游戏也刺激
“我先坐上!”“不是!”“呀!”……在学校里,在操场中,在草地上,愉快的音乐声和同学们的喊叫声彼此起伏。这是怎么回事呢?
只见五把椅子围成一圈,同学们则在椅子周围转圈。椅子旁边放着一个音箱,里面放着优美的音乐。音乐一停,总有一个“倒霉蛋”因为没有椅子坐而被淘汰,这正是“抢椅子”游戏。
第一局开始了,一首优美的交响乐,从音箱中传出来。“哇!这音乐可真好听!”同学们叫道。而此时的我,眉头紧锁,眼睛瞪得像铜铃那样,死死盯着那几把椅子,心脏都要快跳到嗓子眼儿了!
再看看其他同学,有的若无其事地走着,有的在窃窃私语,还有的像孙悟空一样耍戏……看着他们那么“心不在焉”的样子,我也慢慢放下心来。
突然间,音乐停了!这令我措手不及,草地上原来欢乐的氛围也变得紧张起来。等我反应过来,椅子上早已坐满了人。哎!大意失荆州啊!
第二局开始了,前面都还正常,我的椅子也抢到了。可就在那个“倒霉蛋”同学用无助的眼神环视四周时,我故意从椅子上站起来,想戏耍他一番。不出我所料,他像哥伦布发现新大陆似的,开心地飞奔而来,而我却故意在提前一秒坐下,得意地望着他。那个“倒霉蛋”同学呢,他的眼睛瞪着我,似乎冒起了火花;眉头拧着,像一个“八”字;嘴巴张着,似乎下一秒我就要成为他的晚餐……忽然,他用尽全身力气,抢走了“我”的宝座。
我呆呆的站在原地,气得说不出话来,双手握成拳头,眼里冒着火花,有股想揍他的冲动。可转念一想,是我戏弄他在先,只怪我作茧自缚,到头来自己成了那个“倒霉蛋”。
英语课堂开场白的设计
内容提要:本文论述了课堂导语的作用,介绍了如何设计恰当的课堂开场白。它虽然不是授课内容,但对于平稳和顺利进入课堂实质部分,加强教学效果起着重要作用。在设计课堂导语时,首先要作到语言简洁易懂,其次注意对学生的启发诱导,强调开场白的情趣性,做到灵活机动并把握好时间。
关键词:英语课堂
开场白
导语
设计
授课伊始,教师的开场白(导语)必不可少,恰当的课堂导语不仅对授课的内容起到承上启下的作用,还能激扬情趣,活跃课堂气氛。由于它并不是授课的内容,常被忽略。如果在备课时没有设计开场白,而是到了课堂上随便拉扯几句,或套用千篇一律的所谓导语,就很难做到平稳过度,也不能抓住学生的注意力。下面的内容无论多么精彩,已属“亡羊补牢”矣!不同学科,风格各异,课堂导语的设计也应各有千秋。下面,就英语课堂导语的设计,笔者浅谈自己在教学实践中的心得和体会,与同仁们共榷。
英语课堂上我们惯用的开场白是:“Let’s begin our class.”或者是:“Last time we learned„.Today we are going to take up„.”一般来说,这样的开场白并无差错,但显得陈旧、俗套,很难引起学生的注意和兴趣。而好的导语要使学生在短短的几分钟内就能进入角色,课堂气氛活跃热烈。这样的导语对提高学生听力、加强课堂教学效果起着不可估量的作用。
那么怎样设计好英语课堂导语呢? 不妨从以下几方面着手。
(一)语言应简洁易懂。英语导语的设计应尽量使用学生学过的单词或短语。句的长短,内容的深浅要根据学生的水平而定。学生听懂了,才有兴趣听下去;反之,如果用词生僻,句子复杂难懂,则适得其反。
在讲Robinson Crusoe时,我是这样设计导语的:Do you know the story “Robinson Crusoe”? The author of it is Daniel Defoe.He is one of the most important writers of England.The hero,Robinson Crusoe, is famous all over the world.Today we’11 learn a story about Robinson Crusoe.
这样的导语,较快地激发了学生的好奇心,我刚一说完,他们就急切地读了起来。反之,如用以下导语,则适得其反:
Have you ever heard of “Robinson Crusoe”, the author of which is Daniel Defoe,who is considered one of the most prominent novelists of England? Robinson Crusoe,the protagonist is celebrated through out the world.Today we’ll learn a story about
Robinson Crusoe.很明显,这个导语,旬式复杂,单词生僻,学生由于不理解而失去兴趣,达不到授课预期的目的。
(二)注意导语的启发、诱导作用。教师上课前应吃透教材,抓住教材的关键,利用几句导语,把学生需要掌握的内容说出来,引导学生积极思维;不要一上课想说什么,就说什么,使学生无所适从。在讲授How Marx Learned Foreign Languages时,我的导语是: I believe all of you know Karl Marx.Can you tell us something about him? 学生一听到这样的问题,同声回答“yes”。一些学生回答他是伟大的共产主义创始人,有的说他是德国人等。说出了许多有关马克思的知识。我让大家静下来,然后说:“All of us know Karl Marx was a German,and he was a great leader of communism.But do you know he was also a great talent for languages? In this text,the author told us how Marx learned foreign languages in order to do revolutionary work better,and in the text Marx also gave us some good and useful advice on learning languages.After we learn it,we can get great benefit from it.Now,please read the text first.”话刚说完,学生就迫不急待地翻开书,读了起来。他们迫切地想知道马克思是怎样学习外语的,以及他对学习语言提出了什么好的建议。这一节课,课堂导语在引导学生思维时发挥了极大的作用。
如果在学生回答了那些关于马克思的知识后,教师大讲马克思的革命活动、国际共运史,学生如坠入云雾。无所适从,很难说学生学习课文时有什么收获。
(三)趣味性要强。教师设计导语时应抓住学生心理,激起学生兴趣,使学生在轻松、愉快的环境中带着兴趣去学习新内容,这样课堂效果会明显加强。在讲Lady Silkworm时,我这样设计了导语:
Do you know how the silk worm is formed in Chinese“蚕”? The Chinese character蚕consists of “heaven” and “worm”.Yes, the silk worm means“the worm” comes from heaven.Would you like to know why? How? There is an interesting story about it.Today,we’11 learn this interesting and beautiful story.The title is “Lady Silkworm”.Now turn to page„
又比如,在讲授外贸初级英语“Insurance”时,针对内容比较枯燥、抽象这一现象,为了激发学生学习兴趣,我设计了这样的导语:
I know all of us have known something about insurance and I also know all of us had covered the insurance when we entered the schoo1.Now please answer me what you
have covered.
一些学生回答:Life insurance.
接着我又问了一个问题;“Why did you cover life insurance?”一些学生回答:We can get compensation when we meet with risks.
紧接着我又问了一个问题:Do you think it is necessary to cover the insurance in the international trade? 学生齐声回答:yes.
因此,我就用下列话启发他们:In business the goods of every transaction,from the seller to the buyer,usually cover a long way.During this,the goods perhaps meet with unexpected risks.In order to shift the risks and avoid the losses,the owner of the goods always cover the insurance.Today we’11 learn some knowledge about insurance.I hope you can master well.有了以上导语,学生对课文产生了兴趣,急于想学习保险知识。为上好本节课打好了基础。
(四)要灵活机动。课堂导语与教学内容一脉相承,丰富的教学内容决定了课堂导语的丰富性、多样性。这就需要灵活机动地设置导语。有的用于新学期之始,借导语使学生对要学的内容有个整体认识;有的用于篇章之间,借导语承上启下,加强了教学的连贯性;有的用于讲课开始}有的用于授课结束等等。总之,要根据学习内容灵活机动地设置导语.不能流于形式。
例如,新生入学第一节课,我设计了如下导语:
This is the first time you have attended English class in our specialized sch001.Maybe you are wondering about:Is English taught in the same way as in the middle school? Is English very important to us? How can we study it well to meet the requirements? Now I must tell you that English is the most important subject to us,for you are students of Foreign Trade Major.So every one of you must study hard to master as much knowledge as you can,so that you can do well after finishing sch001.Here I also tell you that English is not taught in the same way as well as English knowledge and I’11 speak much more English than Chinese in class and encourage you to speak English too.So you have to prepare your lesson well before class.
话音刚落,就听到哗哗的翻书声。很明显,第一次上课使用的导语为日后上好英语课奠
定了基础。
有时,为了使学生能自觉预习新内容,我往往在授课结束时设计带有悬念的导语。如在讲完 A Sandpiper to Bring You 这课后,我是这样设置导语的:
Up to now,we have known Wendy is a lovely girl.She can bring joy to others.We’ve also known she is on vacation.Why doesn’t she go to school? Is it just because she is on vacation? Why is her face dell fair? If you want to know,please preview text of Lesson Nine. .
有了这样的悬念,学生就急于知道结果,因此就不必担心他们不去预习新课了。(五)注意把握时间。运用导语不能占用过多的时问。英语导语非常重要,但毕竟是起一种辅助的作用,时间过长会影响主要内容的讲授,造成本末倒置,失去了导语本来意义。一般情况下,导语在一节课中约占五分钟。
比如,在讲 Golden Touch 一课时,我这样设置了导语:
I believe all of you like money.It can bring happiness to us.But money is not everything.After you learn the text,you can understand better.
如果讲钱本来很好,它有许多用途,讲了二十分钟,以致于讲到当前的经济形势,学生可能会忘了这是英语课堂,还以为你讲商品经济形势呢。
以上几例说明,在实际教学中,要设计出独具特色的导语要花费一定的时间和精力。但我的体会是:英语课堂导语对于激发学习兴趣、加强教学效果起着十分重要的作用,所以在这上面花费时间和精力也是值得的。
参考文献
1. 余桂霞 浅谈课堂导语 《汉英语言与文化》下卷 航空工业出版社 1998 2. 芮渝平《面向21世纪外语教学论》重庆出版社
作者联系方式 青岛市崂山区松岭路青岛科技大学502信箱
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