坦福大学计算机科学教授，四月推出的被称为Coursera网站，现在拥有近三十多个重点大学的合作伙伴，包括哥伦比亚大学，杜克和普林斯顿大学。在这个领域第三个重要角色，edX，于5月由美国麻省理工学院和哈佛大学联合推出。超过一百万学生已加入的MOOCs将带来什么长期的影响还很难说，但其学业完成率还很低。也许如果这些在线课程能帮助学生获得工作的话，那么它将会激发更多的学生完成这些课程。
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