语言和文化(英文毕业论文)

第一篇：语言和文化(英文毕业论文)

英语11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 Cultural Comparison of Animal Idioms in Chinese and English Culture

Abstract: Language and culture are like two wheels of our human beings.Language is a vehicle that helps record and interpret culture.And culture becomes alive by means of language.However, culture is not only unique to human, but also something concerning animals.As an essential part of the language and culture of a society, idioms are characterized by their concise expressions, rich and vivid.English and Chinese idioms carry the different national cultural characteristics and cultural information.In order to improve our intercultural communication competence, this paper will mainly analyze some idioms on dogs in terms of the Chinese and English religious influence, historical influence, geographical environment influence etc, and explore the possible reasons which can account for these differences.Key words: Animal idioms;dog;Chinese and English culture;difference;similarity

1.Introduction

Language is an indispensable carrier of culture.Culture finds a better representation through language use.Vocabulary, as one of the most important parts of a language, will surely reflect the multi-dimensional image of a society.Countries of different cultures attach various associative meanings to their vocabulary, which is especially obvious in animal terms.Because animals play a significant part in daily life, animal terms are closely related to their own culture, convey different cultural features and messages of their own nation, reflecting their own culture.In the long course of human history, animals, especially dogs, have been keeping a close relationship with human beings and also influencing their living and growth deeply.This relationship brings people all kinds of complex emotions such as fondness, sympathy, disgust and horror.Moreover, many animals have become a kind of symbolism in people’s thinking, and this symbolism is reflected in the language.Languages of all nations contain plenty of words and phrases connected to animals, so 英语11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 do English and Chinese.However, because of different history and culture, the connotations of animal words in one language do not parallel with those in another.Due to the cultural differences of geography, customs, historical allusion, religion and so on, such idioms embody the distinctive characteristics of national culture.And with the development of economy and science, globalization is a more and more obvious phenomenon.The relationship between countries is becoming closer and closer.In order to understand these idioms more clearly and make the international communication more effectively, it is useful and necessary to compare such idioms.The paper will make a comparative study of animals employed in English and Chinese idioms.2.Comparison of connotations of animal idioms in English and Chinese idioms(Take idioms on dogs for example)2.1 Similarities of connotations All humankind lives on the same planet.They have similar environment, psychology, and cognitive ability;therefore, both Chinese and English people nearly have the same knowledge of animals.As a result, they have the same or similar association and give the same cultural connotation to animal words.So it also applies to “dog”.In China, dog is defined as,“哺育动物，种类很多，嗅觉和听觉都很灵敏，毛有黄、白、黑等颜色。是一种家畜，有的可以训练成警犬，有的用来帮助打猎、牧羊等。” And in English, the definition of dog is," an animal with four legs and a tail, often kept as a pet or trained for work, for example, hunting or guarding building.” Judging from it, we can easily notice that Chinese and English have similar knowledge of dog.Meanwhile, both in Chinese and English culture,” dog” can be a negative or positive word.The examples are as followings:(1)He lives a dog’s life——他的日子过得很艰难(2)A lucky dog——幸运儿(3)狗嘴里吐不出象牙(4)犬子

2.2 Differences of connotations The majority of animal words carry different connotations, because of their 英语11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 different natural environment, customs, and society systems.Besides, English history is influenced more by Egypt and Roman, while Chinese history is much more independent.For example: In English: Iove me，love my dog：爱屋及乌 lucky dog：幸运儿

top dog：最重要的人物

every dog has its(his)day：凡人皆有得意 While in Chinese: 狗胆包天 狗急跳墙 狗屁不通 狗崽子

3.Possible Reasons of Differences between English and Chinese Animal Idioms

Every country has its own history and culture personality.So there is more dissimilarity between China and English-speaking countries then similarities between them.There are many sources responsible for these differences, such as natural surroundings, social conditions, religions, customs, psychological reactions, thinking styles, aesthetic standards, and national traits and so on.3.1.Historical Influence

China has experienced more than 2000 years feudal society, and agriculture played the most important role in nation’s economy while other counties already began their industrial age.There are more than 0.9 billion peasants in China;therefore Chinese have a close relationship with animals such as oxen, cows, sheep, silkworms, bee and so on.So we use silkworm as a metaphor to illustrate people who are hard working, while English-speakers don’t.For example:（1）Rain cats and dogs: it originates from Nordic mythology，in which dog symbolize wind.（2）狗咬吕洞宾：it originates from Chinese myth.英语11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 3.2.Religious Influence

Ancient Chinese believed in Buddhism, and most of the modern Chinese have no religious belief.However, most of the English people believe in Christianity.There are many religious stories that involve animals in both Taoism and Christianity.That’s why same animal referent may have quite different senses.For example: The dog return to his vomit(狗又呕吐了，比喻重犯旧日的罪行)

3.3.Geographical Environment Influence

The emergence of idioms is associated with the labor and life of people.English people and Chinese people live in quite different environments.The UK is located in the Western Hemisphere.Its seafaring and animal husbandry are well-developed.China is located in Eastern Asia, the west coast of Pacific Ocean.Its agriculture is well-developed.On account of these distinct differences, people in two countries have different attitudes to the same animal.For example, Chinese culture originated from agriculture.Ancient Chinese people depended on the ox for survival, so there were many idioms about “ox”, e.g.“孺子牛”, “力大如牛”, “强的像头牛”, “牛劲”.In our traditional culture, ox was a symbol of hard work.They always compared industrious people and those who bore hardship without complaint to ox.In history, past and present, many celebrities liken themselves to ox.Take Lu Xun for example.He had a famous sentence called “俯首甘为孺子牛”.But in English it’s hard to find corresponding vehicles.English culture originated from nomadic herding.In the eyes of English people, the horse was a strong and assiduous friend.Therefore, there were a considerable number of idioms about “horse”, e.g.“a willing horse”, “flog a dead horse”, “work like a horse”, “be on the high horse”.Horse was a symbol of hard-working.Owing to these, people sometimes used two different aniamls to express the same meaning.4.Conclusion English and Chinese are both rich in animal idioms, which reflect the culture of a country.In turn, animal idioms are influenced by culture at the same time.English 英语11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 and Chinese differ from each other greatly in language culture;geographical environment and emotional awareness, as a result, majority of animal words have different expression and culture connotation when used in different languages.Therefore, in the process of learning a foreign language or cross-cultural communication, we should pay attention to the words with ethnic or culture background.Only by grasping the national culture connotation can we truly grasp a language, so that to make it work for us as a communicative tool.Besides, connotative differences influence a lot in cross-culture communicate, so we need to update our concept so that to adapt to other people’s culture in order to have a successful communication.

第二篇：英语专业毕业论文语言与文化方向选题

英语专业毕业论文语言与文化方向选题大全

The Analysis on the Differences of Interpersonal Relationship between Eastern and Western People 东西方人际关系要素差异探析

On Values of Chinese from Perspective of Lexicon 从词汇角度读中国人的价值观

Research on Sino-Western Differences of Cooperative Principles 合作原则的中西方差异初探

The Comparison of Euphemism in Wording of Sino-Western Letters 中西书信用语的委婉语比较

How to avoid ambiguity in different culture 如何避免由文化差异造成的歧义

On the Influence of Network Vocabulary on Chinese Language 英语网络词汇对汉语的影响 The Cultural Connotation of English Etymology and the Teaching of English Vocabulary 英语词源的文化内涵与词汇教学

An Analysis of the Political Prejudice in VOA 《美国之音》的语汇与政治偏见分析 A Comparison Between News Report of BBC and VOA BBC 与VOA新闻报道之比较 English idioms—A Mirror Reflecting British Culture American culture Reflected in the Use of Words of American English Translation of Brand Names and their Cultural Associations On Cultural Differences of Body Language between English and Chinese A Comparative Study on Sexism in both English and Chinese Euphemism—Their Construction and Application Cultural Comparison in Idioms The Cultural Conflict in the Cross-Cultural Communication A Talk of Cultural Difference between China and the West On Language and Culture in Translation Family Education Differences between China and Western Countries The Effect of Context on the Meaning of Words A View on the Differences between Chinese and English Cultures with Regard to Taboos A View on the Differences between Chinese and English Cultures with Regard to Etiquette A View on the Similarities and Differences between Chinese and English Cultures in Terms of Proverbs Proverbs and Culture Exotic Cultures Influence on English Vocabulary The Differences Between Chinese and Western Cultures and English Education The Impact of Economic Globalization on World Culture The Cultural Effect Of Civilized English On English Writing 从现代汉语中的英语外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与处理 中国学生英语习得中的母语迁移现象 论影响跨文化沟通的主要因素 校园交际中的语码选择 唐诗英译中文化意象保留 英语教学中汉文化的参与和渗透

母语和第二语言阅读的文化差异与认知体系 英语写作中汉语干扰因素分析 中英文化交际差异对比 英语词汇与变化

类比在现代中英词汇中的应用 拟声理据的应用

词的理据与文化历史的关系 小说《喜福会》中的文化碰撞

广告语篇翻译中的跨文化交际 汉语的负迁移与英语学习

论中西文化的差异对中西餐饮业的影响 英汉词汇的社会文化内涵漫谈 美语口语中的俚语现象透析

汉英颜色词背后的文化 英汉习语文化差异探源

浅析英语委婉语

第三篇：毕业论文的语言

一、语言的含义和作用

语言是人类社会作为思维工具和交际工具来使用的一种意义结合的符合系统，是作者用来表现思想感情的材料和工具。所以，作为毕业论文形式方面的构成因素之一的语言是毕业论文赖以探讨或解决本学科某一基本问题的唯一工具。正如马克思所说的：“语言是思想的直接现实。”毕业论文写作尽管需要具备选题、取材、构思、技巧等多方面的能力，但这一切都必须也只能通过语言来体现，来完成。语言表达的水平直接影响论文的表现力和感染力。只有了解语言的特点，并且有比较丰富的语言储备，才能写好毕业论文。语言的表达效果，直接关系着论文的质量。因此，过好语言关，也是写好毕业论文的重要一环。

二、语言表达的基本要求

各类文章尽管文体不同，各具特点，但对语言表达的基本要求是共同的，这就是准确、简练、生动。毕业论文的语言表达同样要求做到简捷、明快、形象、生动、pb确、科学。

(一)语言要准确、科学

撰写毕业论文首先要求语言准确。准确就是要符合客观实际情况，做到没有差错。“准确”是从总体上要求语言讲求科学性和逻辑性，能准确地表达论文的内容和思想感情。论文中用词和造句必须恰如其分地反映事物的本来面貌，并能如实、砧切地表达作者的意图和思想感情。因此，要使语言准确无误必须做到如下几个方面；

1．用词要做到准确、无误，合乎事实。

词是语言的建筑材料，毕业论文的语言质量如何，与选词的准确程度关系极大。用词准确了，语言所表达的意思才能准确。

用词准确的主要途径有两个：

第一，要注意辨析词义，要仔细区别近义、同义词在含义上和用法上的细微差别。

我们在毕业论文的写作过程中，必须认真推敲每一个词，并在反复精选的基础上，使用最恰当的词语。汉语中的近义词、同义词很多，有些近义词粗看起来，意思区别不大，但若仔细地分析，就会发现含义完全不同。例如：

“才干”、“才华”、“才能”这三个词含义相近，却又有细微差别，它们都表示有较高的能力，但侧重点不同；“才干”着重指办事能力，“才华”着重指表现于外的才智和能力，“才能”不仅用于重要的实践活动，还用于思维活动。

第二，要注意区别词语的感情色彩，在选词、用词上注意掌握“分寸感”。

在汉语词汇中，除了很大一部分“中性词”以外，还有一些词语是能通过其特定的含义体现出鲜明、精妙的感情色彩的。例如：“他终于死了，享年十二”，“享年”是敬词，通常用于晚辈对长辈，这个词用在这里读来使人感到别扭。成年人—写小孩，是不该用这个词的。

要区别词语的感情色彩，首先要区别词的褒贬色彩。比如：“坚定”、“顽强”是褒义词，“固执”、“顽固”是贬义词。其次要分清语意的轻重。比如：“责备”、“责怪”、“指责”、“斥责”这几个词的语意，一个比一个重，使用的时候就要注意区分。

2．提取最精粹的词语。

写作的艺术就是提炼的艺术，若要使语言简练，最要紧的是尽量节约用字。少用字，同时还要把意思表达完善，就必须在写作时注意选择提取那些经过干锤百炼的最精粹的词语。这个提炼工作，一般可以从以下几个方面入手：

第一，节约用字。能少说一句话就少说一句，能少用一个字就少用一个。同样的内容，用很少的文字就可以表达出来，不仅节约用字，使语言更加简练，而且还会使文章避免平铺直叙，富有艺术魅力。例如，“资本主义国家商品的价格上涨得十分迅速”，就可以用“物价飞涨”来概括。

第二，删繁就简。把一切与表达主题不太相干的多余部分删去，特别是那些不必要的重复和解释。例如，“我每次读了《邓小平文选》以后，总不免要动手动笔写自己的心得、感受”，就可以用“每次读《邓小平文选》，我总要写心得”代替。再如，“社会主义国家要保持物价稳定，不能随意提高物价，也不能乱涨价。”这里“随意提高物价”和“乱涨价”是同一个意思，结果是同一个意思前后重复地说了两遍。另外，论文要达到语言简练，就不必在那些已被人们熟知的事实或事件上过分展开。例如：我们在论述“只有按照经济规律办事，我国经济才能得到发展”这个论题时，往往要从正反两个方面加以论述。但是由于我们是要论述“按照经济规律办事，我国经济才能得到发展。”因此，我们应该把重点放在分析50年代前期、中期注意了按经济规律办事，经济得到了稳步的发展360年代前期我们注意了按经济规律办事，经济得到了很快的恢复和发展，十一届三中全会以后我们又采取了一系列符合实际情况的政策和措施，经济又开始恢复并健康发展上。对于“大跃进”及“文化大革命时期”由于不按客观规律办事，甚至违背客观规律，经济建设受到严重挫折可以赂写，不必做过多介绍。只有这样才能做到观点鲜明、分析深刻、紧扣主题，避免枉费笔墨。

总之，我们这里强调语言要精练，是以能否清楚地表达思想为准。毕业论文该长则长，该短则短。从实际出发，在准确、全面、深刻地表达自己的观点和见解的基础上，力争做到语言简练。

(三)语言要生动形象

毕业论文在具备观点正确、鲜明，语言准确、简练的前提下，还要力求做到语言生动，让人读起来不枯燥乏味。“我们的最好的思想、最深厚的感情，只能被最美妙的语言表达出来。若是表达不出，谁能知道那思想与感情是怎样的好呢7”(老舍《关于文学的语言问题》)。可见要把论文写好，光语言准确、简练还不够，还要生动感人。

那么，究竟怎样才能够使毕业论文生动形象呢?

1．要使用形象化的语言。

学术论文的特点之一，是语言的抽象性。但是任何抽象的概念都来自具体的事实。如果我们在写作时，能把理论的概括同形象的描述恰当地结合起来，就会有助于深刻地揭示事物的本质，并使理论易于为人们理解和接受。例如，毛泽东同志在写“党八股”的罪状(之五)时，竞直接用“甲乙丙丁，开中药铺”来形象概括；写党内团结和同志间互助的必要性，则用“荷花虽好，还要绿叶扶持”等生动语言来形象说明，把深刻的道理写得明晓易懂，生动活泼。

2．用词要新。

我们在用词时，应当刻求新意，努力使语言新鲜、生动些。如果人云亦云，拾人牙慧，总是在老套子里打转，语言就不会生动。要不断挖掘和发现语词中新的含义、新的用法，即不断发现事物的新意，并给这些事物以最准确、贴切、新鲜的表现。例如：著名作家王蒙写“事实”；“事实就是宇宙，就像地球、华山、黄河、水、土、氢、氧、钛、铀一样，既不像想象的那样温柔，也不像想象的那么冷酷。”这一连串的比喻就比“铁一般的事实不容置辩”一类句子新鲜有趣得多。

3．要使用多样化的语言。

毕业论文的选词和造句，都要有适当的变化，切忌反复使用，这也是语言生动的一个重要条件。若能按照主题的需要把叙述、议论、设问、比喻、举例、解释等交叉起来使用，相错成文，这样，文章就会显得变化多，读起来有兴味。例如：毛泽东的《质问国民党》一文，语言活泼多变，生动引人，值得我们学习。“假如你们既没有什么对付日本久的‘蒙汁药’、‘定身法’，又没有和日本人订立默契，那就让我们正式告诉你们吧：你们不应该打边区，你们不可以打边区，‘鹬蚌相持，渔人得利’，‘螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后’，这两个故事，是有道理的。你们应该和我们一道去把日本占领的地方统一起来，把鬼子赶出去才是正经，何必急急忙忙地要来‘统一’这块巴掌大的地区呢?大好河山，沦于敌手，你们不急，你们不忙，而却急于进攻边区，忙于打倒共产党，可痛也夫，可耻也夫!”这里运用多变的语言，不仅庄谐并作，语态潇洒，而且雅俗结合，内容丰富，文章生动有趣。

4．要重修辞。

修辞的主要目的之一就是为了把文章写得生动活泼。在行文中，总是一种句式，缺乏变化，难免使语言平庸单调。应当学会根据文章体裁的持点和‘表现主题的需要，运用多种修辞手段，使句子的表现方式丰富多采，增加语言的生动性。用修辞和其他形式使句式富于变化的方法很多，诸如层递、反复、对照、拈连、叠字、倒装等等。另外，在论文中，如能把语言声调的乎仄、句式的长短、语气的缓急灵活地搭配起来，适当地交错使用，就可以产生一种节奏感，读来琅琅上口，抑扬顿挫，节奏鲜明，发挥出语言在形式上的强大表现力。还有如果我们运用一些排比、对偶等句式把语句搞得长短适度，大体相称，语言在音节的和谐上就又增加了一分美。

第四篇：英文毕业论文陈述句

sci 句型大全作者： 满大鹏

再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！英语学术论文常用句型 来源： 辛亮的日志 英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1.In this paper, we focus on the need for 2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review 1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body 1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section 1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract 1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in 15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1.Introduction Time 1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive 2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the 4.The development of...is explored 5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose 1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx 4.The scope of this research lies in 5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows: 8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10.The main objective of such a...system is to 11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13.In order to take advantage of their similarity 14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed 15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues 17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods 20.This illustration points out the need to specify 21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review 23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade 25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to 35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to 37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to 39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41.Emphasized the need to 42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46.Point out that the problem of 47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49.The approach taken by [] is 50.The system developed by [] consists 51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to 56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that 58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established 61.The...studies indicated that 62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question 63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question 70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed 73.The three prime issues can be summarized: 74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to 77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第五篇：毕业论文英文致谢

毕业论文致谢1 First of all, I would like to thank my mentor professor Xiang Ji During my pH.d., teacher Ji teach by precept and example，and let me learn a lot such as how to be a good man and learn the truth.In my doctoral thesis research in the face of a huge field, teacher Ji in the topic direction, the paper structure, thesis methods and other aspects are tirelessly inspired and guided by me, step by step in order to guide my progress.The years of my Ph.D.is the most memorable time in my life。Teacher Ji rigorous academic attitude and a strong spirit of innovation always infected me, urging me, encourage me, and it will benefit me all my life, along with me on the academic road of the future.Secondly，thank to Professor Jian Xia，School of architecture and urban planning of Suzhou University of science and technology, Xia teacher from the research materials and research methods, and many other aspects of my paper to provide a great help, So that my paper is possible to complete.I would like to thank Prof.Liu Zuyi of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their excellent guidance and review of my paper.I benefited a lot.I would like to thank Professor Jiang Chang of the School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, for giving me a great idea of my thesis.Their suggestions in the field of underground space are very enlightening for the paper.Their help made the paper go smoothly.Thanks to the Tsinghua University School of architecture professor Weimin Zhuang and Beijing University of Technology School of architecture and urban planning of professor Jian Dai on my thesis detailed review.Thanks to the China University of Mining and Technology School of mechanics and civil engineering professor Junwu Xia on my thesis guidance and comments.I would like to thank the senior engineer of Chen Jun, Jiangsu Provincial Planning and Design Institute, for his important help during my research.I would like to thank Professor Lian Si of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their valuable suggestions.Thanks to Professor Yingxin Zhu of the School of Architecture for my patience.I would like to thank the chief architect of Rongguo Hu of China Academy of Building Research for my important suggestion.Thanks Hui Wang Associate Professor, Jie Hong associate professor, teacher Chao Luo, teacher Chaochao Chu and Rui Ma, Jun Lan, Hao Wang, Jian Tong Zhao, Da Zhang, Dong Wang, Xinbin Liang, Jiaqi Zhu and other teachers, The discussion of the paper and the warm help.Thanks Huiyu Sun for helping me.Thanks Yang Yang for helping me.Thanks Yunmin Jiang for helping me.Finally I would like to thank my parents for many years of my training, and in my study and research with great encouragement and life of my spirit on the full support.致谢2

Thanks to my tutor Professor ChenFei , this paper was completed under the guidance of the tutor.Without the guidance, encouragement and financial support , the paper can not be successfully completed.I have fruitful results and deep feelings in the five years of successive postgraduate and doctoral programs of study.Tutor's excellent quality of behavior, rigorous attitude, the spirit of innovation, ability to grasp the overall situation and sweep down irresistibly from a commanding height, selfless work spirit for students to establish a model of a subtle role, this is also the most valuable wealth that tutors impart to students.In this regard, I would like to pay deep tribute to my tutor.Thanks to Professor Tian Zuzhi, he has been taking the utmost care it from selection of subject to completion of this thesis.Even in his busy schedule, Professor Tian also took time to read the article, and put forward many valuable comments and suggestions, so that the author benefited greatly.I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and respect to Professor Tian Zuzhi.Grateful to professor Li Aimin, associate professor Meng Deyuan, associate professor Liu Shanzeng, postdoctoral Qiu Bingjing for the guidance and help in the theoretical analysis and experimental research of the paper.Express heartfelt gratitude to the leadership and staff of Xuzhou five Ocean Science and Technology Ltd, which received great support in the design, manufacture and assembly process of the experimental platform , especially the Mr Deng Zhipeng, Mr Meng Zhigang , Mr Wu Hongzhi, Engineer Yue Fuliang and other workshop Masters.Thank you for the help and care given by the teachers, brothers and sisters in the laboratory and life.Thank you for the happy time they spent with me for five years.Thanks to my family for their care, understanding and support,their selfless dedication and silent hard work is the driving force and courage for me to move forward.In the coming days, I will repay them with all my heart with gratitude.I would like to offer my highest respect and sincere thanks to my family.Thank you for the relevant expert and scholar to review my thesis in their busy schedule, and put forward valuable guidance and suggestions.In this regard, I would like to express my deep gratitude to all the experts and scholars.致谢3 I would never have been able to successfully finish this Ph.D thesis without the guidance of my supervisor, and help from my friends as well as support from my family.First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof.Cao Yijun for his extensive guidance on my research work: from the topic of the thesis, experiments, to the writing of this thesis.His immense knowledge, rigorous attitude and tireless teaching greatly benefited me.I would like to thank him for the advice he provided on both research as well as life in general.Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank Liu Shaofang, professor of Public Foreign Languages at CMUT, who taught me how to write professional thesis in English and laid a good foundation for my doctoral degree.In addition, I am grateful to all teachers from School of Chemistry and Engineering at CUMT, for their help on scientific research methods.Last but not least, a special thanks to my family for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life.I would not be in the position where I am now without their love, encouragement and understanding.