第一篇：黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)
跨文化考试总结
考试构成：
一、单选 1*10=10分。（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。
二、判断 1*10=10分。（A—>true,B—>false)课后习题
所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE： Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。）
(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”（从人类学.角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。）
(3)Culture(from psychological perspective): culture is the collective programming of he mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another。（从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。）(4)Culture(from socialogical perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception—including both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior.(从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。)(5)Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.（从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。）
(6)Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）
(7)Subculture：refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.（亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。）
Subcultures exist within dominant culture ,and are often based on economic or social class,ethnicity,race,or geographic region.
(8)Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.（共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。）
(9)Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.（亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。）
Case 2: White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown.The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.♣(6)Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）
Case 4: Coconut-skating（用椰油保养地板的方法）
Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture.We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned.People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping.The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Keywords(1)Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）
(2)Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）
(3)Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）
(4)Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）
(5)Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.(信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。)
(6)Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）
(7)Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）
(8)Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）
(9)Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）(10)Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。)(11)International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized.(国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)(12)Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.(跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)(13)Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）
(14)Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）
(15)Communication :is derived from the Latin word communicare,meaning to share with or to make common,as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts,hopes,and knowledge.Case 12: Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication.In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food.Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception Keywords
(1)Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。)(2)Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information.(知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。)(3)Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。)(4)Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way.（组织： 组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）
(5)Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。）
Case 16: Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation.No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures.Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world.So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition.In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers Keywords(1)Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。）
(2)Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.(不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。)(3)Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is.（假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。）
(4)Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.（种族或民主中心主义：是指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）
(5)Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）
(6)Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）
(7)Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。）Case 21: A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York.Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture.That is why the small conflict happens.Case 23: Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages.Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person.Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States.In China, “girl” means someone who is young and single.In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman.For most people, “woman” means someone who is married and who probably is not young.In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called “women”.While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract.This terminology became widespread during the “women's liberation movement in the 1960s”.The term “'girl” is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.Case 24:An Unfair Decision This case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.In this case, Mr.Bias decided to select someone else, instead of applicant from the country Levadel, for the position.That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel.
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Keywords(1)Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际
(2)Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。
(3)Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style.（社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。）
(4)Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading.洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。
(5)When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole.当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言是，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合语
(6)Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication.通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。
(7)Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite.禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。
(8)Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary.委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。
（9）Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law.行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。Case 25:Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant.In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question.Ms.Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question.If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms.Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Keywords(1)Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words.（非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。)(2)Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。）
(3)Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。）
(4)Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。）
(5)Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.（辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。）
(6)Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。）
(7)Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。）
(8)Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。）
(9)Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）
(10)Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think,check or suppress an emotion,encode a lengthy response,or inaugurate another line of thought.(11)Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance.it also serves as nonverbal symbols.Case 33:Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures.Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune.In this case, b
ecause of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.Case 36:Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body.Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot.Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly,so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Keywords(1)Cultural pattern: Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.(文化模式是指在相对稳定的共有的信仰、价值观、标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。)(2)Context：It is the information that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.（语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的意义解读具有重要参考价值。）
(3)High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message.（高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。）
(4)Low context communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.（低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。）
(5)Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.（不确定性规避指某一文化的成员对于不确定性因素的规避程度。）
(6)Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.（权力距离是指机构或组织中
权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度。）3.Brief Explanations to the Cases of this Chapter(7)Belief:a belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.(8)Values:involve what a culture regards as good or bad,right or wrong,fair or unfair,just or unjust,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,valuable or worthless,appropriate or inappropriate,and kind or cruel.(9)Norms:are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.(10)Social practices:are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.(11)Human-nature orientation:我真的不知道该怎么总结这个概念！大家自己看看吧，在书上P239(12)Person-nature orientation:consists of three categaries:mastery over nature;harmony with nature;subjugation to nature.(13)Time orientation:as far as time orientation is concerned,cultures may belong to 1,the past orientation;2,the present orientation;3,the future orientation.(14)Activity orientation:the activity orientation involves three groups:1,the doing orientation;2,the being orientation;3,the being-in-becoming orientation.(15)Relational orientation:consists of three categaries1,individualism;2,lineality;3,collaterality(16)Individualistic cultures:give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.(17)Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.(18)Masculine and feminine cultures:没看懂啊没看懂！！郁闷！Case 41: Getting Frustrated Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman(and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners.The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it.The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well.Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community.In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating.However, they are also concerned with hygiene.They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating.Saudis have a number of norm
s related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.Case 43: The Improvement Does Not Work Following their individualistic orientations, Mr.Patterson and Mr.Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups.However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance.In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement.In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures.But cultures are not pure.Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals.For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies.In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs.Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian.At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group.In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.Case 44:When Shall We Meet For Dinner? Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case.In the dialogue presented below,Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation.Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.In the dialogue above, Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans.Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening.Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses.Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?
Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts Keywords Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs.This is known as the communication context.（交际无法脱离外部环境的影响：所有的人类交际都或多或少受到社会、物理和文化场景的影响。这些场景被称为交际语境。）Case 48:Gift from a Chinese Chinese people love giving gifts.Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes.Most people giving gifts are concerned about
whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough.An inexpensive gift means a loss of face.Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide.Such gifts are treasured;however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.Case 50:Refuse to Be Treated? In the case just described, the U.S.American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness.Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next, and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first.However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first.Their position, age, and wisdom demanded respect.For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectful.The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible.Because the U.S.Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good that they were willing to do so.Sadly, this is not always the case.Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation Keywords（1）Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture.（文化适应：文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。）
（2）Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.(同化：同化指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。)（3）Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.This kind of acculturation is called integration.(文化融合：文化融合指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。
（4）Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native
culture, the mode of acculturation is called separation.（分离：分离指人们在文化适应过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定认同、保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可）。
（5）Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.（隔离：隔离当经济和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。）
（6）Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.(边缘化：边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。)（7）Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.（文化冲击/文化休克：文化冲击/文化休克指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。）
（8）Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment.(跨文化适应：跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。)Case 54: A Fish out of Water This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms.Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems.Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed.In this case, when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture shock.Case 55: Missing China!This case can reflect reverse culture shock.When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again.In this case, John, whose comes from Canada, has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture.Therefore, when he returns to Canada, he cannot adapt well to his native culture.
第二篇：跨文化交际全书总结
全书共分为九个单元，第一单元为绪论，第二三单元介绍日常言语交际，第四单元介绍语言交际，第五单元介绍非语言交际，第六单元介绍跨性别文化交际，第七单元介绍谈判风格的文化差异，第八单元介绍跨文化交往中的幽默认知，最后一单元介绍了中西方世界观在对宇宙、自然、知识、社会、时间及交际等人事方面上的差异性和互补性。第一单元：绪论
绪论部分总体介绍了文化与交际、跨文化交际和跨文化交际学的基本知识。
1文化成员分享着行为模式以及世界运行模式，然而，尽管在不同文化的冲击影响下，人的行为和习俗会发生快速的转变，但是人的价值观却很难因文化环境的不同而发生改变。
2． 交际在我们的生活中无处不在，存在三个因素影响着人们的交际。一是人的个性，二是所处的文化，三是所处的物理环境。交际是一种互动的行为。
3． 跨文化交际是具有不同文化背景的人之间的交际。跨文化交际作为研究领域是始于20世纪50年代的美国。跨文化交际的鼻祖，EdwardHall于1959年发表了《无声的语言》一书。也有研究发现是四种趋势----便捷的交通系统、创新的交流系统、经济全球化以及大范围的移民（Samovar & Porter，2003），促进了地球村全球化的发展。
第二、三单元：日常言语交际二、三单元介绍日常言语交际，主要介绍跨文化日常交际中经常出现的问题，如称呼、话题选择、拜访礼仪、赞语与赞语应答等。
1． 称呼。中西称谓语分为两种，一是亲属称谓，一是社交称谓。由于中西方文化背景不同，无论亲属称谓还是社交称谓都存在很大的差异。汉语亲属称谓系统繁杂多样，而英语亲属称谓则相对贫乏，指称宽泛，语义模糊，比如一个Cousin就相当于汉语的“堂兄弟姐妹，表兄弟姐妹”等八个词。中英语在社交类称谓方面差异也较显著，汉语的身份类称谓种类多，范围广，尤其表现在头衔性称谓的偏好，英语身份类称谓种类少。中文中身份类称谓可细分为三种：（1）姓+职务；（2）姓+职称；（3）姓+职业。类似王院长、李教授、肖律师等称谓在生活中屡见不鲜。在英语中，头衔性称谓一般只局限于皇族、政府上层、宗教界、军界或法律界人士，可以是衔称+姓氏，也可以是衔称+教名，如Queen Elizabeth，Father White 等。
2． 问候语。问候的目的是为了建立或者保持社会联系而不是交换信息。英语中的问候语一般有“Good morning/afternoon/evening”、“How are you ？”之类的。而中国人见面打招呼时一般会问“上哪去？”“吃饭了吗？”这对外国人来说会觉得是侵犯人隐私的问题，在中国确是司空见惯。
3． 话题的选择。中国人大多喜欢以询问人家籍贯年龄等较隐私的话题开始一段谈话，然而外国人对此却较为反感。一般以兴趣、节日、工作、天气或者书籍等话题作为陌生人之间的交流话题是比较容易让人接受的。应当尽量避免涉及隐私跟政治宗教的话题。
4． 年龄。一般来说，在西方文化中，询问陌生人的年龄是一种很不礼貌的行为，特别是询问30岁以上女性的年龄。
5． 拜访礼仪。中国亲朋好友以及同事之间的串门是很随便的，邀请别人来访也无需对方确定具体时间，自己去探访别人也无需郑重其事征得同意。而美国人则没有串门的习惯，美国人则没有串门的习惯。一年内遇到大节日，亲朋好友才到家里聚一聚。平时如果有事上门，要有时间确切的预约。没有得到对方的应允，随时随地随便上门是不礼貌的行为。
6． 赞语与赞语应答。赞美某一个人身上的具体一件东西或者一种品质等，接着，用一些理由去支撑你的赞美，最后再问一个跟赞美对象有关的问题。这样可以让你的赞美令人易于接受。对于赞语的反应，中国人一般是比较谦虚的回应，而西方人则是大方的感谢人家的赞美。赞语具有一系列的社会功能，例如作为问候语，或表达感谢之情或者庆贺等等。
第四单元：语言交际
第四单元介绍语言交际，着重讲解词语的文化内涵与文化思维模式。1． 文化负载词。在语言系统中，最能体现语言承载的文化信息、反映人类的社会生活的词汇就是文化负载词。由于文化的差异性，一种语言中的一个词或者短语的意思或文化内涵在另一种语言里有着不同的意思或者文化涵义。例如，中国人把龙当做是一种权利的图腾，也是吉祥如意的象征，然而龙在西方人眼里中却是一种恐怖恶心的怪物，代表着邪恶。又如，同样表达“副”，英语中根据不同的职位有不同的表达，例如vice-chairman , associate professor , deputy director , lieutenant governor, undersecretary。中英文主要的语义差异可以总结为以下几点：1>、一种语言的词语可能在另一种语言里找不到对等的相似的词语（例如“三伏”“三九”）。2>、在中英文中都存在一些短语中在表面上指同一事物或概念但实际上指代不同的事情（例如“social science”不等于“社会科学”）。3>、某件事情或者概念在一种语言里只有一两种表达方式但在另一种语言却又许多不同的表达。（例如“wife”和“湾”）4>、有些对等表达的词组只是部分对等（例如family不一定等于“家庭”）。
2． 谚语的文化反映。谚语展示了中西方文化人类经历和观察的相似性和差异性。一种语言的有些谚语可以在另一种语言中找到明显的对应谚语，也有些找不到对应的，也有些是不精确的对应表达，还有一些表面上看起来是对应的，但是实际上有种不同的使用语境。
3． 禁忌。不同的文化有着不同的禁忌。有语言上的禁忌，有动作上的禁忌也有颜色跟数字上的禁忌等等。中西方文化都对讨论性交际和特指身体某一部分的言语非常禁忌。另外骂人也是一种禁忌。
4、文化思维模式。西方人思维模式呈直线型，而东方人则呈圆圈性，犹太人是切线和半直接结合的方式，罗马人是比较迂回的思维模式，而俄国人是直接跟迂回相结合的方式。每一种文化都有特有的解决问题的方式。美国人趋向于归纳事实，俄国人主要是推论演绎，阿拉伯人主要是依靠直接。
第五单元：非语言交际
第五单元介绍非语言交际，主要概述非语言交际的三大内容：身体语言、副语言和环境语言。非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。
身体语言。身体语言包括各种表情、动作、姿态。口头表达是伴随着眼神、面部表情、姿态等身体语言的，通过理解身体语言所要表达的意思有助于人与人之间的交往。
副语言。包括语速、音量、停顿、沉默与非语义声音。
环境语言。包括时间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素。
其中环境语言主要包含着时间语言和空间语言。1>、时间语言。不同的文化有不同的时间观。有三种时间指向：过去时指向、现在时指向和将来时指向。不同的文化也有不同的安排时间方式。Hall提出两个时间系统：单向计时制和多向计时制。北美、西欧和北欧文化是典型的单向计时制文化，这些地区的人一般都比较重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时。而拉丁美洲、非洲、阿拉伯和大多数亚洲地区的文化属于多向计时制文化范畴，他们可以同时进行好几件事情,强调人们参与并做完事情,不僵守预先安排的日程表，安排比较灵活。这些地区的人们的时间比较灵活和人性化。
2>、空间语言。根据Hall的研究，美国社交和商务圈子主要有四种主要的身体距离：亲密距离
（0-45cm）、个人距离(45-80cm)、社交距离(1.30-3m)和公共距离(>2or3m)。不同国家的人交往过程中身体距离也不一样。日本人会站得离交流对象较远，其次是美国，而拉丁美洲和阿拉伯人则喜欢靠近交流对象。空间距离又分为两种广义的文化目录:接触文化和非接触文化。接触文化指在与人交往过程中较于频繁地进行身体接触，例如握手、拍肩或者拥抱等。非接触文化指在与人交往过程中不习惯甚至不喜欢与交流对象有较多的身体接触。阿拉伯人、南欧和西欧人、犹太人和拉丁人都属于前者，而美国人、北欧人和东方人属于后者。
第六单元：跨性别文化交际
第六单元介绍跨性别文化交际，介绍中外男女性别意识的差异所导致的文化差异，如谈话风格、行为习惯、思维方式的不同以及如何跨越这些障碍而达到彼此的沟通与理解。
性别可以分为社会性别和自然性别两种。
社会性别(gender)是指社会造成的基于性别(Sex)之上的思想、观念和行为模式，是后天习得的社会性角色，是由社会建构的差别即性构(gendered)，是基于可见的性别差异之上的社会关系的构成要素，是表示权力关系的一种方式。社会性别(Gender)有别于自然性别(Sex)，自然性别（sex）是男女的自然属性，即两性的先天的生物差异。对社会性别的两个最初影响分别是家庭沟通，特别是母亲与孩子的沟通，还有孩子之间平时的娱乐互动，研究表明女孩和男孩喜欢玩的游戏有很大的不同，女孩通常喜欢玩扮家家，捉迷藏或者跳绳，而男孩一般比较喜欢竞争性体育活动像踢足球打篮球之类的。六大有效的跨性别沟通原则：
（1）、不要过早对跨文化交际差异性作出判断。（2）、认识不同沟通类型的多样性。（3）、提供让对方理解你说话意图的线索。（4）、寻找对方说话意图的线索。（5）、扩大自己的交际类型。（6）、不要评价别人和防范自己。
第七单元：谈判风格的文化差异
第七单元介绍谈判风格的文化差异，着重分析因文化差异而产生的不同谈判风格，介绍了中西方谈判氛围、谈判人员的组成、决定方式等方面的异同。1． 各国谈判氛围的对比。
A．美国人。注重获取的利益，热衷展示“美国人的专业性”，不在乎与对手建立长期的合作关系，希望通过展示自己的能力获取威望，也愿意在谈判过程信任对手。
B．法国人。在谈判之初是不会信任对手的，并自视是经验丰富的谈判者。C．日本人。注重社交关系，关注长期合作关系和个人关系。D．中国人。与日本相似，注重相互利益和社会关系。
E．中东、巴西和墨西哥人。注重个人关系，热情是其首要考虑，信任和尊重是谈判成功的关键。
2.各国谈判者对于谈判细节的态度对比。
A．美国人。注重结果和书面协议以及合同。注重数量而不是质量。B．法国人。跟美国人一样注重书面协议以及合同。
C．日本人。较少注重细节，依赖较简单的书面协议，注重谈判双方原则性的东西而不是协议书上具体的要求。
D．中国人。跟日本人相似，注重书面协议，在信任和常识之间留有余地。E．中东、巴西和墨西哥人。他们认为书面协议不是最重要的，但是比口头理解更具有约束力。3． 交流类型。
A．美国。美国人擅于表达出温暖、真诚、自信和积极性。做好讨价还价和妥协的准备。表达趋于直率，喜欢威胁警告对手和一意孤行，常导致谈判不欢而散。B．英国。英国谈判者一般都比较友善，擅于交际，易于协商，处事灵活并且责任心强。C．日本。日本人易于说服。喜欢较为含蓄的表达意愿，在谈判过程经常处于沉默状态。注重谈判的平和顺畅。交流富有积极性，较少说“不”和提出要求。D．中国。不希望发现正面冲突，尽量避免反对建议的谈判。中国人很爱面子，不会一下子就做出大妥协。
E．法国。在谈判过程经常说“不”并经常坚持使用本国语言。据说是欧洲谈判者中最难搞的，比较注重原则性的东西。
F．德国。德国人喜欢钻牛角尖。重点关注谈判的投标环节。不喜欢妥协。跟日本人相反的，德国人习惯于清楚坚定果断的表达自己的观点。在谈判中不会问很多问题，但是会透露很多事情并频繁的打断谈话。
G．墨西哥。墨西哥谈判者喜欢用夸张的言语表达空泛的思想，很少坦诚的交谈。他们倾向于推论的方式，注重思考和直觉。另外，墨西哥人喜欢跟人有身体接触以此显示其自信。
H.巴西人。巴西谈判者具有挑衅性的。在谈判桌上经常提出许多要求并频繁使用“没有的”和“你的”等词。4． 谈判人员的组成。
A.美国。美国更趋向于选择技术型精英作为谈判队伍的代表。在美国人看来，社会地位、教育和年龄都不是主要的选择依据，他们更看重的是候选人的实际能力。因此美国谈判团队中生力军主要是二三十岁的年轻人。
B．法国。法国谈判团队通常会选择德高望重的人作为谈判代表。社会地位、职业、学业和家庭背景都是主要的选择依据。在法国人看来，谈判双方能力和背景的对等有助于谈判的进行。
C．日本。日本的谈判者平均年龄在30多岁，谈判领队最少要40岁。日本女人很少参与谈判。大多数是根据社会地位跟学识来挑选谈判者。年长是挑选队长的最重要的标准。
D．中国。中国谈判者希望跟有权威有地位的人进行谈判，如果不是这样的话，他们会觉得是受到侮辱。
E．中东。中东选择谈判队员跟日本相似，也很注重年龄。年长的经常受到器重而年轻人常常受到忽略。沙特阿拉伯人主要依据社会地位跟忠诚度进行挑选。F．墨西哥。个人能力和熟人关系通常是选择谈判队员的标准。5． 决定方式
A．美国。美国人视谈判为解决问题的过程，依赖理智的思维和具体的数据。B．法国。法国人较为保守顽固，决定一般有高权威人士做出。
C．日本。日本人根据具体的信息下决定而不是有说服力的争论。他们做出决定的过程很缓慢，但是一旦做了决定就会很快实施。
D．中东。中东人一般根据直觉作出决定，在询问下属相关事情后由领导做出决定。
E．墨西哥。墨西哥是一种集中化的做决定方式。
第八单元 跨文化交往中的幽默认知
第八单元介绍跨文化交往中的幽默认知，介绍在跨文化交往中如何理解幽默、欣赏幽默和使用幽默。
幽默语言的魅力既基于表达者独特的语言技巧，同时也有赖于交际双方在共知语境的前提下领悟幽默语言的潜信息，也就是语言所反映的文化。要使跨文化交际顺利进行，准确理解欣赏英语中的幽默并非易事。除了丰富的语言知识外，要熟悉英语文化背景知识，还要有一定的跨文化交际能力。说本族语的人跟说非本族语的人分享幽默需要两个步骤。第一步是需要制作一个新的谈话规则，即说非本族语的人要敢于询问有关幽默的问题。第二步是利用亚里士多德的三段省略式推理法解释幽默，通过解释非本族语的人无法理解的大前提，再加上显而易见的小前提从而帮助他们得出结论。大前提是指推论演绎的一般性知识的前提。
第九单元
跨文化人格：中西方文化观的融合
第九单元以跨文化人格形成为内容，讨论中西方文化观的融合，介绍了中西方世界观在对宇宙、自然、知识、社会、时间及交际等人事方面上的差异性和互补性，提出随着中西方文化不断交流与融合，培养跨文化人格成为一种必然需要。
世界观。西方出现多元并立的各色世界观，其中尤以天人相分观念形成的二元对立的世界观最为突出。而中国则多为天人合一学说，形成一元论的整体传统世界观。中西方人们的世界观在早期就已出现了相当不同的认识定势和框架基础，它反过来又进一步影响人们的思维模式，成为人们思维活动的基础、核心和深层特征。
知识。东方趋向于通过直观的概念和思考强调同一性的直接经验，西方认为才智非凡之人的天赋是取得世俗优势的原始工具。东方在思维上，趋向于用比较灵活的模糊的不精确的论据得出结果，而西方思维是通过分门别类和演绎推理的线性逻辑分析得出清晰明确的观点。当东方还在天人合一的寻找突破时西方人追求的是物质的进步和社会的发展。时间。传统上东方认为时间是一个动态的循环移动的车轮，而西方认为时间是来自过去遥远的地方，像箭头或者流动的河流向着将来同样遥远的地方前进。可见，东方的时间观是循环的圆形，较为灵活，而西方的时间观呈直线型的，因此，在西方人看来，事情总是朝着某一个方向发展的。
交际。东方的人与人之间的交际总是习惯于用微妙的，暗示的，非言语的，语境范畴的表达方式，人们可以通过直觉感知对方所表达的暗含意思。而西方却相反，西方的交际模式是按照逻辑和理智的感知和想法直接地用语言表达自己的所思所想。
第三篇：大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
Chapter 1 Culture Definitions: Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。(P19/29)Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。(P25/30) Case 2(P8)
The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Definitions:
Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）(P37/P60)
Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）
Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）
Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）
Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人. Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）
Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）
Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.1
（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）(P54/61)
Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）
Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。)(P54/61)
International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized.(国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)(P55) Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.(跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)
Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）(P56)
Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。） Case 12(P57)
This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Definitions
Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。)(P68/97)
(2)Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information.(知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。)(P70/97)
Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。)(P70/97)
Need: Needs affect what people are more likely to attend to.(需求：需求会影响人们选择更愿意参与哪些事物）
Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way.（组织： 组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）
Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。）
Case 16(P81)
This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation.No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures.Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers Definitions:
Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。）(P104/125)
Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.(不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。)
Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is.假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。(P106/126)
Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.（民族优越感：民族优越感指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）(P109/126)
Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）(P110/126)
Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）(P113/126)
Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。）(P114/126) Case 21(P107)
This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. Case 23(P123)
This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different language
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Definitions
Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural
backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际(P132/131)
Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。(P148/161)
Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style.（社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。）
(P149/162)
Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading.洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。(P150/162)
Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite.禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。(P1152/162) Case 25(P131)
One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant，which reflects different verbal communication styles—direct and indirect styles, self-enhancement and self-effacement styles
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Definitions
Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words.（非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。)(P170/196)
Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.(副语言/辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语性语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统）(P175/196)
Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。）（P178/197)
Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。）(P180/197)
Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）(P184/197)Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。）(P180/197)
Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。）(P186/197)
Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。）(P186/197)
Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。）(P190/197)
Attire： Clothing and physical appearance are usually called attire.(着装：服饰和外表通常被称作着装学）(P191/197) Case 33（P169）
This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures, which implies the Kinesics. Case 36(P182)
This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body, which implies Proxemics
Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Definitions
Context：It is the information that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.（语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的意义解读具有重要参考价值。）(P215/239)
High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message.（高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。）(P215/239)
Low context communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.（低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。）
Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.（不确定性规避指某一文化的成员对于不确定性因素的规避程度。）(P230/239) Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.（权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度。）(P232/239) Case 41(P213)
Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.Cultural patterns’ components--norms Case 43(P226)
Following their individualistic orientations, Mr.Patterson and Mr.Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups, which is typical in the United States.In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.This case reflects the conflict between individualism and collectivism. Case 44(P236)
Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case.In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation.Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts Definitions
Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs.This is known as the communication context.（交际无法脱离外部环境的影响：所有的人类交际都或多或少受到社会、物理和文化场景的影响。这些场景被称为交际语境。）(P245/271)
Ramadan（斋戒月）: Ramadan is an Islamic religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar;the month in which the Qur’an, according to tradition, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims do not eat or drink anything from true dawn until sunset.（穆斯林的圣月斋戒月是伊斯兰历法的第九个月。根据传说，在这个月份中，古兰经被透露给先知穆罕默德。这是伊斯兰教的斋月，全世界穆斯林在这一个月中白天禁食。）(P254)
Obon（盂兰盆节）: Obon is one of the most important traditions for Japanese people.It is a Buddhist event and is the period of praying for the repose of the souls of one’s ancestors.People believe that their ancestors’ spirits come back to their homes to be reunited with their family during obon.Obon was originally celebrated around the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar.（盂兰盆节，梵文Ullam-bana的音译，亦称 “盂兰盆斋”、“盂兰盆供”，是佛教重要节日之一，人们在此期间祈祷先人的灵魂安息。人们相信，他们祖先的灵魂在盂兰盆节会回到自己的家园与家人重新团聚。每逢农历七月十五日，佛教徒为追荐祖先均举行重要法事活动。）(P254) Sabbath（安息日）: Sabbath is the day of the week when members of some religious groups do not work.The Jewish Sabbath is on Saturday and the Christian Sabbath is on Sunday.（安息日，一些宗教组织成员在一星期里不用工作的日子。犹太人的安息日是周六，而基督教徒的安息日是周日。）
Namaste（（印度）合十礼）: Namaste is a common spoken greeting or salutation in the Indian subcontinent.It is derived from Hinduism.（合十礼源自印度教，是在印度次大陆一种常见的口语问候语或招呼语。）
Case 48(P257)
Chinese people love giving gifts.Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes.Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough.An inexpensive gift means a loss of face.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide.Such gifts are treasured;however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens. Case 50(P269)
In the case just described, the U.S.American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness.However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first.So the case reflect the different roles of family and gender in the health care context in different cultures.Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation Definitions
Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture.（文化适应：文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。）(P278/305) Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.(同化：同化指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。)(P278/306)
Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.This kind of acculturation is called integration.(文化融合：文化融合指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。(P279/306)
Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture, the mode of acculturation is called separation.（分离：分离指人们在文化适应过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定认同、保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可）。(P280/306) Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.（隔离：隔离当经济和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。）(P281/306)
Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.(边缘化：边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。)(P281/306)
Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.（文化冲击/文化休克：文化冲击/文化休克指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。）(P286/306)
Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment.(跨文化适应：跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。)(P293/306) Case 54(P291)
This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms. Case 55(P299)
This case can reflect reverse culture shock.When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again, which is known as W-curve pattern.
第四篇：大学英语跨文化交际教程案例分析双语答案
Case 2:
White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown.The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.白色的裙子
案例分析:印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。文化就像一座冰山:我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化,但是我们不知道下面的值。文化就像水中的鱼游:人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景,但他们通常是理所当然,从不问为什么。
Case 4:
Coconut-skating Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture.We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned.People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping.The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Coconut-skating 案例分析:这一事件反映出文化的特点。我们可以告诉从文化无处不在的情况下学习。人们甚至可以创造不同的东西一样简单的问题地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学会了这样的擦自己的文化。
Case 12:
Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza?
This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication.In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food.Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.你为什么不吃比萨吗? 这种情况下可以反映出跨文化交流中出现的问题,忽略文化差异如何影响沟通。在马来西亚,大多数人都是穆斯林,人们认为左手是仅用于清洗身体,因此它是脏的,不能用来传递食物。任何了解文化差异,美国学生把自己在一个尴尬的局面。
Case 21:
A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York.Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture.That is why the small conflict happens.一个丹麦的女人在纽约
这种情况下可以反映假设相似而不同。当与人交流从另一种文化,一个是可能认为和对待他人是“他的人”,认为必须有做事的方法只有一个:这是“他的方式”。在这种情况下,丹麦女人假定她独自离开孩子的行为,这是常见的在丹麦,在纽约也合适。这里,她认为什么是适合自己的文化在另一种文化也是毋庸置疑的。这就是为什么会发生小冲突。
Case 23:
Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages.Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person.Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States.In China, “girl” means someone who is young and single.In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman.For most people, “woman” means someone who is married and who probably is not young.In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called “women”.While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract.This terminology became widespread during the “women's liberation movement in the 1960s”.The term “'girl” is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.girl-ness 这种情况下可以反映出一个翻译问题:缺乏概念的等价性,指的是抽象的概念,在不同的语言中不存在的以相同的方式。不同的文化含义是不同的同一件事或人。关于这种情况,我们应该知道什么是年轻女性自称从美国在中国非常不同。在中国,“女孩”意味着年轻和单身的人。在某种程度上,它让女性声音更可取的被称为一个女孩而不是女人。对大多数人来说,“女人”是指结婚的人谁可能不年轻。事实上,大多数中国单身女性,如大学生、会侮辱了被称为“女人”。而在西方,在正式、公共设置,按照惯例打电话给任何女人过去的青春期女性,尽管她可能不是合法投票年龄,结婚,购买酒精饮料,开车,或签订合同。这个术语普及在“1960年代的妇女解放运动”。“女孩”一词有时被解释为是贬低或无礼。
Case 25:
Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant.In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question.Ms.Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question.If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms.Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.成功的故事
挫折和误解的来源之一,在这种情况下发生不同的口头的观念有关。在这种情况下,玛丽在等更直接回应她的问题。Goshima女士是不舒服的问题,觉得她的反应应该非常间接,建立适当的谦逊的品质在暴露的问题的答案。如果玛丽更有耐心,最终她会听见她的问题的答案,但她没有注意的时候终于到了,因为她觉得Goshima女士对她的评论并不真正相关查询。
Case 33:
Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures.Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune.In this case, because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.是美国人漠不关心? 这种情况下可以反映不同的非语言沟通模式存在于实际的跨文化交际,特别是面部表情不同根据不同的文化。与大多数中国相比,美国人喜欢微笑和因果和丰富的面部表情在日常生活中,即使他们有一些不幸。在这种情况下,由于不同意见的面部表情在跨文化交流,美国女士谈到她父亲的疾病和死亡以微笑的方式来显示她还有乐观的< >应用:ds:乐观对待未来的生活方式,这是误解,被中国人冷漠和自私。
Case 36:
Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm
This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body.Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot.Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.不要把你的手放在我的胳膊
这种情况下可以反映不同的文化有不同的看法的空间关系。不同的文化有不同的意见关于个人的无意识地构建microspace立即身体周围。一些文化中可以有相对较近的距离,当其他文化虽然不能交流。一些西方文化认为人们之间的身体接触相同的性别文化禁忌,被同性恋的象征。在这种情况下,萨姆是西方文化和身体接触的社会禁忌知道得很清楚,所以他不会让别人误解了马克和他的亲密的身体距离和联系,尽管马克从智利不知道的文化禁忌。
Case 41:
Getting Frustrated Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman(and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners.The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it.The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the
person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well.Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community.In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating.However, they are also concerned with hygiene.They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating.Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.变得沮丧
周杰伦很沮丧在很大程度上是因为许多规范他被用于不适用于沙特阿拉伯,和许多沙特规范对他没有意义。大部分的工作在沙特阿拉伯取决于小费,一个类型的回扣中间人(这是一个人),促进潜在业务合作伙伴之间的联系。中间人做的服务,希望得到报酬。小费给的人越多,越有可能是,人会成功,因为中间商一定会对他很好。给小费是沙特商界的规范。此外,沙特人相信上帝给了我们多功能手,吃手是我们最好的工具。
然而,他们也关心卫生。他们储备清洗自己的左手,用右手吃饭。沙特有许多规范与限制男女互动,他们的宗教信仰的上下文中,完美的意义但大多数西方人会很不恰当。
Case 43:
The Improvement Does Not Work Following their individualistic orientations, Mr.Patterson and Mr.Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups.However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance.In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement.In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures.But cultures are not pure.Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals.For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies.In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs.Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian.At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group.In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.改善不工作
个人主义取向后,帕特森先生和Wyman先生是完全满意的想法创造团队领导在各个销售组。然而,作为公园年轻的山姆提到,这样打乱了团体的和谐,进而导致低劣的性能。在美国,工人往往出于晋升和发展的机会,这是个人主义的个人成就。在集体主义的文化中,然而,工人可能出于一个凝聚力和生产力的团队的一部分。个人主义和集体主义术语描述整个文化。但文化不纯。集体主义文化的成员可能实践个人主义倾向而成员个人主义文化的集体主义价值理想。例如,丹麦是一个国家与集体主义和个人主义的倾向。在丹麦,个人自由是通过对培养建立的传统和习俗。关于收入和社会地位,丹麦人是坚定的平等。然而,与此同时,丹麦人认为自己是自由是不信奉国教的,并从人群中脱颖而出。这样,丹麦人可能理论中点的个人主义和集体主义文化的统一体。
Case 44:
When Shall We Meet For Dinner? Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case.In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation.Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.In the dialogue above, Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans.Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening.Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses.Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?
当我们吃晚饭见面好吗? 在这种情况下可以看到不确定性规避取向。下面的对话,凯利和Keiko交互对晚餐的邀请。凯利,来自美国,拥有相对较低不确定性规避指数,惠子,来自日本、来自一个文化相对较高的不确定性规避指数。在上面的对话中,Keiko混淆了凯利的随和态度晚上的计划。来自高uncertainty-avoidant文化,Keiko宁愿提前计划,以避免不确定性和准备晚上她的脚本。凯利,另一方面,是完全舒适的晚上制定计划基于如何进
展。没有计划,Keiko怎么知道如何行动呢? Case 48:
Gift from a Chinese Chinese people love giving gifts.Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes.Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough.An inexpensive gift means a loss of face.Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide.Such gifts are treasured;however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.来自中国的礼物
中国人喜欢送礼物。通常,礼物的价值是多么重要的信号接收器发送者的眼睛。大多数人担心是否赠送礼物礼物将被视为有价值的足够了。一个便宜的礼物意味着面临的损失。Dongxie可能有一个实际的理由在人参给他的经理,但大多数中国人会把它当作一般的下属这样做经理的尊重的标志。
北美公司偶尔收到礼物的感谢的友谊和帮助经理可以提供。这样的礼物是珍贵的;然而,价值通常相当小,一瓶酒,一个音乐CD,一本小书,或其他标记。
Case 54:
A Fish out of Water
This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms.Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems.Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed.In this case, when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture shock.离水之鱼
这个案例反映了男孩正在经历文化冲击,这可能会给他一些心理上的症状。文化冲击实际上是一个沟通的问题涉及附带的抑郁情绪缺乏理解的语言和非语言沟通的文化,风俗,以及其价值系统。文化冲击发生当人们需要处理大量的新的知觉刺激,难以理解和解释,因为文化背景已经发生了改变。在这种情况下,当美国学生觉得他熟悉的线索从本土文化被移除,他就拒绝新的环境,他显示了一些心理症状由于文化冲击。
第五篇：英语沙龙杂志 跨文化交际一个人之旅
跨文化交际——个人之旅
Intercultural Communications
--A Personal Journey
跨文化交际——个人之旅
An Intercultural Profession
跨文化职业
To be better equipped to do that, we returned to the US in 1990.I worked on my MA in Chinese and Intercultural Communications, Anne adjusted to American culture and we started a family.When we came back in 1993, we brought 2-year-old and 3-month-old daughters with us to Shanghai.We thought it would be simpler for young children to adapt to a new culture.Bu t the adjustments weren’t easy for any of us, partly because Shanghai was just beginning its rapid modernization phase.为更具备从事那份工作的条件，我们于1990年返回美国。我攻取汉语和跨文化交际硕士学位，安妮适应美国文化并且我们有了第一个孩子。当我们1993年回来时，我们 带了我们的两个女儿一同到了上海，当时她们分别是2岁和3个月。我们原以为小孩子适应一 种新的文化会更容易些，但适应对我们每个人都殊非易事，部分原因是缘于上海当时刚步入 高速的现代化阶段。
For the last few years we have heard almost constant construction noise around us.Our housing hadn’t yet been renovated, we didn’t have much heating or air conditioning, the workload was heavy at the university, the pay was low and inflation was rapid in those days.Both children were often sick with colds or more serious ailments.Yet, we somehow persevered, kept adjusting to Shanghai, tried to keep up with the fast changes, and now we have a nice apartment, our neighborhood is cleaner and more attractive and we feel more at “home”.在过去的几年里，周围施工的噪音几乎总是不绝于耳。我们的住房还没有修缮好，也没有多少供暖和空调，在大学的工作量也很繁重，那些日子报酬低而通货膨胀又很快。两个孩子经常患感冒或更重的病。然而，我们设法坚持着，一直不断地适应上海，尽力去赶上飞快的变化。现在，我们住进了一套相当不错的公寓，小区更干净更漂亮，我们更有了在“家” 的感觉。
It was my good fortune to teach in the Overseas Training Department of Shanghai International Studies University(SISU).In 1993, we started to train self-paying students for international business.I was able to develop a new course on Intercultural Communications to orient our students.我有幸在上海外国语大学海外培训部任教。1993年，我们开始培训国际商务自费生。我得以开设了关于跨文化交际的一门新的课程来引导我们的学生。
Over the years, that course has grown into a curriculum that is also being offered to the1
Communications Department and all post-graduate students at SISU.This has been a rich opportunity to gather fresh data on Chinese culture as well as to develop this budding field.Relating to the China Association For Intercultural Communications(CAFIC), formed in 1995, has also been a stimulating professional experience.多年来，这门课程已经发展为一门学科，既在交际系开设，同时又面向所有在校的研究 生。这是收集有关中国文化新资料并开发这一新兴领域的良好契机。成立于1995年的中国跨 文化交际协会，也是一次激动人心的职业经历。
An Intercultural Family
一个跨文化的家庭
As our two girls became school age, we enrolled them in a local kinder garden.We wanted them to feel comfortable both in the language and with Chinese friends.As a result, both daughters have become trilingual, though it hasn’t always been easy.Our oldest
daughter, Christy, did fine the first two years, but found it quite tough in Chinese third grade.She was almost keeping up with her Chinese classmates, but her English and German were falling behind, so she changed to the International German School in
Shanghai.Our youngest daughter, Amy, is still in Chinese school.When she finishes third grade this year, she’ll probably also change, though she is happy and fairly comfortable in all three contexts.当我们的两个女儿到了入学年龄，我们送她们到当地的幼儿园。我们想要她们在语言和与中国朋友交往这两个方面都感到顺当称心。结果，两个女儿都能操三种语言，尽管并非总是那么容易。我们的大女儿克里斯蒂，在最初两年学得不错，但在读汉语三年级时却感到相当吃力。她几乎跟得上她那些中国的同班同学，但英语和德语却落后了，所以她转学到在上海的国际德语学校。我们的小女儿艾米，仍然在中文学校。她今年读完三年级后，大概也会变换一下，虽然她在这三个语境里都感到舒心快乐。
Recently Amy was working on some intercultural adjustment materials for kids.She was asked to draw a picture of her family.In the space provided, she drew a picture of me and labeled it “Dad--American” and next to Anne, “Mom--German”.Then she drew a picture of our “Chinese Grandma” and labeled her “Ayi—Chinese”.When she drew herself and her sister in the middle, she paused.最近艾米在进行一些儿童跨文化适应材料的学习。她被要求画一幅她的家庭的图画。在给她的一张白纸上，她画了我的画像并且标上了“爸爸－－美国人”，接着是安妮，标上“ 妈妈－－德国人”。然后她画上了我们的“中国阿婆”的画像，标上“阿姨－－中国人”。当她在中间画她自己和她姐姐时，她停住了。
She then wrote “Christy and Amy--AmGerChi.” When I asked about this unusual word, she said because all three cultural backgrounds were mixed in her, she used the first syllable from each nationality.In Chinese, she called herself a “MeiDeZhong.” It might be difficult for her to maintain that identity, but that is how she sees herself now.然后她写上了“克里斯蒂和艾米－－美德中”。当我问这一怪词时，她说，因为所有这 三个文化背景都融合在她身上，她用了每个国家的第一个音节。她用汉语称她自己“美德中”。让她保持这一身份可能有难度，但现在她是这样看自己的。
An Intercultural Future
跨文化的未来
Because this is my field of study, my wife, daughters and I hope to keep learning about cultural variety and adjustments together.We don’t just want to be a cross-cultural experiment;we want to relate our experiences to our Chinese friends and students.Anne works as the Consulting Doctor for the German Consulate in Shanghai and has
opportunities nearly every week to cross cultural barriers with expatriates and local hospitals.Each of us hopes to become an effective “cultural bridge” to bring
understanding and cooperation to the different sides we represent.因为这是我的研究领域，我妻子、女儿和我都希望一起不断地学习文化的多 样性和适应力。我们不只想成为跨文化的实验；我们想把我们的经历同我们的中国朋友和学 生结合起来。安妮在德国驻上海领事馆工作，担任顾问医生，在跟旅居海外者以及当地医院 打交道时，几乎每周都有机会跨越文化障碍。我们每个人都希望成为卓有成效的“文化桥梁”，为我们所代表的不同方面带来理解和合作。Living overseas for long periods of times is never easy.There are times when we are overcome with homesickness.Sometimes we feel lost or confused in our identity.Sometimes we face new levels of culture shock or stress.But we trust that each of these experiences is enriching us, giving us a reservoir of feelings and insights that we can share with others.长期生活在海外从来都不容易。有时候我们思乡情切，有时对我们的身份感到失落和困惑，有时我们面临新的层次的文化冲击和压力。但我们相信所有这些经历都在丰富着我们，让我们蓄积起能与他人共享的心绪和感悟。
With changes due to WTO, the coming World Cup and Olympics and developments in many other arenas, China is entering an exciting and challenging phase of
internationalizing.Perhaps our intercultural journey can be of help to others.由于加入WTO，进入世界杯和举办奥运会，以及其他许多领域的发展带来的变化，中国正步入一个令人激动、富有挑战的“国际化”阶段。也许我们的跨文化之旅能够对他人有所裨益。
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