第一篇：高尔夫球中英文词汇
高尔夫球中英文词汇1
Ace 一击入穴
Address 瞄球、击球准备。瞄准击球 Addressing the ball 瞄球站好位，准备击球。Advice 指导 against logy 加一杆賽 Against par 标准击球比赛
Albatross 双鹰；比标准杆少三杆。All stroke 全力挥棒
Angel golf 天使高尔夫球运动/小型高尔夫球运动
Anti-shank 免於斜飞球杆设计成可以消除以杆头跟部（插鞘）击球的可能 pado shot 轻击球, 打近球 Approach 击接近球, 接近球 Approach近距离切球切球上果岭。
Approach近距离切球，从球道上或粗草区切球上果岭。Apron 花道果岭周围修剪过的短草区
Apron 花道（果岭最入口处）球洞区四周草坡，草地四周下垂斜面。与果岭接界的草坡（草比球道草短，比果岭长）, 球穴周围草坡 Arc 飞行弧线
Arc 杆头弧线，挥杆时，杆头经过的轨道 Arms and shoulders 肩臂动作 Army 让分棒球
Arwy 计分杆数（前九洞的成绩取决於handleap）Atert 正确记号（比赛结束後记分员检查记分卡证明）Attest 证明, 成绩
Average golfer 一般水平选手 Away ball 开球离球洞最远的球。开球最先打的那个球。Away 离穴最远的球, 离穴最远而先击的球 Baby golf 小型高尔夫球赛 back sole 朝后杆头底部
back spin 逆飞球绕后转球（由于杆面不正造成）杆头击球低造成回旋球；用铁杆下击球反旋转的后旋 Back spin 下旋球（後旋球）Back Swing 上杆, 后挥杆
Back Tee 发球区（职业男选手比赛时）, 后方球座 Backspin 回旋球, 强后旋球
Baff 以球棒底端刮地击球, 以球棒底端刮地使球高飞 Baffy 4 四号球木头球棒 Baffy 5 5 号棒
Baffy 四号木杆坚固的木杆，已被淘汰，类似现代的3号或4号木杆。这是代替更早期的高飞球杆（baffing spoon），杆面斜角使得球道上的球可以飞高。balance point（球杆）平衡点
Balata 橡胶自然或合成化合物用以制造高水平高尔夫球的表面。它的软度与弹性的特质可以产生高旋转率，甚为巡回赛选手所偏爱 Ball above stance 球高于站位 Ball below the stance 球低于站位 Ball mark 球迹
Ball on down-slope 斜下坡球 Ball on up-slope 斜上坡球 Bang 扣击
Baseball grip 棒球式握棒法, 自然握棒法 Beach 沙土障碍 Bentgrass 常绿草 Bermuda grass 百慕大草 Best ball match :”最好的球”比赛 Best ball 最好的球 Birdie 博蒂或称为小鸟球某洞的成绩低于标准杆一杆 Birdie 小鸟球, 三击入穴 Bisk 每场让一击或几击 Bite 强后旋球 black shaft 碳纤维杆身 Black 碳纤维木杆
Blast 从沙坑打出球，沙坑爆发杆, 猛然大力击球 blind hole 盲洞（因地势遮掩而看不到）Blind nassau 两组分区赛
Bogey competition 标准击数与个人击数的比分赛
Bogey 标准分数, 标准击数, 超一击, 每洞的标准杆数, 超过标准杆数的一击 Bogie 柏忌某洞的成绩高于标准杆一杆 Bogie 标准击数 Bone 插进棒头的羊角 Borrow 击球略偏 Bottle golf 儿童高尔夫球 Brace up 紧握球棒 Brassie 2号球棒
Break-club 可能破坏球棒的障碍物 Bulger face 鼓式击球面 Bulk 大部分
Bunker 洞, 障碍, 把球打入洞内
Bunker 沙坑场地上一大片凹地，通常布满沙子，是一种障碍，沙障 Bye hole 无需再击穴 Bye 余穴 Caddie bag 球棒袋 Caddie Fee 杆弟费
Caddie 杆弟或球童。服务员 Caddy 杆弟或球童。服务员
Calkin’s handicap system 卡尔金式让分赛制 Calkin''s handicap system 卡尔金式差点比赛制 Callaway handicap system 卡罗韦差点制 Card 比分卡 Carpet “地毯”
Carried honor 优先开球权 Carry over 重赛
Carry 飞越/飞行距离这是指击球处与落地点的距离。当小白球被击出飞越水塘或沙坑，则称飞越障碍。Casual water 临时出现的水区 Casual Water 临时积水区
Casual water 临时积水区临时的雨水或者滴水系统积水，并不是一种障碍。Chief 1 1号木头球棒 Chin 切削击,近穴击 Chip in近击入穴
Chip shot 打出滚地球让球滚进球洞 Chip shot近穴击球, 切削击球
Chip 起扑击向果岭的高球，滚的距离比空中飞行的距离远。Chip 起扑这是低的带跑球，通常从果岭边击向旗杆洞口。Chipper 起扑杆球杆杆面较垂直用以从果岭边击出低的起扑球 Claim 抗议（比赛中对方违反规则所提出的意见）Clean 不切草皮的打法
Clean 直接击球（不伤及草地的击球方式）
Cleek 铁杆源自苏格兰的名词，用以描述铁杆，大约相等於现今的2号铁杆，虽然有些不同。亦包括了短铁杆，长铁杆，开球铁杆，与推杆铁杆。又称:短击铁头木棒, 4号木棒 Close lie 球停在硬地上
Close look at the swing 头眼神与挥杆动作协调一致 Close stance 预备姿势 Close 封闭式站姿 Closed 关闭面 Club face 棒头击球面 Club head 棒头 Club house 会馆 Club 球棒 Club 球杆 Cock 曲腕
Compact swing 挥棒动作小而有力 Compression 球的硬度 Control shot 控制击球方向 Cop 障碍顶部
Couch grass 茅草被认为是杂草，有长而蔓延的草根。横切球道障碍物 Course record 球场最佳记录 Course 高尔夫球场
Cross bunker 横跨的沙坑系指跨越球道的沙坑。Cross wind from left 利用左斜风击球 Cross wind from right 利用右斜风击球 Cup up 打高球 Cup 球穴, 球洞 Cuppy lie 打进洼地 Curling under 打左旋球
Cut shot 切击球击球的方式使得小白球顺时钟旋转产生由左飞向右的弯曲飞行。这可能是有计划的，也可能是个错误击球。Cut 入围错过入围指成绩不够好，通常在72洞的巡回赛，前36洞的成绩决定入围资格以进入最後两天的决赛
Dead 十分接近球洞点 Deck golf 甲板高尔夫球 Deuce 两杆入穴 Devot 球在小坑
Distance only 继续打出界的球 Ditch 沟 Ditch 球路沟渠
Divot 棒头削去的一块草皮
Divot 草皮断片球杆击球时削起的一片草皮。Divot 草皮断片这是於击球时被球杆削起的一片草皮 Divot 杆头削去草皮、草痕 Dog leg 狗腿形
Dogleg Hole 狗腿洞指球道在中途急剧改变方向，通常在开球的落点处改变方向。可能是左弯，也可能是右弯 Dogleg 狗腿洞高尔夫球洞，在抵达果岭之前，左右转弯改变方向。
Dormie 多米这是比洞赛用的名词，指某位选手领先的洞数与未赛洞数相等而胜利在握时 Dormie 领先穴数和剩余穴数相等 Dorwy 领先球洞剩余球洞相同 Dot 球面小色点
Double Bogey 双柏忌；高出标准杆二杆 Double bogie 双柏忌某洞高出标准杆两杆。Double duty iron 9号铁头球棒
Double Eagle 双鹰；美国用词，指某洞的成绩比标准杆低三杆。在英国则称为信天翁
Double Green 双洞果岭两个旗杆洞共用一个推杆果岭，通常两个球洞方向相反。这是早期的高球运动的遗风，当时击球是在同一个球道来回击球 Double home in one 再次一棒入穴 Down blow 向下击球 Down hill lie 球停在下坡上 Down Swing 下杆,向下挥杆 Down 落后击数, 输的穴数 Draw 左曲球击出的球，右手球手击球曲线柔和偏向左边，或者左手握杆型球手击球的线路柔和偏向右边。球运行的曲线没有左旋球那样剧烈。Draw 左曲球,异侧曲线球, 斜击球 Dribble putt 多次击球向穴 Drive 发球, 打远球, 打远赛 Driver 木头球杆
Driver 一号木杆通常在大多数球洞用一号木杆从球座开球。
Driver 一号木杆这种球杆有长的柄与较小角度的杆头用以从梯台开球以达到最大的距离 Driving contest 打远赛 Driving into wind 风中打远球 Driving iron 1号铁头球棒 Driving Range 练习场 Driving shot 木头球棒击球 Drop 抛球, 击球入穴 Dub 击球失误 Duff 漏击, 击球失误 Dynamite 厚棒头球棒
Eagle 老鹰某洞的成绩低于标准杆两杆。
Eagle 老鹰指某一洞的成绩低於标准杆两杆低於标准杆二杆 Eclectic competition 折衷比赛 Edge 果岭边缘 Eeclectic score 折衷分 Entrance fee 入场赛 Entry 申请 Even par 满击数 Even 总杆数平标准杆 Event 比赛项目 Evergreen 常绿草地 Explosion shot 爆发力击球 Extra hole 加赛穴 Face 球杆面
Fade 右偏球, 低曲球, 斜击球
Fade 右曲球击出的球，右手球手击球曲线柔和偏向右边，或者左手握杆型球手击球的线路柔和偏向左边。球运行的曲线没有右旋球那样剧烈。
Fairway wood 球道用的木杆
Fairway 球道位于球座和果岭之间经常除草的区域
Fairway 球道这是位於梯台与果岭间经常除草的区域，在球道边界有半粗草区即较长的草地或粗草区即不经修翦的草区。Fast green 快速滑球果岭 Fault in swing 错误挥杆动作
Feathery 羽毛制高尔夫球这是早期的高尔夫球以煮沸过的羽毛充塞在小皮囊里，很容易损耗，於1880年中期较便宜的古塔球发明之後便被淘汰了 Feature hole 特征穴 Feet and legs 腿脚动作
Fescue 牛毛草这是一种细叶深根的草种，在英伦三岛的滨海球场或石南地球场常见的草种，容易抗乾旱，提供果岭很理想的表面草皮 Finger grip 手指握棒法 Finish 完成任务
Fired egg lie 埋在沙土中的球 First nine 前九穴
Flag competition 击远比赛 Flag stick 旗杆
Flagstick 旗杆顶上系旗的一根细杆，放置在球洞洞杯中央，以表示果岭上球洞洞杯的位置。也称为pin。Flange sole 厚底铁头球棒 Flat course平坦球场 Flat lie 球停在平地上 Flat swing平面挥杆指上杆时球杆的位置比较水平而较不垂直，通常这种挥杆方式被视为错误的方法，不过有很多优秀选手也采平面挥杆，包括班．侯根 Flight 飞球距离 Fluff 击球失误 Fly ball 高飞球 Fog 苔草地
Follow through 随球动作, 前挥杆 Follow wind 顺风 Foozle 失误的一击 Fore caddie 前方服务员 Fore 躲开 Fore 躲开!
Fore 前方注意警告用语，用来提醒处于球飞行线路中的或者在打球球路上的任何人。Form 挥棒姿势
Forward press 前压, 击球前身体的前倾 Founder 球打入泥地
Fourball 四人球赛。系指一种比赛包括四个球员，两人一组，由每组的两位球员轮流打击同一个球。比赛之初每一组自行决定由哪一位击出第一个开球，之後的球洞由两人轮流开球 Fours 双打比赛, 参加双打者
Foursome 四人组系指一种比赛包括四个球员，两人一组，每位球员打击自己的球
Free drop 自由抛球从不可移动的障碍物抛球而不受罚，或依高尔夫规则所规定之情况进行自由抛球 Front nine 前九洞系指18洞球场的前九洞。後九洞则称为Back nine Front tee 前方球座 Full set 一掏球棒 Full shot 全力击球 Full swing 全力挥棒 Furrow 障碍平整后的痕迹 General rule 基本规则。Glass lunker 草地障碍物 Gloves 手套 Go 剩余穴数 Gobble 快击球入穴 Golf bag 高尔夫球袋 Golf ball 高尔夫球
Golf cart 高尔夫手推车, 高尔夫机动车 Golf club 高尔夫球棒,高尔夫球俱乐部 Golf course 高尔夫球场 Golf dom 高尔夫球界 Golf links 高尔夫球场
Golf 高尔夫球, 高尔夫运动, 打高尔夫球 Golfer driving 球员挥棒击球 Golfer 高尔夫手/运动员 Golfing 高尔夫运动, 打高尔夫球 Goose neck 棒颈 Graphite(Carbon fibre)石墨（碳纤）由碳纤物质所层层结合产生极为坚强但重量很轻的材质是制造高尔夫球杆柄的理想材料，也渐用於杆头的制造 Grass bunker 绿草洼地 Grassed 棒头击球面微向后斜的 Green fee 果岭费 Green keeper 果岭管理者 Green some 一球比赛
Green 果岭经过紧密割草，特别光滑，推杆用的草地。当中挖有一个球洞。
Green 果岭。经过紧密割草、特别准备用为推杆用的草地，当中挖有一个球洞。果岭与球道由边缘地区分开，果岭边缘的草比果岭长但比球道短。原先“Green”系指整个球场，因此一个“三果岭”巡回赛系指一个选手在三个球场击球
Grip 握把
Grooved swing 正确的挥棒动作 Gross 实得分, 总分, 总击数 Gross 总杆 Ground 棒头触地
Grounding 触地球杆底部接触球后面的地，准备击球。Guiding post 标志杆
Guttie 古塔球这是1848年发明的高尔夫球，由古塔波胶制成，这是一种由马来西亚的橡胶树种的乳液所制成的橡皮似的物质。Half a match平局
Half a stroke 每隔一球让一击 Half one 每隔一穴让一球 Half round 半场 Half set 半套球棒 Half 半场
Halve a match 打成平手 Halve 同分, 击数相同 Halved match 同分赛
Hand and wrist action 手腕动作 Hand down 手向下移 Handicap 差点
Handicap 差点从一个球员的总杆数中减分，以抵消技术优势，从而使不同级别的球员能够公平竞争。Hanging ball 停在斜坡上的球 Hazard 球路障碍
Hazard 障碍用来表示球道上沙障（沙坑）或水障区的术语。Hazards 障碍 Head still 头部不动 Head 杆头
Heel down 足踵落地 Heel 以棒头根部击球失误 High handicap 多让分
Hit through 挥棒余势,随球动作 Hitting area 击球区, 击球位置
Hole down 净负洞数（分洞比赛时所输的球洞数 Hole down 净负分数 Hole in one 一杆进洞 Hole in one 一击入穴 Hole match 每穴决定胜负 Hole out 向穴内击球 Hole up 敬胜穴数
Hole 球洞,一般系指梯台与果岭间的整个区域，但也可指在果岭上标准直径41/4英寸（108厘米）的特定目标区 Hole 球穴, 得分, 球洞 Home course 主方赛场, 本场
Home link 主方赛场, 自己所属俱乐部的球场 Home 第18穴, 最后一穴 Honor 优先发球者
Honor 优先发球者在前一球洞中得分最低者获得的从球座先开球的优先权。Honor 优先击球权
Honorable member 荣誉会员 Hook spinning 左曲线击球
Hook 左曲球,指击球极端弯向左方，是由反时钟方向的旋转所造成，或是有计划性，或是出於疏忽 Hook 左曲线球, 斜击球
Hook 左旋球指右手型球员击球极端偏向左方或者左手握杆型球员击球极端偏向右方，其偏离程度甚于左曲球。Hose, hosel 铁头插座
Hosel 插鞘系指铁杆杆头的插座用以连结铁杆杆头与铁柄 House caddie 场地服务员 Hummock 草皮小丘 Impact face 击球面 Impact 击球的瞬间 In 後九洞,后九穴 In-course 后九穴, 后半场 Indoor golf 室内高尔夫球 Indoor 室内
Inland course 内地球场 Inland course 内地球场
Inside out 由内侧向外侧挥杆, 内转外挥短棒 Intentional slice 定向曲线球 Interlocking grip 连锁握棒法 In-to-out 内向外挥杆 Invitation warch 邀请赛
Iron club 铁杆﹝比赛时所有球杆不能超过14支﹞, 铁头球棒 Iron slot 铁头球棒击球 Iron 铁杆, 铁头短球棒, Jerk 猛击（用力击球）
Jerking 猛击球。用杆柄及头部连接处击球 Jigger 10号铁杆或11号铁杆,铁头球棒 Just middle 正中球心
Ace 一击入穴
Address 瞄球、击球准备。瞄准击球
Address 瞄球，击球准备动作
Addressing the ball 瞄球 站好位，准备击球。
Advice 对别人的打法或其他技术上的事项提出建议
Advice 指导
Again 重新击球，Play again 的缩写
Against logy 加一杆赛
Against par 标准击杆赛，以规定击球次数作对象，来决定胜负。各球洞规定“击球次数”和“实际击球次数”之比，得胜球洞越多越好
Against par 标准击球比赛
Against wind 逆风、顶风
Albatross 双鹰；比标准杆少三杆。
Albtross 双鹰，比标准杆少三杆
All stroke 全力挥棒
Angel golf 天使高尔夫球运动/小型高尔夫球运动
Anti-shank 免於斜飞 球杆设计成可以消除以杆头跟部（插鞘）击球的可能
Approach近距离切球，从球道上或粗草区切球上果岭。
Approach近距离切球，即在果岭附近要把球打上果岭
Approach近距离切球 切球上果岭。
Approach 击接近球, 接近球
Approach cleek 轻击球杆，铁杆的一种，作推球进洞之用
Approach part 轻击区推杆，使球靠近小旗竿的长推杆
Approach shot 轻击球, 打近球
Approve 比赛结束之署名
Apron 花道（果岭最入口处）球洞区四周草坡，草地四周下垂斜面。与果岭接界的草坡（草比球道草短，比果岭长）, 球穴周围草坡;
Apron 球洞四周草坡，草地四周下垂斜面
Apron 花道 果岭周围修剪过的短草区
Arc 杆头弧线，挥杆时，杆头经过的轨道
Arc 飞行弧线
Arms and shoulders 肩臂动作
Army 让分棒球
Arwy 计分杆数（前九洞的成绩取决於handleap）
Atert 正确记号（比赛结束後记分员检查记分卡证明）
Atert 正确记号（比赛结束后记分员检查记分卡证明“无误”）
Attend 陪伴（杆弟陪伴之意）
Attest 证明, 成绩
Average golfer 球技中等者（差点15～20者）
Average golfer 一般水平选手
Away 离穴最远的球, 离穴最远而先击的球;
Away ball 开球 离球洞最远的球。开球最先打的那个球。
Baby golf 小型高尔夫球赛
Back朝后；向后；背部；后9洞，“走后门”推杆（球从球洞后沿进洞）
Back door“走后门”推杆（球从球洞后沿进洞）Back luck球运欠佳
Back nine后9洞
Back side18洞球场的后9洞
Back sole朝后杆头底部
back sole 朝后杆头底部
Back spin逆飞球绕后转球（由于杆面不正造成）；杆头击球低造成回旋球；用铁杆下击球反旋转的后旋
back spin 逆飞球绕后转球（由于杆面不正造成）杆头击球低造成回旋球；用铁杆下击球反旋转的后旋
Back spin 下旋球（後旋球）
Back stroke上挥
Back swing后挥杆；上挥；上杆
Back Swing 上杆, 后挥杆
Back tee后方球座；正式比赛使用开球区，后方发球区
Back Tee 发球区（职业男选手比赛时）, 后方球座
Back weight杆头背面加重
Backspin 回旋球, 强后旋球
Bad weather坏天气
Baff 以球棒底端刮地击球, 以球棒底端刮地使球高飞;
Baffing-spoon杆身最短，杆面倾角最大的木杆
Baffy 四号木杆 坚固的木杆
Baffy 4 四号球木头球棒
Baffy 5 5 号棒
Baffy4号或5号木杆（杆面相当窄），已被淘汰，类似现代的3号或4号木杆。这是代替更早期的高飞球杆（baffing spoon），杆面斜角使得球道上的球可以飞高。Bag球杆袋；球具包；球包
bag 球袋
Bag boy球包拖车
Bag stand球包支架
Bail out近距离击球
Balance平衡
balance point（球杆）平衡点
Balata树胶；制造高尔夫球表面的自然或合成化合
Balata 橡胶 自然或合成化合物用以制造高水平高尔夫球的表面。它的软度与弹性的特质可以产生高旋转率，甚为巡回赛选手所偏爱
Ball above stance 球高于站位
Ball below the stance 球低于站位
Ball mark 球迹
Ball on down-slope 斜下坡球
Ball on up-slope 斜上坡球
Bang 扣击
Baseball grip 棒球式握棒法, 自然握棒法
Beach 沙土障碍
Bentgrass 常绿草
Bermuda grass 百慕大草
Best ball 最好的球
Best ball match :”最好的球”比赛
Birdie 博蒂或称为小鸟球 某洞的成绩低于标准杆一杆
Birdie 小鸟球, 三击入穴
birdie 低于标准杆一杆
Bisk 每场让一击或几击
Bite 强后旋球
Black 碳纤维木杆
black shaft 碳纤维杆身
Blast 从沙坑打出球，沙坑爆发杆, 猛然大力击球
blind hole 盲洞（因地势遮掩而看不到）
Blind nassau 两组分区赛
Bogey 标准分数, 标准击数, 超一击, 每洞的标准杆数, 超过标准杆数的一击;
bogey 高于标准杆一杆
Bogey competition 标准击数与个人击数的比分赛
Bogie 标准击数
Bogie 柏忌 某洞的成绩高于标准杆一杆
Bone 插进棒头的羊角
Borrow 击球略偏
Bottle golf 儿童高尔夫球
Brace up 紧握球棒
Brassie 2号球棒
Break-club 可能破坏球棒的障碍物
Bulger face 鼓式击球面
Bulk 大部分
Bunker 沙坑 场地上一大片凹地，通常布满沙子，是一种障碍，沙障
Bunker 洞, 障碍, 把球打入洞内
bunker 沙坑
Bye 余穴
Bye hole 无需再击穴
Caddie 杆弟或球童。服务员
Caddie bag 球杆袋
Caddie bag 球棒袋
Caddie cart 球童运球具袋的手拉小车
Caddie fee 球童费
Caddie Fee 杆弟费
Caddie master 球童长，球童主管
Caddie(Caddy)球童
Caddie-girl 女球童
Caddy 杆弟或球童。服务员
Caddy training 球童培训
Calkin’s handicap syste 卡尔金式差点比赛制
Calkin’s handicap system 卡尔金式让分赛制
Calkin's handicap system 卡尔金式差点比赛制
Callaway handicap system 卡罗韦差点制
Callaway handicap system 卡罗韦差点制
Canada Cap 加拿大杯（世界杯的前身）
Captain 队长，领队
Car 四轮球车
Carbon 碳纤维
Card 记分卡
Card 比分卡
Career 比赛生涯
Career earning 终生奖金总额
Career highlights 运动生涯杰出表现
Career largest paycheck 运动生涯中所获奖金额最大的支票
Career money 终生奖金总额
Carpet “地毯”
Carried honor 优先开球权
Carry 飞越/飞行距离;这是指击球处与落地点的距离。当小白球被击出飞越水塘或沙坑，则称飞越障碍。
Carry over 重赛
Casual water 临时出现的水区
Casual water 临时积水区 临时的雨水或者滴水系统积水，并不是一种障碍。
Casual Water 临时积水区
Chief 1 1号木头球棒
Chin 切削击,近穴击
Chip 起扑 击向果岭的高球，滚的距离比空中飞行的距离远。
Chip 起扑 这是低的带跑球，通常从果岭边击向旗杆洞口。
Chip in近击入穴
Chip shot 打出滚地球让球滚进球洞
Chip shot近穴击球, 切削击球
Chipper 起扑杆 球杆杆面较垂直用以从果岭边击出低的起扑球
Claim 抗议（比赛中对方违反规则所提出的意见）Clean 直接击球（不伤及草地的击球方式）
Clean 不切草皮的打法
Cleek 铁杆 源自苏格兰的名词，用以描述铁杆，大约相等於现今的2号铁杆，虽然有些不同。亦包括了短铁杆，长铁杆，开球铁杆，与推杆铁杆。又称:短击铁头木棒, 4号木棒;
Close 封闭式站姿
Close lie 球停在硬地上
Close look at the swing 头眼神与挥杆动作协调一致
Close stance 预备姿势
Closed 关闭面
Club 球棒
Club face 棒头击球面
Club head 棒头
Club house 会馆
Cock 曲腕
Compact swing 挥棒动作小而有力
Compression 球的硬度
Control shot 控制击球方向
Cop 障碍顶部
Couch grass 茅草 被认为是杂草，有长而蔓延的草根。横切球道障碍物
Course 高尔夫球场
course 进场
Course record 球场最佳记录
Cross bunker 横跨的沙坑 系指跨越球道的沙坑。
Cross wind from left 利用左斜风击球
Cross wind from right 利用右斜风击球
Cup 球穴, 球洞
Cup up 打高球
Cuppy lie 打进洼地
Curling under 打左旋球
Cut 入围 错过入围指成绩不够好，通常在72洞的巡回赛，前36洞的成绩决定入围资格以进入最後两天的决赛
Cut shot 切击球 击球的方式使得小白球顺时钟旋转产生由左飞向右的弯曲飞行。这可能是有计划的，也可能是个错误击球。
Dead 十分接近球洞点
Deck golf 甲板高尔夫球
Deuce 两杆入穴
Devot 球在小坑
Distance only 继续打出界的球
Ditch 球路沟渠
Ditch 沟
Divot 杆头削去草皮、草痕
Divot 草皮断片 这是於击球时被球杆削起的一片草皮
Divot 草皮断片 球杆击球时削起的一片草皮。
Dog leg 狗腿形
Dogleg 狗腿洞 高尔夫球洞，在抵达果岭之前，左右转弯改变方向。
Dogleg Hole 狗腿洞 指球道在中途急剧改变方向，通常在开球的落点处改变方向。可能是左弯，也可能是右弯
Dormie 领先穴数和剩余穴数相等
Dormie 多米 这是比洞赛用的名词，指某位选手领先的洞数与未赛洞数相等而胜利在握时 Dorwy 领先球洞剩余球洞相同
Dot 球面小色点
Double Bogey 双柏忌；高出标准杆二杆
double bogey 高于标准杆两杆
Double bogie 双柏忌 某洞高出标准杆两杆。
Double duty iron 9号铁头球棒
Double Eagle 双鹰； 美国用词，指某洞的成绩比标准杆低三杆。在英国则称为信天翁
Double Green 双洞果岭 两个旗杆洞共用一个推杆果岭，通常两个球洞方向相反。这是早期的高球运动的遗风，当时击球是在同一个球道来回击球
Double home in one 再次一棒入穴
Down 落后击数, 输的穴数
Down blow 向下击球
Down hill lie 球停在下坡上
Down Swing 下杆,向下挥杆
Draw 左曲球 击出的球，右手球手击球曲线柔和偏向左边，或者左手握杆型球手击球的线路柔和偏向右边。球运行的曲线没有左旋球那样剧烈。
Draw 左曲球,异侧曲线球, 斜击球
Dribble putt 多次击球向穴
Drive 发球, 打远球, 打远赛
Driver 一号木杆 这种球杆有长的柄与较小角度的杆头用以从梯台开球以达到最大的距离
Driver 一号木杆 通常在大多数球洞用一号木杆从球座开球。
Driver 木头球杆
Driving contest 打远赛
Driving into wind 风中打远球
Driving iron 1号铁头球棒
Driving Range 练习场
Driving shot 木头球棒击球
Drop 抛球, 击球入穴
Dub 击球失误
Duff 漏击, 击球失误
Dynamite 厚棒头球棒
Eagle 老鹰 指某一洞的成绩低於标准杆两杆低於标准杆二杆
Eagle 老鹰 某洞的成绩低于标准杆两杆。
eagle 低于标准杆两杆
Eclectic competition 折衷比赛
Edge 果岭边缘
Eeclectic score 折衷分
Entrance fee 入场赛
Entry 申请
Even 总杆数平标准杆
Even par 满击数
even par平标准杆
Event 比赛项目
Evergreen 常绿草地
Explosion shot 爆发力击球
Extra hole 加赛穴 Face 球杆面
Fade 右曲球 击出的球，右手球手击球曲线柔和偏向右边，或者左手握杆型球手击球的线路柔和偏向左边。球运行的曲线没有右旋球那样剧烈。
Fade 右偏球, 低曲球, 斜击球
Fairway 球道 这是位於梯台与果岭间经常除草的区域，在球道边界有半粗草区即较长的草地或粗草区即不经修翦的草区。
Fairway 球道 位于球座和果岭之间经常除草的区域
fairway 球道
Fairway wood 球道用的木杆
Fast green 快速滑球果岭
Fault in swing 错误挥杆动作
Feathery 羽毛制高尔夫球 这是早期的高尔夫球以煮沸过的羽毛充塞在小皮囊里，很容易损耗，於1880年中期较便宜的古塔球发明之後便被淘汰了
Feature hole 特征穴
Feet and legs 腿脚动作
Fescue 牛毛草 这是一种细叶深根的草种，在英伦三岛的滨海球场或石南地球场常见的草种，容易抗乾旱，提供果岭很理想的表面草皮
Finger grip 手指握棒法
Finish 完成任务
Fired egg lie 埋在沙土中的球
First nine 前九穴
Flag competition 击远比赛
Flag stick 旗杆
Flagstick 旗杆 顶上系旗的一根细杆，放置在球洞洞杯中央，以表示果岭上球洞洞杯的位置。也称为pin。
Flange sole 厚底铁头球棒 Flat course平坦球场
Flat lie 球停在平地上
Flat swing平面挥杆 指上杆时球杆的位置比较水平而较不垂直，通常这种挥杆方式被视为错误的方法，不过有很多优秀选手也采平面挥杆，包括班．侯根
Flight 飞球距离
Fluff 击球失误
Fly ball 高飞球
Fog 苔草地
Follow through 随球动作, 前挥杆
Follow wind 顺风
Foozle 失误的一击
Fore 前方注意 警告用语，用来提醒处于球飞行线路中的或者在打球球路上的任何人。
Fore 躲开
Fore 躲开!
Fore caddie 前方服务员
Form 挥棒姿势
Forward press 前压, 击球前身体的前倾
Founder 球打入泥地
Fourball 四人球赛 系指一种比赛包括四个球员，两人一组，由每组的两位球员轮流打击同一个球。比赛之初每一组自行决定由哪一位击出第一个开球，之後的球洞由两人轮流开球
Fours 双打比赛, 参加双打者
Foursome 四人组 系指一种比赛包括四个球员，两人一组，每位球员打击自己的球
Free drop 自由抛球 从不可移动的障碍物抛球而不受罚，或依高尔夫规则所规定之情况进行自由抛球
Front nine 前九洞 系指18洞球场的前九洞。後九洞则称为Back nine
Front tee 前方球座
Full set 一掏球棒
Full shot 全力击球
Full swing 全力挥棒
Furrow 障碍平整后的痕迹
gaddie 杆弟
General rule 基本规则。
Glass lunker 草地障碍物
glove 手套
Gloves 手套
Go 剩余穴数
Gobble 快击球入穴
Golf 高尔夫球, 高尔夫运动, 打高尔夫球
Golf bag 高尔夫球袋
Golf ball 高尔夫球
Golf cart 高尔夫手推车, 高尔夫机动车
Golf club 高尔夫球棒,高尔夫球俱乐部
Golf course 高尔夫球场
Golf dom 高尔夫球界
Golf links 高尔夫球场
Golfer 高尔夫手/运动员
Golfer driving 球员挥棒击球
Golfing 高尔夫运动, 打高尔夫球 Goose neck 棒颈
Graphite(Carbon fibre)石墨（碳纤）由碳纤物质所层层结合产生极为坚强但重量很轻的材质是制造高尔夫球杆柄的理想材料，也渐用於杆头的制造
Grass bunker 绿草洼地
Grassed 棒头击球面微向后斜的
Green 果岭 经过紧密割草、特别准备用为推杆用的草地，当中挖有一个球洞。果岭与球道由边缘地区分开，果岭边缘的草比果岭长但比球道短。原先“Green”系指整个球场，因此一个“三果岭”巡回赛系指一个选手在三个球场击球
Green 果岭 经过紧密割草，特别光滑，推杆用的草地。当中挖有一个球洞。
Green fee 果岭费
Green keeper 果岭管理者
Green some 一球比赛
Grip 握把
Grooved swing 正确的挥棒动作
Gross 实得分, 总分, 总击数
Gross 总杆
gross 总杆数
Ground 棒头触地
Grounding 触地 球杆底部接触球后面的地，准备击球。
Guiding post 标志杆
Guttie 古塔球 这是1848年发明的高尔夫球，由古塔波胶制成，这是一种由马来西亚的橡胶树种的乳液所制成的橡皮似的物质。
Hack：猛砍乱打 尤指球在长草或球位不佳情况下猛砍乱打、不完全的击球或球打得很差。Hacker是指球技很差的球手，通常指打球时常常直接砍草而打不到球的球手。
Half 半场
Half a match平局
Half a stroke 每隔一球让一击
Half one 每隔一穴让一球
Half round 半场
Half set 半套球棒
Halve 同分, 击数相同
Halve a match 打成平手
Halved match 同分赛
Hand and wrist action 手腕动作
Hand down 手向下移
Handicap 差点 从一个球员的总杆数中减分，以抵消技术优势，从而使不同级别的球员能够公平竞争。
Handicap 差点
handicap 差点
Hanging ball 停在斜坡上的球
Hazard 球路障碍
Hazard 障碍 用来表示球道上沙障（沙坑）或水障区的术语。
Hazards 障碍
Head 杆头
Head still 头部不动
Heel 以棒头根部击球失误
Heel down 足踵落地
High handicap 多让分
Hit through 挥棒余势,随球动作 Hitting area 击球区, 击球位置
Hole 球洞,一般系指梯台与果岭间的整个区域，但也可指在果岭上标准直径41/4英寸（108厘米）的特定目标区
Hole 球穴, 得分, 球洞
hole 球洞
Hole down 净负洞数（分洞比赛时所输的球洞数
Hole down 净负分数
Hole in one 一击入穴
hole in one 一杆进洞
Hole match 每穴决定胜负
Hole out 向穴内击球
Hole up 敬胜穴数
Home 第18穴, 最后一穴
Home course 主方赛场, 本场
Home link 主方赛场, 自己所属俱乐部的球场
Honor 优先发球者 在前一球洞中得分最低者获得的从球座先开球的优先权。
Honor 优先发球者
honor 先击球者
Honorable member 荣誉会员
Hook 左曲线球, 斜击球
Hook 左旋球 指右手型球员击球极端偏向左方或者左手握杆型球员击球极端偏向右方，其偏离程度甚于左曲球。
Hook 左曲球,指击球极端弯向左方，是由反时钟方向的旋转所造成，或是有计划性，或是出於疏忽
Hook spinning 左曲线击球
Hose, hosel 铁头插座
Hosel 插鞘 系指铁杆杆头的插座用以连结铁杆杆头与铁柄
House caddie 场地服务员
Hummock 草皮小丘
Impact 击球的瞬间
Impact face 击球面
In 後九洞,后九穴
In-course 后九穴, 后半场
In-to-out 内向外挥杆
Indoor 室内
Indoor golf 室内高尔夫球
Inland course 内地球场
Inside out 由内侧向外侧挥杆, 内转外挥短棒
Intentional slice 定向曲线球
Interlocking grip 连锁握棒法
Invitation warch 邀请赛
Iron 铁杆, 铁头短球棒，Iron club 铁杆﹝比赛时所有球杆不能超过14支﹞, 铁头球棒
Iron slot 铁头球棒击球
Jerk 猛击（用力击球）
Jerking 猛击球。用杆柄及头部连接处击球
Jigger 10号铁杆或11号铁杆,铁头球棒
Juicy lie：指厚实的好球位，即球进入深草或厚草区里，位于蓬松、毛茸茸的草上，其贴地情况良好。Just middle 正中球心
Kick 反弹球（球落反弹）
Kill 用力出球
Knee action：膝部动作 这一动作非常重要，在上杆、击球、送杆和完成挥杆的过程中起着非常重要的作用。
Kweek grass 库克草 南非土产的优良草种。较不适合作为高尔夫球场草皮因为非常难以击球
Ladies’ tee 女用球座
Ladies par 女子标准棒数
Last call 最後比赛
Last hole 最後一洞, 最后一穴, 决定胜负的最后一击
Last nine 后九穴
Lateral water hazard：侧面水障碍 通常为长方形，位于球道两侧，与球道平行。这种水障碍与一般水障碍有区别，后者横跨球道中央。
Lateral water hazard 侧面水障碍
Laterally motion 腰部横转动作
Laterd 球棒末端击球
left leg hole 左狗腿洞
Lie 球位置 系指击球後小白球落点的位置情况。球位有好有坏，依其击球距离而定，或在草皮上，或在沙坑里.棒头的弯度, 好打的球顶, 球落地的状态.Lie 球位置 球落点的位置。
Like 两人击数相同
Like-as-we-like 两方击数相等
Links 滨海球场 指高尔夫球场建立在沿着海边延伸的土地上。滨海土地通常位置较低，拥有沙丘支持着良好、抗盐的草皮。这个名称可能是由滨海地势连接海滩与离海较远的农耕地这个事实所衍生的.高尔夫球场.Linksman 打高尔夫球者, Lip 洞边
Liquid ball 液体心球
List action 手腕动作
Local knowledge 了解球路情况
Loft 球杆面之角度
Loft 杆面斜角 系指球杆面与垂直线间的斜角。斜角随着铁杆号码而增大得以产生较高的飞行轨道而距离渐短，击球高度，高击，倾斜角度。
Lofted 击向空中的球，腾空的
Lofter 斜角球杆 早期的球杆，斜角与现今的5号或6号铁杆相当，用以击球产生高轨道。又称为斜角铁杆，用以替代四号木杆以击出近距离切球以登上果岭；高尔夫球棒
Lofting mashie 铁头球棒
Long ball 长球，远球
Long hole 长距离球穴
long hole 长洞
Long iron 长铁杆 系指现代的铁杆，其杆面斜角较小，这是设计来再球道上击出又常又准的一球
Long putt 长打入穴
Long shot 长打，远打
Loop 高飞球弧线
Loose grip 松握，轻握
Loose impediment 非固定障碍物
Loose impediments 可移动障碍物 自然物体，并不是固定的或者生长的或者附着在球上的东西，包括没有嵌入土中的石头、树叶、嫩枝、树枝、粪便、爬虫、昆虫、或者由它们堆成的小土堆。
Lost ball 丢失球
Lost ball 遗失球(五分钟内找不到球)Lost hole 输掉的穴
Low handicap 少让分
LPGA 女子职业高尔夫协会 是Ladies Professional Golf Assocotion的字头简写
Mallet head putt 木槌形棒头的球棒
Mark 在果岭上的球要拿起来时必须做的记号
Mark the ball 在球上做标志
Marker 记分员 记分人员。球标志用来表示球在果岭上位置的硬币或者类似物体。球座标志用来确定开球区的前向极限。
Mashie 铁投球杆（五号铁杆）这是1880年代後期出现的铁杆。它的杆头斜度与现今5号铁杆类似。泰勒氏是第一位被公认使用铁头球杆最佳的一位选手
Match play 比洞赛 竞赛的形式系以赢得的球洞数作为胜利者的裁决，而不以总得数为准。另外的方式即为总杆赛
Matched club 标准球棒
Medal match 击数比赛
Medal play 击数比赛
Medal score 全场总分
Medallist 预赛中成绩最佳者
Medium hole：中距洞 即Par4、距离为251-470码的洞。一般来讲，在18洞中，中距洞约为10个。
Medium iron 中铁杆近代铁杆用以近距切球登上果岭，可以击出具有适当准确性的中距离的飞行距离
mid mashie 3号铁头球棒/铁杆
Midget golf 小型高尔夫球运动
Midiron 2号铁头球棒/铁杆
Miniature golf 小型高尔夫球运动
Missed shot 漏击，击球失误
Mixed foursome 混合四人组 指四人组球赛，每队由一位男子选手与一位女子选手所组成
Mixed foursome 混合四人赛
Mongrel iron 厚铁头球棒/铁杆
Morning test 以首洞成绩定胜负赛
Mulligan 让一击
Narrow blade 窄铁头球棒
Natural golfer 正确姿势高尔夫球员，天才高尔夫球员
Natural grip 自然握杆法
Near pin contest近洞赛
Neck 杆头，棒颈
Net 净杆，余数，净数
Net score 净杆数
Neutral grip：中性握杆法 即两手手背均在杆身两侧，而不在杆身底下的握杆方法。
Never up never in!差一点，不入穴
Niblick 铁投球杆（九号铁杆）早期的斜角铁杆，已经绝迹了，大约类似现今的九号铁杆。有一个较重的杆头与宽的杆面用以从困难的球位就球或从障碍区击出。
Nineteen hole 19穴
No return 中途弃权, 未回终点
Nose 棒前端
O.B 出界：
O.B out of bounds 出界
Observer 助理裁判员
Obstacle golf 障碍高尔夫球运动 Odd 比对手多一击
Odds 差距（胜负距离）
Off 失调
off the pace 落後 这是美式形容词用以描述在巡回赛中某位选手落後领先者的杆数，例如“落後两杆”
Official handicap 公开让分，正式让分
On 球击上了果岭
One off three 三穴让一击
One off two 两穴让一击
One on 一击打上球穴草地
One piece swing 连续挥棒击球动作
One put 一击入穴
One shot hole 一击可到球穴
One-ball team golf 两队高尔夫球
Open 球杆开放面
Open 公开赛 开放式站姿
Open face 棒开放杆面
Open stance 开发位
Orthodox 传统打法
Out 前九洞
Out of Bounds 界外球（O.B）
Out of bounds 界外球
Out of course 前九洞
Out-course 前九穴，前半场
Out-of-bounds 出界 高尔夫球场界外区，通常用柱子或者栅栏标示。
Outbounds 禁止击球区
Outside 球的飞行线同侧
Outside agency 局外人员
Outside in 由外侧向内侧挥杆
Outside in 外内挥棒
Over 超穴球，过穴球
Over club 超规定球棒
Over clubbing 超号球杆 选择过大号的球杆以致击球距离超出想击出的距离
Over one 总杆数比标准杆多一杆
Over par 超过规定击数
Over par 高於标准杆
Over Par 超过标准球, 超过标准击树
over par 超过标准杆数
Over spin 上旋球
Over swing 挥棒过度
Over two 多二杆，其余类推
Overdrive 击球过远
Overlap 叠用球棒
Overlapping grip 叠指握棒
Overplay 击得过远
Palm grip 手掌握棒法 Par 标准击数，击球规定数
Par平标准杆 为某一球洞预估的标准杆数，这是依球洞的长度与第一流选手在正常情况下完成某一洞需要击出的杆数
Par 标准杆 某一球洞或球场预先估计的标准杆数，其数值由球洞长度加上每个果岭两个推杆数确定。
par 标准杆
Part 推杆
Pass 超越
Peg tee 钉形球座
Penalty 处罚罚杆
Penalty stroke 罚一击/杆
PGA 职业高尔夫协会 这是Professional Golfer's Association的字首语简写
Pick and shovel 掘击
Pin 旗杆 见Flagstick
Pin 旗杆
Pitch 击成下旋高球
Pitch 劈起球 将球击向果岭，球空中飞行的距离远远大于球转动的距离。
Pitch and run 把球打上草地滚到近穴处
Pitch out 球棒末端击球
Pitch shot 劈起球
Pitch shot 高球
Pitcher 7号铁头球棒
Pitcher niblick 8号铁头球棒
Pitching 劈起﹝劈起杆、挖起杆﹞ 以具有杆面斜角的球杆击向果岭，小白球飞行终了时，球滚动的距离很小
Pitching mashie 短球棒
Pitching wedge 短挑会旋球棒
Place 置球
Placement 定位球
Play down a severe slope 击中斜坡球
Play from slope 斜面击球
Play short shot into the wind 风中击短球
Play the like 差一击时击球
Play the odd 击数相同后击球
Play up severe slope 击中斜坡球
Play-club 1号铁头球棒
Play-off 加赛
Playclub 击球杆 开球杆的旧名词，是十九世纪末的常用名词。大约类似目前的 一号木杆或二号木杆
Player 与赛者
Playing out of thick rough 把球击出场上的障碍区
Plugged ball 陷入沙中的球
Point tourney 计分比赛
Pole 旗杆
Pot bunker 壶状沙坑 面积小而圆又深陷的沙坑，在传统的英国滨海球场常发现的，例如圣．安卓的老球场
Practice stroke 击球练习
Pro line goods 球具店，高尔夫球俱乐部内的专卖店上挥杆时左手和左臂内旋、右手和右臂外旋的动作
Provisional ball 暂定球 球员认为他的第一次击球可能出界或者掉入水障后所击出的第二个球。
Provisional ball 临时球
Public course公众球场指对任何人都开放的非会员制球场
Pull 拉击球，拉出式击球击球后球直飞向击球方向线左侧的失误球
Pull shot 拉击球，拉出式击球左手球员则相反
Pull-hook 左手球员击球时球飞向目标线的左侧，并由於侧旋带有向左的曲线指打出去的低球像兔子一样跳动著前进 2.小有成就的业余高尔夫球，具有一定才能的业余的高尔夫球员 3.没有取得免除选拨资格，必须参加预选才有可能取得参加巡回赛资格的职业球员
Radiused sole 弧形杆底、铁杆底部呈弧形的状态
Rake 1.铁杆的一种，有较大的杆面倾角，由杆面底部向上有坚直的锯齿形沟槽，用于打位 于水中或者沙坑中的球 现在已不再使用2.沙耙同driving range
Ranking 名次，排名
Rap 果断而有力地推击
Read 阅读球洞区，认真察看和理解球洞区的起伏和草纹
Recall 撤消同dimple
Record 1.记录/球场记录2.计分
Recover 救球，挽救性击球规则上对[裁判员]的定义为： [裁判员]是指由委员会指定的与球员同行、判定事实问题、并执行规则的人员
Regular 标示球杆杆身硬度的符号，表示杆身硬度为一般标准硬度
Regulation 打出标准杆
Release 还原动作指建有各种综合休闲设施的高尔夫球场
Reverse overlapping grip 反重叠式握杆球在球洞边环绕而过没有进洞
Ring mashie 古典球杆的一种，主要是为了将水中的球打出，其特点为球杆表面开有条形孔洞
Roll 1.滚动/球落选以后的滚动 2.推击出的球沿著地面平滑地前进，滚动很小 3.木杆杆面表面的弧形状态 4.在挥杆过程中手腕的回旋动作 5.在挥杆动作中使手腕回旋
Roll in 推击入洞
Roll over 击球后手臂转动
Roll over 转腕动作球场上草或其他植物明显长于球道上的草的区域
Rough 粗草区 位于球道一侧或者两侧的球洞部分，邻近球座、果岭和障碍，没有经过修剪的草区。
Rough 粗草区 指沿着球道边不割草的粗草区，用以处罚偏离的击球
rough 粗草区
Round 回合﹝一回合18洞﹞，场
Round 轮滚动球一般球位于球洞区周缘处或球与球洞区之间草修剪得短而整齐且地面十分平坦时以及球位于裸地上时使用，其打尖接近于推杆的打法，是球洞区周围近距离打法中最安全可靠、准确性最高的，甚至可以把它看成是延长至球洞区外的推击球。
Running shot近距离滚动球的击球
S Swing 挥杆
Sand green 沙地球场 Sand tee 沙土球座
Sand trap 沙坑类的障碍物
Sand trap 沙土障碍
Sand wedge 沙土障碍球棒
Sand wedge 沙坑挖起杆 杆面极大的球杆，又名沙坑铁杆，有一很宽的凸缘设计来从沙坑中击球。宽的凸缘可以使球杆头从沙坑中击出球。美籍选手金．沙拉森被认为是沙坑杆的发明者。
Sandblaster 沙土障碍
Scare 棒头
Scissors action 剪式击球法
Sclaff 球棒擦地击球
Scoop 挖泥机 由马匹拉曳的车辆，是早期建造高球场用来挖土的Scoop 铲击球
score card 记分卡
Score Cards 计分卡
Scotch four 双打比赛
Scratch平打，未让杆
Scratch player 不需让分的选手
Scruff 擦过草地
Seaside course 海滨球场
Selective drive 选择性击球
Seven iron 7号铁头球棒/铁杆
Shaft 球棒杆部
Shaft 杆身
Shag 拾球集中
Shank 棒击球
Short 球未打远，球停在穴前
Short cut 缩短球路
Short game 击近球技术
Short game 短击 系指离果岭100码内的击球，特别指起扑球，沙坑球，和推杆
Short hole 短距离球穴
short hole 短洞
Short iron 铁头短棒
Short iron 短铁杆 杆面有斜角的铁杆，用以近距切球上果岭，或击球越过障碍区或障碍物
Shot 击球
Shut face 棒头底部朝地
Side hill lie 停在球穴侧坡上的球
Side spin 侧旋球
Single 单差点
Single player 让十棒内的球员
Sink 击球入穴
Six iron 6号铁头球棒
Slance 击球姿势
Slice 右曲线球
Slice 右旋球 右手型球手击出的剧烈偏向右边的球或者左手握杆型球手击出的剧烈偏向左边。其剧烈程度甚于右曲球。
Slice 右曲球 击球带有相当顺时钟旋转导致剧烈向右弯曲
Slice spinning 右曲线击球
Slow back 向后慢挥球棒
Small size 小号球
Smoke ball 彩球
Socket 球杆后部击球，棒颈
Sole 棒头底面
Spectacle bunker 最难过的障碍
Splash shot 溅击
Spoon 棒钩，3号木头球棒
Spoon 木杆 具有杆面斜角的球道木杆，相当於现代之三号木杆
Square stance 侧立击球姿势
Stance 击球姿势 瞄球时脚站立的位置。
Stance 站位
Start 出发台
Starting order 开球顺序
Stiff 僵硬
Stone-dead 停止不动
Stop 强后旋
Straddle 开立过宽
Stroke 击球 球杆头部前移，旨在击球。
Stroke 击球
Stroke competition 击数比赛
Stroke play 击数比赛
Stroke play 总杆赛 系指比赛的形式，比较每一位参赛球员完成一回合所需的总杆数，以最少杆数者为优胜。再职业巡回赛中，总杆赛以大幅取代比洞赛。
Stymie 妨碍球 这是一种情况，当某位选手的球阻挡另一位选手的球通往旗杆球洞路径。被阻挡的选手被要求得击越妨碍球。妨碍球是由美国高球与皇家古典高尔夫俱乐部於1951年所订立。
Stymie /stymy 妨碍球，场阻碍球
Sudden death 骤死延长赛
Sunday death hole 加赛穴，决胜穴
Sunday golfer 星期天打高尔夫球的人
Surlyn 舍林 是一种热塑形树脂的商标，类似天然橡胶，用於高尔夫球的制造。这市极富弹性的物质而不会被球杆所击坏。
Sweep 扫击
Sweep spot 棒头击球面的中心点
Sweet Spot 甜蜜点 试指高尔夫球杆面上精准的一点，通常在中心点，击球时可以传达最大可能的能量。一个球被此点击中将比被其他点击中可以飞行的更远
Swing 挥棒，挥杆
Swing arc：挥杆弧 挥杆过程中由球杆杆头划出的弧形轨迹，一般为椭圆形或圆形。挥杆弧的大小、形状、与地面所成的角度等因球杆的长短、挥杆的技术类型的不同而有所差别。
Swing exercise 挥棒/挥杆练习
Take back 向後拉杆、开始上挥。
Tee 开球球座 球离开发球区之前所放置的小座子。发球区本身有时候也被称为开球球座。现在一般直接称为“球座”或“梯台”。
Tee 开球球座 系指在每一洞击出第一杆的地区，经过密集的割草。亦指置球座
Tee 开球处，球座
Tee area 开球区
Tee box 开球区
Tee ground 开球区
tee ground 发球台
Tee mark 球座标志
Tee off 开球
Tee shot 开球
Tee up 放在秋座上
Teeing 球座
Teeing ground 开球区，球场
Teeing ground 发球区
Temporary green 临时球场
Ten-yard line 十码线
Third 第三穴让一击
Three ball march 三人比赛
Three ball match 三球赛
Three more 多三击
Three some 三人赛，一对二
Three-quarter swing 四分之三向后挥棒
Through the green 中间球路
Tie平手
Tip： 球杆杆身最细、插入杆头的部分。
Toe 球棒突出部分
Tom Thumb golf 庭园式小型高尔夫球比赛
Tomstone golf 立旗比赛，打远比赛
Top 指击至球的上方而造成失误之击球
Top 球杆击到球上部
Top 削顶球
Top heavy 棒头沉
Top of swing 上顶点指挥
Top swing 向后挥棒的顶点
Topspin 上旋球
Torsion 扭力
Trap 沙坑，障碍，沙土障碍
Trap 砂坑
Triple bogey 高於标准杆三杆
Two-shotter 两击穴位
Uncock 非曲腕挥杆
Under average 差数计分
Under club 短球杆
Under clubbing 使用小号球棒
Under handicap 差数加让分数的计分法
Under handicap 差点计分
Under one 总杆数比标准杆少一杆，其余类推
Under par 低於标准杆
Undulation 球道
Unplayble 死球
Up 领先穴数
Up and down 地面的起伏
Up hill lie 球停在上坡路上
Up to go 一种比赛成绩表示法
Upper blow 向上击球
Upright lie近90度的棒颈
Upright swing 高挥棒，直举挥棒
Upswing 向后挥棒
USGA 美国高尔夫协会 是United States Golf Association的字头语缩写
USPGA 美国职业高尔夫协会 是United States Professional Golfer's Association的字头语缩写
V shape V 型握法
Vardon grip 瓦登握杆法 这是一种握杆法以右手小指叠在左手无名指之上的握杆法。系由哈利．瓦登所推广，虽然不是它发明的
Veil grip 反叠指握棒法
Violent dig 掘出障碍球
Violent dig 掘击
Waggle 准备活动
water harzard 池糖
Water hazard 水障碍 高尔夫球道上的河流、湖泊、池塘或者小溪，通常用柱子标出障碍界限。
Water hazard 积水处 如小河.水潭
Water hazards 水障碍，水坑障碍区
Wedge 挖起杆，楔形棒头
Well out!打得好！打出沙坑的好球
Whipping 缠绕绑法 用上蜡的线缠绕杆身与杆头衔接的地方。现代科技已不需如此做
Whipping 缠绳 Whippy 软球杆
Wind-up 向上挥杆时身体扭转
Wing lunber 草坪地带两侧障碍
Winning shot 决定胜负的击球
Winter green 冬季场地
Winter Rules 冬季规则
Wood 木头球棒木柱，球柱
Wood shot 木头球棒击球
Wooden club 木杆
Woods 木杆
World cup 世界盃
Wrist shot 腕力击球
Wrong ball 对方的球
Yard 码
Yard post 距离标志
Yardage 码距
Yips 易普 神经失常破坏了推杆的能力，使得推杆a时抽动或急拉
第二篇：中英文简历词汇
中英文大学课程对照表：
应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology
细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine
生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia
进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery
海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences
微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine
分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology
医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy
口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine
寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology
植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine
心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology
放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling
理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing
野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing
环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics
运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology
有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences
生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences
生物物理学
Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry
生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology
生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology
生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics
生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy
生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia
生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science
生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology
细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing
name 姓名 alias 别名 pen name 笔名 date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 出生于 birth place 出生地点 age 年龄 native place 籍贯 province 省 city 市 autonomous region 自治区 prefecture 专区 county 县 nationality 民族，国籍 citizenship 国籍 duel citizenship 双重国籍 address 地址 current address 目前地址 present address 目前地址 permanent address 永久地址 postal code 邮政编码 home phone 住宅电话 office phone 办公电话 business phone 办公电话 Tel.电话 sex 性别 male 男 female 女 height 身高 weight 体重 marital status 婚姻状况 family status 家庭状况 married 已婚 single/unmarried 未婚 divorced 离异 separated 分居 number of children 子女人数 none 无 street 街 lane 胡同，巷 road 路 district 区 house number 门牌 health 健康状况 health condition 健康状况 blood type 血型 short-sighted近视 far-sighted 远视 color-blind 色盲 ID card No.身份证号码 date of availability 可到职时间 available 可到职 membership 会员，资格 president 会长 vice-president 副会长 director 理事 standing director 常务理事 secretary general 秘书长 society 学会 association 协会 research society 研究会
教育程度词汇
education 学历 educational background 教育程度 educational history 学历 curriculum 课程 major 主修 minor 副修 educational highlights 课程重点部分 curriculum included 课程包括 specialized courses 专门课程 courses taken 所学课程 courses completed 所学课程 special training 特别训练 social practice 社会实践 part-time jobs 业余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作 vacation jobs 假期工作 refresher course 进修课程 extracurricular activities 课外活动 physical activities 体育活动 recreational activities 娱乐活动 academic activities 学术活动 social activities 社会活动 rewards 奖励 scholarship 奖学金 “Three Goods” student 三好学生 excellent League member 优秀团员 excellent leader 优秀干部 student council 学生会 off-job training 脱产培训 in-job training 在职培训 educational system 学制 academic year 学年 semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）president 校长 vice-president 副校长 dean 院长 assistant dean 副院长 academic dean 教务长 department chairman 系主任 professor 教授 associate professor 副教授 guest professor 客座教授 lecturer 讲师 teaching assistant 助教 research fellow 研究员 research assistant 助理研究员 supervisor 论文导师 principal 中学校长（美）headmaster 中学校长（英）master 小学校长（美）dean of studies 教务长 dean of students 教导主任 dean of students 教导主任teacher 教师 probation teacher 代课教师 tutor 家庭教师 governess 女家庭教师 intelligence quotient 智商pass 及格 fail 不及格 marks 分数 grades 分数 scores 分数 examination 考试 grade 年级 class 班级 monitor 班长 vice-monitor 副班长 commissary in charge of studies 学习委员 commissary in charge of entertainment 文娱委员 commissary in charge of sports 体育委员 commissary in charge of physical labor 劳动委员 Party branch secretary 党支部书记 League branch secretary 团支部书记 commissary in charge of organization 组织委员 commissary in charge of publicity 宣传委员 degree 学位 post doctorate 博士后 doctor(Ph.D)博士 master 硕士 bachelor 学士 student 学生 graduate student 研究生 abroad student 留学生returned student 回国留学生 foreign student 外国学生 undergraduate 大学肄业生senior 大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生 Junior 大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生 sophomore 大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生 freshman 大学一年级学生 guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）government-supported student 公费生 commoner 自费生 extern 走读生 day-student 走读生 intern 实习生 prize fellow 奖学金生 boarder 寄宿生 classmate 同班同学 schoolmate 同校同学 graduate 毕业生
工作经历词汇
accomplish 完成（任务等）achievements 工作成就，业绩adapted to 适应于adept in 善于administer 管理advanced worker 先进工作者 analyze 分析appointed 被任命的assist 辅助authorized 委任的；核准的 be promoted to 被提升为 be proposed as 被提名为；被推荐为behave 表现breakthrough 惊人的进展，关键问题的解决break the record 打破记录business background 工作经历business experience 工作经历business history 工作经历 conduct 经营，处理control 控制cost 成本；费用create 创造decrease 减少demonstrate 证明，示范design 设计develop 开发，发挥devise 设计，发明direct 指导double 加倍，翻一番 duties 职责earn 获得，赚取effect 效果，作用eliminate 消除employment experience工作经历employment record 工作经历employment 工作enlarge 扩大enliven 搞活enrich 使丰富establish 设立（公司等）；使开业；确立evaluation 估价，评价excellent League member 优秀团员 excellent Party member 优秀党员execute 实行，实施 expand 推广；扩大expedite 加快；促进experience 经历exploit开发（资源，产品）export 出口found 创立generate 产生good at 擅长于 guide 指导；操纵implement 完成，实施import 进口improve 改进，提高increase 增加influence 影响initiate 创始，开创innovate 改革，革新inspired 受启发的；受鼓舞的 install 安装integrate 使结合；使一体化introduce 采用，引进invent 发明 invest 投资 job title 职位justified 经证明的；合法化的 launch 开办（新企业）lead 领导lengthen 延长lessen 减少（生产成本）level 水平localize 使地方化maintain 保持；维修make 制造manage 管理，经营manufacture 制造mastered 精通的modernize 使现代化motivate 促进，激发 negotiate 谈判nominated 被提名的；被任命的 occupational history 工作经历operate 操作，开动（机器等），经营（厂矿）organize 组织 originate 创始，发明 overcome 克服（困难等）participate in 参加perfect 使完善；改善 perform 执行，履行plan 计划 position 职位professional history 职业经历 professional 职业经历profit 利润promote 生产，制造promote 推销（商品）；创立（企业）等 provide 提供，供应raise 提高reach 达到realize 实
现（目标等）；获得（利润）receive 收到，得到，接受recognize 认清（职责等）recommended 被推荐的；被介绍的 reconsolidate 重新巩固；重新整顿reconstruct 重建 recorded 记载的recover 恢复；弥补 rectify 整顿，调整redouble 加倍，倍增 reduce 减少，降低（成本等）refine 精练，精制 reform 改革regenerate 更新，使更生registered 已注册的 regularize 使系统化 regulate 控制（费用等）rehandle 重铸；重新处理 rehash 以新形式处理（旧材料）reinforce 加强reckon 计算（成本等）renew 重建，换新renovate 革新；修理 repair 修复，修补replace 接替，替换 representative 代表，代理人research 调查，研究resolve 解决responsibilities 职责second job 第二职业set 创造（纪录等）settle 解决（问题等）shorten 减低......效能show 显示,表明 significant 重要的,有效的simplify 简化,精简 solve 解决sort out 清理specific experience 具体经历speed up 加速 sponsor 主办spread 传播,扩大 standard 标准,规格 streamline 把......设计流线型strengthen 加强,巩固 study 研究succeed 成功 supervise 监督,管理supply 供给,满足(需要)systematize 使系统化target 目标,指标 test 试验,检验top 头等的,最高的 total 总数,总额translate 翻译,转化 travel 旅行unify 使成一体,统一 use 使用，运用useful 有用的 utilize 利用 valuable 有价值的vivify 使活跃 well-trained 训练有素的work experience 工作经历 work history 工作经历work 工作,起作用working model 劳动模范 worth 使......钱的,有......价值的个人品质词汇
able 有才干的，能干的 active 主动的，活跃的 adaptable 适应性强的 adroit 灵巧的，机敏的 aggressive 有进取心的 alert 机灵的ambitious 有雄心壮志的 amiable 和蔼可亲的 amicable 友好的 analytical 善于分析的 apprehensive 有理解力的 aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的 audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的 capable 有能力的，有才能的 careful 办事仔细的 candid 正直的 charitable 宽厚的 competent 能胜任的 confident 有信心的 conscientious 认真的，自觉的 considerate 体贴的 constructive 建设性的 contemplative 好沉思的 cooperative 有合作精神的 creative 富创造力的 dashing 有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的 dedicated 有奉献精神的 devoted 有献身精神的 dependable 可靠的 diplomatic 老练的，有策略的 disciplined 守纪律的 discreet（在行动，说话等方面）谨慎的 dutiful 尽职的 dynamic 精悍的 earnest 认真的 well-educated 受过良好教育的 efficient 有效率的 energetic 精力充沛的 enthusiastic 充满热情的 expressive 善于表达 faithful 守信的，忠诚的 forceful（性格）坚强的 frank 直率的，真诚的 friendly 友好的 frugal 俭朴的 generous 宽宏大量的 genteel 有教养的 gentle 有礼貌的 hard-working 勤劳的 hearty 精神饱满的 honest 诚实的hospitable 殷勤的 humble 恭顺的 humorous 幽默的 impartial 公正的 independent 有主见的 industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的 initiative 首创精神have an inquiring mind 爱动脑筋 intellective 有智力的intelligent 理解力强的 inventive 有发明才能的，有创造力的 just 正直的kind-hearted 好心的 knowledgeable 有见识的 learned 精通某门学问的 liberal 心胸宽大的 logical 条理分明的 loyal 忠心耿耿的 methodical 有方法的 modest 谦虚的 motivated 目的明确的objective 客观的 open-minded 虚心的 orderly 守纪律的 original 有独创性的 painstaking 辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的 practical 实际的 precise 一丝不苟的 persevering 不屈不挠的punctual 严守时刻的purposeful 意志坚强的 qualified 合格的 rational 有理性的 realistic 实事求是的reasonable 讲道理的 reliable 可信赖的 responsible 负责的 self-conscious 自觉的 selfless 无私的 sensible 明白事理的sincere 真诚的 smart 精明的 spirited 生气勃勃的 sporting 光明正大的 steady 塌实的 straightforward 老实的 strict 严格的 systematic 有系统的 strong-willed 意志坚强的 sweet-tempered 性情温和的 temperate 稳健的 tireless 孜孜不倦的英文简历的基本内容
1.个人情况：Name, Sex, Date of Birth, Place of Birth, Permaanent Domicile, Nationality, Martial Status, Children, Religion, Party Affiliation, Health, Height, Weight, Present Address, Permanent Address.2.职业意向:Objective/or: Position Wanted: A position as English Instructor, preferably handling students from the intermediate to the advanced levels
3.资历: QUALIFICATIONS: Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration, major in marketing.4.经历(Job Experience）:一般逆序写。
Job Experience
5/86-12/86 University of California Press, Berkeley, California
Editorial and Marketing Trainee
5/86-8/86 Wyatt and Duncan Interiors, Berkeley, California
Sales Clerk
5.文化程度(Education):一般逆序写，可以包括主要课程。例如：
Master of Science with concentration in Electronics,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from Sept.,1985 to June, 1987
Bechelor of Science
Beijing University, Department of Electrical Engineering, from Sept.,1981 to July, 1985
6.技术资历与特长(Technical Qualifications/ Special Skills)
7.著作及专利(Publications and Patents)
8.社会活动(Social Activity)
9.荣誉与奖励(Honours and Awards)
10.爱好及兴趣(Hobbies and Interests)
11.证明人(References)
Health and Medical（医学与健康）
Clinical Director 医疗主任 Cardiologist 心脏病专家
Dental Hygienist 牙科保健 Chiropractor 脊椎指压治疗者
Dental Technician 牙科技师 Dental Assistant 牙科助理
Dietary Technician 食疗技师 Dentist 牙科医生
Emergency Medical Technician 急诊技师 Dietician 饮食专家
Fitness Instructor 健美师 Home Health Aide 家庭护理
Health Services Coordinator 健康服务协调员 Lab Technician 实验技师
Hospital Supervisor 医院管理员 Nurse 护士
Medical Records Clerk 病历员 Nursing Aide 看护助手
Medical Technologist 医疗专家 Nursing Supervisor 护士长
Nursing Administrator 看护员 Nutritionist 营养学家
Nursing Home Manager 家护管理员 Optician 眼科医生
Occupational Therapist 职业疗法 Orthodontist 整牙医生
Veterinary Assistant 助理兽医 Pharmacist 药学师
Pharmacy Technician 药品技师 Psychiatrist 精神病医师
Physical Therapist 理疗师 Surgeon 外科医生
Physician's Assistant 助理医师 Veterinarian 兽医
Respiratory Therapist 有氧治疗师 Pediatrician 儿科医生
Speech Pathologist 语言心理学家
Education and Library Science(教育部分)
Daycare Worker 保育员 ESL Teacher 第二外语教师
Developmental Educator 发展教育家 Head Teacher 高级教师
Foreign Language Teacher 外语教师 Librarian 图书管理员
Guidance Counselor 指导顾问 Music Teacher 音乐教师
Library Technician 图书管理员 Nanny 保姆
Physical Education Teacher 物理教师 Principal 校长
School Psychologist 心理咨询教师 Teacher 教师
Special Needs Educator 特种教育家 Teacher Aide 助理教师
Art Instructor 艺术教师 Computer Teacher 计算机教师
College Professor 大学教授 Coach 教练员
Assistant Dean of Students 助理训导长 Archivist 案卷保管员
Vocational Counselor 职业顾问 Tutor 家教、辅导教师
Executive and Managerial(管理部分)
Retail Store Manager 零售店经理 Food Service Manager 食品服务经理
Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监 HMO Administrator 医疗保险管理Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理 Operations Manager 操作经理
Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理 Production Manager 生产经理
Chief Executive Officer(CEO)首席执行官 Property Manager 房地产经理
Chief Operations Officer(COO)首席运营官 Branch Manager 部门经理
Controller(International)国际监管 Claims Examiner 主考官
Director of Operations 运营总监 Controller(General)管理员
Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员 General Manager 总经理
Management Consultant 管理顾问 District Manager 市区经理
Hospital Administrator 医院管理 President 总统
Import/Export Manager 进出口经理 Product Manager 产品经理
Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员 Program Manager 程序管理经理Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员 Project Manager 项目经理
Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理 Regional Manager 区域经理
Manager(Non-Profit and Charities)非盈利性慈善机构管理 Service Manager 服务经理Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理 Vending Manager 售买经理
Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理 Vice-President 副总裁
Transportation Manager 运输经理 Warehouse Manager 仓库经理
Legal and Protective Services(法律部分）
Police Officer 警员 Fire Fighter 消防员
Police Sergeant 警官 Guard 保卫
Assistant Attorney General 首席检察官助理 Law Clerk 法律职员
Contracts Manager 合同管理员 Law Student 司法学生
Ombudsman 反贪调查员 Paralegal 律师专职助手
Security Manager 保安经理 Patent Agent 专利代理商
Legal Assistant 法律助理 Court Officer 法庭保卫
Legal Secretary 法律秘书 Court Reporter 法庭记者
第三篇：高尔夫球具中英文对照
高尔夫球具术语中英文对照
高尔夫球具（Golf Club）
1、高尔夫球具之三主件分别为球头、球杆与握把。
2、球头(Head)：系球具组合中最重要的部份，包括铁头(Iron)、木头(Wood)与推杆(Putter)。
3、球杆(Shaft)：包含铁杆（Seet shaft）及石墨球(Graphte shaft)。
4、握把(Grip)：组合中最容易被忽视的，包含真皮、合成皮与橡胶三种材质。
Backweight(ing)
后重
为使重心(Center of gravity)后移，于木杆球头（Wood Head）背部增加重量，此加重物称为后重。
Biadelength
前刃长度
铁杆球杆(Iron head)最前端至跟部(Hell)之弯曲处，其长度称之。
Boring
颈孔
指球头颈部(Neck)之孔，装配(Assembly)时，供球杆(Sahft)插入之用。
Bounce(or Inversion)
翘角
当铁杆球头平置于打击位置时，其底部(Sole)之前缘比后缘高。
Bulge(or Hopizontal face)
水平弧形面
木杆球头面部(Face)呈水平之弧线。
Butt
大端或粗端
指球杆较粗的那一端。
Camber 圆弧底
指铁杆球头底部，自前缘至后缘，或趾部(Toe)至跟部，其圆弧称之，又称为 Rocker Sole，Radiused Sole，2 Way Sole & 4 Way Sole。
Crown
顶部
指木杆球头最上方有弧度之区域。
Decals
水标
指贴印于球头表面之字体或图案。
Deep Face
高打击或高面仔
指木杆球头面部高于 15/8 吋者。
Effective Loft(Also Real Loft)
有效倾角
指木杆球具，当面角(Face Angel)
为正(Square 0 度)时，其倾角之角度。
Face
打击面
指木杆或铁杆球头击球部位。
Face Centerline
面部中心线
过面部与底线(Sole Line)垂直之线。
Face Depth
面高
指球头打击面之高度，一般分为低面仔、普通打击面和高面仔。
Face Angel
面角
指目标线(Target Line)与打击面所构成之角度。
Face Progression
杆心面距
指球头打击面之最端至杆中心线(Shaft Centerline)之距离。
Ferrule
小胶套
指安装于球头杆端与球杆衔接处，使之平顺之物。
Forging
锻造
球头制造方式次一种，其材质较软。
Graphite
石墨
球头材质之一种，树脂(Resin)中含有碳纤维(Carbglass)。
Graphie Compostte
石墨复合材料
石墨材料中除有碳纤维外，还含有其它纤维，如玻纤(Fiberglass)。
Ground Line
地平线
一条平直之底线。
Head Width
球头宽度
指球头自前缘至后缘之距离。
Heel
跟部
指球头颈部与底部之连接处。
Heel/Toe Weigitting
跟 / 趾部重量
指球头跟部与趾部之重量分配，用以影响击球中心。
Hosel
杆部
指球头与球杆之连接处，颈部含于杆部之中。
Insert(or Inlay)
面板
镶入面部，以增加击球时承受撞击力之物。
Investment Casting
精密铸造
亦称脱腊法(Lost Wax)，是球头制造方式之一种，其材质有 431、304(18-8)，17-4PH，铜合金等多种。
Laminated
合板
一种生产木杆球头之材质。
Length-club
球具长度
亦称(Club Length)，指自球头跟部至握把弧间之长度。
Lie
仰角
杆中心线与垂直于面中心线之地线，两线所构成之角度，仰角太大会造成翘头(Upright)，太小会造成低头(Flat)。
Loet
倾角
杆中心线与面中心线之间，两线所构所之角度。
Master
母模
制作球头时，最先完成之模型。
Neck
颈部
杆部与球头木体之连接处。
Offset
杆边面距
指头打击面之最前端至杆边之距离。
Preweter Weighting
外围重量
指球头重量特别分布于外围，以扩前其甜蜜区(Sweetspot)。
F…Simmon
柿木
最传统之木杆球头材质。
Roll(or Vertical Face)
垂直弧形面
木杆球头面部呈垂直之弧形线。
Scoop(or Dig)
挖角
当铁杆球头平置于打击位置时，其底部之后缘比前缘高。
Set-Makeup
球具组
根据 USGA 规定，一套球具不得超出 14 支球杆。
Shaft Flex
球杆弹性度
根据弯曲仪，可测出球杆之弹性度，一般可分为Ｘ(超硬)、Ｓ(硬)、Ｒ(一般)、Ａ(软)、Ｌ(女用)等五级。
Shaft Frequnce
球杆震频率
根据震动测定仪，可测出其震动频率，CPN 为其单位。
Shallow Face
低打击面或低面仔
指木杆球头面部低于 11/8 吋者。
Slope Angle
斜角
指铁杆球头底线与刃部顶线，所构成之夹角。
Sole
底部
指球头与地面接触之部位。
Sole Angel
底角
指球头底部与地线所构成之夹角含翘角与挖角。
Sole Line
底线
指球头底部与地面接触，所产生之线。
Soleplate 底板
指球头底部之金属防护片，有加重及防磨损之作用。
Swing Weighting
挥杆重量
指测量挥杆时，其分配在球杆上之重量。
Target Line
目标线
指球具至目标开的一条假想线。
Tip
小端或细端
球杆较细的那一端。
Toe
趾部
球头之最前端。
Top Line
刃部顶线
球头面部上端与背上端之交会处。
Torque
扭力
挥杆时，对球杆造成之扭转力。
Trajectory
弹道
球被击出后，其飞行经过处。
Vise Pads
护套
保护木杆球头之套子。
Whhpping
绕线
木杆球头颈部通常会用尼龙线予缠绕，以增强颈部之抗力弹性。
P SH
磨光指球头表面 之磨光程度
Mirror Finsh 亮光 Satin Finish 缎光
Wbration Finsh 震光
Hosel Shape
杆状指杆端之型状
Even平杆： Wtth Eerrule Round 圆杆： No Ferrule Slope 斜杆： No Ferrule
Whipping 绕线： Wood Head Only
此文转载自9d8d.com酒店宝典：http://
第四篇：相关中英文词汇(一)
A Useful Glossary for Work Experience work experience 工作经历work history 工作经历
occupational hisstory 工作经历
professional 职业经历
employment 工作
employment history 工作经历
experience 经历
business experience 工作经历
specific experince 具体经历
employment record 工作经历
business histoty 工作经历
employment experience 工作经历
business background 工作经历
position 职位
job title 职位
responsibilities 职责
duties职责
second job 第二职业
achievments 工作成就，业绩
administer 管理
assist 辅助
adapted to 适应于
accomplish 完成（任务等）
appointed 被任命的adept in 善于
analyze 分析
authorized 委任的；核准的behave 表现
break the record 打破记录
control 控制
breadthrough 惊人的进展，关键问题的解决
conduct 经营，处理
cost 成本；费用
create 创造
demonstrate 证明，示范
decrease 减少
design 设计
develop 开发，发挥
devise 设计，发明
direct 指导
double 加倍，翻一番
earn 获得，赚取
effect 效果，作用
eliminate 消除
enlarhe 扩大
enrich 使丰富
exploit开发（资源，产品）
enliven 搞活
establish 设立（公司等）；使开业；确立
evaluation 估价，评价
execute 实行，实施
expand 推广；扩大
expedite 加快；促进
export 出口
found 创立
generate 产生
good at 擅长于
guide 指导；操纵
implement 完成，实施
import 进口
improve 改进，提高
increase 增加
influence 影响
initiate 创始，开创
introduce 采用，引进
innovate 改革，革新
inspired 受启发的；受鼓舞的install 安装
invest 投资
integrate 使结合；使一体化
invent 发明
justified 经证明的；合法化的launch 开办（新企业）
lead 领导
lengthen 延长
lessen 减少（生产成本）
level 水平
localize 使地方化
manage 管理，经营
make 制造
maintain 保持；维修
manufacture 制造
modernize 使现代化
mastered 精通的motivate 促进，激发
negotiate 谈判
nominated 被提名的；被任命的operate 操作，开动（机器等），经营（厂矿）
originate 创始，发明
organize 组织
overcome 克服（困难等）
participate in 参加
perfect 使完善；改善
perform 执行，履行
plan 计划
promote 生产，制造
profit 利润
promote 推销（商品）；创立（企业等）
be promoted to 被提升为
be proposed as 被提名为；被推荐为
provide 提供，供应
raise 提高
reach 达到
realize 实现（目标等）；获得（利润）
receive 收到，得到，接受
rekon计算（成本等）
recognize 认清（职责等）
recommended 被推荐的；被介绍的reconsolidate 重新巩固；重新整顿
reconstruct 重建
recorded 记载的recover 恢复；弥补
rectify 整顿，调整
redouble 加倍，倍增
reduce 减少，降低（成本等）
refine 精练，精制
reform 改革
registered 已注册的regenerate 更新，使更生
regularize 使系统化
regulate 控制（费用等）
rehandle 重铸；重新处理
rehash 以新形式处理（旧材料）
reinforce 加强
renew 重建，换新
renovate 革新；修理
repair 修复，修补
第五篇：佛教中英文翻译词汇
佛教中英文口译必备
佛教(Buddhism)
A Amitabha 阿弥陀佛 Anterior Tibet 前藏 一个大**，其庙叫祖卜寺(Tsurpu)Attisha 阿底峡 Avalokiteshvara 观音
B Bhodisattva 菩萨 Bon(Black)本教(黑)Budda 佛 Dorje(多杰/藏文)C Chapel 佛堂 Circumanbulate 转经道(v.)Circumanbulation 转经道 Circumanbulator 转经道的人 Consort 明妃
D Dakini 空行母 Deity 明王 Dipamkara 燃灯佛；宝光佛 Disciplinarian 铁棒喇嘛 Dorje 多杰(藏文:金刚)Dorje 金刚 Drakpa 和尚(藏文)Dratsang 扎仓(学校)Drepung 哲蚌寺 Drepung Monastry 哲蚌寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Drolma 卓玛（藏文：度母）Drolma 度母（女菩萨）
E Emptiness 空 Enthronement 坐床 Esoteric Buddhism 密宗 Exotoric Buddhism 显宗 F Form 色 Formless 无色
G Ganden Monastry 甘丹寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Ge－kor 铁棒喇嘛萨三大 Great Perfection 大园满 Green Tara 绿度母 Gulug(Yellow hat)格鲁派 Guru 和沿(梵文)H Hayagriva 马头明主 Hinayana 小乘 Holy mountain 魂山 Hutukta **(蒙文)I Incarnated lama 转世**
J Jampa 弥勒慈氏 Jokhang Temple 大昭寺
K Kaggu(White)噶举 Kalachakra 时轮(金刚)Kangyur 甘珠尔(佛语)Karmapa 葛玛巴 Khangtsen 康村(宿舍)Khatag 哈达 Khenpo 堪布(主持)Kumbum 塔尔 Kunbum M.堪布寺(西宁)L Labrang Monastery.拉卜楞寺(甘南)Lama 喇嘛，指大和尚 Lek Trima 妙绘赞 Lineage 传承 Lobsang 洛桑 Losang 洛桑
M Mahakala 大黑天(本教中神的名字)Mahayana 大乘 Main Assembly Hall 大经堂 Maitreya 弥勒慈氏 Mandala 檀城 Mandala 曼陀螺 Manjushri 文殊(菩萨)Mantra 咒语 Master 上师(和尚)Material 色 Medicine Buddha 药师佛 Monastry 寺院（比Temple大）Monk 和尚(小)Monlam 默然大法会 Monlam 传昭大法会 Mudra 手印Nga 阿 N Ngari 阿里 Nirvan 涅盘 Nyingma 宁玛 O Order 教派
P Padma 莲花 Padmasambhava 莲花生 Pagoda 佛塔 Palkor Chode 白居寺
Panchen Lama ** Partner 明妃 Pelden Lhamo 吉祥天女 Pelden Lhamo 班丹拉母 Potala 布达拉宫 Prayer meeting festival 传昭大法会 Prayer wheel 传经筒 R Ramoche Temple 小昭寺 Reincarnation 灵童 Rinpoche **(通用)S Sakya(Stripe hat)花派(萨迦)Sect 教派 Sera Monastry 色拉寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Shakyamuni 施加摩尼 Shantarakshita 寂护 Shantarakshita 静命 Sharipu 舍利子(骨灰)Sku－Vbumchen－mo 白居寺 Sontzen Gampo 松赞干布 Soul mountain 魂山 Soul yak 魂牛 Stupa 灵塔 Sutra Chanting Hall 大经堂
T Tara 度母（女菩萨）Tashilhunpo Monastry 扎时伦布寺(日喀泽)Temple 寺庙 Tengyur 丹珠尔(论部)喀泽 Tibetan Buddhism 藏传佛教 Tibetan Studies 藏学 Tibetan Tripitaka 大藏经 Tibetology 藏学 Tradition 教派 Trulku **(藏文)Tsam－pa 糌粑 Tsamba 糌粑 Tsang 后藏 Tsongkhapa 宗喀巴（前藏）U Union of happiness 乐空双运 V Vajrayana 密宗 Vajra 金刚 W White Tara 白度母
Y Yamataka 阿曼德迦;大威 Yamataka 怖畏金刚 Yidam 本尊 Z Zhang zhung 象雄 2 佛教专用语（附解释）
觉悟 to get enlightenment 三大语系佛教 Three languages of Buddhism: 汉语系佛教Chinese Language Buddhism 藏语系佛教Tibetan Language Buddhism 巴利语系佛教 Pali Language Buddhism 大乘佛教Mahayana Buddhism 上座部佛教Theravada Buddhism 金刚乘/密宗Vajrayana Buddhism(Lamaism)中国佛教Chinese Buddhism 佛经Sutra 经、律、论 Sutras, Vinaya, Sastra 大藏经Tripitaka Sutra 三宝（佛、法、僧）Triratna(Buddha, Dharma, Sangha)“三宝”加被 May “Triratna” bless 法师 Master/Venerable 长老 Thero/Venerable 大长老Mahathero/ Most Venerable 方丈/主持Abbot
佛教宗派Buddhist School 佛教仪式：Buddhist Ceremony/Buddhist Service for 和平祈祷法会 Buddhist Praying Ceremony for World Peace 礼佛pay respect for Buddha 颂经Sutra Chanting 香炉 Incense burner 上香To offer incense to Buddha 因果Cause and effect 成道/成佛To obtain the Buddha-hood 觉悟 To get enlightenment 三皈 go to the Buddha for refuge, go to the Dharma for refuge, go to the Sangha for refuge 五戒
follow the five commandments of Buddhism（no killing，no stealing，no sexual misconduct，no lying，no intoxicant）诸恶莫做，众善奉行，自净其意，既是佛教
“To do no evil, to do only good, to purify the will, is the doctrine of all Buddhas” 做功德to make contribution to 普渡终生to save all living beings from sufferings
四谛Four noble truths 八正道 Eight noble paths
善哉Sadhu(good or excellent)佛教寺院 Monastery/Buddhist Temple 山门The Front Gate 大雄宝殿 The Main Shrine Hall 圆通殿 The Hall of Universal Understanding 祖师殿 The Hall of Patriarch 观音殿 The Hall of Avalokitesvara Buddhisatva 罗汉堂 The Hall of Arhan 藏经阁 The Tripitaka Sutra Pavilion 斋堂 Monastic Dinning Hall 四大天王 Four deva-kings, the protectors of Buddhism 客堂Monastic Reception 韦驮Vitasoka/Vigatasoka, the protector of Buddhism 佛像 Buddha statue 四大名山Four holy mountains of Chinese Buddhism 弥勒佛Maitreya Buddha 五台山 Wutai Mountain is the Holy Place of Manjusri Buddhisattva 峨嵋山 Ermei Mountain is the Holy Place of Mahasthama Buddhisattva 九华山 Jiuhua Mountain is the holy place of Ksitigarbha Buddhisattva 普陀山 Putuo Mountain is the holy place of Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 释迦牟尼佛Shakyamuni Buddha 迦叶佛Kasyapa Buddha 药师佛 Bhaisajya Buddha/medicine Buddha 阿弥陀佛 Amitaba Buddha 三世佛 Buddhas of Three Periods: Kasyapa Buddha of the past Shakyamuni Buddha of the present Maitrya Buddha of the future 观世音菩萨 Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 毗庐舍那佛
Vairocana Buddha 菩贤菩萨 Samandhabatra Buddhisattva 菩萨
Buddhisattva 大势智菩萨Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 文殊菩萨
Manjusri Buddisattva
地藏菩萨 ksitigahba Buddhisattva 善财童子Sudhana 罗汉 Arhan 西方三圣：阿弥陀佛、观音菩萨、大势至菩萨
Amitaba Buddha Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 达摩Budhidharma 摄摩腾Kasyapa Matanga 竺法兰 Gobharana/Dharmaraksa 佛学院 Buddhist College 僧伽Sangha 僧、尼（比丘、比丘尼）monk、nun(Bhiksu, Bhiksuni)方丈/主持 Abbot 首座Chief monk 监院/当家 Monastic Manger 侍者 Assistant 中国佛教协会 The Buddhist Association of China 中国佛学院The Buddhist Academy of China 会长President 副会长 Vice President 秘书长 Secretary General 副秘书长Deputy Secretary General 任持自性、轨生物解 retaining its own nature,such that it can be recognized 正觉 enlightenment 等觉 / 遍觉 erfect enlightenment
圆觉或无上觉 supreme or paramount enlingtenment 我空 Emptiness 缘起 dependent origination 八正道 the Noble Eightfold Path 十二因缘 the twelve-linked causal formula 因果律 the causal principle 究竟菩提心 Absolute Bodhi Citta修持六度(布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧波罗蜜)、万行，并救度一切众生脱离轮回苦海的愿心。
轮回 Samsara(藏文kor wa)：依因缘而存在的存在形式。众生因为贪、瞋、痴(三毒或烦恼障)而流转于轮回，并承受轮回之苦。
僧、僧伽 Sangha(藏文 gendun)：法道上的伴侣。或泛指法道上的一切行者，或特指已开悟的圣僧。六波罗蜜(Six)： 布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧
轮回六道 Six realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk)：由于不同的烦恼或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态：天道:天人或天道众生具有强烈的傲慢心，必须历经变易之苦：阿修罗道:具有强烈的嫉妒、猜疑心，必须历经斗争之苦;人道:是六道中最幸运的，因为人道众生具有达到证悟的最佳机会，虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦：畜生道:由于强烈的愚痴而受生，有深切的暗哑之苦：饿鬼道:由于强烈的悭吝而受生，有极端的饥渴之苦：地狱道:由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而受生，具有极端的冷热之苦。
声闻 Sravaka(藏文nyen th)：指亲闻佛说法的弟子，或泛指修习四圣义谛而证悟成道，已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者（阿罗汉）。
十圆满 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada，藏文jor wa chu)：益于修持佛法的十种因素：生于人道、生于佛法盛传之地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。三宝 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum)：佛宝、法宝及僧宝。
赤松德赞 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A.D.)：西藏国王，邀请伟大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏，并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙「桑耶林」（Samye Ling）。
三藏 Tri pitaka：佛教的法教通常分为三藏，经藏、律藏及论藏。经藏，佛陀所说的经文；律藏，佛陀所制定的戒律；论藏，佛弟子所造的论述，主体是现象的分析，是法教的阐释或论述传统。龙树 Nagauna 化身 Nirmanakaya 又称为「应化身」，示现于世间，如释迦牟尼佛于此世间之化现。
涅燊 Nirvana（藏文nya ngen lay day pa）：完全证悟时所达到的境界。在文字用法上和轮回形成对比。莲花生大士 Padmasambhva(藏文Guru Rinpoche)：于第九世纪应邀至西藏，降服邢秽及魔障，并建立宁玛派传承，为藏传佛教之祖师。
波罗蜜多 Paramita（藏文pha rol tu phyin pa）：能超越轮回的具德行为。大乘道所修持的种波罗蜜是：布施波罗蜜、持戒波罗蜜、忍辱波罗蜜、精进波罗蜜、禅定波罗蜜、智慧波罗蜜。颇哇 Phowa（藏文）：一种高深的密续法门，是关于在死亡时将意识投射到善道的法门。
般若 Prajna（藏文she rab）：在梵文的意思是「圆满的知识」，也可以表示智慧、理解或辨识能力。通常它是表示从比较高超的角度（例如，非二元）来看事情的智慧。
世俗谛 Relative truth（藏文kun dzop）：和胜义谛（或译为圣谛、真谛）合称为二谛。世俗谛是尚末开悟的世俗人对世界的看法，亦即他们基于错误的自我信念而做的投射。
仪轨 Sadhana（藏文drup tap）：密续修法的法本，详细地叙述如何观修本尊的坛城及禅定。三摩地 Samadhi（藏文ting nge dzin）：又称为专一禅定，是禅修的最高形式。
止 Samatha or tranquility meditation（藏文Shi nye）：基本的禅修方法。修「止」的时候，行者通常盘腿而生，专注于呼吸并观察心的活动。
报身Samb Hogakaya 又称为「法乐身」，示现给菩萨。
轮回 Samsara(藏文kor wa)：依因缘而存在的存在形式，和涅乐相反。众生因为贪、瞋、痴(三毒或烦恼障)而流转于轮回，并承受轮回之苦。
僧或僧伽 Sangha（藏文gen dun）：修行道上的伴侣。僧众可能是法道上的一切修行者，或是已开悟的出家众。
经典 Satra（藏文do）：记录佛陀亲口所说的法，所集成小乘及大乘典籍，有别于金刚乘的密续（tantra）法教及阐释佛陀之语的论注（Sastras）。
经乘 Satrayana：经乘的证悟方法包括小乘及大乘。
悉达 Siddha（藏文grub thab）：有成就的佛教修行者，即成就者。悉地 Siddhis（藏文ngo drub）：佛教成就者的修行成就。
轮回六道 Six Realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk)：由于不同的烦恼或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态： 天道，天人或天道众生具有强烈的傲慢心，必须历经变易之苦 阿修罗道，具有强烈的嫉妒、猜疑心，必须历经斗争之苦;人道，是六道中最幸运的，因为人道众生具有达到证悟的最佳机会，虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦 畜生道，由于强烈的愚痴而受生，有深切的暗哑之苦： 饿鬼道，由于强烈的悭吝而受生，有极端的饥渴之苦： 地狱道，由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而受生，具有极端的冷热之苦。蕴 Skandha（藏文pang pa）：蕴的字义为「积集」。色蕴、受蕴、想蕴、行蕴及识蕴等五蕴，是将物体的存在转化为知觉的五种基本功能。
声闻 Sravaka(藏文nyen th)：指亲闻佛说法的弟子，或泛指修习四圣义谛而证悟成道，已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者（阿罗汉）。
气脉 Subtle Channels（藏文tsa）：气脉指的是有气的能量或「风」，《梵文「波若那」（Prana），藏文即「隆（Lung）」》，循环于其中的微细管道，而不是解剖学上的脉。
空性 Sunyata（藏文tong pa nyi）：佛陀在二转法轮时开示外在现象、「我」或「自我」的观念没有真实的存在性，因此万法都是空性的。
密续 Tantra（藏文gyu）：金刚乘法教及其典籍。
十圆满 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada，藏文jor wa chu)：益于修持佛法的十种因素：生于人道、生于佛法盛传之地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。三宝 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum)：佛宝、法宝及僧宝。
赤松德赞 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A．D．)：西藏国王，邀请伟大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏，并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙「桑耶林」（Samye Ling）。
佛陀所制定的戒律；论藏，佛弟子所造的论述，主体是现象的分析，是法教的阐释或论述传统。不变的“我” 恒常的我 the self-same manner 此有故彼有，此无故彼无 Whenever A is present , B is present;Whenever A is absent, B is absent.Therefore, from the arising of A, B arises;from the cessation of A, B ceases.明缘起，即明佛法 One who discerns dependent origination discerns the Dhamma 一切众生，皆有佛性，有佛性者，皆得成佛
All living beings have Buddha-nature ,everyone with the Buddha-nuture may attain Buddhahood.3 佛教(Buddhism)
3.1 中国的佛教 Buddhism in China 佛教是中国最重要的宗教。通常认为佛教是公元67年汉朝时期从新疆传到中原的。在其发展过程中，对传统的中国文化和思想有着深远影响并成为当时中国最重要的宗教之一。佛教在中国的发展大体上可以分为以下几个时期。
第一时期是汉朝，佛教刚传到中国。在这个时期，传译了很多佛教经文，白马寺也是在这个时期建立的，标志着佛教教义在中国的第一次传播。第二时期是在晋朝（265—420），南北朝（386—589）时期，翻译、撰写了更多的佛教经文.从南北朝开始，中国佛教进入繁盛时期。第三时期是隋朝（581—618）和唐朝（618—907）佛教在中国迎来了鼎盛时期并取得前所未有的发展。隋朝帝王信奉佛教，唐朝帝王虽然信奉道教，但对佛教采取了保护包容的政策。因此，在这个时期，道教在中国取得了空前的发展。然而，在封建社会末期，由于社会动荡，中国佛教发展得佷缓慢。中华人民共和国成立以后, 实施宗教信仰自由的政策，中国佛教进入新的发展时期。现在，佛教在中国取得了巨大的发展，国际上的学术交流也扩大了。
Buddhism is the most important religion in China.It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220)from Hotan in Xinjiang to Central China.During its development in China, it has a profound influence on traditional Chinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.In general, the development of Buddhism in China can be divided into the following periods.The first period is Buddhism in Han Dynasty when it was just introduced into China.During this period of time, many Buddhist scriptures were translated and explained.The White Horse Temple was built during this period of time and it signifies the first time of Buddhism doctrines delivered in China.The second period is in Jin(265-420), Northern and Southern Dynasties(386-589)when more Buddhist scriptures were translated and Buddhist writings came out.From the beginning of Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chinese Buddhism has entered its prosperous time.The third period is the Sui(581-618)and Tang(618-907)Dynasties when Buddhism welcomed its heyday and got unprecedented development.The emperors of the Sui Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and though Tang's emperors believed in Taoism, they showed a protective and tolerant attitude toward the development of other religions such as Buddhism.So in this period, Buddhism got a rapid and great development in China.However, in the late of feudal society, because of the social unrest, Chinese Buddhism was slow in development.After the founding of People's Republic of China and the implementing of the policy of freedom in religion belief, Chinese Buddhism embraced its new growing age.Now it is developing greatly and the international academic exchanges are expanded.3.2 佛教的宗派Sects of Buddhism
由于传入的时间、途径、地区和民族文化、社会历史背影的不同，中国佛教形成三大系，即汉传佛教（汉语系）、藏传佛教（藏语系）和云南地区佛教（巴利语系）。
Three different forms of this religion evolved as it reached the centers of population at varying times and by different routes.The social and ethnic background in each location also affected the way in which each of these forms developed and eventually they became known as Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.3.2.1 汉传佛教Han Buddhism 传入中国汉族地区的佛教，经过长期的经典传译、讲习、融化，与中国传统文化结合，从而形成具有民族特点的各种学派和宗派；并外传朝鲜、日本和越南。
Buddhism was introduced into China the Han areas, after a long classic interpretation, workshops, melting, and the combination of Chinese traditional culture D, which form a variety of national characteristics and sectarian schools, and rumors Korea, Japan and Vietnam.佛教传入中国汉地年代，学术界尚无定论。古代汉文史籍中，有秦始皇时沙门室利防等18人到中国的记载。据《善见律毗婆沙》记述，在阿育王时代，曾派大德摩诃勒弃多至臾那世界（原注：汉地）；派末世摩至雪山边国。西藏多罗那他《印度佛教史》称达摩阿育王时，高僧善见至大支那弘法。南璺佛教史书则称派末世摩至支那。以上这些布教活动因无译述遗迹传世，无法证实。
Buddhism came to China's Han, the academic community have been inconclusive.Ancient Chinese historical records, there are anti-Qin Li when Salmonella Room 18 people to China and other records.According to the “law of good, see adjacent Posha” account, in the era of Asoka, Buddhism after the third assembled, had sent up to Dade Maha Yu Le abandon that world(the original note: Han);sent to the mountain side of Mount end of the world countries.Doro Tibet that he was “History of Buddhism in India,” said Dharma Ashoka, the Buddhist monk, see Tai Shan Shina preaching.Buddhist school called the South end of the world history books to Shina Mount.These missionary activities handed down because there was no translation of the above sites that can not be confirmed.汉建元二年至元朔三年（公元前139～前～126），张骞出使西域期间，曾在大夏见到从鳊贩运去的蜀布、邛竹杖，说明当时中印之间已有民间往来，可能佛教也随之传入汉地。汉武帝还开辟了海上航道与印度东
海岸的黄支等地建立联系。近年考古发现，东汉时的四川彭山墓葬中已有佛像，江苏连云港孔望山佛教摩崖刻像初步证实也属于东汉时期。东汉明帝于永平八年（65）赐楚王英诏言其“尚浮屠之仁祠，洁斋三月，与神为誓”，可见当时已有佛教传入。经典的传入，据传始于汉元寿元年（公元前2年）大月氏王使伊存口授博士弟子景卢以浮屠经（佛典），但究为何经，已失传无闻。历来均以永平年间（公元58～75）遣使西域取回《四十二章经》为佛法传入中国之始。此说是否为历史事实，近代颇有争议。因当时西域发生战乱，交通断绝，至永平十六年才开放。因此，只能推定大概在公历纪元前后，佛教开始传入汉族地区。传播的地区以长安、洛阳为中心，波及彭城（徐州）等地。当时人们认为佛教同道教一样是一种神仙方术，故桓帝将黄帝、老子和佛陀同祀，“诵黄老之微言，尚浮屠之仁祠”，把沙门视同方士。佛教在皇室成员和贵族中受到尊崇。
Han Jianyuan Two to Yuanshuo Three years(BC 139 ~ before ~ 126), Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty during the summer to see in a large traffic to go from bream Shu cloth, Qiong Zhu Zhang, indicating that China and India people exchanges has been may be introduced along the Han Buddhism.Han has also opened up sea lanes and the east coast of India and other places to establish contact.Archaeological discoveries in recent years, the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Sichuan have been statues Pengshan, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Lookout Mountain Buddhist cliff carved holes initially confirmed as belong to the Eastern Han Dynasty.Yongping Han Emperor Ming in eight(65)give Chuwang Ying Chao made the “Buddha of the kernel is still Temple, Jie Zhai March, swear to God,” Buddhism has been seen at the time.The introduction of the classic, reportedly began in the first year of life of Chinese yuan(2 BC)Taiyue Shi, Dr.Wang to dictate Iraq disciples kept the Buddha by King Lu(Buddhist), but why study classics, has lost no smell.Always are Yongping period(AD 58 ~ 75)Western emissary back “四十二章经” as the beginning of Buddhism into China.Whether it is a historical fact still remained a modern controversial.At that time Western war cut off traffic to Yongping sixteen years before opening.Therefore, the only presumption about the era before and after the Gregorian calendar, Buddhism began to spread into the Han areas.Transmission areas from Chang'an and Luoyang as the center, spread to Pengcheng(Xuzhou)and other places.Buddhism, Taoism was thought that the same technique as a fairy party, it will be the Yellow Emperor Huan, I worship the Buddha with “chanting faire dissatisfied, still the kernel Buddha Temple”, the Salmonella deemed alchemist.Buddhism in royalty and nobility are respected.Buddhism during the Han Dynasty was regarded as having its basis in magic in much the same way as Taoism and it first
took root among members of the royal family and aristocracy.晋朝时期，佛教在平民中广受欢迎。在公元401年，鸠摩罗什从月门关附近的西域地区来到长安，和3000名学士一起翻译了74 佛经。很显然，这是佛教在中国的传播史上的重大事件。在这个时期，另一个新的类，学者型官僚。他们汇集了既定的，流行的形而上学和佛教教义。在中国北方有不少，而在南方许多文人官僚们被誉为佛教精通者。王室家庭授予佛教僧侣和尼姑相当大的权限。到1768年寺庙如雨后春笋般出现，并增加许多僧尼。
The Jin Dynasty witnessed the popularization among ordinary people.In 401 Kumarajiva was invited to Chang'an from the Western Region that lay to the west to Yumenguan Pass and together with 3,000 scholars translated 74 sutras.Obviously, this was an event of great importance to spread of Buddhism.During the Jin Dynasty a new class emerged;that of the scholar-bureaucrats.They brought together the established, popular metaphysics and Buddhist doctrines.In the north of China there were quite a few reputed monks while in the south many scholar-bureaucrats were well versed in Buddhism.The royal families were passionate toward Buddhism and granted monks and nuns considerable privileges.The number of temples mushroomed to 1768 and with them as many as 24,000 monks and nuns.Monks were to become a new class in China and Buddhism took a firm hold on the country.在南北朝，佛教继续蓬勃发展。现在著名的龙门石窟，云冈石窟建造于此期间。最重要的事件是时达摩来到中国。他到广州，然后又到南京在那里他与梁武帝进行讨论。他们没有达成一致，所以带着问题的达摩来到少林寺。
Buddhism continued to flourish during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.The now famous Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Caves were constructed during this period.The most important event was when Bodhidharma came to China.He arrived in Guangzhou and then went on to Nanjing where he entered into discussion with Emperor Wu of Liang in the Southern Dynasty.They failed to agree over matters of doctrine and so Bodhidharma went to the Shaolin Temple.Bodhidharma was the first Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, the formation of which marked the independent development of the faith in China.This localized sect of Buddhism had a profound repercussion on Chinese philosophy and culture.隋唐期间，佛教在中国的发展达到了顶峰。唐代皇帝自称他们是老子—道教创始人的后代和参拜者，但在实践中他们认识到佛教的重要性。成立了一个翻译机构，在长安（今西安）首都城市，大雁塔佛经。玄奘是此时最知名的和尚，他的旅程是印度，为明代小说西游记（也被称为孙悟空）模型。
Buddhism reached its zenith during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the restoration of temples and statues of Buddha that had been destroyed during Northern Zhou.Tang Emperors claimed they were descendents of Lao Zi, the creator of Taoism and paid homage to Taoism but in practice they recognized the importance of Buddhism.An Institute was set up to translate Buddhist sutras in the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the capital city of Chang'an(today's Xian).Xuan Zang was the most reputed monk at this time, and it was his journey to India that was the model for the Ming novel The Journey to the West(also known as the Monkey King).慧能（638-713），是佛教禅宗六祖，不应被忽略。他著名的诗句，“菩提本无树，明镜亦非台，本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。”这句话被翻译为：“完美的智慧之树本来没有树，也没有光明的一面镜子，任何信佛者永远是清净的，哪里沾染灰尘？”这些已成为流行的诗句，帮人们进入心灵的禅想。在公元730年，慧能的弟子赢了与其他教派的辩论。此后，禅宗被介绍给韩国。Hui Neng(638-713), the sixth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, should not be ignored.His famous verses, “Originally there was no Bodhi-tree, nor stand of a bright mirror.The mirror was originally clean and pure;where can it be stained by dust?” These words have otherwise been translated as: “The Tree of Perfect Wisdom was originally no tree.Nor had the bright mirror any frame.Buddha-nature is forever clear and pure.Where is there any dust?” These lines have become the first thing to pop into the mind when people think of Zen.In 730 Hui Neng's disciples won debates with other sects and Zen was strengthened in China.Zen was introduced to Korea in the 8th Century and to Japan at the end of the 12th Century.佛教深入日常生活，并在建筑，雕塑，绘画，音乐和文学产生重大影响。不过，在845由于社会和经济原因，佛教是禁止的。4600座庙宇被拆除，500僧侣和尼姑被迫放弃他们的宗教。佛教与儒学的结合导致了宋代唯心主义哲学和明时期儒家学派的形成。这种传统继承了清代与汉传佛教禅宗成为代名词。
Buddhism penetrated daily life and had a substantial impact in architecture, sculpture, painting, music and literature.However, Buddhism was forbidden in 845 due to social and economical reasons.Over 4600 temples were demolished and 260, 500 monks and nuns were forced to give up their religion.The combination of Buddhism and Confucianism led to the formation of Li Xue, the Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming dynasties.This tradition was
inherited by the Qing Dynasty and Zen became synonymous with Han Buddhism.3.2.2 南传佛教 Southern Buddhism 西双版纳傣族自治州，云南省信奉南传佛教。据记载，7世纪中叶，巴利语系佛教通过缅甸传入云南，但只持续了四个世纪。没有庙宇的建造和口头上的佛经被流传下来。南传佛教僧人在11世纪的战争逃去。
Dai people in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province believe in Southern Buddhism.According to records, Pali Buddhism was introduced to Yunnan in the middle of 7th century via Burma but it lasted only four centuries.No temples were built and the sutras were passed on orally.Thus, Southern Buddhism faded and monks fled during the war around the 11th century.The existing Southern Buddhism entered Yunnan from Burma and Thailand after the wars.1277年书面傣语的创建和贝叶经出现了。在明代，缅甸公主被送往云南，嫁给了一个傣族地区统治者。大量的佛教寺庙建于景洪。这些都有助于普及老百姓南传佛教。凭借其宗教和政治相结合，南传佛教，吸收本地的文化，具有灵活的教义。和尚可以吃肉，可以还俗。妇女不出家。
In 1277 a written Dai language was created and the Pattra sutra appeared.In the Ming Dynasty a Burmese princess was married to a local ruler in Dai area and Burmese monks were sent to Yunnan.A large quantity of Buddhist temples were built in Jinghong.All these helped to popularize Southern Buddhism among the common people.With its combination of religion and politics, Southern Buddhism, absorbing Tai culture, has flexible doctrines.Monks can eat meat and can secularize.Women do not become nuns for to do so would break their ancestral line.一般来说，佛教是傣族人民之间的单一的宗教，并比他们的日常生活，像雕塑，绘画，民间传说文化的综合影响还大。年轻的男孩必须去寺庙和学习知识，直到他们长大成人。有些则是在寺庙做人，而从未还俗。从某种意义上说，僧侣承担传授民族文化的作用。
Generally, Buddhism is the single religion among Dai people and has a comprehensive influence over their daily life and culture like sculpture, painting and folklores.Young boys must go to the temples and learn knowledge until they become adults.Some remain in the temples and become monks while others return to secular life.In a sense, monks assume the role of imparting ethnic culture 3.2.3 藏传佛教Tibetan Buddhism
藏传佛教，也叫'喇嘛教'，开始于7世纪中叶。当时，国王松赞干布与尼泊尔公主Chizun和文成公主结婚了。受这两个佛教的公主，他皈依佛教，建大昭寺和小昭寺寺（小赵硅）。在8世纪中叶，佛教经印度传入西藏。藏传佛教完全形成于10世纪末。进化后在西藏，藏传佛教与政治独特结合。
Tibetan Buddhism, also called 'Lamaism', started in the middle of 7th century.At that time, King Songtsen Gampo married Nepalese Princess Chizun and Princess Wencheng from Chang'an(currently Xian).Influenced by these two Buddhist princesses, he coverted to Buddhism and built Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Monastery(Xiao Zhao Si).In the middle of 8th century, Buddhism was introduced to Tibet via India.Tibetan Buddhism was totally formed in the late 10th century.After centuries of development in Tibet, a unique combination of religion and politics with Tibetan Buddhism evolved.Buddha Unfolding Festival, Drepung Monastery 目前，藏传佛教可分为四个教派：宁玛派，噶举派，格鲁派，萨迦。Major Sects of Tibetan Buddhism Present Tibetan Buddhism can be divided into four sects: Nyingmapa, Kagyupa, Gelugpa, and Sakyapa.宁玛在藏语中思是'老'。宁玛派是藏传佛教中最古老的教派。它也被称为'红教'，因为在这个教派僧人和尚总是穿红色的帽子。噶举派创造于11世纪中叶，它是藏传佛教中有名的分支机构。它被称为“白教”是由于这个教派僧侣穿白色长袍，他们的寺庙都被漆成白色。在14世纪，宗喀巴创建的格鲁派鼓励僧侣过着简朴的生活和无私的精神。这个教派僧人戴黄色帽子，所以被称为“黄教”。在西藏，萨迦意思是“丰富多彩”。萨迦教派的寺院都被漆成红色，白色和黑色的条纹，象征着文殊菩萨，观音和金刚，因此它被称为“丰富多彩的节”。
Nyingmapa means 'old' in Tibetan.Nyingmapa is the oldest sect in Tibetan Buddhism.It is also called 'Red sect' because monks in this sect always wear red monk hats.The Kagyupa sect was created in the middle of 11th century, and it is famous for having the most branches in Tibetan Buddhism.It is called 'white sect' because monks belonging to this sect wear white robes and their temples are painted white.In 14th century, Tsong Khapa created Gelugpa sect.This sect encourages monks to live an austere and unselfish life.Monks of this sect wear yellow hats, so
it is called 'yellow sect'.In Tibetan, sakyapa means 'colorful'.Temples of the Sakyapa sect are painted in red, white and black stripes, symbolizing Manjusri Bodhisattva, Avalokitesvara and Vajradhara, so it is called the “colorful sect”.有许多藏传佛教寺院在中国，这是值得一游，体验地道的藏传佛教文化。著名的藏传佛教寺院包括：哲蚌寺，甘丹寺，拉卜楞寺寺，萨迦寺，色拉寺，扎什伦布寺和塔尔寺。
There are many Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in China, which are worth visiting to experience authentic Tibetan Buddhist culture.Famous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries include: Drepung Monastery, Ganden Monastery, Labrang Monastery, Sakya Monastery, Sera Monastery, Ta'er Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery.3.3 佛教对中国人生活的影响力
Influence of Buddhism over the Life of Chinese
在其悠久的历史，佛教对中华文明留下了不可磨灭的影响。许多单词和短语，起源于佛教。就以一口语短语,” 临时抱佛脚”的意思是”最后一分钟作出的努力”。这在一定意义上揭示了中国对信仰的功利性态度。许多人磕头、在寺庙烧香是因为他们遇到了困难。佛教和禅宗文学的痕迹是显而易见的。不少像唐时期著名诗人白居易的居士，但这并不妨碍他们一定程度上的自我放纵。正如今天的白领阶层去酒吧，唐朝学者去餐厅喝酒，调情。在今天的中国，佛教寺庙，佛教石窟及石窟和佛教圣山，特别是在国家或省级历史文化名城列出的，已成为旅游热点。
Over its long history, Buddhism has left an indelible impact on Chinese civilization.Many words and phrases have root in a Buddhist origin.Take a colloquial phrase as an example, 'to hold the foot of Buddha at the moment“ means ”to make a last minute effort“.This reveals in a sense the true attitude of the Chinese toward the utilitarian aspects of belief.Many people kowtow to whatever gods they encounter and will burn incense in any temple.In literature traces of Buddhism and Zen are obvious.Quite a few famous poets in Tang Dynasty like Bai Juyi were lay Buddhists but this did not prevent them from indulging in a little from time to time.Just as today's white collar classes go to bars, the Tang scholars went to restaurants to drink and flirt with the almahs.In today's China, Buddhist temples, Buddhist caves and grottoes and Buddhist Holy Mountains, especially the ones listed in the national or provincial historical and cultural relics, have become the hot spots for tourism.It is not uncommon for the income of a temple to
cover the expenses of a whole county or district.4佛教核心观点
Core Beliefs In Buddhism
1．佛教创立于约公元前6—5世纪的印度。
Buddhism was founded in India around the 6th to 5th century B．C． 2．据说佛教创始人为释迦牟尼。
It is said that the founder of Buddhism was Sakyamuni． 3．大约在2世纪，大乘佛教传人汉人居住的中原地区。
About the 2th century，Mahayana Buddhism entered Central China，inhabited by the Han nationality．
4．“三宝”即“佛”、“法”、“僧”。
The Three Precious Treasures include the Buddha，the Dharma(Law 0r Way)and the Sangha(the Monastic Order)．
5．佛教在中国一直与儒学、道教共存。
Buddhism has always co-existed with Confucianism and Daoism． 6．佛像和菩萨雕塑供奉在寺院里，让人们拜祭。
Buddhism has and Bodhisattva statues have been placed for worship in monasteries． 7．直到现在，小乘佛教仍然流行于傣族地区。
Up to the present time．Hinayana Buddhism(Lesser Vehicle)is still prevalent as in the regions inhabited by Dai nationality．
8．传统之间相互共存促进了有中国特色的宗教的形成。
Their mutual co-existence of the tradition has produced a religion with distinct Chinese characteristics．
9．同一个寺院里除释迦牟尼以外，还供奉了许多其他佛像和菩萨雕塑。
In addition to Sakyamuni, many other Buddhism has and Boddhisattvas statues have been placed in the same monasteries 10．佛教在中国传播时，僧人把“道场”中国化，为不同的菩萨安排了不同的“道场”。
As Buddhism spread throughout China，Buddhist monks added Chinese characteristics to the Daochang and accordingly placed different Buddhas in the different Daochang in China． 11．四个主要宗派为天台宗、华严宗、净土宗和禅宗，这四个宗派都形成于公元581年到755年之间。这些宗派在中国和日本有相当大的影响。
The four major sects(Tiantai，Huayan，Jingtu and Chan)appeared between 581 and 755A.D., and they had considerable influence in both China and Japan．
12．“八正道”为“正见”、“正思维”、“正语”、“正业”、“正命”、“正勤”、“正念”、“正定”。
This eight-fold path consists of right knowledge, right thought，right speech，right behavior，fight livelihood，fight effort，right mindfulness and right concentration． 13．修“八正道”的佛法修行人渴望实现“涅磐”。“涅椠”超越了死亡和诸种烦恼，脱离了生死的轮回，进人到安静、自在、无为的快乐境界中。
By following the eight-fold path，Buddhist followers aim to attain Nirvana, a condition of eternal and tranquil bliss that is beyond the limits of death，rebirth，thoughts and feelings． 14．释迦牟尼是一位王子。他年轻时，痛感人世间遭受的贫穷、苦难、疾病、死亡。29岁时他毅然舍弃物欲世界，出家修行。．
Sakyamuni was a prince．When he was young, he sadly saw that people suffered in poverty，pain，sickness and death．Around the age of 29，the prince made his break from the material world and plunged off in search of enlightenment． 15．传说，释迦牟尼来到一棵菩提树下，静坐苦思，后来觉悟成佛。
As the story goes，Sakyamuni came to a fig tree．He sat beneath it and then he slipped into deep meditation．Afterwards he achieved enlightenment and became Buddha．
16．“四谛”即苦、集、灭、道。
The four noble truths：life is suffering，the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the eight-fold path．
17．大乘佛教认为，每个人与一切众生都有着同体的联系，佛祖不会入涅檗而抛弃众生，相反，他会继续普度众生。
Mahayana Buddhism(Greater Vehicle)holds that the fate of an individual is linked to the fate of all others．The Buddha doesn't float off into his own Nirvana，leaving other people behind.He continues to exude spiritual、help to those see—king Nirvana． 18．小乘佛教认为，涅桀之路是个人的追求。凡要证得涅椠者，必须自己走自己的路。
Hinayana(Lesser Vehicle)holds that the path to Nirvana is an individual pursuit．People who seek Nirvana must tread its path on their own．
19．天台宗为中国佛教最早的宗派，创始人为中国隋代的智颤。他以《妙法莲华经》为基本依据，将其他佛教经典分为“五时八教”，提倡禅定和佛教义理双修。
Tiantai was the earliest sect of Chinese Buddhism．It was founded by Zhiyi during the Sui Dynasty．Zhiyi took the Lotus Sutra as his basis； he classified the other Buddhist sutras into five periods and eight types of teachings and he also emphasized both meditation practice and scriptural study．
20．华严宗出现于公元7世纪，创始人为唐朝的法藏。此宗在公元7世纪后期传入朝鲜，公元725年到740年之间传人日本。
Huayan Sect was established in the 7th century by a Chinese monk，Fa Zang，of the Tang Dynasty．This sect reached Korea in the late 7th century，and Japan between 725 and 740． 21．禅宗是佛教的一个宗派。梵文“dhyana”的汉语音译为“禅那”，意思是“静虑”。相传印度的菩提达摩创建了此宗禅法，中国人称他为“达摩”。此宗重视禅定，认为人人心里都有佛性。
Chan Buddhism is a sect of Mahayana Buddhism．The“Channa” is a transliteration of the Sanskrit term“dhyana”．which means“meditation”．It is said that the founder of the Chan Buddhism was Bodhidharma who was known to the Chinese as Da Mo．This sect emphasizes meditation，it holds
that the universal“Buddha, nature” is immanent within ourselves．
22．净土宗以描述西方净土的印度佛教经典为基础，凡是一心专念阿弥陀佛的修行者和认为传统佛教的清规戒律太繁琐的居士，都可以专修此法。
Jingtu Buddhism is based upon a number of Indian Buddhist texts describing a pure land to the west．Especially it is designed for those, who devoutly chant the name of Amitabha and for laypersons who find traditional Buddhist moral rules and meditation discipline too strict． 23．藏族人信仰佛教。藏传佛教俗称“喇嘛教”。在公元7世纪吐蕃国王松赞干布统治时期，佛教传人西藏。公元14世纪末，藏传佛教有了不同的宗派，其中包括红教、白教和黄教。
The Tibetan people believe in Buddhism．It is called Lamaism．It spread into Tibet during the reign of Tubo King Songtsan Gambo in the 7th century．By the end of the 14th century，the Tibetan Buddhism had a variety of sects, including the Red Sect，the White Sect and the Yellow Sect．
24．公元前65年，佛教传播到中国。传播者为两个印度僧人，他们受汉明帝邀请，来中国建立寺庙。刚开始，由于主流传统文化的原因，佛教在中国并没有什么影响。
Buddhism was first introduced to China about 65 B．C．by two Indian monks who had been invited by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty to establish a monastery in China．In the beginning，Buddhism did not have much influence in China due to the prevailing traditional Chinese culture． 25．在早期，佛教术语、思想，以及佛教的艺术形式必须中国本土化。初期的一种办法是用道家术语，其优点是让人听起来熟悉。
At the early stage，Buddhist word and ideas, as well as its artistic forms, had to be translated into Chinese terms．One early solution was to employ Daoist terminology，and this had the advantage of sounding familiar．
26．普贤的坐骑是白象，“普贤”之意即为德行无边无量。普贤是释迦牟尼的肋侍之一，有些寺庙把释迦牟尼、文殊、普贤同祀于大雄宝殿。
Puxian(Samantabhadra)symboHzes infinite virtue and is represented riding a white elephant．“Puxian”is considered to be one of Sakvamuni’s close assistants．In some monasteries，the statues of Sakyamuni．Wenshu and Puxian statues are placed in the Grand Buddha Hall． 27．阿弥陀佛又名接引佛，他随释迦牟尼得道成佛。接引佛为西方极乐世界的教主，能接引众生，往生西方净土。
Amitabha is also called Jieyin Buddha．Along with Sakvamuni．he attained the state of Buddha-hood through his perfect enlightenment．Amitabha takes charge of the Buddhist Western Paradise．and his work is to usher sentient beings into the paradise when they pass away． 28．弥勒佛通常供在寺庙的第一重殿。佛教传人中国后，弥勒佛迅速“中国化”，在民间广受崇拜。
The statue of Maitreya is usually placed in the first main hall of a monastery．When Buddhism entered China．Maitreya quickly took on Chinese characteristics and became popular among the people．
29．观音有三十三种化身，如千手相、十一面相、四十八臂相。观音有大慈大悲、救苦救难菩萨之号，他的法力广大，因中国古典文学名著《西游记》而家喻户晓。
Guanyin has 33 various images．including an image with 1000 hands，an image with 11 faces． and an image with 48 arms．Guanyin serves as the Bodhisattva of perfect compassion and kindness，helping the needy and relieving the distressed．His infinite Buddhist power is known in every household due to the popularity of the famous Chinese literary classic，The Pilgrimage to the West．
30．根据佛教经典，文殊菩萨是转轮圣王的第三太子。相传佛教传人中国后，他在五台山显相。文殊手持宝剑，表示法力广大、智慧超凡.According to the Buddhist classics．Wenshu was the third son of the Holy King in charge of reincarnations． Legend has it that as Buddhists entered China，Wenshu appeared on Mt．Wutai． Wenshu holds a sword that symbolizes his infinite Buddhist power and perfect wisdom． 31．根据佛教经典，地藏受释迦牟尼的委托，立下宏愿，在佛祖寂灭后、弥勒佛未降生前，尽度六道众生，拯救诸苦。皆如愿，遂成佛，称其为地藏。
According to the Buddhist classics, during the period from the Nirvana of Sakyamuni to the advent of Maitreya，Dizang Bodhisattva vowed to save all beings from suffering in the Six
Paths．He vows not to achieve Buddhahood until all the Hells are empty, and is thus therefore referred as the King of Hell．
32．四大天王被称为“四大金刚”，源于印度佛教传说。这四大金刚能够驱逐邪魔，护持众佛祖，保天下风凋雨顺，故多塑于寺院的第一重殿。
The Four Heavenly Kings are depicted as the Four Warrior Attendants(Vajras)．Their origin stems from an Indian Buddhism legend，and these kings are able to drive out evil and monsters．protect Buddhas，and assure favorable conditions for the growth of crops each year．Therefore, their images are usually placed in the first main hall of a Buddhist monastery． 33．根据佛教经典，十六罗汉是释迦牟尼的弟子。受佛祖嘱托，他们不入涅槃，长住人间，受世人供养而为众生造福。
According to Buddhist classics，Sakyamuni's disciples are sixteen Arhats．They are instructed by the Buddha not to ascend into the Buddhist Western Paradise，and instead they are asked to reside in the world, the human beings take care of them, and in return the Arhats bring benefit to human beings．
34．十六罗汉的传说受到了汉族佛教徒对于罗汉的崇敬，他们将罗汉的人数和法力“扩大化”，于是有了“五百罗汉”之说。
The legend pf the Sixteen Arhats gave rise to the esteem for the Arhats fron Buddhist followers in the regions inhabited by the Han nationality． In addition, the followers increased the Arhat numbers and magnified their Buddhist power, thus bring forth the saying about the 500 Arhats．
35.四圣谛，八正道和五戒。
The principles of Buddhist philosophy(The Core Beliefs in Buddhism)in practice are: The Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and The Five Precepts....四个基本观点（四圣谛）THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 第一：任何人都会有不满意和苦难，能正确应对就是圣贤。
The First Noble Truth Unsatisfactoriness and suffering exist and are universally experienced.第二:无理的欲望和依赖是不满意和受苦的原因。The Second Noble Truth Desire and attachment are the causes of unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第三：有办法消除不满意和受苦。The Third Noble Truth There is an end to unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第四：坚持如下八个规则就能消除不满意和受苦。The Fourth Noble Truth The end can be attained by journeying on the Noble Eightfold Path.46.八正道(八个规则)NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH 1).坚持正确的观点理念。
不要歪曲妄想事理和规律。如衣服为御寒，整洁即可，非有它能；性交为生育，非有它获。富贵来自勤劳无害敬人，非争抢、非害人、非搞迷信所得。
1).Right View/Understanding(Understanding the Four Noble Truths)Practice self-less conduct that reflects the highest statement of the life you want to live.Express conduct that is peaceful, honest and pure showing compassion for all beings.5).坚持正当的职业。
不以非法伤害它人或生命而谋生，要从事养护和服务于他人的工作。如，不加入黑社会等犯罪组织，不聚众赌博，不参加卖淫、卖毒品行业，不非法渔猎等等。
5).Right Livelihood Earn a living that does not harm living things.Avoidance of work that causes suffering to others or that makes a decent, virtuous life impossible.Do not engage in any occupation that opposes or distracts one from the path.Love and serve our world through your work.6).坚持正确的努力。
在努力达到为善断恶的目标过程中，适度正常而为。相信不可能在短时间内就会取得很大成绩。如：在断恶时，会有反复；在行善时，会有怀疑，都属正常。不必气馁，不断努力，总会成功。
6).Right Effort Seek to make the balance between the exertion of following the spiritual path and a moderate life that is not over-zealous.Work to develop more wholesome mind states, while gently striving to go deeper and live more fully.7).坚持内省检讨。
每日内省，要保持自己的感受、情绪、想法、话语、做事等宜善他人而不损害他人。这样才能获得好生活。因为宜善生福、损害得祸、自己的思想观点言行表情制造了自己生活中的一切。
7).Right Mindfulness Become intensely aware of all the states in body, feeling, and mind.Through constant vigilance in thought, speech and action seek to rid the mind of self-centered thoughts that separate and replace them with those that bind all beings together.Be aware of your thoughts, emotions, body and world as they exist in the present moment.Your thoughts create your reality.8).坚持不断学习思考圣贤文、劝善书、心理学、哲学等，不断提高敬顺无害勤劳有益的能力，努力做到纯善无恶。
8).Right Concentration Deep meditation to lead to a higher state of consciousness(enlightenment).Through the application of meditation and mental discipline seek to extinguish the last flame of grasping consciousness and develop an emptiness that has room to embrace and love all things.47.五戒THE FIVE PRECEPTS（五种对自己的大害）
五戒是佛教信徒的基本道德准则。五戒是自愿执行的，而不是来自神的诫命。
从本质上讲，这些戒律能促进与人和谐，减少自己与他人之间的痛苦灾难冲突等。最基础性的道德原则就是：不害和有益。
The Five Precepts are basic ethical guidelines for the followers of Buddhism.They are undertaken voluntarily, rather than as commandments from a god.Essentially, these precepts promote harmony and reduce suffering between ourselves and others.The underpinning moral code has two qualities: compassion and loving kindness , which are used as the guiding principles in life.五戒：
1).我保证不生气、不伤害人。I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures.2).我保证不沾他人便宜，更不会偷盗。I undertake the precept to refrain from taking that which is not given.3).我保证不乱淫、不过淫。I undertake the precept to refrain from sexual misconduct.4).我保证不自赞，不毁他、不胡说、不告状。I undertake the precept to refrain from incorrect speech.5).我保证不沾毒品，不沾醉酒、不沾迷信歪理邪说。I undertake the precept to refrain from intoxicatants.48.因果报应Karma 因果报应是说有因必有果，也就是说，我们的一切行为都有结果。
Karma is the law that every cause has an effect, i.e., our actions have results.49.智慧Wisdom 真正的智慧不只是相信教义而是实践和了悟真相。
True wisdom does not simply believe what we are told but instead experiencing and understanding truth.50.慈悲Compassion
慈悲心的特质包括的愿与别人分享、随时愿意给人安乐、有同情心、关心别人以及照顾别人。Compassion includes qualities of sharing, readiness to give comfort, sympathy, concern, and caring.5 佛教经文典籍汉英对照 5.1 《心经》
《般若波罗蜜多心经》
The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra 观自在菩萨行甚深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不异空，空不异色，色即是空，空即是色。受想行识，亦复如是。舍利子，是诸法空相，不生不灭、不垢不净、不增不减。是故空中无色，无受想行识；无眼耳鼻舌身意，无色声香味触法，无眼界乃至无意识界；无无明、亦无无明尽，乃至无老死，亦无老死尽；无苦集灭道，无智亦无得，以无所得故，菩提萨埵，依般若波罗蜜多故，心无挂碍。无挂碍故无有恐怖。远离颠倒梦想，究竟涅槃。三世诸佛，依般若波罗蜜多故，得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提，故知般若波罗蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是无上咒，是无等等咒，能除一切苦，真实不虚，故说咒曰：揭谛揭谛，波罗揭谛，波罗僧揭谛，菩提萨婆诃。
When Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara was practicing the profound Prajna Paramita, he illuminated the Five Skandhas and saw that they are all empty, and he crossed beyond all suffering and difficulty.Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness;emptiness does not differ from form.Form itself is emptiness;emptiness itself is form.So too are feeling, cognition, formation, and consciousness.Shariputra, all Dharmas are empty of characteristics.They are not produced, not destroyed, not defiled, not pure;and they neither increase nor diminish.Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, feeling, cognition, formation, or consciousness;no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind;no sights, sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, or Dharmas;no field of the eyes up to and including no field of mind consciousness;and no ignorance or ending of ignorance, up to and including no old age and death or ending of old age and death.There is no suffering, no accumulating, no extinction, and no Way, and no understanding and no attaining.31
Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva through reliance on Prajna Paramita is unimpeded in his mind.Because there is no impediment, he is not afraid, and he leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind.Ultimately Nirvana!All Buddhas of the three periods of time attain Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi through reliance on Prajna Paramita.Therefore know that Prajna Paramita is a Great Spiritual Mantra, a Great Bright Mantra, a Supreme Mantra, an Unequalled Mantra.It can remove all suffering;it is genuine and not false.That is why the Mantra of Prajna Paramita was spoken.Recite it like this: Gaté Gaté Paragaté Parasamgaté.Bodhi Svaha!End of The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra.5.2 《盂兰盆经》
佛说《盂兰盆经》
The Buddha Speaks: The Ullambana Sutra
闻如是。一时佛在舍卫国祇树给孤独园。
Thus I have heard, at one time, the Buddha dwelt at Shravarsti in the Garden of the Benefactor of Orphans and the Solitary.大目犍连，始得六通。欲度父母，报乳哺之恩。
Mahamaudgalyayana had just obtained the six penetrations and wished to cross over his father and mother to repay their kindness for raising him.即以道眼，观视世间，见其亡母生饿鬼中，不见饮食，皮骨连立。目连悲哀，即以钵盛饭，往饷其母。母得钵饭，便以左手障钵，右手抟食。食未入口，化成火炭，遂不得食。
Thus, using his way eye, he regarded the world and saw that his deceased mother had been born among the hungry ghosts, having neither food nor drink, she was but skin and bones.Mahaudgalayana felt deep pity and sadness, filled a bowl with food and went to provide for his mother.She got the bowl, screened it with her left hand, and with her right hand made a fist of food.But, before it entered her mouth, it turned into burning coals which could not be eaten.目连大叫，悲号涕泣，驰还白佛，具陈如此。
Mahamaudgalyayana called out and wept sorrowfully, and hastened to return to the Buddha to
set forth all of this.佛言：汝母罪根深结，非汝一人力所奈何。汝虽孝顺，声动天地。天神、地祇、邪魔、外道道士、四天王神，亦不能奈何。当须十方众僧威神之力，乃得解脱。
The Buddha said, “your mother's offenses are deep and firmly rooted.You alone do not have enough power.Although your filial sounds move heaven and earth, the heaven spirits, the earth spirits, twisted demons, and those outside the way, Brahmans, and the four heavenly king gods, are also without sufficient strength.The awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha of the ten directions is neceessary for the liberation to be attained.吾今当说救济之法，令一切难，皆离忧苦。
I shall now speak a dharma of rescue, which causes all those in difficulty to leave worry and suffering, and to eradicate obstacles from offenses.佛告目连：十方众僧，七月十五日，僧自恣时。当为七世父母，及现在父母，厄难中者，具饭百味五果、汲灌盆器、香油锭烛、床敷卧具，尽世甘美以着盆中，供养十方大德众僧。当此之日，一切圣众，或在山间禅定；或得四道果；或在树下经行；或六通自在，教化声闻、缘觉；或十地菩萨大人，权现比丘。在大众中，皆同一心，受钵和罗饭。具清净戒，圣众之道，其德汪洋。
The Buddha told Maudgalyayana: ”The fifteenth day of the seventh month is the Pravarana day for the assembled Sangha of the ten directions.For the sake of fathers and mothers of seven generations past, as well as for fathers and mothers of the present who are in distress, you should prepare an offering of clean basins full of hundreds of flavors and the five fruits, and other offerings of incense, oil, lamps, candles, beds, and bedding, all the best of the world, to the greatly virtuous assembled Sangha of the ten directions.On that day, all the holy assembly, whether in the mountains practicing dhyana samadhi, or obtaining the four fruits of the way, or walking beneath trees, or using the independence of the six penetrations, to teach and transform sound hearers and those enlightened to conditions.Or provisionally manifesting as bhikshus when in fact they are great Bodhisattvas on the tenth ground--all complete in pure precepts and oceanlike virtue of the holy way--should gather in a great assembly and all of like mind receive the pravarana food.33
其有供养此等自恣僧者，现世父母、六亲眷属，得出三途之苦，应时解脱，衣食自然。若父母现在者，福乐百年。若七世父母生天，自在化生，入天华光。
If one thus makes offerings to these Provarana Sangha, one's present father and mother, parents of seven generations, as well as the six kinds of close relatives, will escape from the three paths of sufferings.And at that time attain release.Their clothing and food will spontaneously appear.If the parents are still alive, they will have wealth and blessings for a hundred years.Parents of seven generations will be born in the heavens.Transformationally born, they will independently enter the celestial flower light, and experience limitless bliss.At that time the Buddha commanded the assembled Sangha of the ten directions to recite mantras and vows for the sake of the donor's family, for parents of seven generations.After practicing dhyana concentration, they then may accept the food.When first receiving the basin, place it before the Buddha in the stupa.When the assembled sangha has finished the mantras and vows, then they may accept it.时目连比丘，及大菩萨众，皆大欢喜。目连悲啼泣声，释然除灭。时目连母，即于是日，得脱一劫饿鬼之苦。
At that time the bhikshu Maudgalyayana and the assembly of great Bodhisattvas were all extremely delighted and the sorrowful sound of Maudgalyayana's crying ceased.At that time Maudgalyayana's mother obtained liberation from one kalpa of suffering as a hungry ghost.目连复白佛言：弟子所生母，得蒙三宝功德之力、众僧威神之力故。
Maudgalyayana addressed the Buddha and said, “this disciple's parents have received the power of the merit and virtue of the triple jewel, because of the awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha.若未来世，一切佛弟子，亦应奉盂兰盆，救度现在父母，乃至七世父母，可为尔否？
If in the future the Buddha's disciples practice filiality by offering up the Ullambana basins, will they be able to cross over their present fathers and mothers as well as those of seven generations past?” 佛言：大善快问！我正欲说，汝今复问。
The Buddha replied “good indeed, I am happy you asked that question.I just wanted to speak about that and now you have also asked about it.善男子，若比丘比丘尼、国王太子、大臣宰相、三公百官、万民庶人，行慈孝者，皆应先为所生现在父母、过去七世父母，于七月十五日佛欢喜日、僧自恣日，以百味饭食，安盂兰盆中，施十方自恣僧。
Good man, if bhikshus, bhikshunis, kings, crown princes, great ministers, great officials, cabinet members, the hundreds of officers, and the tens of thousands of citizens wish to practice compassionate filial conduct, for the sake of the parents who bore them, as well as for the sake of fathers and mothers of seven lives past, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, the day of the buddhas' delight, the day of the Sangha's Pravarana, they all should place hundreds of flavors of foods in the Ullambana basins, and offer them to the Pravarana Sangha of the ten directions.愿使现在父母，寿命百年无病，无一切苦恼之患。乃至七世父母，离饿鬼苦，生人天中，福乐无极。They should vow to cause the length of life of the present father and mother to reach a hundred years without illness, without sufferings, afflictions, or worries, and also vow to cause seven generations of fathers and mothers to leave the sufferings of the hungry ghosts, to be born among men and gods, and to have blessings and bliss without limit.是佛弟子修孝顺者，应念念中，常忆父母，乃至七世父母。年年七月十五日，常以孝慈，忆所生父母，为作盂兰盆，施佛及僧，以报父母长养慈爱之恩。若一切佛弟子，应当奉持是法。
The Buddha told all the good men and good women, ”those disciples of the Buddha who cultivate filial conduct should in thought after thought, constantly recall their present fathers and mothers when making offerings, as well as the fathers and mothers of seven lives past.Every year, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, they should always, out of filial compassion, recall their parents who bore them and those of seven lives past, and for their sakes perform the offering of the Ullambana basin to the Buddha and the Sangha and thus repay the loving kindness of the parents who raised and nourished them.All Buddhas' disciples should respectfully receive this dharma.“
时目连比丘，四辈弟子，欢喜奉行。
At that time the bhikshu Maudgalyayana and the four-fold assembly of disciples, hearing what the Buddha said, practiced it with delight.5.3 《八大人觉经》
佛说八大人觉经
Eight Great Awakenings Sutra Translated by Shramana An Shr Gao of the Latter Han Dynasty Buddhist Disciples!At all times, day and night, sincerely recite and bear in mind these eight truths that cause great people to awaken.为佛弟子，常于昼夜，至心诵念八大人觉：
第一觉悟：世间无常；国土危脆，四大苦空，五阴无我，生灭变异，虚伪无主，心是恶源，形为罪薮，如是观察，渐离生死。
The First Awakening: The world is impermanent.Countries are perilous and fragile.The body is a source of pain, ultimately empty.The five skandhas are not the true self.Life and Death is nothing but a series of transformations—hallucinatory, unreal, uncontrollable.The intellect is a wellspring of turpitude, the body a breeding ground of offenses.Investigate and contemplate these truths.Gradually break free of death and rebirth.第二觉知：多欲为苦；生死疲劳，从贪欲起，少欲无为，身心自在。
The Second Awakening: Too much desire brings pain.Death and rebirth are wearisome ordeals, originating from our thoughts of greed and lust.By lessening desires we can realize absolute truth and enjoy peace, freedom, and health in body and mind.第三觉知：心无厌足，惟得多求，增长罪恶；菩萨不尔，常念知足，安贫守道，惟慧是业。
The Third Awakening: Our minds are never satisfied or content with just enough.The more we obtain, the more we want.Thus we create offenses and perform evil deeds.Bodhisattvas don’t wish to make these mistakes.Instead, they choose to be content.They nurture the Way, living a quiet life in humble surroundings—their sole occupation, cultivating wisdom.36
第四觉知：懈怠坠落；常行精进，破烦恼恶，摧伏四魔，出阴界狱。
The Fourth Awakening: Idleness and self-indulgence are the downfall of people.With unflagging vigor, great people break through their afflictions and baseness.They vanquish and defeat the four kinds of demons, and escape from the prison of the five skandhas.第五觉悟：愚痴生死；菩萨常念，广学多闻，增长智慧，成就辩才，教化一切，悉以大乐。
The Fifth Awakening: Stupidity and ignorance are the cause of death and rebirth.Bodhisattvas apply themselves and deeply appreciate study and erudition, constantly striving to expand their wisdom and refine their eloquence.Nothing brings them greater joy than teaching and transforming living beings.第六觉知：贫苦多怨，横结恶缘；菩萨布施，等念怨亲，不念旧恶，不憎恶人。
The Sixth Awakening: Suffering in poverty breeds deep resentment.Wealth unfairly distributed creates ill-will and conflict among people.Thus, Bodhisattvas practice giving.They treat friend and foe alike.They do not harbor grudges or despise amoral people.第七觉悟：五欲过患；虽为俗人，不染世乐，常念三衣，瓦钵法器，志愿出家，守道清白，梵行高远，慈悲一切。
The Seventh Awakening: The five desires are a source of offenses and grief.Truly great people, laity included, are not blighted by worldly pleasures.Instead, they aspire to don the three-piece precept robe and the blessing bowl of monastic life.Their ultimate ambition is to leave the home life and to cultivate the Path with impeccable purity.Their virtuous qualities are lofty and sublime;their attitude towards all creatures, kind and compassionate.第八觉知：生死炽然，苦恼无量；发大乘心，普济一切，愿代众生，受无量苦，令诸众生，毕竟大乐。The Eighth Awakening: Like a blazing inferno, birth and death are plagued with suffering and affliction.Therefore, great people resolve to cultivate the Great Vehicle, to rescue all beings, to endure hardship on beh.alf of others, and to lead everyone to ultimate happiness.如此八事，乃是诸佛，菩萨大人，之所觉悟，精进行道，慈悲修慧，乘法身船，至涅盘岸。复还生死，度脱众生。以前八事，开导一切，令诸众生，觉生死苦，舍离五欲，修心圣道。
These are the Eight Truths that all Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and great people awaken to.Once awakened, they even more energetically continue to cultivate the Path.Steeping themselves in kindness and compassion, they grow in wisdom.They sail the Dharma ship across to Nirvana’s shore, and then return on the sea of birth and death to rescue living beings.They use these Eight Truths to show the proper course for living beings, causing them to recognize the anguish of birth and death.They inspire all to forsake the five desires, and to cultivate their minds in the manner of Sages.若佛弟子，诵此八事，于念念中，灭无量罪，进趣菩提，速登正觉，永断生死，常住快乐。
If Buddhist disciples recite this Sutra on the Eight Awakenings, and constantly ponder its meaning, they will certainly eradicate boundless offenses, advance towards Bodhi, and will quickly realize Proper Enlightenment.They will always be free of birth and death, and will abide in eternal bliss.5.3 《四十二章经》
《佛说四十二章经》 后汉摩腾、竺法兰共译 第一章 出家证果
佛言：辞亲出家，识心达本，解无为法，名曰沙门。常行二百五十戒，进止清净，为四真道行，成阿罗汉。阿罗汉者，能飞行变化，旷劫寿命，住动天地。次为阿那含。阿那含者，寿终灵神上十九天。证阿罗汉。次为斯陀含。斯陀含者，一上一还，即得阿罗汉。次为须陀洹。须陀洹者，七死七生，便证阿罗汉。爱欲断者，如四肢断，不复用之。
The Buddha said, “Those who, taking leave of their families and adopting the life of renunciation, understand the mind, reach the source, and comprehend the immaterial, are called Sramanas.Those who observe the two hundred and fifty precepts of morality, who are pure and spotless in their behaviours, and who exert themselves for the attainment of the stages of progress, are called Arhats.The Arhat is able to fly through space and assume different forms;his life is eternal, and there are times when he causes heaven and earth to quake.Below them is the Anagamin who, at the end of a long life, ascend in spirit to the nineteenth heaven and obtains Arhatship.38
Next come the Skridagamin who ascends to the heavens(after his death), comes back to the earth once more, and then attains Arhatship.Then come the Srotaapanna who cannot become Arhat until he has passed seven more rounds of birth and death.By the severance of the passions is meant that like the limbs severed they are never again made use of.”
第二章 断欲绝求
佛言：出家沙门者，断欲去爱，识自心源，达佛深理，悟无为法。内无所得，外无所求。心不系道，亦不结业。无念无作，非修非证。不历诸位，而自崇最。名之为道。
The Buddha said, “The renunciate Sramana cuts off the passions, frees himself of attachments, understands the source of his own mind, penetrates the deepest doctrine of Buddha, and comprehends the Dharma which is immaterial.He has no prejudice in his heart, he has nothing to hanker after.He is not hampered by the thought of the Way, nor is he entangled in karma.No prejudice, no compulsion, so discipline, no enlightenment, and no going up through the grades, and yet in possession of all honours in itself-this is what is meant by the Way.”
第三章 割爱去贪
佛言：剃除须发而为沙门，受道法者，去世资财，乞求取足。日中一食，树下一宿，慎勿再矣！使人愚蔽者，爱与欲也。
The Buddha said, “Those who shaving their heads and faces and becomes Sramanas and have accepted the Doctrine of the Way, should surrender all worldly possessions and be contented with whatever they obtain by begging.Only one meal a day and loding under a tree, he desires nothing else.For what makes one stupid and irrational is attachments and passions.”
第四章 善恶并明
佛言：众生以十事为善，亦以十事为恶。何等为十？身
三、口
四、意三。身三者，杀盗淫。口四者，两舌、恶口、妄言、绮语。意三者，嫉恚痴。如是十事，不顺圣道，名十恶行。是恶若止，名十善行耳。
The Buddha said, “There are ten things considered good by all beings, and ten things evil.What are they? Three of them depend upon the body, four upon the mouth, and three upon the mind.The three evil deeds depending upon the body are: killing, stealing and unchaste deeds.The four depending upon the mouth are: slendering, cursing, lying and flattery.The three depending upon
the mind are: jealousy, hatred and ignorance.All these things are not in keeping with the Holy Way, and are therefore evil.When these evils are not done, they are ten good deeds.”
第五章 转重令轻
佛言：人有众过，而不自悔、顿息其心，罪来赴身；如水归海，渐成深广。若人有过，自解知非，改恶行善，罪自消灭；如病得汗，渐有痊损耳。
The Buddha said, “If a man who has committed many sins, does not repent and purify his heart of evil, retribution will come upon his person as sure as the streams runs into the ocean which becomes ever deeper and wider.If a man who has committed sins, come to the knowledge of it, reforms himself, and practises goodness, the force of retribution will gradually exhaust itself as a disease gradually loses its baneful influence when the patient perspires.”
第六章 忍恶无嗔
佛言：恶人闻善，故来扰乱者，汝自禁息，当无嗔责，彼来恶者而自恶之。
The Buddha said, “When an evil-man, seeing you practise goodness, comes and maticiously insults you, you should patiently endure it and not feel angry with him, for the evil-man is insulting himself by trying to insult you.”
第七章 恶还本身
佛言：有人闻吾守道，行大仁慈，故致骂佛。佛默不对。骂止，问曰：子以礼从人，其人不纳，礼归子乎？对曰：归矣！佛言：今子骂我，我今不纳，子自持祸归子身矣！犹响应声，影之随形，终无免离，慎勿为恶。
The Buddha said, “Once a man came unto me and denounced me on account of my observing the Way and practicing great loving-kindness.But I kept silent and did not answer him.The denunciation ceased.Then I asked him.'If you bring a present to your neighbour and he accepts it not;does the present come back to you?' He replied, 'It will.' I said, 'You denounce me now, but as I accept it not, you must take the wrong deed back on your own person.It is like echo succeeding sound, it is like shadow following object;you never escape the effect of your own evil deeds.Be therefore mindful, and cease from doing evil.”
第八章 尘唾自污
佛言：恶人害贤者，犹仰天而唾，唾不至天，还从已堕；逆风扬尘，尘不至彼，还坌己身。贤不可毁，祸必灭己。
The Buddha said, “Evil-doers who denounce the wise resemble a person who spits against the sky;the spittle will never reach the sky;but comes down on himself.Evil-doers again resemble a man who stirs the dust against the wind, the dust is never raised without doing him injury.Thus, the wise will never be hurt but the curse is sure to destroy the evil-doers themselves.”
第九章 返本会道
佛言：博闻爱道，道必难会；守志奉道，其道甚大。
The Buddha said, “If you endeavour to embrace the Way through much learning, the Way will not understood.If you observe the Way with simplicity of heart, great indeed is this Way.”
第十章 喜施获福
佛言：睹人施道，助之欢喜，得福甚大。沙门问曰：此福尽乎？佛言：譬如一炬之火，数千百人各以炬来分取，熟食除冥，此炬如故；福亦如之。
The Buddha said, “Those who rejoice in seeing others observe the Way will obtain great blessing.” A Sramana asked the Buddha, “Would this blessing be destroyed?” The Buddha replied, “It is like a lighted torch whose flame can be distributed to ever so many others torches which flame can be distributed to ever so many other torches which people may bring along;and therewith they will cook food and dispel darkness, while the original torch itself remains burning ever the same.It is even so with the bliss of the Way.”
第十一章 施饭转胜
佛言：饭恶人百，不如饭一善人；饭善人千，不如饭一持五戒者；饭五戒者万，不如饭一须陀洹；饭百万须陀洹，不如饭一斯陀含；饭千万斯陀含，不如饭一阿那含；饭一亿阿那含，不如饭一阿罗汉；饭十亿阿罗汉，不如饭一辟支佛；饭百亿辟支佛，不如饭一三世诸佛；饭千亿三世诸佛，不如饭一无念无住无修无证之者。
The Buddha said, “It is better to feed a good man than one hundred bad men.It is better to feed one who observes the Five Precepts of the Buddha than to feed one thousand good men.It is better to feed one Srotaapanna(Stream-enteree)than to feed ten thousands of those who observe the Five Precepts of Buddha.It is better to feed one Skriddagamin than to feed one million Srotaapanna.It is better to feed one Anagamin than to feed one Arhat than to feed one hundred millions of Anagamins.It is better to feed one Pratyekabuddha than to feed one billion of Arhats.It is better to feed one of the Buddha, either of the present, or of the past, or of the future, than to feed ten billions of Pratyekabuddhas.It is better to feed one who is above knowledge, one-sidedness, discipline, and enlightenment than to feed one hundred billions of Buddhas of the past, present, or future.”
第十二章 举难劝修
佛言：人有二十难。贫穷布施难，豪贵学道难，弃命必死难，得睹佛经难，生值佛世难，忍色忍欲难，见好不求难，被辱不嗔难，有势不临难，触事无心难，广学博究难，除灭我慢难，不轻未学难，心行平等难，不说是非难，会善知识难，见性学道难，随化度人难，睹境不动难，善解方便难。
The Buddha said, “There are twenty difficult things to attain in this world:
1.It is hard for the poor to practice charity.2.It is hard for the strong and rich to observe the Way.3.It is hard to disregard life and go to certain death.4.It is only a favoured few that get acquainted with a Buddhist sutra.5.It is hard to be born in the age of the Buddha.6.It is hard to conquer the passions, to suppress selfish desires.7.It is hard not to hanker after that which is agreeable.8.It is hard not to get into a passion when slighted.9.It is hard not to abuse one's authority.10.It is hard to be even-minded and simple hearted in all one's dealings with others.42
11.It is hard to be thorough in learning and exhaustive in investigation.12.It is hard to subdue selfish pride.13.It is hard not to feel contempt toward the unlearned.14.It is hard to be one in knowledge and practice.15.It is hard not to express an opinion about others.16.It is by rare opportunity that one is introduced to a true spiritual teacher.17.It is hard to gain an insight into the nature of being and to practice the Way.18.It is hard to follow the way of a saviour.19.It is hard to be always the master of oneself.20.It is hard to understand thoroughly the Ways of Buddha.”
第十三章 问道宿命
沙门问佛：以何因缘，得知宿命，会其至道？佛言：净心守志，可会至道。譬如磨镜，垢去明存；断欲无求，当得宿命。
A monk asked the Buddha, “Under what conditions is it possible to come to the knowledge of the past and to understand the most supreme Way? The Buddha answered, ”Those who are pure in heart and single in purpose are able to understand the most supreme Way.It is like polishing a mirror, which becomes bright when the dust is removed.Remove your passions, and have no hankering, and the past will be revealed to you.”
第十四章 请问善大
沙门问佛：何者为善？何者最大？佛言：行道守真者善，志与道合者大。
A monk asked the Buddha, “What is good, and what is great?“ The Buddha replied, ”Good is to practice the Way and to follow the truth.Great is the heart that is in accord with the Way.”
第十五章 请问力明
沙门问佛：何者多力？何者最明？佛言：忍辱多力，不怀恶故，兼加安健。忍者无恶，必为人尊。心垢灭尽，净无瑕秽，是为最明。未有天地，逮于今日；十方所有，无有不见，无有不知，无有不闻，得一切智，可谓明矣！
A monk asked the Buddha, “What is most powerful and what is most illuminating?” The Buddha replied, “Meekness is most powerful, for it harbours no evil thoughts, and, moreover, it is restful and full of strength.as it is free from evils, it is sure to be honoured by all.The most illuminating is a mind that is thoroughly cleansed of dirt, and which, remaining pure, retains no blemishes.From the time when there was yet no heaven and earth till the present day, there is nothing in the ten quarters which is not seen, or known, or heard by such a mind, for it has gained all-knowledge, and for that reason it is called 'illuminating'.”
第十六章 舍爱得道
佛言：人怀爱欲，不见道者，譬如澄水，致手搅之，众人共临，无有睹其影者。人以爱欲交错，心中浊兴，故不见道。汝等沙门，当舍爱欲。爱欲垢尽，道可见矣！
The Buddha said, “Those who have passions are never able to preceive the Way;for it is like stirring up clear water with hands;people may come there wishing to find a reflection of their faces, which, however, they will never see.A mind troubled and vexed with the passions is impure, and on that account it never sees the Way.O monks, do away with passions.When the dirt of passion is removed the Way will manifest itself.”
第十七章 明来暗榭
佛言：夫见道者，譬如持炬，入冥室中，其冥即灭，而明独存；学道见谛，无明即灭，而明常存矣！The Buddha said, “Seeing the Way is like going into a dark room with a torch;the darkness instantly departs, while the light alone remains.When the Way is attained and the truth is seen, ignorance vanishes and enlightenment abides forever.”
第十八章 念等本空
佛言：吾法念无念念、行无行行、言无言言、修无修修，会者近尔，迷者远乎！言语道断，非物所拘，差之毫厘，失之须臾。
The Buddha said, “My doctrine is to think the thought that is unthinkable, to practise the deed that is non-doing, to speak the speech that is inexpressible, and to be trained in the discipline that is deyond discipline.Those who understand this are near, those who are confused are far.The Way is beyond words and expressions, is bound by nothing earthly.Lose sight of it to an inch, or miss it for a moment, and we are away from it forever more.”
第十九章 假真并观
佛言：观天地，念非常。观世界，念非常。观灵觉，即菩提。如是知识，得道疾矣！
The Buddha said, “Look up to heaven and down on earth, and they will remind you of their impermanency.Look about the world, and it will remind you of its impermanency.But when you gain spiritual enlightenment, you shall then find wisdom.The knowledge thus attained leads you quickly to the Way.”
第二十章 推我本空
佛言：当念身中四大，各有自名，都无我者。我既都无，其如幻耳！
The Buddha said, “You should think of the four elements of which the body is exposed.Each of them has its own name, and there is no such thing there known as ego.As there is really no ego, it is like unto a mirage.”
第二十一章 名声丧本
佛言：人随情欲，求于声名；声名显著，身已故矣！贪世常名而不学道，枉功劳形。譬如烧香，虽人闻香，香之烬矣！危身之火，而在其后。
The Buddha said, “Moved by their selfish desires, people seek after fame and glory.But when they have acquired it, they are already strikened in years.If you hanker after wordly fame and practise not the Way, your labours are wrongfully applied and your energy is wasted.It is like unto burning an incense stick.”
第二十二章 财色招苦
佛言：财色于人，人之不舍。譬如刀刃有蜜，不足一餐之美；小儿舐之，则有割舌之患。
The Buddha said, “People cleave to their worldly possessions and selfish passions so blindly
as to sacrifice their own lives for them.They are like a child who tries to eat a little honey smeared on the edge of a knife.The amount is by no means sufficient to appease his appetite, but he runs the risk of wounding the tongue.”
第二十三章 妻子甚狱
佛言：人系于妻子舍宅，甚于牢狱。牢狱有散释之期，妻子无远离之念。情爱于色，岂惮驱驰！虽有虎口之患，心存甘伏，投泥自溺，故曰凡夫。透得此门，出尘罗汉。
The Buddha said, “Men are tied up to their famililes and possessions more helplessly than in a prison.There is an occassion for the prisoner to be released, but the housholders entertain no desire to be relieved from the ties of family.Even into the paws of a tiger, he will jump.Those who are thus drowned in the filth of passion are called the ignorant.Those who are able to overcome it are saintly Arhats.”
第二十四章 色欲障道
佛言：爱欲莫甚于色。色之为欲，其大无外，赖有一矣。若使二同，普天之人，无能为道者矣。The Buddha said, “There is nothing like lust.Lust may be said to be the most powerful passion.Fortunately, we have but one thing which is more powerful.If the thirst for truth were weaker than passion, how many of us in the world will be able to follow the way of righteousness?”
第二十五章 欲火烧身
佛言：爱欲于人，犹如执炬逆风而行，必有烧手之患。
The Buddha said, “Men who are addicted to the passions are like the torch-carrier running against the wind;his hands are sure to be burned.”
第二十六章 天魔娆佛
天神献玉女于佛，欲坏佛意。佛言：革囊众秽，尔来何为？去！吾不用。天神愈敬，因问道意。佛为解说，即得须陀洹果。
The Lord of Heaven offered a beautiful fairy to the Buddha, desiring to tempt him to the evil path.But the Buddha said, “Be gone.What use have I for the leather bag filled with filth which you brought to me?” Then, the god reverently bowed and asked the Buddha about the essence of the
Way, in which having been instructed by the buddha, it is said he attained the fruit of Srotaapanna.”
第二十七章 无著得道
佛言：夫为道者，犹木在水，寻流而行。不触两岸，不为人取，不为鬼神所遮，不为洄流所住，亦不腐败，吾保此木决定入海。学道之人，不为情欲所惑，不为众邪所娆，精进无为，吾保此人必得道矣。
The Buddha said, “Those who are following the Way should behave like a piece of timber which is drifting along a stream.If the log is neither held by the banks, nor seized by men, nor obstructed by the gods, nor kept in the whirlpool, nor itself goes to decay, I assure you that this log will finally reach the ocean.If monks waling on the Way are neither tempted by the passions, nor led astray by some evil influences;but steadily pursue their course of Nirvana, I assure you that these monks will finally attain enlightenment.”
第二十八章 意马莫纵
佛言：甚勿信汝意，汝意不可信。慎勿与色会，色会即祸生。得阿罗汉已，乃可信汝意。
The Buddha said, “Rely not upon your own will.It is not trustworthy.Guard yourself against sensualism, for it surely leads to the path of evil.Your own will becomes trustworthy only when you have attained Arhatship.”
第二十九章 正观敌色
佛言：慎勿视女色，亦莫共言语。若与语者，正心思念：我为沙门，处于浊世，当如莲华，不为泥污。想其老者为母，长者如姊，少者如妹，稚者如子。生度脱心，息灭恶念。
The Buddha said, “O monks, you should not see women.(If you have to see them), refrain from talking to them.(If you have to talk to them), you should reflect in a right spirit: 'I am now a homeless mendicant.In the world of sin, I must behave myself like unto the lotus flower whose purity is not defiled by the mud.Old ones I will treat as my mother;elderly ones as elder sisters;younger ones as younger sisters;and little ones as daughters.' And in all this you should habour no evil thoughts, but think of salvation.”
第三十章 欲火远离
佛言：夫为道者，如被干草，火来须避。道人见欲，必当远之。
The Buddha said, “Those who walk the Way should avoid sensualism as those who carry hay would avoid coming near the fire.”
第三十一章 心寂欲除
佛言：有人患淫不止，欲自断阴。佛谓之曰：若断其阴，不如断心。心如功曹，功曹若止，从者都息。邪心不止，断阴何益？佛为说偈：欲生于汝意，意以思想生，二心各寂静，非色亦非行。佛言：此偈是迦叶佛说。
The Buddha said, “There was once a man who, being in despair over his inability to control his passions, wished to multilate himself.“ The Buddha said to Him, ”Better destroy your own evil thoughts than do harm to your own person.The mind is lord.When the lord himself is claimed the servant will themselves be yielding.If your mind is purified of evil passions, what avails it to multilate yourself?”Thereupon, the Buddha recited the gatha:
“Passions grow from the will，The will grows from thought and imagination.When both are calmed，There is neither sensualism nor transmigration.”
The Buddha said that this gatha was taught by Kashyapa Buddha.第三十二章 我空怖灭
佛言：人从爱欲生忧，从忧生怖。若离于爱，何忧何怖？
The Buddha said, “From the passions arise worry, and from worry arises fear.Away with passions，no fear, no worry.”
第三十三章 智明破魔
佛言：夫为道者，譬如一人与万人战。挂铠出门，意或怯弱，或半路而退，或格斗而死，或得胜而还。沙门学道，应当坚持其心，精进勇锐，不畏前境，破灭众魔，而得道果。
The Buddha said, “Those who follow the Way are like unto warriors who fight single-handed
with a multitude of foes.They may al go out of the fort in full armour;but among them are some who are faint-hearted, and some who go halfway and beat a retreat, and some who are killed in the affray, and some who come home victorious.O monks!If you desire to attain enlightenment, you should steadily walk in your Way, with a resolute heart, with courage, and should be fearless in whatever environment you may happen to be, and destroy every evil influence that you may across for thus you shall reach the goal.”
第三十四章 处中得道
沙门夜诵迦叶佛遗教经，其声悲紧，思悔欲退。佛问之曰：汝昔在家，曾为何业？对曰：爱弹琴。佛言：弦缓如何？对曰：不鸣矣！弦急如何？对曰：声绝矣！急缓得中如何？对曰：诸音普矣！佛言：沙门学道亦然，心若调适，道可得矣。于道若暴，暴即身疲。其身若疲，意即生恼。意若生恼，行即退矣。其行既退，罪必加矣。但清净安乐，道不失矣。
One night a monk was reciting a sutra, bequeathed by Kashyapa Buddha.His tone was so mournful and his voice was so fainting, as if he was going out of existence.The Buddha asked him, “What was your occupation before you become a homeless monk? ” The monk replied, “I was very fond of playing a stringed instrument.” The Buddha said, “How did you find it when the strings were too loose?” “No sound is possible.” was the reply.“How did you find it when the strings were too tight?” “They will break.” “How did you find when they were neither too tight nor too loose?” “Every note sounds in its proper tone.”
第三十五章 垢净明存
佛言：如人锻铁，去滓成器，器即精好。学道之人，去心垢染，行即清净矣。
The Buddha then said to the monk, “Religious discipline is also like unto playing such a stringed instrument.When the mind is properly adjusted and quietly applied, the Way is attainable.But when you are too feverntly bent on it, your body grows tired, and when your body is tired, your spirit becomes weary, your discipline will relax, and with the relaxation of discipline there follows many an evil.Therefore, be calm and pure, and the Way will be gained.”
第三十六章 辗转获胜
佛言：人离恶道，得为人难。既得为人，去女即男难。既得为男，六根完具难。六根既具，生中国难。
既生中国，值佛世难。既值佛世，遇道者难。既得遇道，兴信心难。既兴信心，发菩提心难。既发菩提心，无修无证难。
The Buddha said, “Even if one escapes from the evil creations, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a human being.Even if one is born as a human, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a man and not a woman.Even if one is born as a man, it is one's rare fortune to be perfected in all the six senses.Even if he is perfected in all the six senses, it is his rare fortune to be born in the middle kingdom.Even if he is born in the middle kingdom, it is rare fortune to be born in the time of a Buddha.Even if he is born in the time of a Buddha, it is rare fortunate to see the Enlightened One.Even if he is able to see the Enlightened One, it is his rare fortune to have his heart awakened in faith.Even if he has faith, it is his rare fortune to awaken the heart of wisdom.Even if he awakens the heart of wisdom, it is his rare fortune to realise a spiritual state which is above discipline and attainment.”
第三十七章 念戒近道
佛言：佛子离吾数千里，忆念吾戒，必得道果。在吾左右，虽常见吾，不顺吾戒，终不得道。
The Buddha said, “O Sons of the Buddha!You are away from me ever so many miles, but if you remember and think of my precepts, you shall surely gain the fruit of enlightenment.You may standing by my side, see me always, but if you observe not my precepts, you shall never gain enlightenment.”
第三十八章 生即有灭
佛问沙门：人命在几间？对曰：数日间。佛言：子未知道。复问一沙门：人命在几间？对曰：饭食间。佛言：子未知道。复问一沙门：人命在几间？对曰：呼吸间。佛言：善哉，子知道矣！
The Buddha asked another monk, “How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ He answered, ”By days.“ The Buddha said, ”You do not understand the Way.“ The Buddha asked another monk, ”How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ The monk answered, ”By the time that passes during a meal.“ The Buddha said, ”You do not understand the Way.“ The Buddha asked the third monk, ”How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ The monk answered, ”By the breadth." The Buddha said，50
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