中美家庭差异(英)

第一篇：中美家庭差异(英)

三 江 学 院

本科生毕业设计（论文）

题 目中美家庭差异对比

学院 英语 专业 学生姓名学号 指导教师职称 指导教师工作单位

起讫日期 2016.11-2017.5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In doing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates.They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions.I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the thesis would not have been what it is now.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to(自己填老师名字), who guided me throughout the entire process of writing this thesis.Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of thoseindividuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude:(自己填大学名字), the university library and its staff.ABSTRACT Family is the basic unit of society, and family members of the rules of conduct, living habits often affect the formation of this family values.Family values are generally recognized, it gradually formed a prototype of the social value system.These national values also represent the image of the people of the country to a certain extent.China and the United States due to cultural traditions, ideas, social customs and other aspects of the differences led to the two countries in the family values of many differences.In the context of cross-cultural communication between China and the United States to compare family ethics, education, marriage, etc., correctly understand and understand the differences between family values between the two countries, to cross-cultural communication to remove obstacles.The core proposition of this paper is family values.It is well known that family values are the core of the cultural value research system, which plays a decisive role in the behavior of family members.And the family is the epitome of the socio-economic form, is the most basic unit of social composition, so the family members of the valuesdirectly affect their words and behavior in society, that is, the values of society as a whole depends largely on the family Values, it can be seen that the role of family values is very important.The impact of family valueson people is important because family values are the starting point for people to accept value education.Second, the family members of the values once formed, it will not easily change, it will exist for a long time, and even affect people's life.Therefore, the impact of family values on people is more far-reaching, broad and lasting.Third, family values are closely related to the development of society.Therefore, the study of family values is necessary and important.Based on the thinking of crossChinese and American family cultures.4.Differences between Chinese and American Families Values 4.1 The Values of Chinese Families

China's history is long, its deep heritage to the Chinese social form is very clear and difficult to change.Chinese society is a collectivist cultural group, the core value of individual behavioral interests must obey the collective interests, therefore, the behavior of family members to meet the collective interests of their loved ones.The most direct manifestation of Chinese family ethics is the strong clan concept.In the context of the ancient agricultural economy and society, most of the rural areas are homed with the same ethnic groups, clan or family organizations have the production, education and even self-defense functions, the family mayor, in accordance with the family management family members.Now, the development of economy and society makes the form of clan change, the clan split into a family, but the clan concept has been inherited, still stressed the harmony between different levels of family members.Strong hierarchical concepts and the traditional moral system makes the clan between the clan to strict compliance, such as the call must be accurate.Respect for the long and young people have been living in the family, the young people must respect the elders, daily life to the elders to please, respect for smoke, seat, let way, eat when sitting is also very particular about the elderly in his later years Need to be supported.Filial piety, raising children and other traditional concepts reflect the characteristics of Chinese families.A child in a family before the general situation is the need to live with their parents, and even after marriage and their parents live together is also affirmed and praised.Life contact in marriage is also very close, often together to eat, meet, in the Spring Festival and other important festivals will meet, greetings.This kind of spiritual contact and concern is a deep-rooted standard of Chinese family clan concept, often not with the social change, the development of the times and change.4.2 The Values of American Families The history of the United States is relatively short, as a new system from the British society split out of the country, it has before the traditional British classical social values, but more of a variety of cultural inclusion and recognition, and gradually formed a large fusion Of the nation.American society advocates the recognition of personal dignity, respect for human personality is the basic composition of its social value.The concept of family gradually formed in the family also makes the recognition of individual rights to the point where nothing is added.In the United States, both economic, political, and cultural are impacted by the principle of personality first, American family values are influenced by this principle.Therefore, in American society, often pay great attention to the cultivation of individual thinking, the collective concept is relatively lacking.From the American society to see the value of the composition of the family, you can understand that this family concept is individual-centered, respect for the individual on the first place.American children in adulthood, with independent ability, the family is independent of the individual, the young people will take the initiative to divorce from the original family, even in the major festivals did not meet the moral requirements, even if not family and Reunion is not condemned, which in a certain sense is respect for the individual's rights.Personal status is protected in a family, and the integrity of the family can not replace personal decisions.And in the family of their own relatives are more general terms, the title of the simplification is also to a certain extent, showing the recognition of social habits.China's respect for the class, the collective sense of identity makes in the decision-making of large things on the more consistent, more efficient transmission of information capabilities, but the personality has been a certain degree of repression;American concept too much respect for individuals, making the United States Collective concept is relatively weak, clan concept is not strong, some collective projects to be successful to do is relatively difficult.5.Differences in Family Education between China and America The family is the most important place for enlightenment education for children, and plays an important role in the development of good habits and the development of intelligence.Family education is the most important part of all the earliest education, it is the child's thinking mode and the formation of the world view of great significance.Deng Xiaoping once said: “The basis of national modernization in the talent, the basis of talent in education, education based on the family.” China is a country that attaches importance to family education, China's deep educational and cultural traditions contain excellent family education components.For thousands of years, many people in the field of family education hard work, accumulated a lot of fruitful results.The difference between Chinese and American educational concepts has always been the focus of discussion.In the family environment, we can significantly feel the impact of family ideas on the growth of children.Social environment mapping in the concept of family education, making the concept of family education in China and China have a huge difference.5.1 Family Education in China

Chinese education, we can see the phenomenon is often the child to comply with the teacher, the parents of the arrangements, conservative and objective accumulation of basic knowledge, divergent thinking is weak, the attitude of learning is also very obedient arrangements for elders, this compromise led to students Of stereotypes, sluggish, lack of creativity.In the family education, parents attach importance to the number of children, moral education, the traditional essence of Chinese culture to the modern society.In the formal education is often very important to the performance of the child, the academic performance as a good identification of a very important measure of the expectations of the child is very high, expect them to succeed, meteoric rise.This leads to the child's daily education is extremely strict, and will not consider the child's nature of the shape, not to find children grow up in line with their personality.Therefore, in China's education can often be extreme phenomena, there can be extreme genius, but also often caused by excessive pressure caused by tragedy.Chinese parents attach great importance to the social adaptability of education, they often in accordance with the established model to develop their children, but often overlooked from the child's physical and mental development characteristics to promote its growth.They look forward to their children have a bright future, more emphasis on academic tendencies, that the child as long as the results are good, what problems can be resolved.Whether the child in the future, whether to find a good career, whether in the good times through life, these are the purpose of parental education.Based on this expectation, many parents believe that the parents of the child's responsibility is to let them live better, parents give them how much happiness to give them how much happiness.If you can give children to create the most favorable living conditions, so hard and willing to.5.2 Family Education in America

American families place children's independence and autonomy in an important position, focusing on the ability of children to adapt to a variety of environments and to survive independently.They argue that the purpose of education is not to prepare a living, but to prepare for survival.What they emphasize is the value of shaping the mind, a value that is unrelated to utilitarian or occupation.Based on this concept, they attach great importance to the child's own exercise, such as labor training, will exercise, but the most fundamental is to adapt to a variety of hardships and training of labor ability.Through the labor, let the children from childhood to develop a sense of independence and love of labor habits.In the labor and hardships to overcome difficulties, temper the will, develop their own strengths, growth and talent, to develop hard, frugal good quality.They generally believe that the growth of children must rely on their own strength, so since childhood to focus on training their self-reliance and independent living ability.American family education is focused on the identity of the child's nature, giving children the freedom to judge the power of things.This psychological buffer makes the child in the learning process can accept a lot of innovative thinking, the child's education is not limited to basic education.Relative to the focus of Chinese education on basic education, the United States is more inclined to practice.American children's freedom of control over the weekend is far greater than the Chinese children.So we can see the Chinese children are in a pressure environment to come out, the United States children in the free and open space to learn things to judge and understanding.This practice of learning is more conducive to their integration into the community, but also give them a wide range of values to choose the face.The development of children in the American family education model is more comprehensive, which makes the children in the American family earlier self-reliance, early contact with the community, the vision is more open.Chinese children in the family, education is more conservative, lack of innovation in thinking, but the basic knowledge is very solid.American education of people-oriented, excessive human indulgence will produce a relatively weak basic education phenomenon.Two kinds of education only learn from each other, to find a suitable fit point in order to achieve the optimization of education.6.Conclusion

Under the influence of different cultural values of the two countries, China and the United States have significant differences in family values.In the traditional culture of China and the United States, Chinese families are mostly used for generations.US President Bill Clinton praised the Chinese family values.Indeed, thousands of years of Confucian culture created the obligations of family members in the Chinese family-a parental responsibility, mutual support and interdependence among family members;parental respect for children in American families , The child is very young to learn for their own American rights and mother fight.There are differences between Chinese and American family values.This kind of difference embodies the nationalities and regionalities.We can not simply summarize them with differences or fusion, but only analyze the commonness and characteristics of family values in different countries in different historical periods.Only by overcoming the prejudice of European and American cultural centers can help to deepen the understanding of the uniqueness and integrity of the national family culture and social culture in order to promote mutual understanding and exchange.Today, the traditional family values of China and the United States have been hit hard by the growing globalization, and have undergone tremendous changes.We can not say which family values are better.However, with the international exchange and cultural integration of the highly developed era, the Chinese family members of the independent consciousness and respect for the independence of the consciousness is strengthened, the US family will also promote family members to each other mutual cooperation and common development.We can not expect the perfect unity of Sino-American family values, and we expect to maximize the cost of integration of different family values.In a variety of different family values set up a bridge between the communication, so that the perception of another family values from unfamiliar to cognitive, but also by the recognition to recognition, and finally slowly blending through.Thus we can see that strengthening the study and research of family values in different cultural backgrounds is of great practical significance for us to engage in cross-cultural communication and build a harmonious society.References [1] Datesman, Maryanne, Joann, American Ways: An Introduction to American Culture ,published by Pearson Education, Inc.2005.[2] Bert N., Adams,Handbook of world families, Stage Publication Inc.2005.[3] Marvin B.Sussman, Handbook of marriage and the family, Plenum Press, 1998.[4] John Locke, Of Civil Government, Second Treatise, Chicago,Henry Regency Company，1999.[5] Schwab J J.Gray-Ice H.M., Family Functioning-The General Living Sytem Research Model, New York 233 Spring: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub1ishers, 2000.[6］孟小佳．论中美家庭在教育方式上的差异［J］．前沿，2010，(11): 193～ 195．

[7］臧兰．“价值与价值观”教学设计［J］．思想政治课教学，2010，(3): 55～ 57．

[8］林吕建．“我们的价值观”笔谈——积极开展“我们的价值观”大讨论［J］．观察与思考，2012，(3):4～6．

[9］郭广辉．移民、宗族与地域社会［D］．成都:西南民族大学学位论文，2012． [10］于薇．全球化视野下当代中国文化价值观的嬗变与重构［D］．北京: 北京交通大学学位论文，2005．

第二篇：中美礼仪差异

由于各国的历史与文 化底蕴不同，各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异。特别是中西方之间，礼仪上的差别很大，若不了解，就容易引起不必要的误会和损失。例如，在中国近代史上，由于中国闭关自守，对西方不了解，在一次希特勒举行的宴会上，一位中国使节按照在中国的习惯用餐巾去揩拭刀叉，殊不知这种做法在国外是极不礼貌的，仿佛是在责备刀叉不干净。希特勒一见之下，立即命令侍者将全体客人的餐具一律重新换过，使那位中国使节窘迫难堪。再例如，李鸿章曾应俾斯麦之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐礼仪，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。当时俾斯麦不了解中国的虚实，为了不使李鸿章丢丑，他也将洗手水一饮而尽，见此情景，其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。在文化方面就美国来讲，中国人赞赏推崇的愚公移山，令全拿搬家不当回事的美国人大惑不解，他们会用智叟的语调发问：“他为什么不搬家？”中国人以谦虚为美德，而美国人对中国人“水平不高，能力有限”的自谦并不以为然，相反地他会认为你缺乏自信，不知有多少留学生在美国因为“谦虚”而推掉了饭碗。如此相反的结论，如此巨大的反差，是东西方存在的文化差异的显现。

造成这种差异的根本原因，是因为西方人和我们有着完全不同的世界观和价值取向。当然西方人也有许多地方是值得我们学习的。例如，中国游客在美旅游后准备买票回国，凭主观想象买票是肯定要排队的，但当他们进入售票大厅时，见窗口只有一个人在办理手续，另有几个人静静地坐在大厅的边上。我国的游客马上拥至窗口抢购机票，售票员在给中国游客办好机票后，微笑着对他们说：“下次买票请自觉排队，并用手指了指边上的人，当中国人回头看时，他们报微笑，使几个中国人真是无地自容。在现代的社会再犯这样的错误是不应该的，以自己的国情来看待别国才会出“洋相”，这有待于提高自己的文化素质，因此，了解中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的。若一无所知，就容易在与外国人交往时处于不利的形势。无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，是对对方的尊重，容易给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。

首先要明确，东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的，存在都是合理的，没有孰优孰劣的问题。就美国来说，它的历史只有短短200年，而它的人民是从各个地方移民而来的，可以说美国是一个“大熔炉”，它合众为一，众多不同民族和种族都融合在一起，很多人被同化了，不管什么肤色，不管讲何种语言，都自豪地称自己是美国人。他们的宗旨是永远向前看，遥望目力所及的前方，并且迈开双脚前进；自强自立，追求幸福，永不满足。这是他们良好的品质和素质，而他们信奉的誓言是：“只要我们能够梦想的我们就一定能够实现！”这是美国精神，是在英雄主义和献身精神的基础上建立起来的，以它短短200年的历史，创造了人类史上的灿烂文明，它所创造的生产力，比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多，还要大，这就是美国的魅力。我们不能因为中国是拥有五千年传统文化的，就盲目自大，而应尊重别人，尊重他人的人格与习惯，这样交往才能顺利进行。所以了解、研究别国的礼仪就显得很有必要了。

下面，我们对美国的礼仪文化作点研究：

美国成立时间不长，国内各类移民又不计其数，因此美国的礼仪文化可以说是多种文化的汇合，有不少都与中国人的习惯截然相反。

一、见面的礼仪。

美国人见面时，不一定会握手，只要笑一笑，打个招呼就行了，即使是第一次见面，而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。但在中国握手并没有太多的限定，而美国人握手是有一定礼节的。例如男女之间，女方先伸出手，若女方无握手之意，男子就只能点头鞠躬致意；长幼之间由长辈先伸出手；上下级之间，由上级先伸出手；宾主之间由主人先伸出手。而且握手时应注视对方，并摘下手套，否则会被视为不礼貌。在美国，人们见面时喜欢直呼其名，这是亲切友好的表示，纵使交谈之初可能互相用姓称呼，但过一会儿就改称名字。而在中国，人们很喜欢被称为某某经理，某某总裁，因为这是身份与地位的象征。但在美国，人们很少用正式的头衔称呼别人，正式的头衔只用于法官、高级政府官员，军官，医生，教授和高级宗教人士。值得注意的是，美国从来不用行政职务如局长、经理、校长等头衔来称呼别人。另外，在与人交谈时，切不可谈及个人的私事，诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。看到别人买的东西不可问其价格；如果看到别人回来，也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来，否则就会遭人厌恶，美国人常用“鼻子伸到人家私生活里来了”这句话来表示对提问人的轻蔑。而在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。但在中国人与美国人打交道时，在中国人看来很普通地问对方一些家庭情况，美国人就很可能认为你侵犯了他的隐私，别有用心，一桩生意很可能就这样泡汤了。

二、送礼、约会、作客的礼仪。

一般来说，美国人不随便送礼，礼物通常不很贵重，只是些书籍、文具、巧克力糖之类的物品，在探病时则以送鲜花与盆景为主。与中国不同的是，美国人以为单数是吉利的，有时只送三只梨也不感到菲薄，而中国则讲究成双成对。美国人在收到礼物时，一定要马上打开，当着送礼人的面欣赏或品尝礼物，并立即道谢。另外，美国人的礼物重视包装，很可能你收到一份里三层外三层精美包装的礼物，打开却只能是几颗巧克力糖而已，你也不要因此觉得失望，或者认为美国人小气，相对于礼物的价值，美国人更注重的是心意。

美国人办事重效率，往往每天都有严格的计划，因此去美国家庭作客都要提前预约，否则打乱了别人的计划，就会被认为是不速之客，吃闭门羹。所以应该提前一两天写信或打电话预约。一旦约定，就要准时到达，不能迟到，也不要太早到，因为客来之前，主妇都要布置客厅准备茶点，如果去早了，主妇尚未准备好，又要接待你，就造成许多不便。而那些规模较大的正式场合，守时更为重要，万一去早了，也应在外面等几分钟后再进去。

在进门之前，应该把鞋上的泥土擦干净，以免弄脏地板。进门后要摘帽。并把雨衣雨伞留在室外。然后先向女主人问好，再向男主人问好。若主人家宾朋满座，只需与主人和相识者握手，对其他人点头致意即可。如果主人请你坐，你就应该马上坐下，不要推托不坐下，也不要随意翻动主人的用品，更不可问用品的价格。作客时，不要轻易吸烟，如想吸时应问在座的女士是否介意，并先向其他人敬烟。若主人向你敬烟，即使你自己有烟，也要接受主人的烟，这与中国人的习惯不同，中国人往往会因为客气而有所推拒，但这在美国人眼里，他就会认为你看不起他，而使朋友之间关系变坏。作客时间一般不宜过长，但饭后不要立即告辞，应再与主人攀谈一会儿。若夫妇同去作客，应由妻子先起立告辞。如果你与主人不太熟，作客后应打电话或写短柬以表谢意。这样美国人会认为你很懂礼貌，从而留下一个好印象。

三、餐桌上的礼节。

在用餐时，应等到全体客人面前都上了菜，且女主人示意后才开始用餐。在女主人拿起她的勺子或叉子以前，客人不得食用任何一道菜。而中国人往往习惯一边上菜一边用餐，女主人往往是最后开始坐下进餐的。在用餐时，始终保持沉默在美国是不太礼貌的，但咀嚼食物时也不要讲话，讲话时不应放下刀叉，但也不要拿着刀叉乱晃。在餐桌前不应擤鼻涕或打嗝，如果打喷嚏或咳嗽也应向周围的人道歉。取菜时，最好每样都取一点，这样会使女主人愉快。用餐完毕后，女主人应先离座，客人再一起随着离开，餐巾放在桌上，不要照原来的样子折起，除非主人请你留下吃下顿饭。

在席间，主人应使谈话始终活泼而风趣，使每个客人都不受冷落。主人的吃饭速度不可太快，如果多数人已吃完，而少数人尚未吃完，更应放慢速度，以免使客人感到不安。席间，客人将刀叉掉在地上，应礼貌地为其换一把。若客人不慎将盘碗打碎，女主人应镇静地收拾干净，安慰客人，绝不能显出不悦之色。最后，主人绝不能在客人面前计算请客的花费。

四、服饰的礼仪

美国人的服装以体现个性为主，很难从穿着上看出他们是富有还是贫穷，他们的身份地位如何。如果是一位穿着时髦笔挺西装的男士，看上去似某大公司的老板，其实他可能是演艺界的艺员，甚至是一个美容美发师。穿着牛仔裤运动鞋旧T恤的，看似流浪汉，其实却可能是一位不修边幅的教授。因此，在美国，万万不可先敬罗衣后敬人。曾经有美国外商来华，接待人员乍一见便以为那西装笔挺的一定是老板要员，而忽视了一行人中的大胡子。虽然把热情过多地倾泻到了“西装笔挺”上，还好，也没冷落了“大胡子”。稍后，一介绍身份，方知道谁是真正的老板，而那个“西装笔挺”不过是雇员。因此在美国，穿得好的不一定有钱，穿得不好的不一定没钱。若简单地以衣帽取人，不仅会主次不分，使自己陷入窘境，而且会让美国人轻视。

虽然美国人穿着随便，不像欧洲人这么讲究，但在美国的穿着可谓“不怕穿破，不许穿错。”有许多场合，服饰有很严格的规定。例如，美国许多公司上班有专门设计订做的制服，在律师楼和银行上班的老板和职员们天天都是西装笔挺，而且每日均需要换，若两日相同，就容易被人误会是个夜晚没有回家更衣的人。再例如在美国举办各种宴会，往往在请柬上注明是否“黑领结”。如果注明了“黑领结”，男士则一定要穿无尾礼服，系黑色领结，女士必须穿晚礼服。这时，男士的长条领带，女士的裤装都上不了台面。如果没有注明“黑领结”，而表示是“正式穿着”，那么西服就可以上场。如果写的是“白领”，表示要穿燕尾服，系白色领带。因此什么宴会穿什么样的衣服，是很有讲究的。试想，如果在一个不怎么正式的场合，每个人都是一身短打扮，唯独你一个人身着深黑笔挺的燕尾服；或者每一个都云鬟高挽，长裙及地，唯独你一人一袭T恤，这种巨大的不协调，你自己不觉得张狂，别人也会看着你在人堆里悠悠晃晃不像个东西。而且在美国，这是对宴客的主人大不敬的明确表示，主人也会因此对你感到厌恶，从而与你断绝来往，这会是你的一大损失。因此注意场合与服装的搭配在美国尤为重要。

总之，美国与中国之间有不少不同的交往习惯，同样其它的西方国家，也有各自的文化习惯，因此在与外国人交往或者到别的国家去之前，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯是十分必要的，这不仅是对对方的尊重，也给自己带来了便利，避免了不必要的麻烦与误会，以便在多方竞争中争取主动，并能取得良好的结果。

第三篇：中美婚姻观差异 论文

浅析中美婚姻观差异及其形成原因

裴鸽鸽

（华北水利水电学院 外语系 河南 郑州 450011）

摘要：中国的婚姻建立在家庭条件和容貌之上，而美国更多建立在共同的兴趣爱好之上。中美不同的生存环境影响了人的性格，男女在经济中的不同地位决定了他们在家庭中的地位，而中美经济方式的差异决定了各自婚姻观的不同。社会价值观是社会思想的主流，无形中影响了大众的婚姻观。宗教信仰在婚俗方式，婚姻维持等方面更是起着举足轻重的作用。

关键词:中美婚姻观 家庭条件共同爱好 生存环境 经济 社会价值观 宗教夫妻从相识、相知、相爱、相伴、到相守，要经历友情、爱情、同情、恩情的各种体验，而婚姻是对男女关系最直接的定位，无论哪个人在哪个国家都要面对。婚姻作为文化的一部分浓缩并反映了它所处社会的文化特征、道德信仰、经济与政治等文化现象值得我们深思，本文就中美婚姻观差异及其形成原因作初步探讨。

一 中美婚姻观对比

1.提到中美婚姻，有人形象地比喻：“对中国人来说，结婚更像一种商业活动，所以叫经营婚姻；而对于美国人而言，婚姻更像家家酒，爱到一起翻天覆地，不高兴了就一拍两散。”中国婚姻特点：改革开放前，低质量，高稳定，60％的夫妻婚姻是“凑合型”；之后性观念混乱，离婚潮泛滥，则是低质量，低稳定。而美国人所信奉的既不是严格的单偶制，也不是完全开放的关系，而是对爱情、特殊癖好和多种伴侣关系的包容。经调查，中国人的择偶标准是：长相、年龄、家庭条件;而美国人的择偶条件是：尊重、信任、兴趣。

2.说到家庭条件，从择偶开始，中国人就视婚姻往往成为买卖，而美国人则将

婚姻视为卖买。在中国的婚姻中，人们较多的说法是男人娶老婆，而很少有人会讲女人娶老公。所以男女婚姻更多地像是做一桩买卖，既然是买卖那就离不开钱。如今没房子的男人在有些女性眼里根本算不上男人。在一些女人心里，一套房子顶得上一百个白马王子，结婚是最好的商业投资机会，电视剧《蜗居》就揭示了这一残酷现实。而著名思想家恩格斯则尖锐地指出，为钱结婚无异于长期卖淫。美国人的婚姻是将买卖两个字颠倒过来，称之为卖买，男男女女即是卖家也是买家。女人要找个如意郎君，首先得把自己卖出去，不论是聪明的大脑、杰出的才华、漂亮的脸蛋、姣好的身材还是共同的兴趣，这些都是资本，男人若买账，那就是对婚姻下了订金。在物质这一点上美国人很看得开，不怕结婚时啥都没有，只要夫妻能同甘共苦，面包会有的、汽车会有的、房子也会有的。

3.结婚时，中国的婚俗程序繁多，讲究所谓的“排场”改革开放后，婚礼越办

越奢侈，婚庆公司、婚纱照相馆如雨后春笋般冒出。某种程度上，中国的婚礼是在作秀，用外在的奢华宣扬貌似浓烈的爱情，而真正的爱情似乎不再神

圣至上，婚姻也变得随便了。从电视速配到网上恋爱的风靡；从婚外情到包

二奶，离婚率随着GDP攀升，婚姻更多的只是流于形式。而美国人的婚礼

简单浪漫，不会过多讲究形式。婚宴以舞会结束，新郎新娘共跳第一支舞，以庆祝他们新生活的开始。

4.婚后，中国人则是把孩子当作父母之间的粘合剂，维持婚姻的纽带中国人对

婚姻的理解多为过日子，男人娶女人除了生理需要外，主要是能传宗接代，而且最好是白头偕老。中国不少人认为，感情、家庭和子女是维持婚姻最主

要的因素。天津妇联的一项抽样调查显示，81.7%的人把子女作为维持婚姻的重要因素。美国人婚姻的维持则是建立在相互吸引，尊重之上。美国一项

全国性调查显示，孩子对父母来说是个人成就感的最重要源泉，但成功的婚

姻更为重要。美国人对他们的孩子表现出了极大的热情，但他们显然没有将

孩子视为父母之间的黏合剂。非营利性的皮尤研究中心发现，在使婚姻成功的因素中，忠诚和幸福的性关系、分担家务、丰厚的收入和良好的住房条

件以及共同的宗教信仰和共同的兴趣爱好等都排在孩子之前。对他们，婚姻

同生活的其他部分一样，只是个人满意度的问题。”当被问到婚姻的目的是

什么时，有四分之三的美国人说，它是成年人的“共同幸福和成就感”，而

不是“生育和抚养孩子”。显然，美国人的婚姻观更人性化。

二 中美婚姻观差异形成原因

中美婚姻观差异主要源于其经济方式，生存环境，社会价值观，宗教信仰，及人文心态的不同：

1.经济方式不同：中国文化根治植于农业社会的基础之上，在农业经济中，体力健

壮的男性成为劳动的主体，经济基础决定男女在家庭中的地位，男性是家庭的支柱，女性的劳动可有可无，可以忽略不计，久而久之形成了阴性崇拜现象，而封建小农经济在中国有几千年的历史，其思想残余仍世世代代影响着人们的行为，直至今日，男性仍在中国家庭中占主导地位。而美国女人体格较为健壮，不存在男女劳动性别上太大的差异，再加上建国历史短，没有封建残余的影响，较早进行工业革命，男女经济地位差别不大。

2.生存环境的不同：从地理环境上看，古代中国地处半封建状态的大陆地域，较为封闭的地理形态形成了人们较为封闭的思想，再加上统治者的专制和愚

民政策，使儒家思想一枝独秀，而极少与西方交流。而美国两边濒临海洋，便利的海运为早期与其他国家的交流提供了条件。而且，美国作为一个年轻的国家，独立性和开拓性较强，积极与其他国家交流，主流思想在各种思想

碰撞中迅速发展。

3.社会价值观不同：在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直

占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。

中国人以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中

国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价

值凌驾于群体利益之上的。《新结婚时代》里有这样一句话：在中国，嫁给

一个人就是嫁给了他所有社会关系的总和。我们传统婚姻观念的精髓，家庭

第一，个人幸福微不足道。在这个伟大传统观念影响下，千百年来，无数的相爱之人放弃了终身的爱情和幸福，并因此得到心灵的平静和自慰。而对于

集体而言，小家庭自然要让位于集体。自古就有大禹治水“三过家门而不入”的伟大榜样，主流思想宣扬的也是先国后家、先公后私的意识，违反者便会

被认为是自私自利，缺乏高尚的道德情操。仅就体育圈来说，不要说老婆生

产运动员仍然坚持在赛场奋战的例子不胜枚举，就是亲人去世运动员忍住悲

痛坚持比赛的也屡见不鲜。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不

计的，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌

驾于群体利益之上。在美国社会，主流的观点永远是家庭比工作重要，当工

作和家庭发生严重冲突的时候，让的都会是工作。对NBA熟悉一点的朋友

也都知道，只要NBA球队中的球员因为家庭发生重大事情，诸如孩子出生、亲人病重或者死亡等原因请假，即使是在打总决赛，球队都会一律准假，毫

无疑义。

4.宗教信仰不同：佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切。佛教与人类社会发展“男大当婚，女大当嫁”的规则

相反，它不主张婚姻，典型的就是抛家弃子、出家修行。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，大多是虔诚的基督教徒。基督教认为，男

人和女人的和谐是根本的和谐，男女要为互善、互爱、相互促进而结合。美

国婚姻其中的基督教模式就是：上帝意志决定，为个人利益结合，忠诚互爱

到永远。

5.社会风气、人文心态不同：中国传统上受儒家思想的影响，主张门当户对、三纲五常，重视女性贞操，婚姻观一般先要说传宗接代、而男女要百年好合，一定终身。为了传宗接代，中国家长竭尽全力为孩子们的婚姻提供较好的物

质条件。而美国的婚姻观念则认为：婚姻是男女间的契约关系，属个人私事，任何人不能干涉。一个人有权选择和他（她）最喜欢的人生活在一起，一旦

发现现有的婚姻是一个错误，他（她）有权作第二次选择，强迫两个不相爱的人生活在一起是残忍的。美国的年轻人结婚，虽然也有一些父母帮助买单的，但那时出于父母主动资助，社会风气的主流还是自力更生办婚事。我想，这和美国人普遍认为成年后就从父母那里独立出来，应该独立自主自食其力的理念一脉相承的。不仅在操办婚事上，在生活中许多方面，成年后的年轻

人都是自己打拼，很少有靠着父母使劲啃老的现象。而在国内，成年后的年

轻人靠父母买婚房、办婚礼、帮找工作、帮带孩子、帮操持家务的现象还很

普遍。其次，美国人确实不大攀比，极少有比排场的现象。不仅在婚礼这件

事情上很少攀比，在其它许多事情上也是如此。攀比是种很不健康的心态，这种心态促使人们脱离实际产生一些超出自己支付能力之外的欲求。

三 结论

通过以上对比，让我们更清晰地看出中美婚姻的差异及形成原因，使我们了解了中美文化的背景与历史，从而有助于我们以更为广阔的视野透视不同民族间的文化差异。了解中美差异的目的在于使不同民族之间进行的更好的对话与交流，使我们更好地进行跨文化交际与跨文化传播。

参考文献：

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)席晓《由中西婚礼习俗看东西方价值观之异同》（《考试周刊》2008年29期）胡文仲,毕继万.跨文化非语言交际.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999 姜文华,洪杰.儒家思想与传统婚丧习俗.民俗研究,1996,2． 罗秀《简释中西方文化差异》（中南民族大学校刊）[William J Fitzpatrick，Jane Austin’s PRIDE AND PREJUDICE，Simon & Schuster，1964.6)Nark Schorer.Pride and Prejudice，Riverside Edition—B1，Boston，1956.7)董天冯丽博平玮(华北电力大学河北•保定071003)，传奇传记文学选刊

8)[新西兰]陈文照.外国习俗丛书.世界知识出版社,2002．

The different concepts between US and China ＆ The reasons for it

PEI Ge-ge

（Foreign language Department of North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power，Zhengzhou 450011，China）

Abstract: Chinese marriages are based on family conditions，while Americans ' marriages are based on the same hobby.Their different survival environment affect

the people' characters and influence people's thoughts of their respective marriages.Men and women in the economy of different status determine their positions in the

family, which determines the differences in their marriage.Social value is the

mainstream of different thoughts, and it indirectly affects the public's view of

marriage.Religious beliefs also play an important role in marriage customs and

marriages maintaining.Keywords: concept about marriage between US and Chinafamily conditionssame hobbyliving environmentthe social valuesreligions

第四篇：中美教育差异中英文

Comparing the Education Between American and China

1.First of all, the differences of education between China and the United States is the primary goal of teaching:

Chinese primary education make children’ s intellectual development and high mark achievement as the priority goal.And China’s education emphasis on training students’ s quality of strictness and rigors.In the United States,there is only one purpose of primary:to cultivate children’ s creativity.And US’s education pays more attention to raise student’ s self-confidence,independence,spirit of supporting oneself.中国与美国教育的差异首先在于两国初等教育的教学目标不同：

中国初等教育将开发孩子的智力，孩子考出高分看成首要目标，而且中国的教育强调培养学生严格严谨的精神。

在美国，初等教育的目标只有一个：培养孩子的创造力。美国的教育注重培养学生的自信心、自主独立的精神。

2.Comparing the elementary education between American and China,people’ s universal view will be:

China’s elementary education aims to build the foundation of education with more study and less thought.US’ s education aims to build such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought.比较美国和中国的基础教育，人们的普遍观点：

中国的基础教育旨在建立基础教育与更多的学习和更少的想法。

美国的教育旨在建造这样的教育提高创新的研究和更少的想法。

3.The attitudes towards score are different:

To China’s children,a bad report card will let him receive pressure from all sides.Most Chinese students are aimed at “high score”.In the United States,however, every student’ s report card in the end of year is his/her private goods.Parents won’t give the child too much pressure.Score ,which is less important than capability in parents’ s mind.对待成绩的态度不同：

对中国孩子来说，一份不好的成绩单会使他受到来自各方的压力。中国大部分学生的目的是”拿高分“。

然而在美国，每个学生年终的成绩单都属于私人的物品。家长方面也不会给孩子过多的压力。在家长心里分数与能力比要差得远。

4.The view of knowledge is different between the two countries:

China’s emphasis on accumulation and inculcation of knowledge, then to help students develop respect for authority and knowledge,succession of knowledge and structure of knowledge system.The US focus on training students’ s actual ability of using knowledge.They pay attention to training students’ s spirit of doubt and criticism about knowledge and authority as well as expansion and creativity of knowledge.These two types of education show the static state in Chinese education and dynamic state in American education.They reflect the differences of the two countries’ s views of knowledge.两国在知识观上是存在差异的：

中国的教育重视对知识的积累灌输，注重培养学生对知识和权威的尊重和对知识的继承以及知识体系的建构。

美国则更注重培养学生运用知识的实际能力，注重培养学生对知识和权威的质疑，批判精神和对知识的拓展和创造。

这两种教育表达了对待知识的不同态度：即中国教育的静态与美国教育的动态，这一静一动反映了两国知识观的差异。

5.The studying environment provided by China and US is different:

China’s schools, under the restriction of exam-oriented education and the influence of traditional concept, it takes a two-stage strategy which is disjointed.In the primary stage,you have to lay the foundation.In the advanced stage,you will be able to do academic research.American schools encourage children to do research from an early age.They develop the ability of researching,solving problems independently and organizing the study study materials.两国在提供给学生的环境上不同：

中国的学校，在应试教育的制约下和传统观念的影响下，采取的是初级阶段打基础，高级阶段才能做学术研究的相互脱节的两阶段战略。

美国的学校从小就鼓励孩子做研究，培养孩子的研究能力，独立处理问题的能力和组织研究材料的能力。

6.The arrangements of the course are different:

For example, on the problem of foreign language learning,in China,students only have one choice-English when they are in basic education.The system of education does the unitary choice for all students.In the United States,students have more choices,which including Spanish,French,Latin and so on.And there are a kind of course in which teaching materials are not needed.They usually call it “family life”class.The course content contains sewing,cooking and increase of self-confidence.It teaches what is in our real life beyond books.It teaches students to make a better life.两国课程设置不同：

比如关于外国语言的学习。在中国，学生在基础教育中只有英语一种选择，这是教育系统为全体学生做的统一选择。

而在美国，学生有更多选择，包括西班牙语、法语和拉丁语等。还有，在美

7.Different mode of education:

Chinese heuristic education exist a flaw, teachers give the suggestions of the answer to students and guide the students find“the only answer.”

The teaching methods in the United States, except guide students to understand and grasp the correct answer in class, and give students a place for free imagination to explore the unknown and potential answer.教育模式不同

中国的启发式教育存在着一个弊端,就是其实一直到某一个问题的答案通过诱导学生,使他们找到“唯一的答案”.在美国学校的教学法,除了引导学生在课堂上理解和掌握教师的正确答案外,还给与学生自由想象的空间,去探索教师和学生都没未知但却客观存在着的潜在答案.国，不用教材的课是存在的，他们通常叫它“家庭生活”课。课程内容包括缝纫、烹饪和自信心的增强等等。它教给学生的是书本以外生活之中的事情。它教学生生活得更好。

8.Different college entrance examination system:

In China, in addition to a small number of talented people do not care the “entrance” Score, the others are base on examination scores of

admission.This is the only criterion.But in the United States,students choose at least one kind of various examinations every year, missed the first, it is excusable;missed twice, you can forgive......As a result, these test scores can be admitted as a very important admission criteria rather than the only criterion.高考制度不同

在中国,除了少数人才不用看“高考”分数外,其余的均以“高考”成绩为录取人学得最重要的,唯一标准.但在美国学生年年都参加各类考试中的至少一种考试,一次失手,情有可言;两次失手,也可以理解……因此,这些考试成绩就可作为非常重要的录取入学考量标准,而不是唯一标准。

9.The burden of learning different:

In China, for the students ,their weekend is always canceled.Even the gorgeous holiday is still full of heavy work.The United States almost have a free day once a week.学习负担不同:

在中国,周末可能被无情占有,就连绚丽多彩的假日也会充斥着繁重的作业.美国几乎每周都会放一天假.10.Homework:

Chinese students’ homework: in order to consolidate the theoretic knowledge, it is so boring and uncreative.It takes students a lot of time.There is beneficial aspect.Although sometimes students have many exams in their student life ,it can be good for them.It can make them easy to pass the college entrance examination and accept the higher education.American students’ homework: Homework cultivate children innovative thinking and creativity.Not only does it develop good habits, but also cultivate independence, let the children easily adapt to the society.作业

中国学生的作业就是为巩固书面知识，机械单调，毫无创造性，占用了孩子大量的时间。当然好处也是有的，虽然有时候学生在学习生涯的时候考太多的试了，但这对他们也有好处。考试可以让他们更容易的通过高考，接受高等教育。

美国学生的作业培养创新思维和创造力,不仅培养孩子做计划的好习惯，还培养孩子的独立，让孩子更好的融入社会。

11.Relations between teachers and students：

In China:Relations between teachers and students are like the elder and junior.Teachers often stand on the platform and they have a great distance with students, which make teachers in a prominent position, and make students afraid of teacher.In the United States: Relations between teachers and students are more like friends and colleagues.Students can be on friendly terms with their teachers.Teachers often have lessons below the podium, and they will approach their students and chat with them at pleasure so that students can get on well with their teachers.师生关系

在中国，师生关系是长辈与小辈的关系。老师经常站在讲台上讲课而且他们跟学生保持了距离，这使得学生们觉得老师高高在上，害怕老师。

在美国，师生关系更多地象朋友，象同事的那种关系，可以和睦相处。老师经常在讲台下讲课，而且她们会靠近学生并跟他们随意的交流以至于学生们能跟老师很好的相处。

12.Different family education:

1)American parents are open education.They pay attention to practical activities,and emphasize on developing the child in practice rather than preach.Chinese parents are enclosed education.They give priority to preach, and look down on the importance of practical activities.2)

Americans believe that let children do all the things to themselves.During the tasks，the children can improve the knowledge and accumulate the experience.Also they can increase the confidence and responsibility.In China,the parents have the only requirement for children is study.Even they can prepare everything for their children in daily life, and this lead to many Chinese children learned a lot of knowledge but useless.3）In the United States, children take part in the activities.Their sports activities time is abundant, and they have activity places everywhere.In China,children have less outdoor activities because the Chinese children learn from morning to night ,and they have lots of homework.家庭教育不同:

1)美国父母主张开放式教育：重视实际锻炼，强调在实践中培养孩子，而不是说教。

中国父母多是封闭式教育：以说教为主，轻视实践活动的重要性。

2)美国人认为，凡是孩子的事情都让孩子自己去完成，在完成任务过程中提高认识,积累经验。并且让他们增强自信心和责任心。

在中国，父母对孩子的要求就是读书，他们可以为孩子准备所有的事情，这导致许多中国孩子学了许多知识但是没用。

3)在美国，孩子进行各项兴趣活动、体育活动的时间都比较充裕，活动场所到处都有。在中国，孩子们的户外活动少，因为中国孩子从早到晚的学习而且有做不完的作业。

第五篇：“中美教育”之差异

“中美教育”之差异

四川大学附属实验小学

陈耀华

我有幸在四川大学附属实验小学本部学术厅听了美国校长肯尼迪的《美国小学课堂教学的目标和主要方式》专题交流，又现场观摩了中美教师上的六节“同课异构”的课。通过老师们在工作坊里的思维碰撞和现场与专家的对话，对中国小学课堂教学进行了比较，找出了差异。由于中国和美国地域不同，文化背景不同，教育差异也非常大。

一、透视美国的小学教育现状 1.教育目标

美国的小学教育发展到今天，一直也处于变革之中。美国的小学教育十分强调实际问题的解决，强调学科知识应用，强调技术的运用，注重学科教学中的交流，注重学科思想方法和学科素养的提高，重视培养学生创造力。特别重视学生参与、体验、感悟、探究、发现，对基础知识和基本概念的教学有所忽视，教学目标比较单一。

2.教育理念

人本主义教育已作为一种极为重要的教育理念。尊重学生，保护学生的思维，追求教育公平，教育是为培养合格公民，追求人文精神，讲究独立思考，教育要保证宽松、安全的环境。教育注重理论联系实际，平常学生的学习压力较小，动手能力很强。提倡让学生经历获得学科知识的过程，强调理解的学习，学少悟多。

3.教学效果

美国的学生虽然在学科上的成绩不如中国的学生好，但是公认的是，美国学生的学科思维能力、学科素养和创新能力以及解决实际问题的能力，都远在中国学生之上。

二、透视中国的小学教育现状

1、教育目标

我国的小学教育教学在长期的实践中，基本形成了具有中国特征的传统教育，在这些传统中，积极的作用与消极的作用影响并存。中国小学教育教学的特 点与方式，是在中国几千年历史文明的传承下逐步形成和发展起来的，有自己生长的文化“土壤”和民族“根基”。中国的小学教育，突出知识性的具体目标，大纲、课标对知识提出不同的目标要求，教学过程中对目标细化具有可操作性，每章每节每单元都有细致的目标，但是，往往忽视育人的大目标；重在由“旧知”引出“新知”，绝大多数新知识是由旧知识引入的，基本符合人的认识规律，这里容易衍生两种形态：一是使学生由旧知识中产生困惑或新的情境，形成和激发认识新知、发现新知、获取新知的欲望和行动，经历知识发生、发展的过程。这是应该追求的理想的教学形态。另一种是淡化旧知识到新知识的发生发展过程，甚至会由旧知识直接把新知识告诉学生，只要所谓会用就行了。这容易造成学生被动接受，成为事实上的灌输知识的容器。注重新知识内部的深入理解，从对知识内在意义的联系中获得的认识。以中美两节数学课为例，我们重视解题的方法和技巧。解题必须以概念和定理为依据，是对概念和定理的再学习。强调解题有利于对解题的基本方法的熟练掌握，有利于夯实基础。注重一题多解，一法多用，对学生思维的培养和发展有一定的积极意义。重视训练记忆和巩固。2.教育理念

在教育理念上，我国传统教育的根本目的在于教给人做人的道理，在教育过程中，一味地强调概念的重要性，将学科概念、定理翻过来讲过去，要求学生记住各种变换形式下的知识点的精髓，美其名曰“万变不离其宗”。我国注重应试，国际数学竞赛上，我国的学生一向都是骄子，在一定程度上反应了我国的学科教育侧重于应试教育，即为考试而准备。对于解题的过程，要求严谨规范，只要解题过程出现了所谓的跳步子，就可能被扣分。在这种模式下，学生被迫模仿固定的方法，思路，缺乏主动自主学习的积极性，影响了学生学习的积极性和自主创新能力。3.教育效果

在教育目标和教育理念的影响下，我国学生的学科基本功很扎实，记忆能力很强，但是，在解决实际问题中，我国的学生往往不及别人，特别在动手能力方面，远远落后。

三、中美课堂闪光点

正如四川师范大学教育学院李松林副院长在总结中指出：

1、中美教学中，都重视学生兴趣爱好的培养；

2、中美教学中，都强调学科学习方法的引导；

3、中美教学中，都重视让学生亲历学习过程；

4、中美教学中，都重视学生思维能力的训练。

四、差异分析

从两天的“中美教育”课堂实景中我们可以发现，中美的学科教育在教学目标，教育理念，教育方法上都存在很大的差异。差异主要有：教学方式上，中国的教学班级通常人数较多，水平参差不齐，使教师难于兼顾，小组研讨活动也难于展开。教师为预设的目标而上，学生按教师预设的目标而学，师生感到紧张。美国小班上课，“规则意识”强，易于“1对1”地讨论学习，师生交流互动，气氛较活跃，教师也追求变化轻松。从个体学习来看，中国学生虽不博闻，但以强记著称。美国提倡让学生经历获取知识的过程，强调理解的学习。在教育理念上，中国的小学教育是重视打基础的教育，学多悟少，美国的教育是培养创新能力的教育，学少悟多。

由此差异带来的教学效果上，也是各有春秋。美国的学生动手能力强，解决实际问题的能力强，富有创新能力，中国的学生在解题方面无与伦比，动手能力弱，解决实际问题的能力欠佳，创新能力有待提高。

五、几点启示

基于以上情况，美国教育有它的必然优势，对其比较、分析和总结，启示如下：

1、扬长避短，取其精华；

2、强调规则，训练倾听；

3、目标适度，“三维”不丢；

4、重视过程，强化理解；

5、体验感悟，探究发现；

6、结对交流，全员参与；

7、尊重保护，培养创新。

（整理：陈耀华）