第一篇:《文侯与虞人期猎》阅读答案及原文翻译[范文]
魏文侯与虞人期猎。是日,饮酒乐,天雨。文侯将出,左右曰:“今日饮酒乐,天又雨,公将焉之?”文侯曰:“吾与虞人期猎,虽乐,岂可不一会期哉?”乃往,身自罢之。魏于是乎始强。
注释:
(1)魏文侯:战国时期魏国国君,在诸侯中有美誉。
(2)虞人:管理山泽的官。
(3)期猎:约定打猎时间。
(4)焉:哪里。
(5)是: 这
(6)罢:停止,取消。
(7)之:到,往。
(9)强:强大。
(10)期:约定
(11)雨:下雨
(12)岂:怎么
(13)可:能
(14)乃:于是就
翻译:
魏文侯同管理苑囿的官约定了打猎的时间。这天,魏文侯与百官饮酒非常的高兴,天下起雨来。文侯要出去赴约,左右的侍臣说:“今天饮酒非常快乐,天又下雨了,您要去哪里呢?”魏文侯说:“我与别人约好了打猎的时间,虽然现在很快乐,但是怎么能不去赴约呢?”于是文侯停止了宴席,亲自前往。魏国从此变得强大。
中心:
约定相会的日期,如果不能如约,应该在事前通知对方,免得人家苦等,这是守信,也是对别人的尊重。有人以为这些是小事,尤其是对待下属人员,失约似乎更不当一回事。魏文侯因为下起大雨,不能与虞人践约所定的打猎日期,即使左右劝阻,仍坚持亲自赶到虞人那里取消打猎活动。认真对待双方约定,这是我们传统的美德。战国初期,魏文侯之所以受到各国的普遍敬重,从期猎这件事上,也能看出他的为人之道了。
启示:
做人要讲究诚信,不能因为自己的快乐或事情就违背承诺。
开口相约,是一件最简单不过的事,但要信守约定、践行约定,就不那么容易了,这是只有诚信之人才能够做到的。守约是诚信的要求和表现,魏文侯信守约定,冒雨期猎,体现了他的诚信。君王的诚信对一个国家是至关重要的,魏国能成为当时的强国,与魏文侯的诚信有关。
练习:
1.解释文中加点词的含义。
①魏文侯与虞人期猎()②是日,饮酒乐,天雨()
③公将焉之()④岂可不一会期哉()
2.与“公将焉之”中“焉”字用法相同的一项是()
A.且焉置土石 B.夫大国,难测也,惧有伏焉
C.寒暑易节,始一反焉 D.不复出焉
3.翻译下面的句子。
①乃往,身自罢之。
②天又雨,公将焉之?
③虽乐,岂可不一会期哉?
4.这则小故事中,魏文候表现出来的什么的品德至今还值得我们学习?
参考答案:
1、①期:约定 ②雨:下雨 ③之:到……去,往 ④岂:难道,哪里
2、A3、于是前往,亲自取消了约定。
天又下雨了,您将要去哪里?
虽然快乐,怎么可以不遵守约定的会面的期限呢?
4、魏文侯他讲诚信,不因自己的快乐或事情而违背承诺。
第二篇:文侯与虞人期猎阅读答案
文侯与虞人期猎阅读答案
文侯与虞人①期猎。是日,饮酒乐,天雨。文侯将出,左右曰:“今日饮酒乐,天又雨,公将焉之?”文侯曰:“吾与虞人期猎,虽乐,岂可不一会期哉!”乃往,身自罢②之。魏于是乎始强。【注释】①掌管山泽苑囿打猎的官。②罢:通“疲”。
1.解释文中加点词的含义。
①魏文侯与虞人期猎()②是日,饮酒乐,天雨()③公将焉之()④岂可不一会期哉()
2.与“公将焉之”中“焉”字用法相同的一项是()
A.且焉置土石 B.夫大国,难测也,惧有伏焉C.寒暑易节,始一反焉 D.不复出焉
3.翻译下面的句子。
①乃往,身自罢之。
②天又雨,公将焉之?
③虽乐,岂可不一会期哉!
4.这则小故事中,魏文候表现出来的()的品德至今还值得我们学习。参考答案:
1.①约定②下雨③到„„去,往④难道,哪里
2.A
3.①(魏文侯)于是前往,亲自取消了打猎活动。②天又下着雨,您准备到哪里去呢?③虽然现在很快乐,怎么可以不坚守约定的(打猎)时间呢?
4.言而有信,或讲信用。
第三篇:《游虞山记》原文及翻译
导语:《游虞山记》这篇文章写虞山之景,无论描摹近石远山,还是写苍烟渺霭,都具有诗情画意,体现了作者状物写景的功力。下面就由小编为大家带来《游虞山记》原文及翻译,欢迎阅读学习!
《游虞山记》原文
虞山去吴城才百里,屡欲游,未果。辛丑秋,将之江阴,舟行山下,望剑门入云际,未及登。丙午春,复如江阴,泊舟山麓,入吾谷,榜人诡云:“距剑门二十里。”仍未及登。
壬子正月八日,偕张子少弋、叶生中理往游,宿陶氏。明晨,天欲雨,客无意往,余已治筇屐,不能阻。自城北沿缘六七里,入破山寺,唐常建咏诗处,今潭名空心,取诗中意也。遂从破龙涧而上,山脉怒坼,赭石纵横,神物爪角痕,时隐时露。相传龙与神斗,龙不胜,破其山而去。说近荒惑,然有迹象,似可信。行四五里,层折而度,越峦岭,跻蹬道,遂陟椒极。有土坯磈礧,疑古时冢,然无碑碣志谁某。升望海墩,东向凝睇。是时云光黯甚,迷漫一色,莫辨瀛海。顷之,雨至,山有古寺可驻足,得少休憩。雨歇,取径而南,益露奇境:龈腭摩天,崭绝中断,两崖相嵌,如关斯劈,如刃斯立,是为剑门。以剑州、大剑、小剑拟之,肖其形也。侧足延,不忍舍去。遇山僧,更问名胜处。僧指南为太公石室;南而西为招真宫,为读书台;西北为拂水岩,水下奔如虹,颓风逆施,倒跃而上,上拂数十丈,又西有三杳石、石城、石门,山后有石洞通海,时潜海物,人莫能名。余识其言,欲问道往游,而云之飞浮浮,风之来冽冽,时雨飘洒,沾衣湿裘,而余与客难暂留矣。少霁,自山之面下,困惫而归。自是春阴连旬,不能更游。
噫嘻!虞山近在百里,两经其下,为践游屐。今之其地矣,又稍识面目,而幽邃窈窕,俱未探历。心甚怏怏。然天下之境,涉而即得,得而辄尽者,始焉欣欣,继焉索索,欲求余味,而了不可得,而得之甚艰,且得半而止者,转使人有无穷之思也。呜呼!岂独寻山也哉!
《游虞山记》译文
清光绪二年秋八月十八日,我和黎莼斋游狼山,坐在萃景楼上,远望虞山,觉得景色很美。二十一日就雇了船过江。第二天早上,到了常熟。这时易州赵惠甫恰巧免官回来,住在常熟,便与我一同去游玩。
虞山后面向东延伸进常熟城。出城斜向西,绵延有二十里地,四面都是广阔的田野,山横亘在中间。其中最好的景点是拂水岩,大石高有几十尺,一层层堆积重叠着,像层积的灵芝,又像重重叠叠的大石盘修筑的平台,有暗青色、红色,斑斓驳杂,光彩夺目。有两块石头从中间分开,叫剑门,陡峭如裂开一般屹立着,奇形怪状几乎无法形容。蹲在岩石上,向下望去,田地平整广阔约有上万顷,澄碧的湖水,奔流的小溪,纵横交错,流淌着,翻涌着,华美得像一幅天然的图画。向南望见毗陵、震泽,山青翠相连,高耸入云。雨气和日光参差错落在各山峰上面,水汽逼近,忽开忽合,瞬息万变。它的外面,烟云弥漫,光色满天,极目远眺,心游天外。岩脚下是拂水山庄的旧址,钱牧斋曾经住过的地方。唉!凭着这么好的山丘胜地,钱先生却糊涂地不能隐居在此终了一生,我和赵惠甫却快乐地不想离开啊!山崖的边侧是维摩寺,经过战乱后大半被毁坏了。
出了寺向西走,稍微转个弯,过了一道岭,然后向北,只见云海豁然开朗,渺渺茫茫,仿佛天外一般,而狼山忽然出现在前面。我指着狼山对赵惠甫说,前些天我在那上面游玩过。又从西边下去,是三峰寺,所在房屋,间间都可休息。走近寺一看,里面很多古树,有一株罗汉松,树皮已经剥落,树干光秃,像是上百年的树。寺里和尚准备了酒菜、水果,请我们两人吃。太阳将要西斜,我们沿着山向北走,经过安福寺,那就是唐代诗人常建诗中所说的“破山寺”,清幽深邃,和他诗中描绘的相符。寺里多桂花树,从寺里过去,一路上充满着芬芳。从常熟北门返回,我们便到了言子和仲雍的坟墓。上面是辛峰亭。这时太阳已经下山了,山路陡险无法上去,相约第二天去游玩。因为刮风下雨,又没有成行。
于是二十四日乘船往吴门去,走了几十里水路,虞山好像还在船篷上面蜿蜒曲折,望去清清楚楚,使人想要掉转船头再去游玩。
第四篇:翻译原文及答案
新视野大学英语读写教程4课后翻译
2013-05-28 00:35:01
新视野大学英语(第二版)读写教程4课后翻译原题与答案
Unit 1
1.这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好地成长。
The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.2.研究结果表明,无论我们白天做了什么事情,晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦。
Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.3.有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大努力,以此来为自己的失败辩护。
Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.4.我们忠于我们的承诺:凡是答应做的,我们都会做到。
We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do, we would do it.5.连贝多芬的父亲都不相信自己儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。爱迪生也同样如此,他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝。
Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world.The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.6.当局控告他们威胁国家安全。
They were accused by the authorities of threatening the state security.1.If you move into any place other than your own private home, make sure you know what the rules are about pets if you have one.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时,如果你带有宠物,一定要了解有关宠物的规定。
2.Some women could have made a good salary in job instead of staying at home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.一些女性完全可以不待在家里,而是去工作,挣一份不错的工资。但是为了家庭,她们放弃了工作。
3.How can you justify such rudeness? You will pay heavily for that because they have sued you for damaging their good name.你怎么为这样粗鲁的行为辩护? 你将会为此付出沉重的代价,因为他们已经以诋毁名誉的罪名起诉你了。
4.Criticism can be of great use;we may not like it at the time, but it can spur us on to greater things.批评有其重要作用;我们可能当时不喜欢它,但是它能激励我们去做更伟大的事情。
5.His uncompromising behavior, to which the public objected, left him bankrupt emotionally and financially.他毫不让步的行为遭到公众的反对,这使得他陷入了精神上崩溃、经济上破产的境地。
6.Even if you fail, don't let failure harm you, don't let failure take over.Remember failure is a necessary step in learning;it is not the end of your learning, but the beginning.即使你失败了,也不要被失败伤害,更不要被失败左右。记住:失败是学习过程中必要的一步;它不是学习的结束,而是学习的开始。
Unit 2
1.要是这部喜剧中的人物更幽默些的话,就会吸引更多的观众。
If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience.2.她从未对自己的能力失去信心,因此她有可能成为一名成功的演员。
She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress.3.我从未受过正式培训,我只是边干边学。
I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along.4.随着产品进入国际市场,他们的品牌知名度越来越高了。
As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity.5.她可以编造一个故事,说自己被窃贼打昏,所有的钱都没了,但她怀疑自己是否能让这故事听起来可信。
She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable.6.谁都不清楚他是否故意推迟了这次访问,可是这引起了对他更多的批评。
No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him.1.If there had been no Charlie Chaplin, the history of world cinema would have been different.如果没有查理•卓别林,世界电影史就会不一样了。
2.It was a relief that his hard work eventually gave him the result that he had long desired: He successfully discovered the cause of the disease.令人感到宽慰的是,他的努力最终给予了他长期渴望的结果──他成功地发现了这种疾病的原因。
3.Charlie Chaplin was one of the greatest and most widely loved movie stars.From The
Tramp to Modern Times, he made many of the funniest and most popular films of his time.He was best known for his character, the youthful and lovable Little Tramp.查理•卓别林是最伟大、最广受热爱的电影明星之一。从《流浪汉》到《摩登时代》,他拍摄了许多他那个时代最有趣、最受欢迎的电影。他最出名的是他扮演的一个人物──年轻可爱的小流浪汉。
4.Chaplin was an immensely talented man: Within only two years of his first appearance in motion pictures in 1914, he became one of the best-known personalities in the nation.卓别林是一个才能非凡的人:自他1914年第一次在电影中出现,两年时间内他就成了这个国家最有名的人物之一。
5.Charlie Chaplin had an impact on everyone's life in the early 20th century.He made more people laugh than any other man who ever lived and changed the way people looked at the world.查理•卓别林对20世纪初期每个人的生活都产生了影响。与有史以来的任何人相比,他让更多的人欢笑,改变了人们看待这个世界的方式。
6.On Christmas Day in 1977 Charlie Chaplin passed away.He left behind family and friends saddened by his death, and millions of fans worldwide.1977年,查理•卓别林在圣诞节那天去世了,身后留下了悲伤的家人和朋友,以及全世界数以百万计的影迷。
Unit
31.据报道有七八位官员收受贿赂,市长决定亲自出马调查这件事。
Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into the affair in person.2.这些工人后悔当时接受管理部门的意见重新回去工作。现在他们再次面临失业的危险了。These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work.Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs.3.你只需填写一张表格就可取得会员资格,它可以使你在买东西时享受打折的优惠。
You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods.4.不知为什么他们的汽车在半路坏掉了,结果他们比原计划晚到了三个小时。
Their car broke down halfway for no reason.As a result they arrived three hours later than they had planned.5.那位官员卷入了一场丑闻,数周后被迫辞职。
The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.6.这个靠救济过日子的人开始慢慢地建立起自己的市场,生意日渐兴隆。
The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business is thriving.1.The man is reported to have said in private that “we are being made fools of by many of our clients, so we are entitled to have them bow to us as compensation.”
据报道这个男子曾在私下说:“许多救济对象在欺骗我们,因此,作为补偿,我们有权让他们对我们点头哈腰。”
2.After considering your background and experience, we regret to inform you that we don't have an appropriate job opportunity for you at current stage.我们考虑了你的背景与经历,很遗憾地告诉你,我们目前没有适合你的工作机会。
3.I failed to take my cue from Oscar.Instead, I talked back to the woman, who turned out to be our new manager.我没能按奥斯卡的暗示去做,相反,我反驳了那个妇女,结果她竟然是我们的新经理。
4.There needs to be someone who can act as a champion for the rights of the poor because the system so easily lends itself to abuse.需要有人来充当穷人权利的捍卫者,因为这一体制太容易被滥用。
5.I called the police for help after my car broke down on the freeway.Twenty minutes later, they came to my rescue.我的车子在高速公路上抛锚后,我打电话向警察求助,20分钟后他们赶来帮我。
6.He was passionate for art, but he went through tremendous pain—pain of poverty and misunderstanding.他热爱艺术,却经受了巨大的痛苦──贫穷与误解。
Unit 4
1.我父母不是对我的教育投资,而是把钱花在了买新住房上。
Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house.2.如今,人们用于休闲娱乐的开支是过去的两倍。
Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past.3.一家公司要成功,它必须跟上市场的发展。
In order to be successful, a business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace.4.与申请这个职位的其他女孩相比,她流利的英语是个优势。
Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job.5.对于学生而言,没有任何地方比图书馆更好了,在那里所有的图书都任由他们使用。For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal.6.我们要充分利用好这个平台,加强交流,拓展合作领域,共谋发展大计。
We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts.1.The developing countries see information technologies as a means to accelerate their economy, but some lack experience in weighing costs and choosing between technologies.发展中国家认为信息技术是促进经济发展的途径,但一些国家在估算成本与选择技术方面缺乏经验。
2.The world is said to have about 3,000 times as much groundwater as water it has in rivers and lakes, and groundwater is far cleaner.据说地球拥有的地下水量大约是其拥有的河流和湖泊水量的三千倍,而且地下水要干净得多。
3.Anyone can take good photos—it's just a matter of being in the right place at the right time.任何人都能照出好照片──问题只是你是否在合适的时间和地点。
4.By installing computers in their schools and libraries, the community leaders demonstrated that they were determined not to lag behind in technology.通过在他们的学校和图书馆安装计算机,这些社区的领导们表明他们决心不在技术上落后。
5.When he started the company, he thought he'd be able to cruise alongside the top businesses in the market, but he is disappointed because he hasn't yet succeeded.当他开始创办这家公司时,他想他将能在市场上与那些顶级公司并驾齐驱,可是他现在失望了,因为他没有成功。
6.A Florida couple is building what they say will be the home of the future, one strong enough to withstand hurricanes, yet gentle enough to blend in with the environment.佛罗里达的一对夫妇在建造一座他们称之为未来之家的房子,它既能抵御飓风,又与周围环境十分协调。
Unit 5
1.这位小个子男子并不如他看上去那么单纯。
This little man is not so innocent as he appears.2.对这个问题我已束手无策了,所以你不妨去求助于王教授吧。
There's nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor Wang for help.3.双方高度评价了在不同领域合作取得的成果,并希望合作进一步加深。
Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, and hope that the cooperation can be furthered.4.一方面,亲民形象能使新政策更易于被民众接受,另一方面,它也能“广直言之路,启进善之门”。
On the one hand, an image of being close to the people can get a new policy more easily
accepted.On the other hand, it will “encourage people to speak their minds and come up with
constructive suggestions”.5.他孤独的感觉时起时落,他有时会对自己、对宠物、对电视机唠叨不休。
His sense of loneliness rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length to himself and his pets and the television.6.毕竟,金钱不是万能的,最富有的人不一定是最幸福的。
After all, money is not everything.The richest people are not necessarily the happiest.1.The new mechanism is not so effective as they had expected, for months passed and there has been no big improvement in management efficiency.新的机制并不像他们预期的那样有效,因为数月过去了,但管理效率并没有明显改进。
2.I don't want to scare you unnecessarily, but you might as well face facts and look at a few numbers.我不想不必要地吓唬你,可你最好还是面对事实,看看一些数字吧。
3.Loneliness is marked by a sense of isolation.Solitude, on the other hand, is a state of being alone without being lonely and can lead to self-awareness.孤独的特点是一种与世隔绝感,而独居则是独自一人却不感到寂寞的状态,它能引发自我意识。
4.Loneliness is a negative state.One feels that something is missing.It is possible to be with people and still feel lonely—perhaps the bitterest form of loneliness.孤独是一种消极的状态,你会感到失去了某种东西。你可能与别人在一起仍然感到孤独——这也许是孤独最痛苦的形式。
5.Solitude is a positive state of engagement with oneself.Solitude is desirable, a state of being alone where you provide yourself wonderful and sufficient company.独居是一种与自我相约的积极的状态。独居是值得向往的,是独自一人、享受自我愉快而又充实的陪伴的一种状态。
6.Thoreau says that loneliness can occur even amid companions if one's heart is not open to them.梭罗说,一个人即使身处同伴之中,如果不对他们敞开心扉,仍会感到孤独。
第五篇:上书谏猎原文翻译及赏析
上书谏猎原文翻译及赏析
上书谏猎原文翻译及赏析1上书谏猎
臣闻物有同类而殊能者,故力称乌获,捷言庆忌,勇期贲、育。臣之愚,窃以为人诚有之,兽亦宜然。今陛下好陵阻险,射猛兽,卒然遇逸材之兽,骇不存之地,犯属车之清尘,舆不及还辕,人不暇施巧,虽有乌获、逢蒙之技不能用,枯木朽枝尽为难矣。是胡越起于毂下,而羌夷接轸也,岂不殆哉!虽万全而无患,然本非天子之所宜近也。
且夫清道而后行,中路而驰,犹时有衔橛之变。况乎涉丰草,骋丘虚,前有利兽之乐,而内无存变之意,其为害也不难矣。夫轻万乘之重不以为安,乐出万有一危之途以为娱,臣窃为陛下不取。
盖明者远见于未萌,而知者避危于无形,祸固多藏于隐微而发于人之所忽者也。故鄙谚曰:“家累千金,坐不垂堂。”此言虽小,可以喻大。臣愿陛下留意幸察。
翻译
臣子听说物有族类相同而能力不一样的,所以力气要称誉乌获,速度要说起庆忌,勇敢要数到孟贲、夏育。臣子愚蠢,私下认为人确实有这种力士勇士,兽类也应该是这样。现在陛下喜欢登险峻难行之处,射猎猛兽,要是突然遇到特别凶猛的野兽,它们因无藏身之地而惊起,冒犯了您圣驾车骑的正常前进,车子来不及掉头,人来不及随机应变,即使有乌获、逢蒙的技术也施展不开,枯树朽枝全都成了障碍。这就像胡人越人从车轮下窜出,羌人夷人紧跟在车子后面,岂不危险啊!即使一切安全不会有危险,但这类事本来不是皇上应该接近的啊。
况且清扫了道路而后行车,驰骋在大路中间,尚且不时会出现拉断了马嚼子、滑出了车钩心之类的事故。何况在密层层的草丛里穿过,在小丘土堆里奔驰,前面有猎获野兽的快乐在引诱,心里却没有应付事故的准备,这样造成祸害也就不难了。看轻皇帝的贵重不以为安逸,乐于外出到可能发生万一的危险道路上去以为有趣,臣子以为陛下这样不可取。
聪明的人在事端尚未萌生时就能预见到,智慧的人在危险还未露头时就能避开它,灾祸本来就多藏在隐蔽细微之处,而暴发在人忽视它的时候。所以俗语说:“家里积聚了千金,就不坐在近屋檐的地方。”这说的虽是小事,却可以引申到大的'问题上。臣子希望陛下留意明察。
注释
乌获:战国时秦国力士。
庆忌:吴王僚之子。贲、
育:孟贲、夏育,皆战国时卫国人,著名勇士。
卒然:卒同“猝”。突然。
逸材:过人之材。逸,通“轶”,有超越意。这里喻指凶猛超常的野兽。
属车:随从之车。颜师古释作连续不断的车队。两义可并存。这里是不便直指圣上的婉转说法。
清尘:即尘土。“清”是一种美化的说法。
还:通“旋”。
辕:车舆前端伸出的直木或曲木。这里借指舆车。
逢蒙:夏代善于射箭的人,相传学射于羿。
毂:车轮中心用以镶轴的圆木,也可代称车轮。
轸:车箱底部四围横木。也用为车的代称。
衔:马嚼。
橛:车的钩心。
衔橛之变:泛指行车中的事故。
万乘:指皇帝。
垂堂:靠近屋檐下,坐不垂堂是防万一屋瓦坠落伤身。
赏析
这篇文章题名采自《史记》、《汉书》版本传成句。汉武帝虽有雄才大略的一面,但在迷信神仙、奢靡侈费、贪恋女色、沉湎于游猎等方面,并不输于昏君。司马相如为郎时,曾作为武帝的随从行猎长杨宫,武帝不仅迷恋驰逐野兽的游戏,还喜欢亲自搏击熊和野猪。司马相如写了这篇谏猎书呈上,由于行文委婉,劝谏与奉承结合得相当得体,武帝看了也称“善”。
上书谏猎原文翻译及赏析2上书谏猎
司马相如〔两汉〕
臣闻物有同类而殊能者,故力称乌获,捷言庆忌,勇期贲、育。臣之愚,窃以为人诚有之,兽亦宜然。今陛下好陵阻险,射猛兽,卒然遇逸材之兽,骇不存之地,犯属车之清尘,舆不及还辕,人不暇施巧,虽有乌获、逢蒙之技不能用,枯木朽枝尽为难矣。是胡越起于毂下,而羌夷接轸也,岂不殆哉!虽万全而无患,然本非天子之所宜近也。
且夫清道而后行,中路而驰,犹时有衔橛之变。况乎涉丰草,骋丘虚,前有利兽之乐,而内无存变之意,其为害也不难矣。夫轻万乘之重不以为安,乐出万有一危之途以为娱,臣窃为陛下不取。
盖明者远见于未萌,而知者避危于无形,祸固多藏于隐微而发于人之所忽者也。故鄙谚曰:“家累千金,坐不垂堂。”此言虽小,可以喻大。臣愿陛下留意幸察。
译文
臣子听说物有族类相同而能力不一样的,所以力气要称誉乌获,速度要说起庆忌,勇敢要数到孟贲、夏育。臣子愚蠢,私下认为人确实有这种力士勇士,兽类也应该是这样。现在陛下喜欢登险峻难行之处,射猎猛兽,要是突然遇到特别凶猛的野兽,它们因无藏身之地而惊起,冒犯了您圣驾车骑的正常前进,车子来不及掉头,人来不及随机应变,即使有乌获、逢蒙的技术也施展不开,枯树朽枝全都成了障碍。这就像胡人越人从车轮下窜出,羌人夷人紧跟在车子后面,岂不危险啊!即使一切安全不会有危险,但这类事本来不是皇上应该接近的啊。
况且清扫了道路而后行车,驰骋在大路中间,尚且不时会出现拉断了马嚼子、滑出了车钩心之类的事故。何况在密层层的草丛里穿过,在小丘土堆里奔驰,前面有猎获野兽的快乐在引诱,心里却没有应付事故的准备,这样造成祸害也就不难了。看轻皇帝的贵重不以为安逸,乐于外出到可能发生万一的危险道路上去以为有趣,臣子以为陛下这样不可取。
聪明的人在事端尚未萌生时就能预见到,智慧的人在危险还未露头时就能避开它,灾祸本来就多藏在隐蔽细微之处,而暴发在人忽视它的时候。所以俗语说:“家里积聚了千金,就不坐在近屋檐的地方。”这说的虽是小事,却可以引申到大的问题上。臣子希望陛下留意明察。
注释
乌获:战国时秦国力士。庆忌:吴王僚之子。《吴越春秋》说他有万人莫当之勇,奔跑极速,能追奔兽、接飞鸟,驷马驰而射之,也不及射中。颜师古则说他能射快箭。贲、育:孟贲、夏育,皆战国时卫国人,著名勇士。卒(cù)然:卒同“猝”。突然。逸材:过人之材。逸,通“轶”,有超越意。这里喻指凶猛超常的野兽。属车:随从之车。颜师古释作连续不断的车队。两义可并存。这里是不便直指圣上的婉转说法。清尘:即尘土。“清”是一种美化的说法。还(xuán):通“旋”。辕:车舆前端伸出的直木或曲木。这里借指舆车。逢(páng)蒙:夏代善于射箭的人,相传学射于羿。毂(gǔ):车轮中心用以镶轴的圆木,也可代称车轮。轸(zhěn):车箱底部四围横木。也用为车的代称。衔:马嚼。橛(jué):车的钩心。衔橛之变:泛指行车中的事故。万乘:指皇帝。垂堂:靠近屋檐下,坐不垂堂是防万一屋瓦坠落伤身。《史记·袁盎传》亦有“千金之子,坐不垂堂”语。
司马相如
司马相如(约公元前179年—前118年),字长卿,汉族,巴郡安汉县(今四川省南充市蓬安县)人,一说蜀郡(今四川成都)人。西汉大辞赋家。司马相如是中国文化史文学史上杰出的代表,是西汉盛世汉武帝时期伟大的文学家、杰出的政治家。景帝时为武骑常侍,因病免。工辞赋,其代表作品为《子虚赋》。作品词藻富丽,结构宏大,使他成为汉赋的代表作家,后人称之为赋圣和“辞宗”。他与卓文君的爱情故事也广为流传。鲁迅的《汉文学史纲要》中还把二人放在一个专节里加以评述,指出:“武帝时文人,赋莫若司马相如,文莫若司马迁。”