第一篇：高中英语教学论文 高考英语专题讲座-阅读理解
专题讲座 阅读理解
不少同学反映:“老师，做阅读理解题时，我对文章的语句完全能看懂，可是选答案时却总出错，您讲一讲阅读技巧吧!”有些老师在读过一篇文章后发现自己的判断与答案有出入时，也深感技巧方面出了故障，经过归纳，大体有如下说法：要学会抓主旨大意；能够略去不必要的信息；会掠读、跳读、不必回读；能够根据题干及作者的意图在文章中快速搜寻有关信息„„
上述表述，应当说没有错误，但学生们实践后往往收效甚微。为什么?因为这些方法没有抓住中学生英语学习的现实和实质。目前中学生的词汇学习量不足2000词（初中1200、高中750），学生真正掌握并能运用的词汇量则更少。教学大纲规定阅读量至多20万词，然而目前高考英语试卷的词汇要求为3000～3500词左右（含派生、转化及合成）。以不足2000词的词汇量去读3500词为底线的文章，肯定读不深吃不透，在此基础上用什么技巧和思路也只能是一个字----“猜”。自然无准确性可言了。
作为一名英语学习者，要想突破阅读关，在高考中拿高分，要解决“三量”，即词汇量----3500词；阅读量----35万词，也即1000篇300余词的短文；阅读质量----能本着信达雅的原则用中文说出文意。
1．词汇量
词汇量的3500词包括常见词及词组和日常会话中的单词、词组，最常见的涉及文化、科普、政治、经济，甚至军事的词。同时还要会认、会用派生，包括前缀和后缀。比如近年高考中就出现过的inexpensive，unthinkable，computerize。要真正做到会认、会用，就必须多读文章，细读文章，在大量认读中逐步加深前后缀的印象，逐步积累生词。平日学习新词时，要善于运用不同方法加强记忆，扩大词汇量。比如可以采用摘葡萄法、归纳法、联想法等。摘葡萄法就是把相互联系的词串到一起，比如当我们学习shoulder时，应联想到arm，elbow，wrist，fist，hand，palm，finger，thumb，index，finger，middle，finger，ring，finger，little，finger，甚至foe。归纳法则可把那些形相近意相远的词联系到一起，如medal，model，metal，mental； violet紫罗兰，violent，violate凶暴。联想法是指在学习过程中发现一个词联想到与它相关的词，比如当我们见到physical labor时，可联想到“脑力劳动”，从而查找到mental labor。具体可参见以前发过的词汇扩展
2．阅读量
阅读量是指300余词的短文，至少要读1000篇。考虑到高三现状，读小说有一定困难，读短文是个好办法。一方面可选取阅读理解书目上的文章，另一方面可读21世纪报及21世纪报中学生版上的文章。因为这些文章篇幅不长，紧密联系生活实际，涵盖社会现实和天下大事，可读性很强。到高三的第二学期才动手，也不算晚，那必须把阅读量加大到每天五篇，这样才能见成效。
3．阅读质量
阅读质量含五步。第一步读文章做理解题。第二步是出声朗读其中的一段，而且必须注意语音、语调、重读、弱读、连读、失去爆破和清辅音浊化。目前中学生上高中后发声朗读训练的机会越来越少，从上边七项要求自己的机会则几乎没有，高考中的听力自然得分不高。因为听力中的对话与朗读是依照前边提到的七大要点录制的。第三步是用笔划一划你认为应当记住的词、词组、短语，较好的句子。认真划，划得
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越多则说明读者的心越细，随着时间的推移，若划的越来越少了，说明水平也提高了。第四步是注意一下边边角角的知识，因为它有助于你对文章的理解，有助于短文写作中的应用。比如2001年高考E篇文章的第七段中有Even when a man is said to be a best friend，the two share little about their innermost feelings． Where as a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage．根据句意我们知道，where as=however，或but，这种关联词在文章中常常起到承上启下的作用。高中毕业生在高考的短文写作中常出现这样一种情况，单看每个句子不存在问题，但就是上下连贯不到一起。这其中的重要毛病是不会使用像where as这样的词及相关短语。而这些技能的养成不是靠教师课堂上讲的，也不是靠日常口头说才会的，主要依靠平日阅读中细心理解，出声朗读，写作中使用。第五步在前面已谈到，读过一篇文章后若能用中文讲明白，说明你懂了，若讲不明白，则说明质量没过关。以2000年E篇的第一段为例，Excused from recycling（回收利用）because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute（垃圾道）? You won’t be for long!两句中注出两处中文，有一处课本中学过。由于考生不知句意，结果在这两句基础上的第68题的正答率出奇得低，高分段同学的错误率比低分段的同学还高。这说明了认识的词并不意味着懂句意，更说明了“掠读”、“跳读”、“猜”的偏颇。如能按第三步的方式划一划，查一查，平日有积累，还愁不能正确理解该句：“难道因为你住高层建筑，又有垃圾道就可以不进行分拣和回收了吗?不用多久就应这样做”。再比如高三课本（上）的第128页中有这样一段: On hearing this，Marlin got angry and shouted，“You want me to take the place of a monkey? Take its place yourself!You look more like a monkey than I do．”原意是：“马林刚一听到这里，就气愤地吼道，你想让我扮猴子吗?你去扮好了，你长得才像猴呢!”然而不少学生，甚至一部分教师都错解为“你长得比我更像猴!”这样一来就闹出定位错误的笑话了。从这个例子中我们也能看出这样一个现实，读懂了句子，未必理解准确到位，换言之，表层意思与深层含义是不一样的。要想达到翻译上的信达雅，不加大量阅读，不按照上述五步的方法加强训练，解阅读理解题的水平很难提高。
综上所述，提高解阅读理解题的水平决非一蹴而就，而应经过长时间的大量阅读。由于不少英语单词和词组是一词多意，因此要在阅读中逐步加深印象，拓宽词汇量，这样才能突破阅读关。
同学们可能会问读什么样的文章好，应该是两类文章并进。一种是21世纪报和21世纪报中学生版，同学们可依上述五步每周阅读一份报纸，一定能开阔视野，扩大词汇量，增加知识；另一种是有阅读理解题的文章，他们能检测你理解的程度，提高你高考时做阅读理解题的分值。简而言之，要疯狂，要持久。疯狂阅读指量，持久阅读指质。那么突破阅读关的时间离你就越来越近了。
第一章
主 旨 概 括
第一课
一、试卷分析与展望
阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。文章或段落的中心思想犹如一支蜡烛的芯。这根芯看似无关紧要，但是如果没有它，那么这支蜡烛就不能再称为蜡烛，而是一堆蜡。所以，一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。要领悟文章的主旨大意，这就需要考生具备归纳和概括等方面的能力。而这种归纳和概括能力又常常是考试中被考查的重点。
下面，我们一起来回顾一下1996-2002年十年的全真试题，就可知道此项技能的重要性了。
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1．What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? [NMET96（61）] 9． The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ___[NMET96（66）]
10．This news story is mainly about _____． [NMET97（51）]
11．The text is mainly about _____． [NMET97（55）]
12． The text is mainly about _______．[NMET98（51）]
13． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? [NMET98（54）]
14． The text is mainly about ______．[NMET98（57）]
15． What would be the best title for the text? [NMET98（70）] 16． This article mainly tells about the story of _______． [NMET99（51）] 17． The writer's purpose in writing this story is ___________． [NMET2000（54）] 18． According to the writer of the text , imagining the future will _________．[NMET2000（66）]
19． The purpose in writing this text is _________．[NMET2000（67）]
从上述全真试题中，我们可以总结出，对于文章或段落的主旨大意设问的形式一般是：
1． The main idea of the passage（text）is _____．
2． The text（passage）is mainly about _____．
3． What does the passage mainly discuss（deal with）?
4． Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?
5． The main point of the passage is ______．
6． The best headline for this newspaper article would be _____．
7． Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article?
8． What is the topic of the text?
9． The main purpose of the story is to tell us _____．
10． The conclusion we can get from the story is _____．
大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly, main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就得仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。
当然，除了上述通用的句型，还可用其它的形式设问，这就要求我们认真理会题干的意思了。
例如92年的75题“The writer tells this story to _____．”
以及93年的66题“The writer wrote the story in order to _____． ”
也是考查考生对主旨大意的理解
二、基本训练
Mike is a freshman（新生）in college． He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on． As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station． But this work must be done at night because Mike is a full-time college student． Mike also tries to make time for things
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he enjoys doing that are not related to college and work． He likes to ski in winter and play in summer． However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasures． Question: Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A． Mike is very busy
B． A freshman has to work many hours all week
C． Mike has pleasures in his spare time D． Mike has a lot of homework
Telephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other． Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world． For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷）． An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set． News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries． Within hours, help is on the way． Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fast．
Question: The main idea of the passage is that _____．
A． News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries．
B． Election results can be known almost immediately．
C． Communication is good．
D． Information travels very fast because of technology．
三、高考实战（90年高考阅读题）
A well-known old man was being interviewed（采访）and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday．
“That's right,” said the old man． “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world． They're all dead．” “Well, sir,” said the interviewer, “I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday．”
The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, “I can't see why you shouldn't． You look fit and healthy to me!” 1． The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which shows that he was a very _____． A． friendly man—he never made any enemies．
B． healthy man—he lived longer than all his enemies． C． lucky man—his enemies had all died．
D． terrible man—he had got rid of all his enemies．
2． When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old man again the following year, _____ A． he was trying to make the old man happy． B． he wished he himself would live another year．
C． he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundred．
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D． he did not believe he would interview the old man again．
3． When the old man said “I can't see why you shouldn't”, what he meant was _____ A． “You must try to live another year to interview me again next year．” B． “Of course you can see me again since you're so fit and healthy．” C． “If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again．” D． “Unless you live another year, you wouldn't be able to interview me again．” 4． What kind of man would you say the old man was? A． He was silly．
B． He was unpleasant．
C． He was very proud and sure of his health． D． He was very impolite to young people．
Annealing
Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly． If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping（浸）it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）—that is, It will break easily． Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily． It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it． The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly, for a certain length of time． The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes． Annealing can also be used on other materials, such as glass． 5． Annealing can make metal _____ A． hard and tough（韧）．
B． hard but brittle． C． soft but tough．
D． soft and brittle． 6． Why do people put hot metal in water? A． To make it hard．
B． To make it soft． C． To make it cool．
D． To make it brittle． 7． In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on _____ A． the quantity of water used． B． the temperature of the metal． C． the softness of the metal．
D． the timing of the operation． 8． As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A． It can be heated and then cooled quickly． B． It can be cooled and then heated slowly． C． It can be heated and then cooled slowly． D． It can be cooled and then heated quickly．
“I would almost rather see you dead,” Robert S． Cassatt, a leading banker（银行家）of Philadelphia, shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist． In the 19th century, playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady, but serious work in art was not． And when the young lady's family ranked among（跻身于）the best of Philadelphia's social（社交界的）families, such an idea could not even be considered． That was how Mary Cassatt, born 1844, began her struggle as an artist． She did not tremble before her father's anger． Instead, she opposed（抗拒）him with courage and at
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last made him change his mind．
Mary Cassatt gave up her social position（社会地位）and all thought of a husband and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady． In the end, after long years of hard work and perseverance（坚持）, she became America's most important woman artist and the internationally recognized leading woman painter of the time．
9． How did Mr． Cassatt react（反应）when his daughter made her announcement? A． He feared for her life．
B． He was very angry． C． He nearly killed her．
D． He warned her．
10． What in fact was Mr． Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish? A． Drawing and painting was simply unthinkable among ladies in those days． B． He did not believe his daughter wanted to work seriously in art． C． He believed an artist's life would be too hard for his daughter． D． Ladies of good families simply did not become artists in those times．
11． What made Mary Cassatt's “struggle” to become a recognized artist especially hard? A． She was a woman．
B． Her father opposed her．
C． She had no social position． D． She did not come from an artist's family． 12． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's marriage（婚姻）? A． Her marriage failed because she never gave a thought to her husband and family． B． She never married because she did not want to be just a wife and mother．
C． After marriage she decided to give up her husband rather than her career（事业）． D． She did not marry because for a lady of her social position to marry below her was unthinkable．
13． What do we know about Robert Cassatt's character from the text? A． He was a cruel man．
B． He was a stubborn（固执的）man．
C． He knew nothing about art． D． He knew little about his daughter． 14． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's character? A． She was brave in going against old ideas． B． She got tired of always obeying her father．
C． She hated playing at drawing and painting． D． She did not mind being poor at all． 15． As we can learn from the text, which of the following was generally considered the most important in the life of a woman in the U．S． in Mary Cassatt's times? A． Money．
B． Career．
C． Marriage．
D． Courage．
Benin
Benin is one of the smallest African states． It lies in West Africa on the Gulf（海湾）of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east． Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960，用心
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when it became independent（独立）． In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew（推翻）the first president Maga． Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced（取代）by a civilian（非军人）government in 1967． In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over（接管）． In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years． However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president． In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place． Kerekou also announced that Benin would be a People's Republic based on Marxism-Leninism．
16． Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries?（Bn = Benin;Tg = Togo;Nr = Niger;BF = Burkina Faso;Na = Nigeria;GG = Gulf of Guinea）
17． For how long was Benin under France? A． For over a century．
B． For roughly a century．
C． For over half a century． D． Under half a century．
18． For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic? A．15 years．
B．25 years．
C．20 years．
D．30 years． 19． Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin．
（Ah = Ahomadegbe;Ke = Kerekou;Ma = Maga;So = Soglo）A． So, Ma, Ah, Ma, Ke
B． Ma, So, Ma, Ke, Ah C． So, Ma, Ke, Ma, Ah
D． Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke 20． When and how did Benin get its two names—Benin and Dahomey? A． Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Benin．
B． Benin was its oldest name． The name Dahomey was used later, but has been replaced by Benin again．
C． Dahomey was its oldest name． The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced
by Dahomey again．
D． Benin was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Dahomey．
四、能力测试
It doesn't matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay
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alive． That's what all doctors thought, until they heard about Al Herpin． Al Herpin, it was said, never slept． Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves．
Al Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey． They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind． So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made． But they were surprised． Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping． In fact, he did not even own a bed． He never needed one．
The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers．
The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness． They asked him many questions, hoping to find an answer． They found only one answer that might explain his condition． Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born． But that was all． Was this the real reason? No one could be sure． Herpin died at the age of 94．
1． The main idea of this passage is that _____． A． large numbers of people do not need sleep B． a person who actually didn't need any sleep was found C． everyone needs some sleep to stay alive D． people can live longer by trying not to sleep 2． The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting _____． A． to cure him of his sleeplessness B． to find that his sleeplessness was not really true C． to find out why some old people didn't need any sleep D． to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping 3． After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Al Herpin _____． A． needed some kind of sleep
B． was too old to need any sleep C． needed no sleep at all
D． often slept in a chair 4． One reason that might explain Herpin's sleeplessness was _____．
A． his mother's injury before he was born B． that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit C． his magnificent physical condition D． that he hadn't got a bed 5． Al Herpin's condition could be regarded as _____．
A． a common one B． one that could be cured C． very healthy
D． a rare one 第二课
一、技巧解疑
文章（或段落）的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往是通过主题句来体现的。因此考生对以下
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四种结构应首先有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。
1． 主题句在篇（段）首的结构
这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别（特殊）的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。请看91年的Passage C: Jane Clark, fair-haired, blue-eyed and tough as steel, has just won the most difficult race in the world． In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge（雪橇）across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle
and through some of the most difficult land in the world． In bitter（刺骨的）winds and snow-storms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached-38℃． When Jane was asked how she
felt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said, “I still can't believe it．” She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs． David Wilson, who came second, said, “It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you． But it doesn't hurt for long． She was a good winner．” 76． Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? A． Woman wins the world's toughest race!B． Woman fights bitter winds and snow-storms!C． Woman wins a sledge race in the world!D． Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic!
这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛”，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不易。本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。所以答案是A。
2． 主题句在末尾的结构
尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。请看98年Passage A的最后一段：
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin． Everyone was astonished to see him． There was just one problem． Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates． He rolled on and on．
Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall． Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces． Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time!54． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? A． The roller skates needed further improvement．
B． The party guests took Merlin for a fool．
C． Merlin succeeded beyond expectation．
D． Merlin got himself into trouble．
这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案当然是C了。
二、基本训练
Americans use more water than any other people in the world． If we continue to use water
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at the rate we do now, we will soon not have enough to meet our needs． In 1900, 40 billion gallons（加仑）were used each day in the United States． In 1980, 700 billion gallons were used． The average American uses almost 90 gallons of water a day for personal use． And much more water is needed to make the things American people like to have． For example, it takes thousands of gallons of water to make one pound of beef for the dinner table． It takes more than 100,000 gallons of water to make a car． If we include these uses of water, the average American uses about 2000 gallons of water a day．
Question The best title for the passage is _______．
A． Water Use in the United States B． The Problem of Water Use C． Water Use in the World D． Water Use in the Twentieth Century Halloween is an autumn holiday that Americans celebrate every year． It means “holy evening”, and it comes every October 31, the evening before All-Saints Day． However, it's not really a church holiday;it's a holiday for children．
Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins． Then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put lights inside． It looks like there is a person looking out of the pumpkin!
The children also put on strange masks（面具）and frightening clothes every Halloween． Some children paint their faces to look like monsters（怪物）． Then they carry boxes or bags from house to house． Every time they come to a new house, they say, “Trick or treat!Money or eat!” The adults（成年人）put a treat---money or candy---in their bags．
Some children think of other people on Halloween． They carry boxes for UNICEF（The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund）． They ask for money to help poor children all around the world． Of course, every time they help UNICEF, they usually receive a treat for themselves, too．
The best title for the passage probably is ______．
A． An Autumn Holiday B． A Church Holiday C． A Holiday for Children D． All-Saints
三、高考实战（1991年高考试题）
O． Henry was a pen name used by an American writer of short stories． His real name was William Sydney Porter． He was born in North Carolina in 1862． As a young boy he lived an exciting life． He did not go to school for very long, but he managed to teach himself everything he needed to know． When he was about 20 years old, O． Henry went to Texas, where he tried different jobs． He first worked on a newspaper, and then had a job in a bank． When some money went missing from the bank, O． Henry was believed to have stolen it． Because of that, he was sent to prison． During the three years in prison, he learned to write short stories． After
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he got out of prison, he went to New York and continued writing． He wrote mostly about New York and the life of the poor there． People liked his stories, because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers' surprise． 66． In which order did O． Henry do the following things? a． Lived in New York b． Worked in a bank c． Travelled to Texas d． Was put in prison e． Had a newspaper job f． Learned to write stories A． e, c, f, b, d, a B． c, e, b, d, f, a C． e, b, d, c, a, f D． c, b, e, d, a, f 67． People enjoyed reading O． Henry's stories because A． they had surprise endings． B． they were easy to understand． C． they showed his love for the poor． D． they were about New York City． 68． O． Henry went to prison because A． people thought he had stolen money from the newspaper． B． he broke the law by not using his own name． C． he wanted to write stories about prisoners． D． people thought he had taken money that was not his． 69． What do we know about O． Henry before he began writing? A． He was well-educated． B． He was not serious about his work． C． He was devoted to the poor． D． He was very good at learning． 70． Where did O． Henry get most material for his short stories? A． His life inside the prison． B． The newspaper articles he wrote． C． The city and people of New York． D． His exciting early life as a boy．
Indianapolis is the capital and largest city of Indiana, U． S． A． With a population of 744,000, it is one of the largest cities in the world that cannot be reached by water． However, Indianapolis is a city through which many railways, roads, buses and planes pass． There are many factories which make trucks, farm tools, and electrical things． These factories cause little pollution for the city． Butler University, well-known for engineering, and the law and medical schools of Indiana University, are in the city centre． Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation's most famous car race is held each year on May 30th．
If you visited Indianapolis you would be able to find your way around easily because most of the streets cross each other like a chessboard（棋盘）． In the centre of the city, called the Circle, stands the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, 100 metres high． Also in the centre there are many buildings made of the famous Indiana stone, which makes them white in colour． 71． What is Indianapolis best known for?
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A． Its yearly motor race． B． Its schools and libraries．
C． Its universities and medical schools． D． Its Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument． 72． You can NOT travel to Indianapolis by A． boat． B． train． C． car．
D． bike．
73． From the text, what do we learn about the size of Indianapolis? A． It is the largest city in the U． S． A． B． It has a population of over a million． C． It has a population of under a million． D． It is one of the largest cities in the world．
74． It is easy for a stranger to go about in the city because A． most of the buildings are in the centre of the city． B． there are many different ways of travelling there． C． the buildings are very close to each other． D． the city is planned in squares．
75． Many buildings in Indianapolis are white because A． they are painted white every year． B． the Indiana people keep them clean． C． they are made of a special stone． D． there is little pollution from factories Moscow, Russia（space news）—“The computer is a better chess player,” insisted Viktor Prozorov, the loser． “It seemed as if it were laughing after every good move． I know I should have beaten it for the sake of mankind（为人类着想）, but I just couldn't win,” he announced and shook his head sadly．
Prozorov's disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present, some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the machine． Many chess players said that this meant the end of chess championships（锦标赛）around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game．
The computer walked—or rather, rolled—away with 5,000 dollars in prize money and limited its remarks to a set of noises and lights．
76． Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? A． 5,000 dollars goes to a computer!B． New invention: a laughing computer!C． World's best chess player beaten!D． Computer defeats man in chess!77． How did some of the grand masters feel about the chess game between Prozorov and the computer? A． They thought that the game was no fun． B． They thought that the game wasn't fair． C． They agreed that Prozorov didn't play well． D． They were unhappy that the computer
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had won．
78． What was it that Prozorov felt most bitter（懊恼）about? A． That he didn't win the $ 5,000． B． That he hadn't tried his best． C． That he had lost to a machine． D． That this was the end of the chess game． 79． After winning the game, the computer A． laughed． B． walked away．
C． made some remarks． D． gave out some lights and sounds． 80． Many chess players felt that playing with a computer would A． make the game tougher． B． make the game less interesting． C． make man appear foolish． D． make man lose lots of money．
One day a few years ago a very funny thing happened to a neighbour of mine． He is a teacher at one of London's big medical schools． He had finished his teaching for the summer term and was at the airport on his way to Russia to give a lecture．
He had put a few clothes and his lecture notes in his shoulder bag, but he had put Rupert, the skeleton（人体骨架）to be used in his lecture, in a large brown suitcase（箱子）． At the airport desk, he suddenly thought that he had forgotten to buy a newspaper． He left his suitcase near the desk and went over to the shop．
When he got back he discovered that someone had taken his suitcase by mistake． He often wonders what they said when they got home and found Rupert． 81． Who wrote the story? A． Rupert's teacher．
B． The neighbour's teacher．
D． The teacher's neighbour． C． A medical school teacher．
82． Why did the teacher put a skeleton in his suitcase? A． He needed it for the summer term in London． B． He needed it for the lecture he was going to give． C． He wanted to take it to Russia for medical research． D． He wanted to take it home as he had finished his teaching． 83． What happened at the airport? A． The skeleton went missing． B． The skeleton was stolen．
C． The teacher forgot his suitcase． D． The teacher took the wrong suitcase． 84． Which of the following best tells the teacher's feeling about the incident? A． He is very angry． B． He thinks it rather funny． C． He feels helpless without Rupert． D． He feels good without Rupert．
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85． Which of the following might have happened afterwards? A． The teacher got back the suitcase but not Rupert． B． The teacher got back neither the suitcase nor Rupert． C． The teacher got back Rupert but not the suitcase． D． The teacher got back both the suitcase and Rupert．
四、能力测试
Thirty children from China and eight from other countries and regions who won prizes in an international competition（竞赛）received their rewards in Beijing at the Great Hall of the People yesterday． The nine-month 1989 Sea-Ball Cup International Children Drawing Competition started last April． It received more than 6,000 works including 300 pieces of art from countries and regions outside China---the United States, the Soviet Union, the Philippines, Chili, Romania and Japan．
“All the paintings express children's longing for a peaceful world, their love for nature and dreams for the future,” said Fan Zeng, the well-known Chinese painter and chairman of the evaluation commission（评委会）of the competition．
The Gold Prize was granted to five works, one of them is from the Soviet Union． Another 10 children were awarded the Silver Prize． “The prizewinning works are outstanding in the imagination and creativity,” Fan said． A Chinese boy at the age of five was the youngest prize winner, who won a Bronze Prize．
Marjorie Michelle Villa, a Philippine girl at the age of thirteen, who won a Silver Prize, flew to Beijing for the award ceremony and gave a speech to an audience which included senior Chinese leaders and foreign diplomats（外交官）who received prizes on behalf of the winners from their countries．
（1）No children from ____ sent their paintings for the competition．
A． Asia
B． Africa
C． Europe
D． America（2）From their works we can see the children ______． A． love their own countries B． have a strong good feeling for peace and nature, and they dream of a happy future C． are proud of their own paintings D． are sure of their bright future（3）A girl prize winner _______．
A． took a plane to Beijing to tell the Chinese leaders about her paintings B． attended the ceremony and visited Beijing C． was absent from the ceremony D． was present and spoke at the ceremony（4）The competition is ______．
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A． a full success B． a successful experiment C． a pleasant surprise D． a good imagination（5）The best title for the passage is ______．
A． Boys and Girls Are Fond of Paintings B． Children Are Praised for Their Love of Paintings C． Children Painters Receive Their Prizes D． Children Come to Beijing from Different Countries
第三课
在上一讲中，我们接触到了主题句在首句和主题句在尾句的结构。那有没有主题句在中间或没有主题句的结构呢？答案是肯定的。在这一讲中，我们就来重点看看这两种结构吧。
1． 主题句在中间的结构
有些主题句既不在篇（段）首，也不在篇（段）尾，而是处于篇章（或段落）的中间。这样的结构往往先以一句或几句为主题句的出现作铺垫，或是交代细节或论据。在主题句出场后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。
这类结构包括三个层次：引题——主题思想——解释或继续给予例证。从它的写作程序来看，也可分为三部曲：归纳——结论——演绎，即给出一两个例证之后，做出概括性的总结，然后再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例：
When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down． When a bullet（子弹）is shot straight up, it will travel much
faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down． Whatever goes up must come down． We have always thought this to be true． An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far
and long． Yet it does not stay up forever． Finally, like everything else, the plane must come down．
本段文字中用斜体显示的这句话就是主题句。其行文顺序和写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。
2． 没有主题句的结构
没有主题句的篇章（或段落），并不是没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由具体的某句话表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在着，需要读者自己归纳总结。这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。请看92年的Passage A:
Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten（咬）by snakes． “It was seeing people with snake bites（伤口）that led me to this career,” he said．
In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine． As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains． There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives．
“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met． It was a very hot afternoon． The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand． He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake． In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm
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to stop the poison spreading to his heart． Rushing home he shouted, ‘Bring me the knife' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever．”
“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes” Shu said．
Question: The best headline（标题）for this newspaper article is _____．
A． Astonishing Medicine
B． Farmer Loses Arm
C． Dangerous Bites
D． Snake Doctor
文章陈述了一系列同等重要的细节，都是围绕“一位治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生”展开的。所以最好的标题便是D了。
In short, 正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目的。因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读理解能力的重要环节。而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时难度较大的一项，这就需要我们在阅读任何文章时都要下意识地归纳总结其主旨大意。
二、基本训练
Who are these people rushing by you in the street? More than 215 million people now call America “home”, but most of them can trace their families back to other parts of the world． If you look at the names on shop windows, you will see that Americans come from many different lands． The idea that these people, who once were strangers to the United States, have lost the customs and cultures of their original countries and have become “American” is really not true． In fact, what exists in America is more often a kind of “side-by-side” living in which groups of people from other countries often have kept many of their customs and habits． They join the general American society only in certain areas of their lives---such as in schools, businesses, and sports---but they keep many of their own native customs and manners socially and at home． This living “side-by-side” has both advantages（长处）and disadvantages． Sometimes it may cause disagreements to develop between groups whose ways of life are very different from one another． However, there are also great advantages that come from the variety of cultures brought by settlers from other lands． There is great freedom of choice among ideas and dress, food, and social customs in America． Everyone can find some part of his or her familiar world in the United States, in churches, music, food, national groups, or newspapers． Question: Which is the best title for this passage?
A． Advantages and Disadvantages B． Different Customs and Habits
C． Home for the people D． “Side-by-side” Living Style in America
Kleptomania（盗窃癖）is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal． Such a person is not really a thief． They are sick and cannot help themselves． All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions． People with Kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take
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things that do not belong to them． With medical help they may become normal citizens again． The things that a Kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value． They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them． Questions: What is the topic of the text?
A． Young thieves
B． An unusual illness
C． Reasons for stealing D． A normal child's actions
三、高考实战（1992年试题）
In Shanxi Province you may be offered brains to eat． Frightened? You shouldn't be ,because these brains are only a food, which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition（营养）．
Brains as a food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan, an artist whose mother had been ill for a long time． To help her become well again, he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup（汤）made of meat, vegetables and a number of Chinese medicines． Rice wine was also used in the soup to help illnesses caused by old age． After taking the soup his mother got better little by little and lived a long life．
Fu's soup became the talk of the town ． Many people came to see him ． One day a restaurant owner asked him what was in the soup ． “ I'll tell you ,”Fu said． “But if your restaurant is going to sell the soup you must call it brains because of its shape and colour． And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother．” 61． The best headline（标题）for this newspaper article is ． A． A Good Son B． A Special Soup C． How to Make Brains D． How to Live a Long Life 62． The food is called brains because ．
A． it looks like brains B． it has animal brains in it C． Fu's mother liked the name D． it makes one clever and live longer 63． Before Fu told the restaurant owner what was in the food, one of the things he demanded was that__ A． the restaurant shouldn't offer any other food B． the restaurant should use his mother's name C． the shape of the food must never be changed D． the food must be used to help sick people 64．The food was first invented to ．
A． help the aged in the town B． improve people's health C． make a restaurant famous D． help a sick woman
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65． What has made brains a popular food in Shanxi? A． They are served in many restaurants there． B． They are good for health and have a strange name． C． They are made of Chinese medicines and wine． D． They were invented a long time ago by an artist．
Sam and Joe were astronauts． There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive（活着）．Sam and Joe ,however, thought it would be exciting though a little dangerous, “We're the best men for the job, ”they said to the boss． “There may be problems, but we can find the answers．” “They're the last people I'd trust,” thought the boss． “But all the other astronauts have refused to go．” Once they were in space, Joe had to go outside to make some repairs． When the repairs were done, he tried to get back inside the spaceship． But the door was locked． He knocked but there was no answer． He knocked again, louder this time , and again no answer came． Then he hit the door as hard as he could and finally a voice said, “Who's there?” “It's me!Who else could it be?” shouted Joe． Sam let him in all right but you can imagine that Joe never asked to go on a trip with Sam again!66． Most of the astronauts were unwilling to go on the trip because ． A． it wasn't exciting enough B． they weren't experienced enough C． they thought they might get killed D． there was little chance of being selected 67． Why were Sam and Joe chosen? A． They were the only men who offered to go． B． The boss trusted them more than anyone else． C． They were the last people who wanted to go． D． The boss wanted them to get more experience． 68． What did Sam and Joe think the trip would be like? A． There would be serious problems． B． There wouldn't be any danger． C． It would be long and tiring． D． It would be exciting．
69． Joe didn't want to work with Sam again probably because he thought Sam ． A． wasn't as experienced as he was B． didn't know how to operate the door C． didn't know how to do repairs D． was very slow and possibly deaf 70． The writer tells this story to ．
A． show the dangerous side of the astronauts' life B． show the funny side of the astronauts' life C． make people laugh D． make people think
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One Sunday, Mark decided to go sailing in his boat with his friend Dan, but Dan happened to be away． Dan's brother John offered to go instead though he did not know anything about sailing． Mark agreed and they set out to sea．
Soon they found themselves in a thick fog． Mark was sure they would be hit by a big ship． Fortunately he saw a large buoy（浮标）through the fog and decided to tie the boat to it for safety ． As he was getting onto the buoy, however, he dropped the wet rope． The boat moved away in the fog carrying John ,who did not know how to use the radio． He drifted（漂流）about and was not seen until twelve hours later．
Mark spent the night on the buoy ． In the early morning he fell asleep, and was having a bad dream when a shout woke him up． A ship, the Good Hope, came up and he climbed onto it and thanked the captain． The captain told him that John had been picked up by another ship and the ship's captain had sent out a message． “Without the message I would not have found you on the buoy,” he said．
71． Why didn't Mark and Dan go sailing together? A． Mark was in some other place． B． Dan was in some other place．
C． Mark would like to go with John． D． Dan asked his brother to go instead． 72． Mark tried to tie the boat to the buoy so that ．
A． he could spend the night on it while John was looking for help B． he and John could go sailing again when the fog cleared C． it wouldn't be hit by other ships D． he might be picked up by a passing ship 73． John and Mark became separated because ． A． John had to stay in the boat to radio for help B． John couldn't control the boat and drifted away C． there wasn't room for both John and Mark on the buoy D． Mark thought it safe to stay on the buoy but John didn't 74． What made it possible for Mark to be found on the buoy? A． John told people where to look for him． B． The captain saw him as the fog cleared． C． John radioed to the Good Hope to get him． D． He shouted when he caught sight of the Good Hope． 75． The word he in the last paragraph refers to ．
A． the captain that got the message B． the captain that sent the message． C． John D． Mark
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The dodo was a large bird that you might not think was a bird at all, for the dodo could not fly． It was a member of the chicken family． The bird was discovered by European sailors in 1507 on Mauritius（毛里求斯）Island．
When the sailors talked about the strange bird that could not fly, you can imagine people found it hard to believe their story． The Europeans who settled on Mauritius Island and the pigs they brought with them found the birds very good to eat． So large numbers of dodoes were killed and by 1681 no living dodes were found on the island． A few dodoes were brought to England in the 17th century, but for 200 years none have been seen alive． This is the reason for the phrase “as dead as a dodo”． Because they died out completely, the dodes became very well-known． 76．The writer tells us that the dodo ．
A． existed between 1507 and 1681 B． has existed since 1507 C． doesn't exist now D． may have existed 77．What was so unusual about dodoes as a bird? A． They looked like birds but couldn't fly． B． They lived longer than other birds． C． They were very good to eat． D． They were all killed． 78． Dodoes are no longer seen on Mauritius Island because they ． A． were killed by pigs B． were all taken to England C． have been driven away by the settlers D． have all been killed for food 79． The phrase “as dead as a dodo” is sometimes used to describe something that ． A． cannot protect itself from being eaten B． cannot fly or move fast C． no longer exists D． is sure to die 80． From the second paragraph, whose story did people find it hard to believe? A． The Europeans'． B． The dodoes'． C． The settlers'． D． The sailors'．
四、能力提高
Young people and older people do not always agree． They sometimes have different ideas about living, working and playing． But in one special programme in New York State, adults and teenagers（青少年）live together in a friendly way．
Each summer 200 teenagers and 50 adults live together for eight weeks as members of a special work group． Everyone works several hours each day． They do so not just to keep busy but to find meaning and enjoyment in work． Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the village． Some learn to make things like tables and chairs and to build houses． The adults teach them these skills．
There are several free hours each day． Weekends are free, too． During the free hours some
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of the teenagers learn photo-taking or painting． Others sit around and talk or sing． Each teenager chooses his own way to spend his free time．
When people live together, rules are necessary． In this programme the teenagers and the adults make the rules together． If someone breaks a rule, the problem goes before the whole group． They talk about it and ask, “Why did it happen? What should we do about it?” One of the teenagers has this to say about the experience: “You stop thinking only about yourself． You learn how to think about the group．” 1． In one special programme in New York State, young and older people _____．
A． are friendly to one another
B． teach one another new ways of building houses C． do not work together
D． spend eight weeks together, working as farmers 2． All the members work some time every day mainly to _____．
A． lead a busy life
B． learn new skills of farming C． get used to the life on the farms D． find value and pleasure in work 3． Living together, ______．
A． the teenagers have to obey the rules the adults make B． the members don't have to obey the rules C． the members are not allowed to break the rules they make together D． the members have no free time except on weekends 4． The last paragraph shows that the teenager thinks his experience in the programme is ______．
A． disappointing
B． helpful
C． tiring
D． unpleasant 5． The best title for the passage is ______．
A． The Rules of Living Together B． Free Hours in the Special Work Group C． Teenagers and Adults Together D． Life in New York State
第二章 细节理解
第一课
一、试卷分析
准确地抓住并理解文章或段落的主题思想是十分重要的。但是仅仅粗略地看懂大意，不可能真正理解所有细节。只有准确理解全部细节，才能深刻而又全面地领悟主题思想。因为段落中的细节都是用来阐明主旨大意的，辅助论据支撑或阐述主题思想。因此，属于细节类的理解题既可检测阅读者对主旨大意理解的深度，又可测定他们对每个细节准确领会的广度。
从NMET开始以来，细节理解题占阅读理解题总量的百分之五十以上。例如1990年试题中20道阅读理解题，细节题就占了10题：
1．Annealing can make metal ______．（70）
2． Why do people put hot metal in water?（71）
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3． In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on ____．（72）
4． How did Mr． Cassatt react（反应）when his daughter made her announcement?（74）
5． What in fact was Mr． Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish?（75）
6． Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries?
7． For how long was Benin under France?（82）
8． For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic?（83）
9． Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin．（84）
10． When and how did Benin get its two names—Benin and Dahomey?（85）
我们再来看看1999年的试题中细节题占了多少？
1．Philadelphia is thought to be the best home for the diary because ____．（53）
2．Which of the following shows the right order of what happened to the diary?（54）
3．From the text, we learn that the diary is now owned by _____．（52）
4．David Tebbutt started Computertown UK with the purpose of ____．（59）
5．Which is the best ticket to buy if you live in London and want to go to a small town 80 miles away for four days?（60）
6．A man bought himself a ticket of ￡15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard． How much did he pay?（61）
7．The reason Father was in a hurry to get home was that he ______．（63）
8．People would stop feeling uneasy when realising that the children they're talking to _____．（67）
通过对1990年和1999年试卷的对比分析，可以看出越来越重视对考生综合理解能力的考
查。卷面已逐渐增加了对主旨大意，作者的意图，观点，心理等深层次理解题的分量。
即使是细节题，也不象90年试题那样容易从原文中找到根据，而是需要考生根据文中的 信息，通过自己的归纳总结，能对图表进行辨别，能对发展顺序进行判断，以及能对具体情况进行计算。这就需要考生能真正理解文章内容及主题思想，抱有碰运气或者猜的思想是行不通的。
在阅读考核中，查找主要事实或特定细节常见的题型是：
1． Which of the following statements is（not）true（or correct）?
2． Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
3． All of the following are true except．．．
4． The author（or the passage）states that．．．
5． According to the passage, when（where, why, how, who, what, which, etc．）．．．?
当然，针对某一具体的文章，还可以有各种各样，形形色色的设问方式。对于细节题，也可以说对于任何阅读理解题，考生必须根据文章提供的信息进行答题，而不能根据自己的主观判断或者一般常识来答
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题。切记！切记！
二、基本训练
The Louisiana Purchase（购买）proved to be the wisest business agreement in the entire history of the United States of America． First it doubled the area of the U．S． and provided territory（领土）from which 14 new states were created either wholly or in part． Second, it gave the Americans full control over the mouth of the Mississippi River and opened up the way to foreign trade． Before the purchase was made, the waterway had been blocked by the Spanish fleet（舰队）, probably with the approval of Napoleon． Third, the land was rich in wood for building, minerals and natural resources of other kinds． And finally, the cost of this business was extraordinarily low． The total of $ 15,000,000 amounted to about 4 cents an acre． 1． Before the Louisiana Purchase, _____．
A． The relations between America and Spain had been poor B． America had no system of foreign trade C． America was in great need of natural resources D． Land in general was selling for 4 cents an acre 2． After the Louisiana Purchase, ______．
A． America became friendly with Spain B． all the Americans became very rich C． America had a territory twice the size as itself before D． America spent so much money that it became weaker and poorer 3． When the American people fully controlled the mouth of the Mississippi River, _____．
A． a terrible war broke out between the U．S． and Spain B． their foreign trade developed more quickly C． got more natural resources D． the whole nation greatly benefited from the purchase 4． The land the American people bought through diplomacy（外交方式）provided the American people with ______．
A． more freedom
B． more chance of work C． more natural resources D． more benefits
三、高考实战（93年高考阅读题）
On the evening of June 21,1992,a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xi'an with his bicycle ． The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in “the kingdom of bicycles”．
Robert Friedlander, an American ,arrived in Xi'an on his bicycle trip across Asia which
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started last December in New Delhi, India． When he was 11, he read the book Marco Polo and made up his mind to visit the Silk Road ． Now, after 44 years, he was on the Silk Road in Xi'an and his early dreams were coming true．
Robert Friedlander's next destinations（目的地）were Lanzhou, Dunhuang, Urumqi, etc． He will complete his trip in Pakistan．
61． The best headline（标题）for his newspaper article would be ． A． The Kingdom of Bicycles B． A Beautiful Hotel in Xi'an C． Marco Polo and the Silk Road D． An American Achieving His Aims 62． The hotel workers told the manager about Friedlander coming to the hotel because ． A． he asked to see the manager B． he entered the hall with a bike C． the manager had to know about all foreign guests D． the manager knew about his trip and was expecting him 63． Friedlander is visiting the three countries in the following order ． A． China, India, and Pakistan B． India, China, and Pakistan C． Pakistan, China, and India D． China, Pakistan, and India 64． What made Friedlander want to come to China? A． The stories about Marco Polo． B． The famous sights in Xi'an．
C． His interest in Chinese silk． D． His childhood dreams about bicycles． 65． Friedlander can be said to be ． A． clever B． friendly C． hardworking
D． strong-minded A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village． They lived with the man's big family—his parents, his brothers, their wives and children． The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest． Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar．
Three months later the woman went back to her parents' home, having quarrelled with her husband．
Soon the elephant refused to eat and work． It appeared to be ill and heart-broken． One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house．
It went to the woman's home． On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it．
The young woman was so moved（感动）by the act of the animal that she returned to her husband's home．
66． The writer wrote the story in order to ．
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A． show that elephants are very clever B． tell how a woman trained a wild animal C． show that women care more for animals than men do D． tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife 67． The woman left her new home ．
A． to visit her own parents in Maliyuwa B． to see if the elephant would follow her C． because she was angry with her husband D． because she was tired of the large family 68． After the young woman left her husband's home, the elephant ． A． returned to the forest B． was sad because it missed her C． went to look for a new home D． was sick because nobody fed it 69． The young wife went back to her husband because ．
A． she knew he had sent the animal to her B． the elephant had come to look for her C． her parents persuaded her to D． she missed her new home For thousands of years, man has enjoyed the taste of apples． Apples, which are about 85 percent water, grow almost everywhere in the world but the hottest and coldest areas（地区）． Among the leading countries in apple production are China, France and the United States．
There are various kinds of apples, but a very few make up the majority of those grown for sale ．
The three most common kinds grown in the United States are Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Mcintosh．
Apples are different in colour, size, and taste ． The colour of the skin may be red, green, or yellow．
They have various sizes, with Delicious apples being among the largest． The taste may be sweet or tart（酸的）． Generally, sweet apples are eaten fresh while tart apples are used to make applesauce（苹果酱）．
Apple trees may grow as tall as twelve metres． They do best in areas that have very cold winters．
Although no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree． 70． It can be learned from the text that Delicious apples are A． grown in France B． sold everywhere C． very big D． quite sweet 71． Cold winter weather is good for ．
A． the growth of apple trees B． producing large apples C． improving the taste of apples D． the increase of water in apples 72． China, France and the United States are considered to ． A． be large producers of apples
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B． be large producers of applesauce C． have the longest history in apple production D． have the coldest winter among apple producing countries 73． The word yielded in the last sentence means ． A． improved B． increased C． produced D． sold Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, U．S．A．, is in the central part of the state, on the Santa Fe River which flows into the Rio Grands 35 kilometres west of the city ．More than two thousand metres above sea level, it lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains with the Ortiz Mountains to the southeast．
Santa Fe was founded in 1609 by the Spanish（西班牙人）on an old Indian village ． In 1680 the Indians seized the place but only held it for twelve years before the Spanish retook it ．The city remained under Spanish rule until Mexico won its independence（独立）in 1821． From then on it was a Mexican city until 1846 when it was taken over by U．S． troops．
With a population of 48, 953, Santa Fe is now the second largest city in the state． Because of its sunny weather, rich history and surrounding mountains, it is a good place for holiday makers． Besides hunting and skating in the mountains people enjoy shopping in the Indian and Spanish shops, which brings a large income to the city every year． In summer there is an international opera（歌剧）season when operas are shown in a partly-roofed, open-air theatre daily for people from all over the world． 74． At present Santa Fe belongs to ．
A． India B． Mexico C． Spain（西班牙）D． the United States 75． Which of the drawings _____ below gives an idea of what Santa Fe is like? RG=the Rio Grande SFR= the Santa Fe River OM=the Ortiz Mountains
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76． Santa Fe was under the rule of the Mexicans in ． A． 1675 B． 1695 C． 1816 D． 1833 77． The people who held Santa Fe for the longest period in history were the ． A． Spanish B． Indians C． Mexicans D． Americans 78． What is of special interest to people who visit Santa Fe in summer? A． Hunting． B． Fishing． C． Watching operas． D． Doing shopping． 79． Santa Fe is best described（描述）as a ．
A． trade centre B． holiday centre C． home for all nations D． seaport city 80． One of the reasons for visitors to come to Santa Fe is that it ． A． has fine weather B． is the state capital C． has historical monuments D． is on the Santa Fe River
四、能力提高
Like each living thing, languages are always changing． There are many reasons that can explain why they are always changing, but three main causes help explain this interesting phenomenon． Firstly, in very early times some different languages that originated from the same parent developed their own uniqueness（特殊性）after speakers moved away from one place to another． During the course of their movements, their unique languages came into being． Another main cause of language change is the influence of interaction（相互作用）with foreign cultures, often as a result of military conquest（军事征服）． The third cause for change is rapidly expanding（扩大的）technology and new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into closer contact（联系）, with borrowing between languages a common phenomenon in the present world． All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change．
1．The author thinks that the first most important cause that brings about the change of languages owes to A.the development of human civilization B． the movement of our ancestors（祖先）
C． the influence of interaction with foreign cultures D． the rapid progress made by science and technology 2．Which of the following statement is true according to this passage? A． The war and the effect caused by the war has a great effect on the change of languages． B． Most people enjoy the change of languages C． Mankind is always ready to change the language they communicate with one another． D． Most language have remained unchanged since early times．
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3．What is the main cause that brings about changes of languages in the present world? A.Military conquest B． People's continuous movement
C． Progress and development in science and technology
D． Borrowing foreign languages among different nations 4． This passage suggests that ______．
A． our ancestor enjoyed living in the same place B． some different languages now used to be the same in very early times C． different nations have lived together harmoniously since the early times D． people do not welcome the development or progress in science and technology 第二课
一、技巧解疑
细节理解题是最让人捉摸不定，变化万千的题型了。因为针对不同的文章，不同的细枝末节，可以有不同的设问，这就让人觉得它是那么不可捉摸，犹如雾里看花，水中望月。其实，这种题型是阅读考项中最简单的了。我们只要记住一点：万变不离其宗。这种题型无论有什么千变万化，你只要能看懂文章和题干，答案都能在原文中找到明显的线索。下面，我们就来看看，对付这等“千变魔头”有何绝招？
我们读文章，无外乎是对两个方面的理解。一个是浅层理解，或表层理解。另一个是深层理解，或内涵理解。所谓表层理解，指要读懂文章的基本内容，包括主要事实和各个细节。主要事实指文章中对于主题主旨具有典型意义的重要事实，这是文章的基本构架。细节是构成主要事实的局部因素或充实事实的例子，数据等细枝末节。一篇文章一般都包括这些要素。所以阅读理解考核中要求寻找的主要事实和特定细节都可以在文章中找到。但是，要注意的是出题者不会很明白很直接地提问，而是很注意提问的技术性或艺术性。也就是说，他提问都是要设障碍的，要罩上一层迷雾的，使得你弄不清问题指的是哪一件事，哪一个细节，造成你寻找的困难，这就要求你仔细琢磨了。归纳起来，提问技巧一般有隐含提问法、真伪证实法、间接提问法三种。这一讲里我们先来看看前两种提问技巧。
1． 隐含提问法
出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，使考生对阅读内容和问题产生模糊感。例如：
The basketball team never lacked vociferous（大叫大喊的）young supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm．
Question: Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show?
A． The young people
B． The players C． Some people D． A lot of people
因为the basketball team 和 players；seldom reacted 和rarely responded是两对同义关系的词语，而“they”又与basketball team有参照关系，所以答案应该是B。
2． 真伪证实法
出题者要求考生确立文章中的事实，不让其问题直接与文章中的事实对号入座，而是提出似是而非，或完全错误的事实让考生去判断。对于这类题目，考生不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断，而必须找到与问题相应的文章部分，找出正确肯定的事实，才可以据此判定否定的或错误的答案选择。例如：
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One word that sums up（概括）our age better than any other — whether “our age” is “the technological age” of western countries or the “modernizing age” of China — is the word CHANGE． But has change not always been present? True, but never before at such a breakneck speed． Today it is more than just change． It is unprecedented change． In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade．
Question: Which of the following is not true?
A． Western countries and China are being remade．
B． Reading will help understand our age．
C． The present age and future world are continually changing．
D． Reading is the best tool provided by our age．
选择题中，A、B、C项均与文意吻合一致。D项是一个似是而非的选择答案。文中的Reading provides the best tool for us（阅读对我们来说，是最好的工具。）和选项中D． Reading is the best tool provided by our age．（阅读是我们时代提供的最好工具。）意思不符。所以，答案是D。好啦，你想小试一把吗？那就点next吧。
二、基本训练
Dear Abby，This is my first letter to you, although I have been reading your column for many years． I need an outside opinion．
I am a grandmother in my 70s and have just returned from visiting my daughter, her husband and their three dearly loved children---all under the age of 5---and I'm upset with some of their parenting ways． For example: They lock the doors to their children's bedrooms at night because “the children might get out of their beds and wander around the house, and we may not hear them．” If one child should get punishment, all three are punished, and if one child says a naughty word, all three are given hot sauce（辣酱汁）in the mouth． I know these parents love their children very much, but are these ways of disciplining them wise? Please understand, it is not my aim to interfere（干涉）．
Dear Gram, Children's bedroom doors should not be locked． Should a flash fire break out, it would be a nightmare． Punishing all the children when only one has earned the punishment is a good way to make them grow up to hate each other． Children who use “naughty words” should not be punished with hot sauce in mouth---they should be taught the proper and acceptable word to use instead of the “naughty words”． 1． Gram's daughter ______．
A． is very strict with her children
B． does not love her three children C． always punishes her children at night D． often gives her children hot sauce
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2． Gram writes the letter in order to ______．
A． disclose her daughter's ways as a mother B． criticize her daughter's ways as a mother C． express her anger about her daughter's ways as a mom D． get other's opinion about her daughter's ways as a mom 3． Which of the following is not true according to the passage? A． Gram seems to care for her grand-children very much．
B． Gram is against some of her daughter's ways as a mom．
C． Abby is for only one of Gram's daughter's ways as a mom．
D． Abby agrees with Gram about her daughter's ways as a mom．
The best way to improve your reading ability is, of course, to read． The student must make a real effort to improve his speed, and if necessary his comprehension（理解）, with each exercise． Too many students read passages passively and without judgement: they simply start at the first word and read through to the end． You should read a passage actively, selectively and purposely． You must believe that you indeed have the ability to read faster and understand more, and that you will．
Reading, like everything else in life, is best done when you're relaxed（放松． The key to improve it is concentration（集中）． You must be willing to break some old habits and form new ones． Extra body movement, such as turning the head from side to side, pointing at the line with a finger or pencil, or moving the lips, should be stopped immediately． Reading is mostly a mental process（过程）and body movement helps neither speed nor comprehension． Then you should see words as part of a whole sentence or paragraph, not just in isolation． This is why a slow, word-by-word student often understand far less, or miss much of the joy and excitement of reading． 4．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A． When reading, you should pay attention to the basic unit of meaning, that is, a phrase or sentence that contains an idea．
B． When reading, you'd better point at the line with a pencil．
C． Body movement will help you to improve reading．
D． When reading, you should turn your head from side to side． 5．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A． You can do best work when you're relaxed．
B． Reading skills must be practiced not only within the classroom but also at home．
C． It doesn't matter moving your lips when you read．
D． Reading attentively can improve your reading ability．
三、高考实战（94年高考阅读试题）
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Tokyo: Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in ten minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire（蓝宝石）worth nearly six hundred thousand dollars at a Japanese exhibition of jewels sent from an Indian museum．
“Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but it's different this time because the jewels are being exhibited at a hotel,” a police official said．
Exhibition officials said that a person bitten（咬）by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved． Medicine was being kept ready at a nearby hospital．
Star sapphires and other valuable jewels worth a total of one million dollars are on show behind glass． Hundreds of visitors came to see the special blue star sapphire and were surprised when they saw the sixty-centimetre long brown guards．
61．Using snakes at exhibitions of valuable objects is ． A． quite normal B． never allowed C． often necessary 62．The jewels were being shown in ．
A． an Indian hotel B． an Indian museum C． a Japanese hotel D． a Japanese museum 63．Why were the snakes and jewels at the same exhibition? A． They were both special things from India． B． The snakes were there to keep the jewels safe． C． The organizers wanted to do something unusual． D． People liked to visit an exhibition guarded by snakes． 64．Many visitors came to the exhibition because ． A． the snakes were on show B． so many jewels were being exhibited C． exhibition officials said it was special D． they were interested in seeing a famous jewel Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed”? Read the following directions and see if you understand them．
“To reduce pain, take two tablets（药片）with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required． For night-time and early morning relief（缓解疼痛）take two tablets at bedtime． Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours．
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D． usually forbidden
For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount（量）． For children under six years old ,ask for your doctor's advice．
Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine”．
65．How many tablets at most can a person over 12 have in 24 hours? A． Three． B． Four C． Six D． Eight 66．How many tablets should a nine-year-old child normally take in 24 hours? A． Half a tablet． B． One tablet． C． Two tablets． D． Four tablets．
67．What is the advice for one who cannot sleep well after taking the medicine? A． Stop taking the medicine at bedtime． B． Continue to take the normal amount． C． Take more than the normal amount． D． Take less than the normal amount． 68．It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine．
A． helps you to fall asleep quickly B． may be dangerous to small children C． cannot be taken if one feels sleepy D． should not be taken by children under six 69．This text is most probably taken from a ．
A． textbook B． newsreel C． doctor's notebook D． bottle of medicine I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang． It was an eccentric（怪僻的）
farmer． I had never met him before although I had often heard people talk about him． He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything． Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident． I hadn't the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go ．
It had been snowing heavily that day and I didn't know the way． I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his place． He was standing there, waiting for me． It seemed Milly had died． “She meant more to me than anyone„even my own wife!” he said． I could see that he had been crying． I thought something terrible had taken place, a possible scandal（丑闻）． I was even more shocked when he told me he had put her in the barn（厩）．“I wouldn't leave her out in the cold!” he said．
Milly had clearly been a secret lover of his． I was about to tell him he could not expect me to cover anything up when he opened the barn door ．He lifted his candle and I saw a dark figure on the ground．“ She was such a good cow!I wouldn't let anyone but a doctor touch her!” he said, and burst into tears again．
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70．The underlined phrase make out in the first paragraph means ． A． expect B． understand
C． see clearly D． hear clearly 71．Before he arrived at the farmer's house, the writer expected to see Milly lying ． A． on the ground of a barn B． on the floor of a room． C． in bed in a room D． in bed in a barn 72．What do we know about Milly from he story? A． She had met with an accident． B． She had caused a scandal C． She was seriously ill． D． She was hidden somewhere． 73．The farmer wished that the writer might ．
A． look into the matter B． bring Milly back to life C． free him from a scandal D ．keep the whole thing a secret 74．The person who told the story is probably a ． A． farmer B． policeman C． country doctor D． newspaper reporter There are different ways in which people try to deal with the problem of energy． One way is the greater production of common energy sources（能源）, such as coal, oil and gas． The trouble with these sources, however, is that they are not renewable．
Another way is energy conservation（节能）, which means using energy more efficiently（有效地）． In some very cold countries people build special houses to save energy． They place materials between the inside and the outside of the walls of the house to keep the cold out and the warmth in． The house is heated by the lights, the body heat of the people and the other equipment in it．
Finally, renewable energy sources are used even though they are often expensive to develop． One form of these is geothermal energy． In certain parts of the world the temperature of the earth increases thirty degrees centigrade with each kilometre down． At six kilometres, therefore, it rises to nearly two hundred degrees． To get the heat, water is pumped（压;抽）down into the rocks and back up to the surface． Heat from the earth is already used in certain countries． 75．How many ways of dealing with the energy problem are discussed in the text? A． Two B． Three C． Four
D． Five．
76．From the text we learn that coal ．
A． is quite easy to produce B． is not used most efficiently C． is the most common source of energy D． could be renewed only by new technology 77．The writer tells about the “special houses” because they A． show the excellent skills of the builders
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B． serve as an example of energy conservation C． are heated by different sources of energy D． are warmer than other types of houses 78．The underlined words geothermal energy in the third paragraph mean ． A． renewable source B． underground source C． heat inside the earth D． temperature of the earth 79．Which of the following drawings shows the right way to get geothermal energy?
80．At a place where the surface temperature is 15℃, how deep do you have to dig so as to get a temperature of 75℃? A． One km． B． Two km．
四、能力提高
Ben Jonson is one of the few men ever to be buried standing up． As the story goes, King Charles I once made him a promise． The king told the great writer that he would be buried in England's famous Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）． But that wasn't all． Jonson could choose
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C． Three km． D． Four km．
any place he liked for his grave（坟墓）．
Jonson died in 1637． Then it was found that the spot he had picked was already filled． The ground space left in it was just eighteen inches square． But Charles kept his word． He had Jonson's coffin（棺材）placed on its end in the small space． That way it would just fit． 1．Which of the following is not true? A． Jonson wanted to be buried in the Abbey． B． Jonson wanted to be buried standing up．
C． Jonson got Charles's promise．
D． Jonson picked a place in the Abbey． 2．Why was Jonson's coffin placed on its end? Because it ______． A． would take less room
B． would look longer C． was Jonson's wish
D． was Charles's wish 3．The story shows that Charles ______．
A． liked someone to be buried standing up B． liked every writer C． tried to learn from Jonson
D． tried to keep promise 4．This passage doesn't tell us ______．
A． what kind of work Jonson did
B． where Jonson was buried C． how Jonson's grave was marked D． where the story happened
Jack London was a famous American writer． He was born on January 12, 1876, in San Francisco, California． His family was very poor, and Jack had to leave school to make money． He worked hard in many different jobs．
Later, Jack returned to school, but he did not stay． He wrote, “Life and pocketbook were both too short．” In 1879, he went to Alaska to find gold． Instead, he found ideas for his books and stories． He returned home and started to write． His writings were successful, and he became rich and famous in his twenties．
Jack London was not a happy man, however． In poor health, he took his own life in 1916． He was only 40 years old then．
5． As a child, Jack left school because _______．
A． he didn't like books
B． he wanted to find gold
C． he liked to be free
D． he had to make a living 6． He went to Alaska because ______．
A． it was a beautiful place
B． gold was found there
C． his parents lived there
D． he wanted to write books there 7． What did he find in Alaska? A． Gold and money． B． Books and stories．
C． Ideas for writing．
D． Ideas for selling books． 8． Which of the following statements is true?
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A． Jack killed himself because of poor health and unhappiness． B． Jack left school because the books there were too short．
C． Jack was a successful writer and he lived happily．
D． Jack died of illness in Alaska．
第三课
一、技巧解疑
这一讲里，我们来见识见识第三种迂回提问法。（间接提问法）
这又是一种设障提问技巧。问题不直接提出，而是绕着弯子提出。比如，涉及时间、距离及数据等时，你必须经过复杂的测算才能确定答案，有时，选择答案给你的数据与文章中的数据不符，只是一个近似数值，（其它选择答案完全不沾边，完全错误），或者，提问者只给你一部分事实，让读者续出相应的事实使某事实更完整正确（这又叫做省略提问法）。
例如： 1999年第60，61题
Want to save money when travelling by train? Here are some ways．
Day Returns This ticket can save you up to 45% on the standard fare（车费）． You have to travel after the rush hour period Mon．-Fri．, but can travel at any time on Sat． or Sun
Big City Savers
These are special low-priced tickets on certain trains． You have to book in advance-at the latest by 16:00 the day before you travel． It's first come, first served．
Weekend Returns Weekend Returns are available（有售）for most journeys over 60 miles． Go on Fri．, Sat． or Sun．, and return the same weekend on Sat． or Sun．, and save up to 35% on the standard fare．
Monthly Returns These are available for most journeys over 65 miles． Go any day and return
within a month． Monthly returns save you up to 25% on the standard fare．
Family Railcard
For ￡20 this railcard allows you to take a second adult（成人）and up to 4 children for only ￡3 each when you buy single or return tickets． You can travel as often as you like until the card becomes out of date．
60．Which is the best ticket to buy if you live in London and want to go to a small town 80 miles away for four days?
A． Big City Savers
B． Monthly Returns C． Weekend Returns D． Day Returns
61．A man bought himself a ticket of ￡15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard． How much did he pay?
A． ￡44
B． ￡29
C． ￡24
D． ￡15
61解析：要去一个远在80里以外的小镇游玩四天，选项A和D就可排除了。而选项C，我们可从对 Weekend Returns的介绍“Weekend Returns are available for most journeys over 60 miles． Go on Fri．, Sat． or Sun．, and return the same weekend on Sat． or Sun．”中了解到：虽然其旅程距离超过60里，但必须在同一周末返回。所以，要游玩4天，最好的选择当然是B了。
62解析：这里题干的意思是“有一个人用family railcard为他自己买了张15英镑的票，并且为他
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家人买了三张票。问题是：他须付多少钱？”从文章可知“使用family railcard，可以带一个成年人和四个小孩而每个人只需花三英镑（就可买到票）。”所以答案是：15+9=24。
二、基本训练
In 1920, after some thirty-nine years of problems with disease, high costs and politics, the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships to pass through the fifty-mile canal area instead of travelling some seven thousand miles around Cape Horn． It takes a ship about eight hours to complete the trip through the canal and costs an average of fifteen thousand dollars, one-tenth of what it would cost an average ship to round the Horn． More than fifteen thousand ships pass through its locks（有船闸的河道）each year．
It was the French who started digging the canal but they sold their rights to the United States of America, which will control it until the end of the 20th century when the Panama government takes over its duties．
1． Before the cutting of the Panama Canal, a ship would travel _____ miles to round to Horn, and it would cost _____ dollars when it had to travel around Cape Horn． A． fifty;fifteen thousand B． seven thousand;about one hundred and fifty thousand C． fifteen thousand;seven thousand D． seven thousand;about fifteen thousand 2． The cutting of the Panama Canal took about _____ and it caused ______．
A． forty years;different troubles B． thirty years;problems of disease C． quite a long time;a great many problems D． a few years;troubles with politics and high costs 3．______ controls the Panama Canal at present and in _____ a different government will take control of the Panama Canal．
A． France;2,100
B． Panama;2,100 C． United States;2,001 D． United States;2,000 4．In what year was the construction probably started on the canal? A． 1840
B． 1920
C． 1868
D． 1881 5．This passage suggests that _____． A． it was an unworthy construction B． in spite of various problems, the cutting of the canal is beneficial C． Many captains prefer to sail around Cape Horn because it is less expensive and saves much
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time D． Considering all the problems, three governments have had to control the canal over the years
三、高考实战（95年高考阅读试题）
Fat on human beings is distributed（分布）in different ways． Some fat people have a large stomach and no waistline—which makes them look round, rather like apples． Others are fatter below the waist, which makes them appear pear-shaped（梨形的）．
There are two types of fat: external fat（fat under the skin）and internal fat（fat inside the body wall）．
Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the `pears' have less internal fat, but the `apples' have more internal fat than external fat． This seems to be what causes the health problems．
The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat． But unfortunately it seems that dieting（节食）simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear． At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat．
61．The text is mainly about ． A． fatness and health D． distribution of fat
B． ways to lose weigh C． people's figures62．Which of the following people is most likely to have health problems?
63．When a pear-shaped person becomes thinner, he/she loses more ． A． internal fat than external fat B． external fat than internal fat C． fat above the waist D． fat below the waist Frank Smithson woke up and leaned over to turn off the alarm clock． “Oh no!” he thought
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to himself． “Another day at that office;a boss who shouts at me all the time．” As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large brown envelope by the door． He was overjoyed when he opened it and read the letter inside． “Bigwoods Football Pools（足球赌博公司）would like to congratulate you． You have won half a million pounds．” Frank suddenly came to life． The cigarette（香烟）fell from his lips as he let out a shout that could be heard halfway down the street．
At 11:30 Frank arrived at work． “Please explain why you're so late,” his boss said． “Go and jump in the lake,” replied Frank． “I've just come into a little money so this is good-bye． Find yourself someone else to shout at．” That evening Frank was smoking a very expensive Havana cigar（雪茄）when a knock was heard on the door． He rushed to the door． Outside were two men, neatly dressed in grey suits． “Mr Smithson,” one of them said, “we're from Bigwoods Pools． I'm afraid there's been a terrible mistake„” 64．What do we know about Frank? A． He was a lazy man． B． He was a lucky person．
C． He didn't make a lot of money． D． He didn't get on well with his boss． 65．When he heard the knock at the door, Frank probably thought ． A． someone had come to make an apology B． someone had come to give him the money C． his friends had come to ask about the football pools D． his friends had come to congratulate him on his luck 66．On hearing “„there's been a terrible mistake„” Frank was most likely to be ． A． disappointed B． worried C． nervous
D． curious The idea of fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange , but that's exactly what motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries．
Carmakers' research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise．
Physicists have known about the technique for a long time． Sound is made up of pressure waves in the air． If two sound waves of the same frequency（频率）mix so that the highest point of
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one wave happens at the same time with the lowest point of the other wave, the result is no sound． Therefore, by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle（周期）, we can kill the unwanted noise． Using this technique many carmakers are racing to develop noise-killing systems both inside and outside the cars．
Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．
Some engineers believe that the noise-killing system will be used in most cars in 1996． But the carmakers haven't decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars．
67．Which of the following gives a general idea of how the noise-killing system works? A． By producing pressure waves going in the opposite direction． B． By mixing high frequency sound waves with low frequency sound waves．
C． By making copies of the unwanted sound waves and letting them out a little later． D． By mixing new sound waves with the noise and sending them out together． 68．Besides its main function（功能）the noise-killing system can ． A． make a car lighter B． make a car quieter C． reduce the cost of a silencer D． improve the performance of a silencer 69．The noise-killing system is not yet popular mainly because ．
A． it increases the cost of car production B． carmakers are not sure if it is necessary C． it is still being tried out D． people still have their doubts The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666． In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together． One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives．
The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King's baker（面包师）in Pudding Lane． The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof． A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery（面包房）into a small hotel next door． Then it spread quickly into Thames Street． That was the beginning．
By eight o'clock three hundred houses were on fire． On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames． Tuesday was the worst day． The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul's and the Guildhall among them．
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Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire． People threw their things into the river．
Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment． Birds fell out of the air because of the heat．
The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the path of the fire． With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out．
After the fire, Christopher Wren, the architect（建筑师）, wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone． In fact, the streets are still narrow;but he did build more than fifty churches, among them new St Paul's．
The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place: a city for the future and not just of the past． 70．The fire began in ．
A． a hotel B． the palace C． Pudding Lane D． Thames Street 71．The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means ． A． home B． children C． wife and husband D． wife and children 72．It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry for the fact that ． A． some people lost their lives B． the birds in the sky were killed by the fire C． many famous buildings were destroyed D． the King's bakery was burned down 73．Why did the writer cite（引用）Samuel Pepys? A． Because Pepys was among those putting out the fire． B． Because Pepys also wrote about the fire． C． To show that poor people suffered most．
D． To give the reader a clearer picture of the fire． 74．How was the fire put out according to the text? A． The king and his soldiers came to help．
B． All the wooden houses in the city were destroyed． C． People managed to get enough water from the river．
D． Houses standing in the direction of the fire were pulled down． 75．Which of the following were reasons for the rapid spread of the big fire?(a)There was a strong wind．（b）The streets were very narrow．（c）Many houses were made of wood．
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（d）There was not enough water in the city．
（e）People did not discover the fire earlier． A．（a）and（b）B．（a）,（b）and（c）
C．（a）,（b）,（c）and（d）D．（a）,（b）,（c）（d）and（e）
During the summer holidays there will be a revised（修改过的）schedule（时刻表）of services for the students． Changes for dining-room and library service hours and for bus schedules will be posted on the wall outside of the dining-hall． Weekly film and concert schedules, which are being arranged（安排）, will be posted each Wednesday outside of the student club．
In the summer holidays, buses going to the town center will leave the main hall every hour on the half hour during the day． The dining-room will serve three meals a day from 7:00 am to 7:00 p．m． during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00 p．m． on weekends． The library will continue its usual hours during the week, but have shorter hours on Saturdays and Sundays． The weekend hours are from noon to 5:00 p．m．
All students who want to use the library borrowing services must have a new summer card． This announcement will also appear in the next week's student newspaper． 76．The main purpose of this announcement is to ． A.tell students of important schedule changes B． tell students of new bus and library services C． show the excellent services for students D． ask students to renew their library cards 77．At which of the following times will the bus leave the main hall? A． 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00 B． 8:00, 9:30, 10:30, 11:30 C． 8:30, 9:00, 9:30, 10:00 D． 8:00, 9:30, 11:00, 12:30 78．Times for films and concerts are not listed in this announcement because ． A． they are not to be announced B． they are hard to arrange C． the full list is not ready D． the full list is too long 79．In the summer holidays, the library will have ．
A． no special hours B． special hours on weekdays C． special hours on weekends D． special hours both on weekdays and weekends． 80．We may infer that during the summer holidays ．
A． the student newspaper will sell more copies B． there will be a concert or a film once a week C． many students will stay in the university D． no breakfast will be served on weekends
四、能力测试
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Mr． Brown was at the theatre． He had got his ticket at the last moment, so he had not been able to choose his seat． He now found that he was in the middle of a group of American ladies, some of them middle-aged and some quite old． They obviously all knew each other well, as before the curtain went up on the play they had come to see, they all talked and joked a lot together．
The lady sitting on Mr． Brown's left, who was about sixty years old, seemed to be the happiest and the most interesting of the American group, and after the first act of the play, she apologized to him for the noisiness（喧闹声）of her friends． He answered that he was very glad to see American ladies so obviously enjoying their visit to England, and so they had a friendly talk． Mr． Brown's neighbor explained what they were doing there．
“You know, I have known these ladies all my life,” she said． “We all grew up together back in our hometown in the United States． They have all lost their husbands, and call themselves the Merry Widows（寡妇）． It is a sort of club, you know． They go to a foreign country every summer for a month or two and have a lot of fun． They always go everywhere together． I have wanted to join their club for a long time, but I was not able to become a member until the spring of this year．” 1． Mr． Brown did not get his ticket until ______．
A． the play almost started
B． he had chosen his seat C． after the curtain went up D． there was only one ticket left 2． The group of American ladies enjoyed the play in a theatre in ______．
A． America
B． Britain
C． their club
D． their hometown 3． Mr． Brown's neighbour at the theatre _______．
A． did not know these ladies until recently B． only knew some of them all her life C． had known them since she joined the club D． had known these ladies for a long time 4． The lady sitting on Mr． Brown's left finally succeeded in joining the club in the spring of this year when _____．
A． her husband died
B． the ladies in the club began to like her C． she got married
D． she pretended to be merry
第三章 猜测词义
第一课
一、试卷分析
近几年的NMET的阅读理解考项中总有一些考题要测试考生根据上下文和构词法知识猜
出生词词义或旧词具有新意的能力。例如：
1.Which of the following words can take the place of the word “career” in the first paragraph ?（92）
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2． The word “he” in the last sentence refers to ______．[NMET92 80]
3． The word “yielded” in the last sentence means _______． [NMET93 73]
4． The underlined phrase “make out” in the first paragraph means ______． [NMET94 70]
5． The underlined words “geothermal energy” in the third paragraph mean ___． [NMET94 78]
6． The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means _____． [NMET95 71]
7． The underlined word “they” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to ____ [NMET96 59]
8． The underlined word “leg” in “Bicycle tour and race” probably means _____． [NMET96 68]
9． The underlined phrase “figure out” in the text means _____． [NMET97 54]
10． The underlined word “one” refers to _____． [NMET97 68]
11． “Act your age” means people should _____． [NMET97 69]
12． The words “Youth Summit” refer to ______． [NMET98 55]
13． When the writer says “Dick Spivak is just an ordinary man”, he means _____． [NMET98 58]
14． What did Cory Luxmoore mean when he said “I'm on high”? [NMET99 55] 15． The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to the idea that Computertowns（99）
16．“Professional work” used in the text means _______． [NMET99 69]
17． Which of the following can be used in place of “Quite the reverse”?[NMET2000 61]
18． Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to _________．[NMET2000 65]
由此可见，高考对考生推测词义的能力是非常重视的。这就要求我们在阅读时要通过上下文交代的内容做出合乎逻辑的推理。在必要时，做些语法分析，通过词与词的关系，确定其词性；有时根据常识和生活经验或构词法知识，完全可以对那些从未见过的生词的词义做出正确的推测。
一般说来，这种题型的题干部分总含有mean, refer to的字样。做这种题时，特别要注意的是，对于那些我们熟悉的词千万不要妄自、草率下结论，一定要结合上下文判断它在文中的意思。例如95年的71题：The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means _____．
A． home B． children C． wife and husband D． wife and children
“family”是我们很熟悉的词了，意为“家庭”，但以这个意思理解family的话，我们就无法选择答案了。但是，如果我们结合上下文“The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof．”就很容易看出family其实指的是“children子女”，所以答案应该是B。
因此，考生不仅要知道常用词的意思，更要知道其灵活变化的意思。在阅读理解测试中，常见的考查这种技能的题型有：
1． The word “．．．” in line ．．． most nearly means _____．
2． The word “．．．” in line ．．． probably means _____．
3． In line ．．．, the word “．．．” refers to _____．
4． In line ．．．, the word “．．．” could best be replaced by which of the following?
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5． The word “．．．” as used in line ．．． in this passage means _____．
6． The word “．．．” as used in line ．．． is closest in meaning to ____．
7． In line ．．．, “．．．” could properly be replaced by ____．
8． By “．．．”, the author means _____．
二、基本训练
In America, where labor costs are so high, “do-it-yourself” is a way of life． Many people repair their own cars, build their own garages, even remodel their own houses． Soon they may also be writing their own books． In Hollywood there is a company that publishes children's books with the help of computers．
Although other book companies also publish that way, this particular company is very unusual．
It “personalizes” the books by having computer make the reader the leading character in the story． Here is how they do it． Let us say your child is named Jenny． She lives on Oak Drive in St． Louis, has a dog named Spot, a cat named Tabby, and three playmates whose names are Betsy, Sandy, and Jody． The computer uses this information to fill out a story that has already been prepared and illustrated（配上插图）． The story is then printed with standard equipment as a hard-cover book． A child who receives such a book might say, “This book is about me．” Therefore the company calls itself the “Me-Books Publishing Company”． Children like the me-books because they like to see in print their own names and the names
of their friends and pets． But more important, “personalization” had been found to be an important tool in developing enthusiasm for reading． Question: Here “fill out a story” means ______．
A． complete a story B． make full a story C． tell a story D． invent a story
三、高考实战（1996年高考阅读试题）
We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book． Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down． While I watched mouth open is surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold． She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop． She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floors． ” “Yes, I'm glad they've finally decided to clean them, ”the nurse answered． She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But aren't you working late?” Mum just pushed harder, each swipe（拖一下）of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall． I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book．
After a long time Mum came back． Her eyes were shining． She quickly put the mop back and took
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my hand． As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you．” Outside, Mum told me, “Dagmar is fine． No fever． ” “You saw her, Mum?” “Of course． I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow． Dad will stop worrying as well． It's a fine hospital． But such floors!A mop is no good． You need a brush．” 51． When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was ．
A． to clean the floor B． to please the nurse B． to see a patient D． to surprise the story-teller 52． When the nurse talked to Mum she thought Mum was a ． A． nurse
C． patient B． visitor D． cleaner 53． After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital? A.It is a children's hospital． B． It has strict rules about visiting hours． C． The conditions there aren't very good． D． The nurses and doctors there don't work hard． 54． From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely A． the story-teller's sister B． Mum's friend C． the story-teller's classmate D． Dad's boss 55． Which of the following words best describes Mum? A． strange C． clever B． warm-hearted D． hard-working When you want to see if a library has the book you want, you can use the catalogue（目录）in the library． Most catalogues of books in a library take the form of small cards kept in boxes． One way of arranging（排列）the cards is in ABC order by the family names of the writers．
Catalogue cards usually give the following important information:（1）the name of the writer,（2）the shelf-mark（架号）, that is, the Dewey number which helps people to find where the books are,（3）the title of the book,（4）the year of publication and the publisher, and（5）the number of pages in the book．
56． If you know the title of a book and want to find out if it is in the catalogue, what else do you need to
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know? A.The shelf-mark． B． The name of the writer． C． The Dewey number． D． The year of publication．
57． Which of the following is the kind of catalogue card described in the text? Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food． Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership（伙伴关系）which does good to both of them． You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep． This is not because they want a ride, but because they find easy food in the parasites（寄生虫）on sheep． The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort． So although they can manage without each other, they do better together．
Sometimes an animal has a plant partner． The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other． This is so in the corals（珊瑚）of the sea． In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”, taking some of the waste products from the corals and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe． If the plants are killed, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die． 58． Some birds like to sit on a sheep because ． A.they can eat its parasites B． they depend on the sheep for existence C． they enjoy travelling with the sheep D． they find the position most comfortable 59． The underlined word “they” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to． A． birds and parasites B． birds and sheep C． parasites and sheep D． sheep, birds and parasites 60． It can be learnt from the text that the coral depends on the plant for ． A． comfort B． light C． food D． oxygen
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61． What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? A． Some animals and plants depend on each other for existence． B． Some animals and plants develop their relationship easily． C． Some plants depend on each other for food． D． Some animals live better together．
In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside． In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits． Women did not walk about on the beach（沙滩）in their bathing dresses． They hired a bathing machine． A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea． It cost 2 pence（便士）to hire a machine and an attendant（侍者）． When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine． Then she changed into her bathing dress． When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea． The bathing machine stopped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water． If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in．
62． A 19th century English lady bathing in the sea would wear something like: 63． Who used the bathing machine? A.Women bathers． B.Both men and women bathers．
C.Bathers who couldn't swim． D． Bathers who couldn't walk．
64． A bathing machine was mainly used for ． A． giving the bather a pleasure ride on the beach B． giving the bather some exercise before getting into the water C． protecting the bather from catching cold from the sea wind D． protecting the bather from being seen in a bathing dress out of water 65． In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things． Which is the right order for doing them?
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a． Changing into bathing clothes b． Getting out of the bathing machine c． Paying 2 pence d． Getting into the bathing machine e． Being taken down the beach f． Getting into the water A． e, d, a, b, f, c B． c, d, a, e, b, f C． c, d, e, a, b, f C． d, a, e, b, f, c
EVENTS（赛事）
Bicycle tour（旅行）and race A bike tour and race will be held on August 26 and 27（Sat． & Sum．）． At 5:30am, the riders will leave Tian'anmen Square and ride the first 35 kilometres as a training leg． Then the next 55 kilometre leg, from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive（竞争性的）part of the tour． The riders and their bikes will then be taken from Jixian to Changli．
The second racing leg of the tour will be from Changli to the seaside of Nandaibe, covering a distance of 20 kilometres． Saturday night includes the stay at Nandaihe and supper． Sunday morning is free for play at the seaside． At noon all the people and their bikes will be taken back to Beijing．
Cost:200 yuan Telephone:4675027 Brazilian footballers The Brazilian Football Club will play Beijing Guo'an Team at the Workers Stadium on August 26．
The club has four national team players ． Also coming is 1994 US World Cup star Romario who has promised to play for at least 45 minutes． Ticket prices:60,100,150 yuan Time/Date:4:30 pm, August 26（Sat．）
Rock climbing The Third National Rock Climbing Competition will be held on August 26-27 at the Huairou Mountain-climbing Training Base． More than 10 teams from Beijing, Wuhan, Dalian, Jilin and other places will take part in it． A Japanese team will give an exhibition climbing． Free for spectators（观众）．
Take a long-distance bus from Dongzhimen to Huairou． Time/Dates:9-12 am, August 26 and 27 Telephone:7143177, 7144850, Wang Zhenghua 66． The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ． A． visiting teams B． famous players C． things to do for the weekend D． prices to pay for the sports events
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Telephone:5012372
67． If you take part in the bike tour, you will ride for ． A． 35 kilometres B． 55 kilometres C． 75 kilometres D． 110 kilometres 68． the underlined word “leg” in “Bicycle tour and race” probably means ． A． race B． practice C． part of the training D． part of the tour 69． What is special about the rock climbing competition? A． A foreign team takes part in it． B． You can watch it without paying．
C． You don't have to be a sportsman to take part． D． The bus trip to the place of the competition is free．
70． If you want to find something to do for Saturday afternoon, which telephone number will you call? A． 4675027 B． 7143177 C． 5012372 D． 7144850
四、能力测试
Building a house costs quite a lot of money． Suppose you plan to build a house． Your first step will be to find a right piece of land． Your choice will depend on many different things． You will probably try to find a sunny place, with pleasant surroundings（环境）near shops and bus stops, not too far from your friends and the place where you work．
Next you will find an excellent builder, and together with the builder you will work out a plan． The builder will draw the plan． It will show the number of rooms, their position and size, and other parts which must be noticed, such as windows, doors, and electric outlets． The builder will work out how much money is needed to build your house． He will work out the cost of the wood, bricks, the glass, and everything else that must be used in building the house． Later on, when he starts to build, this estimate（预算）must be corrected and revised（修正． His estimate is based on existing prices, but prices of such things may change, and many other things may happen between the time when he makes the estimate and the time when he builds the house．
When the builder gives his estimate, you may wish to change your plan．（You may also wish to change your builder, if his estimate is too high!）You may find that some of the features（特征）you wanted as first cost too much, or that you can spend a little more and add something to your plan． The builder's estimate depends on the plan, but the final plan depends on the builder's estimate．
1． The best title of this passage is _____．
A.Building a House Costs Much Money
B.Estimate Is Important
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第二篇：高中英语教学论文
高一英语衔接教学探究
古饶中学张飞
初中升入高一，对学生来说，首先是词汇量巨增，语法难度增大，老师又几
乎完全用英语授课，面对这种突变，使学生感到不知所措； 再次，英语水平相
差较大，他们来自不同的学校班级，原来所学的英语语音、语调也有所差异，很
难适应高一英语的学习。高一又是初中向高中过渡阶段，易造成两级分化。如何
才能使学生顺利完成从初中向高中英语过度呢？我认为培养学生学习英语的兴
趣，激发学生的求知欲，帮助他们掌握正确的学习方法，培养他们良好的学习习
惯最重要。
一、培养学生良好的学习习惯
教师首先要指导学生学会听课、学会做笔记，为培养学生良好的学习习惯打
下基础。
要让他们明白学英语要有正确的学习方法，预习→质疑→听课→解疑→
练习→巩固，一步都不能少。帮助和引导他们形成一套符合自己实际情况的、科
学的方法，从而形成良好的英语学习习惯。
二、提高 课堂教学艺术
首先，一节课的开头如同给一首歌定调一样，它可以决定课堂节奏的快慢
及教学效果。我利用每节课前三分钟时间，让学生轮流做值日报告，保证每一位
同学都有机会展示自己的风采，内容是关于自己熟悉的日常生活，由自己任意选
定。学生都有争强好胜的心理，他们都会认真构思、别出心裁，课前反复练习，这样可以调动学生学习英语的积极性，创造一种学英语的氛围，学生可以在心情
愉快的气氛中开始学习。
其次，每一单元的教学方法应根据各单元的特点，勤于思考，用心设计，尽力使各课的教学方法各异，以增强学生的新鲜感，调动他们学英语的积极性，如每一单元的 Warming up 这一环节的话题，大多比较贴近学生的日常生活，如 friendship，music 等，可以让学生先谈他们各自的观点与看法，积极参与到
课堂活动中来，最后老师来小结。
坚持阅读课的整体教学，阅读材料是语言的载体，集语音、词汇、语法与文化内容于一体。可采用关键词、提纲、问答题、图表、听录音等多种方法。在学阅读材料之前，进行限时阅读，老师设置一些问题，要求学生在限定的时间内完成，培养学生快速浏览课文，准确把握课文大意的能力，这样可以训练学生的阅读理解能力。串讲课文时，通常挑选出能表示课文主体的关键词和短语，巧妙地设计板书，使板书能勾画出课文概要。阅读理解能力的训练是培养自学能力、“授人以渔”的重要环节。英语阅读是一种辨认文字、理解语篇、进行思考、了解其中意义的复杂的心理过程，是一种心智技能，是获取信息、处理信息、应用信息全过程的初级阶段。加强阅读能力的训练，不仅是提高获取信息的“量”的手段，更是提高“质”的重要途径。由于高中英语落后生读不懂课本、读不懂题的现象十分普遍，因此，教师除注意规范自身的课堂教学（教学用语准确、规范，课堂表述干净利落）外，在高一引入新的知识点时，就应注重阅读的要求和训练。要让学生仔细阅读课本，通读内容，了解概要，准确理解。在阅读过程中如果产生疑问（或教师设置了疑问），教师要指导学生带着问题再仔细阅读有关内容，通过对基础知识的理解使疑问得以解决。
在学生熟悉了阅读材料内容的基础上，讲解语言要点并进行必要的语法归纳，使学生进一步理解、巩固课文。高一学生在初三复习阶段，老师侧重英语讲题，大量用汉语讲课，高一开始用英语授课，学生很难适应，所以，要用简单、切合学生实际水平的英语讲课，逐渐使学生适应。
三、训练学生的心理素质
一方面，教师在英语教学中要为学生创造一个良好的心理环境，让学生体会到自己是思维领域里的一个劳动者和收获者。训练、测试，尤其是考试，要帮助学生掌握知识要点和复习功课的方法，要让学生了解评分标准，事先采取措施避免低分的出现，力争全班都高分，让他们感到有所收获，学习的积极性才会升涨，心理负担才会减轻，主动性和独立性才能增进。另一方面，可精心设计一些挫折，提供能使学生在知识上和思维上暴露缺陷、暴露弱点的机会，借此教育他们发现自己的问题是好事，能从中找到努力的方向。发现了问题及时去解决、努力去解决，那么出现的问题越多，就越能提高，越能进步；走过的曲折越多，经受的磨难越多，人的本领就越大。通过这样的训练，不仅培养了学生在学习上吃苦耐劳的品质，还可使学生在解决问题（或考试）中，无论题的难度如何，都能镇定自若，信心十足，正常发挥。
总之，高一阶段的英语学习有着承上启下的作用，为以后顺利完成高
二、高三的英语教学奠定了基础。所以，教师要钻研教材，精心设计，努力创新教法。要保护学生学习英语的积极性，注重培养学生学习英语的兴趣、正确的学习方法及良好的学习习惯，建立融洽的师生关系，帮助他们树立学习英语的自信心，使他们适应高一英语学习，顺利完成初高中英语教学的衔接。
第三篇：高中英语教学论文
“和谐高效”英语课堂教学策略
摘要：我们发现在探索高中英语课堂教学有效性的过程中，采用“和谐高效”课堂教学策略非常有助于提高课堂教学有效性，是一种值得推广的教学策略。追求和谐高效课堂能促进学生发展智力，掌握知识，提高能力。本文将浅谈在高中英语教学中如何运用好“和谐高效”英语课堂教学策略。
关键词：高中英语； 和谐高效；教学策略
正文：
和谐是人们的美好追求，同样也是教育的永恒追求。“和谐高效”课堂教学策略要求教师为学生创设尽可能真实的学习情景，能够给学生营造出一种积极思考，主动交流，相互合作的课堂气氛，以便能让学生围绕中心话题或教师设置的任务进行讨论和交流，在解决问题中学习，这样能够充分锻炼学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。要想达到和谐高效，关键是看学生是否有机会，有热情积极参与交流互动，能否达到教与学，层次水平不同的学生之间的和谐发展。下面我分几个阶段阐述在高中英语教学中运用“和谐高效”课堂教学策略时需要注意的问题：
一、激发兴趣的导入（Lead-in）阶段
激发兴趣的导入阶段的目的是融洽师生关系，为学生创设学习情景，把师生以及要学的内容自然而又和谐地联系在一起，能够激发学生的主体意识，使学生积极参与到教学活动中来。例如，在学习高中
英语必修2的Unit 4 Wildlife Protection 阅读课之前，教师可以利用多媒体先向学生展示有关濒危动物的一些美丽的图片以及有关动物世界的精彩视频，在学生欣赏赞美的同时教师想学生介绍有关濒危动物的背景知识，目的是为了唤起学生对它们的关注，然后提问课本上的 几个问题。教师通过图片和视频的展示，背景知识的介绍，问题的提出逐渐为学生创设了良好的学习情景，同时也调动了学生已有的有关动物的知识，在交流和解答问题的过程新知识与原有的旧知识实现了互动。这样有助于学生很快进入良好的学习状态，激发其求知欲。
二、互动探究(Interaction and Exploration)阶段
互动探究阶段是学生在教师的启发和点拨下，对学习内容进行感知，理解，分析，比较，概括，由感性知识向理性知识过渡的阶段。在编写教学设计时，教师要根据学生的个性心理特征及学习能力制定可行的阶梯式教学目标，让其明确学习的方法和要求后，独立思考，通过自己的努力去分析和解决问题，为小组讨论做好准备。
小组讨论是在学生通过课前预习对课文内容有了初步了解的基础上进行的。每个小组由4个特点不同，程度各异的学生组成。首先，组员在小组内用英语汇报各自的预习情况，组长将组员们在自学中遇到的疑难题记录下来，并让小组成员一起思考讨论；然后，各组长把组内无法解决的问题收集起来，以便在组际交流时提出来供大家共同探讨。而后，是小组讨论后的组际交流。教师先让讨论得相对比较激烈又优秀的小组代表发言，展示该组对知识的理解和讨论结果，其他各组作出质疑和补充，再由各组提出本组的疑难问题，组际之间进行
讨论解答。在这一过程中，教师而不是一个旁观者，要更好地进行调控，以便让学生的讨论始终围绕课文内容的中心话题，突出重点和关键问题；最后，教师要适时适当地进行点拨，师生共同对所学的内容进行归纳总结，最终达成一致意见。这样的话，不仅使每一位学生都可以再课堂上大胆地表达交换各自的看法和意见，使学生能够积极主动地获取知识，提高了他们的自学能力和分析，判断，推理等多种思维能力。而且也提高了学生的语言技能，发挥了学习潜能和创造力。更重要的是，可以克服学生以自我为中心，胆怯等不良心理品质，培养了学生的团结合作的精神。
三、整合评价(Integration and Evaluation)阶段
整合评价阶段是教师根据教学目标，充分考虑学生学习的实际情况，科学地有梯度地训练学生。在阅读课的教学中，教师根据学生理解掌握课文内容的情况可以由浅入深，由易到难地给学生设计一些课堂练习。通过这些练习，能够让学生去积极主动思考，去分析和解决，学生可以独立完成，也可以通过小组合作交流来完成。这样，学生在解决问题的过程中巩固所学知识，加深对课文的理解和英语语言知识的运用。
四、拓展延伸(Prolongation)阶段
拓展延伸阶段主要是教师通过学生的反馈来了解教学效果。一方面，教师可以利用设计好的练习题通过学生的作答情况检测教学效果；另一方面，教师也可以适当拓展知识面，设计更高层次的问题，让学生围绕中心问题展开讨论交流，在相互交流沟通的过程中加深认
识。教师当堂检测教学效果，迅速得到反馈，可以有效校正，这样更加有利于提高英语教学质量，才能真正称之为高效课堂。
以阅读课为例，我将“和谐高效”课堂教学策略的优点总结如下：1，学生通过小组讨论和组际交流，能够逐渐消除其对英语交际活动的畏惧心理，能够更好地提高其语言技能。2，在活动过程中，优生帮助后进生分析，给予讲解，锻炼了优生的思维辨析能力的同时也启发了后进生，充分发挥了学生教育学生的作用，更有利于形成团结互助的人际关系，最终达到共同进步的目的。这样就提高了学习效率和质量。3，学生在小组，组际合作的形式下完成课堂活动，因此教师就有时间辅导，适时帮助学生，这样既使指导更有针对性，能够因材施教，又能够很好地融洽了师生关系，提高了课堂教学的有效性，促进了教学质量的提高。
教师要想达到和谐高效的英语课堂，就必须处理好以下几组关系：处理好国家课程目标与具体实施目标之间的关系；处理好教师主导和学生主体的关系；处理好课程内容与教材的关系；处理好教学和评价的关系；处理好课堂学习和课外学习的关系。
总而言之，和谐高效课堂教学策略有利于提高学生的自学能力，改变了传统课堂教学以教师为中心，以传授灌输书本知识为目的的传统教学方式，真正是以学生为中心。更好地培养了学生的创新意识和创新思维能力。有利于学生良好的英语阅读习惯的养成，有利于培养学生的合作探究精神。教师只有运用好英语教学策略，才能够真正铸造和谐高效的英语课堂!
第四篇：高中英语教学论文
如何辅导学生做好高考英语试题中的书面表达
贵州省思南县第九中学简明仙
“书面表达”的目的是考查考生应用英语写作的基本能力，这是一种较好的主观性命题，也是高考试题的保留题型。
下面结合近年来高考试题谈谈书面表达辅导的几点作法。
一、书面表达并不神秘
学习知识的目的是应用。用所学的外语知识同别人对话是应用；标准化考试的书面表达也是应用。书面表达并不神秘，它是要求学生们根据所给的情景（提示）和要求（所要写出文章的目的、对象、时间、地点、内容、字数多少等）写一篇书面表达材料。学生能做到所表达的内容符合所给的情景和要求，文理通顺，语言准确得当即可，它不是纯粹的“作文”，因为它是给予一定揭示的。它并不要求考生立意选材、谋篇布局，而是将所给情景以恰当的形式用英语表达出来。它类似我们常做的“汉译英”，但又不同于“汉译英”，它比直接 翻译有较大的灵活性，它的要求并不高，难度也不大，因此，辅导这种考试首先要破除神秘感，使考生克服紧张心理，充分发挥自己的水平，争取好成绩。
二、如何辅导书面表达
书面表达是英语知识的综合运用，它要求知识应用正确、语法正确、词能达意、卷面整洁、字迹清晰、大小写和标点的使用准确，因此要从基础抓起，由浅入深，循序渐进。
第一、抓学生写字的基本功训练
学生的字体好坏直接影响学生非智力因素的得分。教师评卷时常常感到学生的字迹太不规范。如写“a”时开口，变成了“u”“d”时分家变成了“cl”，这都使批卷人非常伤神，学生容易丢感情分。为使学生们写得快，写得规范，强迫他们抄练个别字母的单写和连写。如a、d、f、g、l、m、w等。再如要求学生在改正错词时 不要乱涂或画圈，而要一笔划去，还要告诉学生正确使用标点，提醒他们英语里没有“。”和“《》”等标点 符号。
第二、抓学生的听写能力训练
书面表达只有25分钟的限定时间，因而要求学生对所学单词和句型反应迅速，而听写是听和写两种训练的结合。听、说、读、写几个方面的训练是相辅相成，互相促进的。特别是在高三阶段，它是一项贯穿于英语复习教学全过程的一项必要训练，是开发学生智力，促使学生语言能力全面发展，提高写作能力的一个重要途径。
教师可以用教材、补充练习题、课外教材和课堂上不写板书而让学生听写，利用课堂和早读时间进行训练.听写内容有音素对比、单词注音、词组、句子和由课文缩写而成的短文以及其它短文（词数在100个左右）。听写的方式为教师读说或放录音材料。从起初的简单、慢速逐渐增加难度和速度，循序渐近。通过训练提高学生的应用能力、逻辑思维能力，使他们能快速地分析、判断，能迅速落笔写出应该使用的单词书面词形。听写训练不但能促进耳、脑、手、眼等多种器官，同时能高效率地协调工作，提高写作速度和准确性，而且能调动学生的语言潜力。
第三、抓课堂复述和造句练习
根据已学过一次课文的情况，高三复习要突出简笔画和造句这二项训练，即 1
利用简笔画让学生复述课文，训练缩写能力；用学过的积极词、词组造句；有意识地把几个句子连在一起形成一篇小文章来表达一个内容。这样做不但能照顾整体复习，图文并茂，生动有趣，而且教材中的基本句型、语言点、语法知识也在口头表达的过程中得到了加深巩固，同时也提高了学生的表达能力和写作水平。第四、抓写日记和早晨的5分钟报告
教师不能因为高考有作文而去压题，复习的方针应该是以不变应万变，抓基础的培养、技能的训练，其主 要抓好晨报和日记写作。在每天早晨用5分钟请1个同学做口头作文，之后师生们共同修改错处，这不但能弄 清许多疑点，改正常见错误，而且能取长补短，学生的兴趣也能增加。另外让学生根据自己感兴趣的题目，每 周写两篇日记，训练同学们的写作能力。
由于书面表达考查的是学生“初中的英语基础和高中的英语技能”所以一定要抓好高一，高二阶段的课堂 教学，要求学生读好课文，形成语感。课上耳听、脑想、手写、心里复述，即从各方面“Practise，practise and practise.”为高三复习打下良好的基础。
三、辅导步骤
要采取逐渐深入的方针，由易到难进行各种题目的辅导训练。
1.写缩写，这是最简单的写作练习。学生根据课文或课外阅读材料总结出中心大意，用自己的话串联起 来就形成了一篇100个词左右的小短文。这是一种最基本、最方便的写作练习形式。
2.写日记，这是一种常规写作练习。要能以不变应万变就必须常练笔。日记写什么体裁都可以。它的好 处是短小方便、自由灵活，特别是可以在日记中应用每天所学到的知识。
3.看图写故事，所用图画可以由教师们各画一幅，大家轮流使用。材料可以从报刊杂志、参考书中挑选.训练分两个阶段：第一阶段，给学生图画和英语提示，要求在文章里使用这些提示；第二阶段，只给图画不附提示，让学生自己发挥。它的难度较大，一般应有了基本写作能力后再做。
4.常用文体，如信、通知、记叙文等。因为有了上面的训练，只讲解写作格式和要求，让学生自己发挥就可以了。作文字数一般在100—120个词之间。
四、书面表达应注意的五点
1.认真审题。书面表达试题除了在提示语中明确写作要求，可能用多种形式提供情景，揭示所要表达的 内容。审题时要仔细理解试题的提示语，弄清试题对内容和形式方面的具体要求，明确是何种体裁、格式。试 题所提供的情景是确定表达内容的重要依据，要英语提供的情景有许多可以利用和借鉴的地方，如果是“看图 说话”，就要仔细研究画面的内容。凡需表达的要点，不可缺少。比如，93年NMET试题的要求是：为了配合国际爱动物周活动，根据六幅图画给杂志社写一篇故事，体裁是叙述文。可是不少人却写成描述文，着重写狗的外貌，灵性。也有人把整个文章写成一般现在时，象是 图片解说。还有人写成似通知又象倡议书，最后还加上落款。再如，94年试题是：为了欢迎美国朋 友举办一个晚会，在学校广播室中宣布此事，包括以下要点„„根据要求，体裁确定为口头通知。但是口头通知与书面通知格式不同，应把时间、地点、内容、发出单位融汇在文章中，不能象写书面通知那样把这些点一 一列出。
在高考前夕，考生应该多看几篇范文，重温格式要求。
2.明确得分点。高考命题时考虑到计分的统一尺度，都安排了内容上的得分点，写全一个，即可得分。考生应细心分析，模清主题和内容要点，然后再有的放
矢的一一写全，并联贯成文。这样既避免漏点，又限制了任意发挥。
对文字说明较多的、提示内容清楚的试卷，考生不难发现得分点。而看图写作就要注意轻重恰当，还要根据试题要求和文章主题适当取舍。如93年NMET是看图写故事，从六幅图中可以找出故事梗概和八个得分点：（1）父母住在农村。（2）家里有一条狗，叫阿福。（3）父母带妹妹和阿福去田间劳动。（4）妹妹走向河边，阿福跟随。（5）妹妹摘花，失足落水。（6）阿福边叫边跳下河。（7）父母跑过来看到阿福救妹妹。（8）妹妹得救，阿福受称赞。
将这些得分点按逻辑联贯成一个完整的故事，不必增补、发挥。叙述文应该顺叙，不必倒叙。其它体裁最好也按“提示”的次序写，以免给阅卷教师造成漏点、杂乱的错觉。
3.正确表达，符合英语语言习惯。答题时切忌汉语式英语（Chinglish）。如87年试卷中在“补全对话 ”一题里有一句是“你要买什么？”。多数考生译成了“What do you want to buy？”我们不要把所表达的内容先用汉语固定下来，然后再逐句逐词地硬译。要扬长避短，在不改变原文基本内容的前提下，灵活地运用最熟悉最有把握的词汇和句式。如在高中课本第一册第二课里有一句话是：“We will visit a boy named Charli e Greenwho is not feeling too well this morning.”如果化整为零，化繁为简，分成几个简句单最好不过 了：“We will visit a boy.The boy is named Charlie Green.He is not feeling too well this mornin g.”当然与原句相比，文采大减，但毕竟句子通顺，无语法错误，符合原句意，绝不会丢分。
4.书写清楚，文章位置适中。书面表达属主观性试题，阅卷的主观印象直接关系到分等得分。主观印象之一就是书写是否认真，字迹是否清楚。字体以斜体字为好，不可写一种似圆体又不象圆体的怪体。单词的大小要适当，文章在试卷中的位置要适中，不要将文章写得又小又挤，或者位置太往上，吊在上端显得很不平稳，缺乏美感。
5.时间安排得当。高考阅卷中常常发现有的考生仅写半截就中断了，也有的字迹模糊，草草了事。甚至 有的前面答得好而书面表达却是空白。凡此种种，不难看出都是因为第一卷耗时太多，致使第二卷时间不够。NMET的书面表达仅有25分钟，这段时间应该这样安排：审题三分钟，打草稿十分钟，誉写、复看十分钟，两分钟机动。高考书面表达难度属中等，它不需要用很复杂的句子，很冷僻的词，更不需什么文采，只要求表达清楚。写一篇一百个单词的文章用二十五分钟是足够的。
要真正提高书面表达的水平，主要靠坚实的基础知识和平时大量的写作训练，只要充分重视，认真训练，就一定取得好成绩。
第五篇：高中英语教学论文
浅谈高中英语教法与学法研究
长期以来，在我国英语教学工作中，受“应试教育”观念的影响，教师只注重“教法”研究，总是不遗余力进行知识的传授，而学生则采取记忆、背诵等机械式的学习方式，结果，同样的做法并不能使所有学习者都学得好，并且极大地束缚了学生的多方面发展，限制了学生思维的发展空间。
大家都知道，李阳老师的疯狂英语独创的英语学习方法，多年来影响了数以亿计的英语学习者，确实能帮助许多同学提高英语。但是，也有部分同学学习了李阳老师的学习方法，一段时间下来，英语成绩仍不理想，于是弃之而求他法。这也说明，在学习过程中，学生是学习的主体，学生自身的能力和性格差异在语言学习过程中发挥着不同的作用。
因此，在当今基础教育新课程（新课标）改革形势下，我们英语教师进行“教法”与“学法”研究，就显得特别重要。
那么，我们英语教师应该如何进行“教法”与“学法”的研究呢？我从事英语教学工作多年，现将自己的观点总结如下：
一、教师应注重自身素质的提高
1、英语教师本人应该加强各方面教育理论的学习，特别是学习有关英语教与学的心理知识，研读《中小学英语教学》等报刊杂志，提高教学理论水平。
2、在加强自我学习的基础上，英语教师应积极参加再教育学习，接受再培训，不断提高专业水平，进行知识更新，甚至是教育理念的更新，不能再只是传授知识，而更应该给学生提供更多的学习方法。
3、教师可以到校外观摩学习名师的教学方法和教学技巧，亲身体验、灵活使用教学资源和发挥学生主体作用的教学技能。
4、在教学工作中，教师应多开展教研教改活动，经常进行听课、讲课、评课工作，与同事们进行交流，从而促进自己的教学工作，提高教学教研水平。
二、教师进行“教法”研究，更要进行“学法”研究
中学英语教学，主要是通过“听、说、读、写、译”的训练，全面培养学生“听、说、读、写、译”的能力，达到能用英语流利地进行语言交流的目的。为了实现这一教学目标，英语教师不但要从“听、说、读、写、译”诸方面认真进行教法研究，还应该注重“五种能力”并重培养过程中的学法研究。
1、努力创设“听”的语言环境 在我国，汉语是唯一的官方语言，英语是一门外语，我国没有讲英语的语言环境。学生在“汉语环境”中学习英语，困难重重，障碍多多。因此，教师就要采取措施减少障碍，课堂上尽量少讲、不讲汉语，给学生营造浓厚的“英语环境”，努力给学生创造“听”的机会。课外，教师应该指导学生每天收听英文广播，收看英语电视教学，坚持听录音磁带，养成良好的学习习惯。实践证明，只有定期的用英语不断地刺激学习者的听觉，才能使学习者形成“稳定的语感”.2、强化“说”的训练功能
为了使学生达到准确、规范、自如、流利的口语表达，教师必须了解、掌握学生的心理状态，对学生的不同心态，应采取适当的教学方法，鼓励学生课堂积极大胆开口“说”.“听”懂是不够的，“看”懂是骗人的，只有脱口而出才是真功夫。因此，教师应该鼓励学生每天坚持用英语进行日常交流，和志趣相投的同学、朋友组成“英语学习兴趣小组”，互相督促，互相支持，养成多讲多练的好习惯。如果条件允许，教师可以请来外籍教师传授口语课，开设英语角，开展夏令营活动，使学生在真声英语环境中多接触英语本族语，从而提高英语口语水平。
3、培养“读”的准确能力
“读”的准确能力在一定程度上依赖于所掌握的词汇量和对英美文化背景知识的了解。教师在教学中一定要传授给学生学习词汇的方法，帮助学生积累词汇量，提高对词汇量和短语的辨别、识记和应用能力，同时，给学生介绍一些英美文化知识，从而克服、解决词汇量不足，背景知识不明等阅读障碍。实践证明，精读课对全方位培养学生“五种能力”极为重要，每位教师和同学都要重视精读课。
在教学过程中，教师还应该要求学生每天“读透”一篇阅读理解，“读透”就是不放过一个单词和句子；每周“熟背”一篇作文或完形填空；每天朗读“30分钟”.这是培养“读” 的准确能力的最有效的学习方法。
4、培养“写作”能力
“写”是语言的发展，是对“听、说、读”的巩固和提高。英文写作最能使人感到英语学习上的不足，最能提高人对语言的敏感性和吸收能力。好的作文是学生写出来的，不是老师改出来的，多写才能出好文章。写作在开始时，往往是苦事，不坚持就会放弃，因而需要毅力。写作应辅以大量阅读，写作中出现的错误，能通过阅读自我纠正。
因此，对英语写作能力的培养，教师要采取积极引导的方法，严格加强写作基本功的训练。每讲一篇文章都要对写作知识、写作技能、写作技巧、文章结构等进行训练，介绍文章开头、表述、结尾及“起、承、转、合”作用的表达方法，增强和提高学生对英语写作的感性认识；坚持范文引路、启发和引导学生进行分析、模枋，要求学生多练多写，可以采用交pen pal（笔友）的方法，努力提高英文写作水平
5、学会“译”的准确无误
“译”是语言的再创造，是一种语言向另一种语言的转化，发生在“听、说、读、写”各环节之中，能够准确无误地“译”，既是学习英语的基本要求，也是对英语能力的要求，因此，我们应该熟练掌握英语与汉语的使用习惯差别及变化规律，这是做好“译”的十分重要的因素。
三、教师进行教法、学法研究的注意事项
1、教师在教学中研究每单元、每课时的教学方法时，同时要研究与之相应的行之有效的学习方法，而且必须严谨、科学、认真、细致，然后才能展开教学。教学方法要有利于学习方法的改进，好的学习方法能促进教学方法的提高，两者相辅相成，共同发展。
2、教师的教法研究和学法研究以及对学生进行学法指导，应贯穿于整个教学过程。从备课上课到作业布置、测试，都要尽量处理好教学内容，使学生容易接受，优化知识。
3、教师进行教法学法研究应该注意因材施教和因人施教，不但要努力提高自己的教研、教学水平，更要让学生在获得学法的过程中，找到适合自己的最佳学习方法。
4、教师应该经常进行教学反思，总结自己的教学方法和学法指导效果，有利于提高教学水平，积累经验，促进更深入的教法研究和学法研究。
总之，进行教法研究和学法研究，是21世纪英语教师校本研修的重要内容，任重而道远。我们每位教师都应该积极参与，努力使自己的教学不再僵化，不再机械化，而是走向互动、开放和创新的新局面，使自己成为真正的知识传播者和学习方法的给予者，成为与时俱进的新型教师。
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