中西方社交礼仪差异研究——以商务礼仪为例

第一篇：中西方社交礼仪差异研究——以商务礼仪为例

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 从好莱坞电影看美国的文化霸权 2 关于苔丝和海丝特的悲剧对比分析 3 与身体器官有关的中英文习语对比研究 4 浅析《看不见的人》中的第一人称叙述策略 5 关于照料母婴的市场分析 威廉福克纳的女性观—《喧哗与骚动》女性性格分析 7 从跨文化交际角度论委婉语的翻译 8 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 9 The Improvement of English Learning Skills Through Nursery Rhymes 10 中英诗歌及时行乐主题比较 文档所公布各专业原创毕业论文。原创Q 95 80 35 640 12 国际商务函电的礼貌原则研究 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 14 对《灿烂千阳》中姐妹情谊的分析 15 《威尼斯商人》中的种族及宗教冲突 16 论《红字》中丁梅斯代尔的双面性 17 中美文化差异对商务谈判的影响 从《热爱生命》和《马丁•伊登》中透视杰克•伦敦心中对生命的执爱 19 生命不息，奋斗不止——海明威小说中的英雄伦理观和英雄形象研究 20 分析《土生子》中的种族主义的恶性影响 论伍尔夫《到灯塔去》女权主义主题思想及对中国女性文学之影响 22 美国梦——《嘉莉妹妹》主题探析 论文化差异在好莱坞电影《功夫熊猫》中的表现 24 从交际翻译视角看企业简介的汉英翻译 25 论华裔女星在好莱坞电影中的角色转变 英文电影对英语专业学生词汇附带习得的影响 27 论叶芝的写作风格 浅析《喜福会》中的中美文化冲突与融合 30 汉语亲属称谓语的文化内涵及翻译方法

An analysis of Female Images in The House on Mango Street from the Perspective of Feminism 32 Analysis on the Withdrawal of Feminism in The Great Gatsby 33 从关联理论看《生活大爆炸》中幽默语言的翻译 34 《乞力马扎罗的雪》中概念隐喻分析

本我、自我、超我－－斯佳丽人物性格分析

A Study of Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language and Its Implications to English Language Learners 37 中西方文化背景对理解隐喻的影响 38 论国际商务非礼貌言语行为

英汉诗歌中“月”意象的认知解读 40 会计英语缩略词特点及翻译研究

论伊恩•班克斯《捕蜂器》的现代哥特风格 福克纳《我弥留之际》中达尔形象解析 洛克的教育思想研究

文化战略及其对汉译英的影响 杰克的悲剧与海明威的世界观

《汤姆索亚历险记》和《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中人物形象的对比分析 合作原则在电影《暮光之城》人物心理分析中的应用 解析《莎乐美》中的月亮意象 试探吸血鬼文化的起源

论亨利•詹姆斯《贵妇画像》中伊莎贝尔的婚姻悲剧 从《都柏林人》看乔伊斯的美学思想

继承与颠覆—解读《傲慢与偏见》中的“灰姑娘”模式 《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我 《荆棘鸟》的女性主义解读

The Narrative Strategy of Wuthering Heights 小学英语课堂中教学反馈的调查与反思 产品生命周期的营销策略

Pragmatic Empathy and Chinese-English Translation 海明威的矛盾性格在其作品中的体现 电影《美丽心灵》男主人公形象分析

《麦田里的守望者》中主人公的性格分析

An Analysis of the Problems on Chinese Early Childhood Education 文化语境维度下中餐菜名的英译研究 性格和命运－－《小妇人》中四姐妹分析 《倾城之恋》和《飘》的女性主义解读 从民族特性看中美高等教育差异 英语成语跨文化翻译策略

Strategies of Activating Middle School Classrooms for Effective English Learning 提高初中生阅读能力的研究

A Comparison of the English Color Terms 英文电影名汉译中的功能对等 外语学习中学习动机的影响

从功能对等的角度浅析汉语成语中数字的翻译 叶芝诗歌中的象征主义手法

从《永别了，武器》试析海明威心目中的理想女性

On Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s Satiric Arts in Gulliver’s Travels 从关联理论看《阿甘正传》的字幕翻译

中西民间鬼神形象中体现的宗教世俗化的研究 中西方传统节日文化差异比较

从跨文化传播角度论中国饮食文化资料的英译 初中英语课堂管理方法探析

《人鼠之间》中两主人公乔治和雷尼的对比分析 论矛盾修辞法在英语广告中的语用功能

浅析《宠儿》中三位黑人女性的身份寻求之旅

《屋顶丽人》中的多重冲突及其张力 86 英语专业学生英语口语学习动机调查研究 87 《老人与海》象征主义探究

从生态批评的视角看《远离尘嚣》的生态悖论

Translation of English Film Titles and the Commercial Effect 90 从数字看中西方文化差异 91 《老人与海》中的象征主义

小学任务型英语教学中的课堂游戏研究 93 Naturalism in Sister Carrie 94 从归化和异化的角度看电影片名的翻译

修辞在政治演讲中的作用－－以奥巴马获胜演讲为例 96 《黛西米勒》中道德冲突的表现分析

On the Causes of the Death of Willy Loman in Death of A Salesman 98 从文化角度浅析中英姓名的异同

浅析拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》的象征艺术 100 On Ambiguity of Human Conversations 101 中学英语老师提问存在的问题及解决策略

浅谈古希腊罗马神话对《哈利•波特》系列小说(前四部)的影响 103 论苔丝悲剧的成因

英语意识流小说汉译现状及对策研究 105 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 106 浅析爱伦·坡小说《黑猫》的写作艺术手法 107 爱伦坡短片小说“美女之死”主题研究 108 目的论与对外传播翻译

论《呼啸山庄》中女性悲剧的根源 110 《紫色》的生态女性主义解读

The Symbols and Their Symbolic Meanings in The Scarlet Letter 112 探析《最蓝的眼睛》中女主人公的悲剧根源

The Problems in English and Chinese Trademark Translation and Relevant Countermeasures 114 英文商标的汉译

《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义 116 论凯特肖班《觉醒》中的超验思想 117 从基因学的角度看多义词的词义关系 118 论《小妇人》的叙事技巧

On Transcendentalism in Thoreau’s Walden

从生态伦理学的角度分析玛丽•雪莱《弗兰肯斯坦》 121 从功能对等角度分析英文电影片名汉译

从《了不起的盖茨比》看菲茨杰拉德的女性观 123 英汉禁忌语的文化内涵比较

工业化进程下人的主体性的追问——梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》 125 寂静的声音——《送菜升降机》中的沉默 126 探讨宗教在世界战争史中所扮演的角色

Britain Needs a Monarch—Cause Analysis of the Existence of the Monarch in Britain 128 中美文化差异对商务谈判的影响

英语习语陷阱及其学习策略 130 论《弗兰肯斯坦》的叙事技巧

论弗罗斯特诗歌中自然意象对意境的构建

语用合作原则及礼貌原则在商业广告中的有效运用 133 浅析好莱坞电影中的中国元素

《暮色》两中译本中文化缺省重构的对比研究 135 英汉模糊语言对比研究及其翻译 136 解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义 137 功能对等理论指导下的广告翻译 138 从动态对等角度论英语俚语的翻译

中学生词汇自主学习对阅读能力影响初探 140 中西节日的对比研究

论网络自主学习与英语课堂教学的契合 142 概念隐喻在英语汽车广告中的应用

论中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响及策略 144 浅谈中式英语的成因及解决方法 145 从文化视角看部分英汉习语的异同 146 浅析托妮•莫里森《恩惠》中的母爱 147 从目的论角度分析化妆品品牌翻译 148 英汉被动结构对比研究 149 反译法在英译汉中的应用

教学设计理论对初中英语教学的启示刍议 151 从违反合作原则研究《生活大爆炸》

152 从冲突到和解—解析《接骨师之女》中的母女关系 153 认知角度下的隐喻翻译

154 论接受理论对儿童文学作品的影响——以《快乐王子》中译本为例 155 《乞力马扎罗的雪》中概念隐喻分析 156 中西美食文化差异与翻译策略

157 福克纳《喧哗与骚动》中的悲剧形象 158 《老友记》中幽默的翻译

159 英汉“思考”类动词的语义成分与词汇化模式分析 160 公益广告的词汇特点: 以美国红十字会广告语为例 161 足球评论员的评论语气对球迷看球的影响 162 沮丧与感情的冲突

163 从《一间自己的屋子》看弗吉尼亚伍尔芙的女性主义意识 164 论罗伯特弗罗斯特诗歌的黑色基调－－-在美国梦里挣扎

165 A Comparison between Scarlett O’Hara and Jane Eyre from the Perspective of Feminism 166 功能对等理论视角下的商务合同翻译研究

167 On Aestheticism in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray 168 巫术救星：哈利波特系列的文化解读

169 对外交语言准确性与模糊性的语言特点的研究 170 中国人和美国人特征的比较 171 泰戈尔诗中自然物意象研究

172 解读布莱克的《伦敦》与华兹华斯的《在西敏寺桥上》的诗歌异同

173 英语教学中的跨文化意识的培养

174 《霍乱时期的爱情》中象征手法的解析 175 电影《死亡诗社》中的教育意义 176 超音段特征对意义的影响

177 Pecola’s Blues－－A Reading of The Bluest Eye 178 唯美主义在道连格雷变化中的体现 179 如何降低英语专业学生课堂焦虑 180 从成长小说角度解读《马丁•伊登》 181 汉英导游词中国俗词汇的翻译策略研究

182 改变，选择与责任——论电影《猜火车》中的青少年成长 183 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 184 第二次世界大战中的温斯顿丘吉尔 185 Maternal Love in The Millstone 186 从旅游看中美核心文化差异 187 英汉情感隐喻认知对比分析

188 从影视剧看英语俚语使用的性别差异 189 《汤姆•索亚历险记》的艺术魅力

190 大学生英语口语语法错误分析及纠正策略 191 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 192 论《织工马南》中的象征意义 193 从自我认同角度再析《简爱》

194 A Contrastive Study of the Associative Meanings of Plant words in English and Chinese 195 跨文化因素对字幕翻译的影响

196 对《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的性格分析

197 论《一个小时的故事》中马拉德夫人女性意识的觉醒 198

199 爱与正义：《杀死一只知更鸟》主人公阿提克斯•芬奇形象解读

200 男权社会下康妮女性身份的诉求－－D.H.劳伦斯《查泰莱夫人的情人》的研究

第二篇：中西方商务礼仪差异

武汉纺织大学外经贸学院

商务礼仪（小论文）

课题名称：

完成期限： 2013年10月01日至 2013年10月31日

学院名称 外经贸学院专业班级 工商管理21102 学生姓名 江 津 学 号 1014221075 指导教师 陈晓燕 指导教师职称 副教授 学院领导小组组长签字

绪论„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1

一、商务礼仪的内涵„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

（一）礼貌„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

（二）礼节„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

二、中西语言文化差异„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

（一）中西方礼尚交往的区别„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

（二）不同文化背景下的商务礼仪„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

三、中西方文化背景的差异„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

（一）交际语言的差异„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4

（二）餐饮礼仪的差异„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4

（三）中西方服饰礼仪的差异„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4 结论„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„5 参考文献„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6

绪论

中国一向是礼仪之邦，礼仪对每个中国人来说是非常重要的，无论是会见亲朋好友或者是在人与人的打交道上，都离不开礼仪。礼仪被认 为是一个人道德修养的表现，一个人若毫无礼仪可言，那么他在学习或工作时都将不会很顺利，因为没有人愿意和这样一个人相处。如今随着世界经济的发展，特别是全球经济一体化的不断形成，各国间的联系加强，商务往来增多，如何才能在众多企业中脱颖而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，还要掌握有效沟通及妥善人际关系，建立良好优雅的企业形象，此时，商务礼仪便起到了一个十分重要的作用。商务礼仪顾名思义就是商务活动中对人的仪容仪表和言谈举止的普遍要求，体现了人与人之间的相互尊重，同时也约束了商务活动中的某些方面。而在商务往来中，任何一个表现都可能会导致意想不到的结果，也许是一块手表，也许是一顿晚餐。学习商务礼仪最主要的是可以提高个人的素养。比尔盖茨曾讲过，企业竞争，是员工素质的竞争，进而到企业，就是企业形象的竞争，教养体现细节，细节展示素质。可见一个人的素养高低对企业的发展是多么重要啊！其次是为了交际应酬，因为商务活动中毕竟是离不开这个的，在不同的交往活动中我们会遇到不同的人，而面对不同的人怎样进行交往也是一门艺术，如何让人感到舒服，却又没有拍马屁的嫌疑是非常关键的。最后便是有助于维护企业形象。在商务交往中，个人便代表了整体，个人的所作所为，一举一动，一言一行，就是企业的典型活体广告。

东西方商务礼仪的差异

一、商务礼仪的涵义

商务礼仪是指在商务活动中的礼仪规范和准则。它是一般礼仪在商务活动中的运用和体现，在内容上比一般的人际交往礼仪更为丰富。同一般的人际交往礼仪相比，商务礼仪具有很强的规范性和可操作性，并且与商务组织的经济效益密切相关。商务礼仪具体表现为礼貌、礼节、仪表、仪式等方面。

（一）礼貌

礼貌是指人们在商务活动中展现出来的得体的风度和风范。礼貌是礼的行为规范，是指人在仪容、仪表、仪态、语言和动作上待人接物的表现。礼貌主要通过言语和动作表现对他人的谦虚和恭敬，它是一个人文化层次和文明程度的体现。良好的教养和道德品质是礼貌的基础，我们可以通过自觉的培养和必要的训练，养成良好的礼貌习惯。在日常生活和工作环境中，习惯的微笑、主动打招呼、善意的问候、得体的举止等都是礼貌的反映。商务交往中有礼貌的人往往热情大方、待人谦恭、行为举止得体，显得很有教养。在商务会面时，他会自觉地向对方问好，行致意礼或握手礼，说话彬彬有礼，一切礼仪的运用看上去自然和谐。

（二）礼节

礼节是指人们在社会交往过程中表示出的尊重、祝颂、问候、哀悼等惯用的形式和规范。礼节是礼的惯用形式，是礼貌的具体表现方式。比如现代商务交往中，初次见面要行握手礼、交换名片等礼节。礼节从形式上看，具有严格规定的仪式；从内容上看，它反映着某种道德原则，反映着对人的尊重和友善。在行握手礼时，长辈、上级、女士先伸手，晚辈、下级、男士才能伸手相握；交换名片时一般是地位低的先向地位高的递名片，对方人员较多时，先 将名片给职务高或年龄大的，分不清职务时，按照座次递送名片，这都是礼节。在国际交往中，由于各国的风俗习惯和文化的不同，礼节的具体表达具有明显的差异。例如，握手、点头、拥抱、鞠躬、合十、碰鼻子、折肚皮等，都是礼节的表现形式，而且不同国家、地区和民族的表达形式不同。礼节是社会交往中人与人之间约定俗成的“法”，是必须遵守的表示礼仪的一种惯用形式。因此，我们平时应十分注重不同礼节的具体运用，以避免出现“失礼”行为而影响商务活动的进行。

二、中西语言文化差异

（一）中西方礼尚交往的区别

近代历史上有两则故事，相信大家会比较熟悉。故事一是：李鸿章曾应俾斯麦之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐礼仪，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。当时俾斯麦不了解中国的虚实，为了不使李鸿章丢丑，他也将洗手水一饮而尽，见此情景，其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。还有一个故事是：一个国民党军官携夫人去机场迎接来自美国的顾问。双方见面后，美国顾问出于礼貌说:“您的夫人真漂亮!”军官甚感尴尬又不免客套一番：“哪里，哪里!”在中国，这本是一句很普通的客套话，可是蹩脚的翻译却把这句话译成：where?where?美国顾问听了莫明其妙，心想：我只是礼貌地称赞一下他的夫人，他居然问起我他的夫人哪里漂亮?于是他只好说：“从头到脚都漂亮!”这两个故事都是由于中西文化差异闹出的礼仪上的笑话。通过以上两则小故事可体现出：了解中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的。往大处来说，一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。从小处来讲，一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，容易给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。随着东西方文化的不断发展，东西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。

（二）不同文化背景下的商务礼仪

跨国商务活动中,不同文化背景下的理解和沟通是极其重要的。人们在进行跨文化交流时,很容易出现误解。虽然将一种语言翻译成另外一种语言时,基本上可以直接而准确传达信息,但是实践中也出现过因语言差异而造成国际商务活动失败的案例。例如,百事可乐公司的“七-UP”(七喜)牌汽水在上海一直销路不畅,经过调查才发现,这个品牌用上海方言来说即为“去死”,上海人当然是不会去买这“去死”牌汽水了。再比如,法国雪佛莱汽车公司对“诺瓦”牌轿车在拉美地区的销售状况很是沮丧,随后才发现该品牌在西班牙语中的意思是“不

走”。最终,雪佛莱公司只好改变销往拉美国家的汽车品牌。

所以从种种生活中的小例子可体现出：所以说,对商务活动中难以理解事情的分析,从文化背景角度上考虑往往能得出正确的结论。与其他领域相比,许多国家的商界对跨文化活动 较为敏感。来自《1995国家竞争报告》的研究显示,对跨国文化的理解程度最高的是瑞士,其下依次是新加坡、荷兰、马来西亚和瑞典,中国排在墨西哥之后列第十六位。在跨越文化鸿沟时,要有一双倾听的耳朵,敞开理解的胸怀,这样双方的沟通才不是一件难事。

三、中西方文化背景的差异

（一）交际语言的差异

日常打招呼，中国人大多使用“吃了吗？”“上哪呢？”等等，这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可对西方人来说，这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬，甚至不快，因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”，感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方，日常打招呼他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分，说声“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。而英国人见面会说：“今天天气不错啊！”

（二）餐饮礼仪的差异

中国人有句话叫“民以食为天”，由此可见饮食在中国人心目中的地位，因此中国人将吃饭看作头等大事。中国菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全，甚至于超过了对营养的注重，只要好吃又要好看，营养反而显得不重要了。西方的饮食比较讲究营养的搭配和吸收，是一种科学的饮食观念。西方人多注重食物的营养而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何，他们的饮食多是为了生存和健康，似乎不讲究味的享受。

在餐饮氛围方面，中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上，中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时，都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪，不可以失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。

（三）中西方服饰礼仪的差异

古今中外，着装从来都体现着一种社会文化，体现着一个人的文化修养和审美情趣，是一个人的身份、气质、内在素质的无言的介绍信。从某种意义上说，服饰是一门艺术，服饰所能传达的情感与意蕴甚至不是用语言所能替代的。在不同场合，穿着得体、适度的人，给人留下良好的印象，而穿着不当，则会降低人的身份，损害自身的形象。在社交场合，得体的服饰是一种礼貌，一定程度上直接影响着人际关系的和谐。影响着装效果的因素，重要的一是要有文化修养和高雅的审美能力，即所谓“腹有诗书气自华”。二是要有运动健美的素质。健美的形体是着装美的天然条件。三是要掌握着装的常识、着装原则和服饰礼仪的知识，这是达到内外和谐统一美的不可或缺的条件。西方人注重身份，把衣服变成象征，中国注重韵味。如果说西方服饰文化刻意追求表现人体美，而完全忽视了服饰伦理，那么，中国服饰文化由于受到传统的伦理价值观念的影响还或多或少地保留着一些道德上的体统。而最能代表我们国家的是中山装，西方代表装是西装。

结 论

商务礼仪乃商务人员交往之艺术，只有在商务交往中做到“约束自己，尊重他人”才能使商务活动在更轻松更愉快地氛围中顺利进行。可以说，正确运用商务礼仪既是一个人内在修养和素质的外在表现，又是企业展示形象，塑造企业文化的一种艺术。因此，只有正确掌握商务礼仪才能有助于提高我们自身素质修养。从而，更好改善人际关系，通过自身良好的礼仪展示，树立良好的企业形象。

参考文献：

[1] 汪洪梅.礼仪在商务活动中的作用分析[J]；科技信息(学术研究)2007(33)[2] 吕维霞.现代商务礼仪及其发展的新特点[J]国际商务;对外经济贸易大学报 2004(03)[3] 郭 华.浅谈商务礼仪在商务活动中的作用[J]；黑龙江科技信息 2009(26)

第三篇：浅谈中西方社交礼仪的差异

浅谈中西方社交礼仪的差异

【摘要】 由于中西方社交礼仪上存在着差异,中西方人士在社会交往活动中常常会发生误会和冲突,其根本原因则是文化环境的差异形成的认知差异。本文主要分析了中西方礼仪在称谓称呼、见面交往礼节、宴客方面、禁忌与习俗、公务场合等的差异，归纳出中西方社交礼仪的各自特点，同时揭示了形成中西方礼仪差异性的社会环境和价值观等因素。

【关键词】社交礼仪 中西方差异 各自特点 表现和成因

礼仪，是整个社会文明的基础，是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。中国是礼仪之邦，有着灿烂的五千年文化华夏文明，在世界上影响深远。著名国学家钱穆先生就曾经说过，“中国文化的核心就是礼”。中国的礼仪，始于夏商周，盛于唐宋，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系。文化。中国被称为文明古国,礼仪之邦,礼仪在中国历史上源远流长。古语有云：人无礼则不立，事无礼则不成，国无礼则不宁。

西方社会则是几大古代文明的继承者，经过中世纪的黑暗，最终迎来了文艺复兴，并孕育了资本主义和现代文明，产生了现代科技和文化。当在近200多年，随着西方国家的崛起，西方主导着世界。现今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。这种现象的原因并不仅仅是西方的实力强大，深层的原因在于西方人价值观的统一，在于西方人对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。

但是由于各国的历史与文化底蕴不同，各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异。尤其是中西方之间，礼仪上的差别很大。常常能听到一些由于礼仪文化之间的差异而闹出的笑话。例如中国近代史上，李鸿章曾应俾斯麦之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐礼仪，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。当时俾斯麦为了不使李鸿章丢丑，他也将洗手水一饮而尽，见此情景，其他文武百官只能奉陪。中国人历来以谦虚为美德，而美国人对中国人“水平不高，能力有限”的自谦并不以为然，相反地他会认为你缺乏自信，不知有多少留学生在美国因为“谦虚”而推掉了饭碗。因此，了解中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的。无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，是对对方的尊重，以便交往的顺利进行。

（一）从不同的方面看中西方礼节的具体差异。

一、在称谓和称呼方面，西方人的称呼通常是比较笼统的，通常一个称呼可以涵盖中国的很多个称呼。例如西方人称呼男的为先生，称呼女的为女士或者小姐。而“先生”一词在我国各类词典中的第一解释就是“教师”，是对教师最古老、最悠久的称谓，已经流传了几千年。我们在建国后熟人称呼经常在其姓名后面加上“同志”一词，比如，开会的时候，某某领导讲话，“向XX同志学习”等诸如此类的言语就不必细说了。但是，在当今生活中，随着改革开放，现在“先生”成为社会上最流行的尊称口语，二、在见面交往礼节方面，中国人通常是见面喜欢点点头，握握手或行拱手礼，或者微微欠身然后握手，而西方人觉得欠身似乎显得自卑。在西方，特别在欧美国家，拥抱礼却是十分常见的见面礼与道别礼，亲吻礼和吻手礼也是常见的西方见面礼。握手礼来源于西方人类半野蛮半文明时期。这种习惯逐渐演变成今天作为见面和告辞的“握手”礼节，被大多数国家所接受。在我国，握手礼不但在见面和告辞时使用，而且还作为一种祝贺、感谢或相互鼓励的表示。因此是社交中应用最广泛的致意礼节。见面、道别时的礼貌演变到今天就是“你好”、“再见”两个短语，客气的顶多再互相握下手，在各种古怪疾病流行的今天显得简洁而卫生而又体面。然而西方国家，见面就要先送贴面礼、亲吻礼和吻手礼，让我们很不习惯也不能接受。

三、在宴客方面，喝酒，历来被中国人视为做生意、交朋友等社交场合不可缺少的一环。中国通常遵循的是酒杯不能空茶水不能太满，在西方人他们通常喜欢啤酒、葡萄酒，不喜欢劝酒，他们的行为会随女主人的动作而进行。中国是一个酒文化大国，几千年流传下来的酿酒工艺和人们赋予酒的美好寓意，使饮酒成为中国人宴请宾朋、交际应酬等活动中不可缺少的内容。中华民族博大精深的酒文化也令老外折服，使他们也对中国的白酒满怀好奇心，但他们对中国酒桌上的强行劝酒有多反感。就如我们正常的中国人对老外的贴面礼排斥一样。

四、在禁忌与习俗方面，中国人不喜欢说4，觉得8非常吉利，而西方人不喜欢13。中国人视4为不吉利，因为与“死”同音；而在荷兰语中4却是个喜庆的数字，因为与荷兰语“庆祝”一词的发言相近。

五、中国人通常以登门拜访表现他的热忱，而西方人在拜访前先要跟主人预约，忌突然造访。否则，受访者会感到不快，因为这突如其来的拜访打乱了工作安排，给他造成了极大的不便。约好的拜访一般要准时。

六、中国人见面客套时喜欢问去哪，吃饭了没，而西方人却认为，这是在侵犯他们的隐私，西方人对此感到很怪异。“吃了吗？”这是中国人在吃饭前后打招呼的常用语。西方人们分手时通常说Good-bye，Bye－bye，相当于中国人说“再见”。如有贵客或不大熟的人来访或串门儿，客人离开时，按中国的习惯，主人要把客人送到房门口或大门口。客人对主人说“请留步”，主人最后要说“走好”、“慢走”、“慢点儿骑（自行车）之类的客套话。而西方人微微一笑并作个表示再见的手势就可以了。

七、如今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化，正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。

八、中国人通常会在女官员、女企业家、女学者、女明星面前遵循女士优先原则，却不理会女翻译、女导游、女陪同、女记者等。而西方人对此一视同仁。

九、在国际会议上，我国传媒总结出国人的种种陋习：电话多、屎尿多，常常在公开场合训斥下属，男秘书给自己上级揉肩膀等。为此《国际先驱报》曾于2007年9月24日载文“中国人国际会议„七宗罪‟成西方媒体嘲讽性花絮”。

正式的公务场合或宴会上，遵守礼仪是自身良好修养的体现，也是对一同参加宴会的人的尊重。

（二）中西方礼仪文化呈现出的各自不同的特色

中西方礼仪文化呈现出各自不同的特色，主要可以归纳为以下两点：

一．中国传统礼文化强调谦虚谨慎，西方是在得体的基础上强调个体和个人价值。

西方人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其为个人取得的成就而自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的喜悦。而相反，中国文化却不主张炫耀个人荣誉，提倡谦虚谨慎。大多反对或蔑视王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂。然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人大为不满。在西方人看来，这不仅否定了本身，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力，甚至有欺骗的嫌疑。可见，这种中国式的谦虚在西方的竞争市场是行不通的。因而，在中国人看来，西方人的思维方式更为简单直接，表现在言语上就是表里如一，即“是”就是“是”，“不是”就是“不是”。

二。中国传统文化提倡尊卑次序，西方社会提倡自由平等

东方文化等级观念强烈，无论是在组织还是在家庭，都有一定的辈分等级。尽管传统礼制中的等级制度已被消除，但等级观念至今仍对东方文化产生影响。在中国，传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。比如父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威。在西方国家，除了英国等少数国家有着世袭贵族和森严的等级制度外，大多数西方国家都倡导平等观念。特别在美国“崇尚人人平等”，在家庭中，美国人不讲辈分，只要彼此尊重，在家庭成员之间，不分长幼尊卑，一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”，对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的，必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系，否则就会被认为不懂礼貌。

（三）中西方礼仪文化差异的成因

造成中西方礼仪差异的根本原因，是中西方文化环境的不同，使得各国的人民有着完全不同的道德标准体系和价值观。礼仪是与本土的思想文化相对应的，由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰――的不同，使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。梁启超在有名的《劝学篇》里面讲到:“中学为内学,西学为外学;中学致身心,西学应世事。”在礼仪的表现中,西方更多的聚焦在行为、语言的面上；而中国礼仪在长期历史发展过程中,不仅行为人的语言、行动本身具有话语意义,同时还需从行为人的语言、行动中去“悟”出一些东西,在言传的同时,还需意会。东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的，没有孰优孰劣的问题。就西方文明来说，它的历史较短，而它的人民是从各个地方移民而来的，众多不同民族和种族都融合在一起，文化的兼容性很强。他们信奉的西方精神，是在英雄主义和献身精神的基础上建立起来的。

用“和而不同”的态度来对待中西礼仪文化差异，承认和尊重差异，探寻礼仪文化的互通性，有助于增强对文化差异的敏感性和对他文化的适应力，从而提高交际效率。认清中西礼仪文化的差异，将二者合理有效的融合，方能建立适合中国当代社会的礼仪文化体系，达到和谐社会的理想。

创建和谐社会，必须先从礼仪开始。中国今天面临前所未有的挑战，无论是物质，精神，文化各个方面，都急迫的需要一套完整而合理的价值观进行统一。17大报告中着重指出，以文化为核心的“软实力”，是一个国家综合国力的重要组成部分。随着中国经济实力和国际影响力的提高伴随着经济发展，中国正在各个方面赶超西方国家，包括文化领域……

我国是个开放的国家，我们要不断加强国际礼仪交往等知识的学习，向世界人民展示我们的形象。

第四篇：浅谈中西方商务礼仪的差异

2016届毕业论文

江 西 应 用 科 技 学 院

毕 业 论 文（设 计）

中文题目：浅谈中西方商务礼仪的差异

外文题目:Comparison between Chinese and Western Business Etiquette

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摘要

商务礼仪是商务活动中的行为规范，它是一门行为科学，在商务交往中扮演着重要的角色,了解中西方的礼仪及其差异对促进国际间商务交往的顺利进行有着举足轻重的作用。随着中国在国际交往的角色发生改变，中国的对外交流和合作日益频繁，国际地位越来越明显，国际间的交往，尤其是和西方国家的商务交往就更应该规范化、礼仪化。本文主要介绍了中西方礼仪在问候，拜访，谈判，等方面表现出的不同的形态，并从文化背景的不同，价值取向的差异，宗教信仰的影响等方面分析了影响中西方商务礼仪差异的因素。最后得出“和而不同”的态度对待中西方文化差异,将二者合理有效的融合，方能建立适合中国当代社会的礼仪文化体系，达成和谐社会的理想。

摘要：商务礼仪；差异；商务交往

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Abstract

Business etiquette, a behavior science, is the norms in the business activities, which plays an important role in the business communication.Understanding Chinese and western etiquette and their distinctions is of great importance in promoting international business exchanges.With the changing role, China played in the international exchanges, We communicate and cooperate frequently with foreigners.It is the notable position that makes us have a more normative and courteous criteria in the international business communication especially in the business activities with westerners.This paper mainly introduces the different forms of Chinese and Western etiquette reflected in greeting,visiting,negotiation etc, and analyzed the factors that affect the difference of etiquette between East and West Only have a clear understanding of the cultural differences between Chinese and Western etiquette and merge them reasonably effectively,can we build the cultural system etiquette that is suitable for Chinese contemporary society, and achieve the ideal of harmonious society

Key words : business etiquette;distinction;business exchange

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Contents

摘要 ………………........……………………………………………………………...............i Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..................ii Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..............….1 Chapter One : Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette ………………....….........2

1.1 Honesty and tolerance......................................................................................................2

1.2 The principle of moderate equality..................................................................................2

1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect..............................................................................3

1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline..................................................................................3

Chapter Two : Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and Westerners...............4

2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Greeting.............................................................4 2.1.1 Forms of Address........................................................................................................4

2.1.2 Position titles...........................................................................................................4 2.1.3 Professional title.........................................................................................................4 2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings...................................................................................................5

2.2 Comparison in Etiquette for Business Visiting................................................................5

2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation.........................................................6 2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies.........................................................................7 2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions.......................................................................7 2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal..........................................................................8 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................9 Works Cited……………………………………………………….........................................10 Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………....................11

Introduction

Business etiquette is a code of conduct, which embodies mutual respect in the day-to-day business activities.It is also the norms for people who is engaged in commercial activities and business communications, in other words, how to master basic business activities, so you can meet the requirements for business;how to make yourself familiar with the norms and disclose your dignified demeanor;how to avoid the embarrassing questions you encountered : such as dress wrong ,dining at a loss;how to eliminate a small matter ,which will have the unexpected negative image to the individuals or companies.Only have you know some Chinese knowledge and English etiquette all these problems can be easily solved.Therefore business etiquette helps to create good personal image and corporate image.Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than just knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client.Unfortunately, in the perception of others, the devil is in the details.People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do.Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously.Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people(and making them comfortable around you)

People are a key factor in your own and your business' success.Many potentially worthwhile and profitable alliances have been lost because of an unintentional breach of manners.Dan McLeod, president of Positive Management Leadership Programs, a union avoidance company, says, “Show me a boss who treats his or her employees abrasively, and I'll show you an environment ripe for labor problems and obviously poor customers relations.Disrespectful and discourteous treatment of employees is passed along from the top.”(Dan McLeod：2008)Which strongly emphasize the importance of courtesy, therefore , it’s necessary to know etiquette, especially the business etiquette.Chapter One The Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette

As regional and historical reasons, understandings of people from different regions and ethnic varies , as the development of whole world.Chinese people have attached great importance to the foreigners , especially the westerners ,trading between the two regions is becoming more and more frequent ,establishing good relations with western people is of great importance ,therefore ,knowing the business etiquette is essential.As China's reform and opening up the pace accelerated, people’s living and working in foreign exchanges increased.Understanding the content of foreign-related rituals and requirements, and mastering the skills of contacts with foreigners is particularly important.In the business occasions , how to make business etiquette effect completely and how to create the best interpersonal relationships is closely related to the principles of business etiquette , which can be concluded into four aspects: 1.1 honesty and tolerance

Honesty stresses the principle of credibility , Confucius , a great philosopher ,made the statement : people can’t live without credit , if you affiliate with your friends,honesty should be laid in the first place;Which also emphasize the principle of keeping promises.Trustworthiness is the virtue of the Chinese nation , in particular ,it is necessary to stress punctuality , and people should not delay when they go to the fixed appointments, meetings , talks and conferences, etc.One should not make promise so easily ,unless you are really sure about it ,or else you would end with a bad image of dishonest , especially in the business activity , honesty is of great importance.Tolerance is a great human thinking , the idea of tolerance is a magic weapon to create a harmonious interpersonal relationship in interpersonal exchanges.Tolerate others ,understand others and do not always pursue perfection.For a famous saying goes : failure is the mother of success.All in all ,if you consider things from others’ position , I think you have found the best way to win friends ,to win business guests.1.2 The principle of moderate equality

In the social field ,ritual behavior is always expressed as the two sides , for instance, if you treat your business guests sincerely and thoughtfully , others would show the identical courteous respond to your hospitality ,and they would become the potential regular customers.If you performed impatiently and hasty ,there is no doubt that you would get the same response.The purposes of this protocol must emphasize the principle of equality, equal exchanges between the two parts, for equality is the foundation to establish emotion with other people.If you want to maintain a good interpersonal relationship with your business partners or your customers , you should locate modesty in the first place ,because it is the essential way to make more friends.Moderate principle requires us to measure the criteria of etiquette , in accordance with specific circumstance , specific situation and the exercise of the corresponding ritual.For instance ,when doing business with some people both warm and

urbane are required ,one can not be rude and frivolous ,lively and modest ,but lethargic and sophisticated.1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect

Socrates had made a very famous statement: “ there must not be a gift to a friend, you have to contribute to your sincere love ,learning how to use legitimate means to win a person’s heart.”(Voice of English，2005)Which tells us that if you contact with the people , sincere respect for the ritual is the primary principle.Only you treat others sincerely and courteously ,can you create a harmonious happy relations, for good faith and respect are complementary to each other.Sincerity is a practical and realistic approach to communicate with other people ,especially in the business activities , it can be directly reflected.Sincere and respect for the first performance with some people :do not lie ,not hypocrisy ,do not insult people ,the so called “cheating once ,for life no friends.” also the practical reflection of business dealing.Sincere dedication, be fruitful harvest, only sincere respect for the two sides can be affiliated, friendship for a long time.1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline

The principle of self-confidence is a mental health principle in the social occasion , especially in the commercial contact.Only someone is self-confident ,can he master things freely.Self-confidence is a very valuable psychological quality, people who have full confidence will not discourage when they encounter difficulties , on the contrary , they will counterattack when they are reduced to a rattrap, they are also willing to show their helping hand to people who are involved in jeopardy.People who are not confident enough will run into snags everywhere , even despair of their life.In the process of social interaction and business communication , establishing a sense of moral values and norms of self-cultivation in the mind to our behaviors.Achieving the balance of self education ,self management and self-confidence correctly , placing a rational and active attitude to fulfill the great obligation the life leaves us , refusing self-righteous and arrogant.Nothing great can be achieved without these traits

Chapter Two Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and

Westerner

With the increasingly close business contacts , people’ conduct in the business exchange reflected more frequently in the past ,the actions and manners in business interactions can be best and directly embodied during their communications ,therefore , learning and understanding the appropriate business behaviors between Chinese and foreigners become special significant.2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business greeting

All of us have heard of “start well and end well” sometimes before, so it is very important to make a good first impression in business communication to achieve the purpose desired.In this subsection several aspects in the interaction of business greeting will be examined to see common grounds Chinese and English-speaking peoples share and what dissimilarities they have.2.1.1 Forms of Address

In 2000 Ralph Fasold mentioned “When people use language, they do more than just try to get another person to understand the speaker's thoughts and feelings.At the same time, both people are using language in subtle ways to define their relationship to each other, to identify themselves as part of a social and to establish the kind of speech situation they are in.”From what he said we can conclude that address behavior is governed by politeness and successful maintenance of interpersonal relationships.So far,have been various definitions of address form made by various linguists and other scholars.2.1.2 Position titles

In formal occasion, the chief guest and the host are usually addressed in the way of position titles.To address people by their position titles is to address them according to the positions they hold.This is the unique feature in business setting.People often address others in the manner of title plus name when they address others by their position title.For example, Mr.White.List is the president of IP International Investment Bank.People often address him `President White List'.Equally, businessmen often address ”Hu Jian“(胡建)，the General Manager of ABC Company, as ”General Manager Hu Jian“(胡建总经理).It is worth notice that some former mannish professional form of address gets changed with the social progress.As more and more women achieve inary achievement in many varied areas.For example, it is believed that `Chairman' in English language can serve as an obvious example.A lot of women believe that `Chairman' is a word with sex discrimination.Therefore, people often use ”Chairperson“ instead of ”Chairman“ in many modern businesses activities.2.1.3 Professional title

Businessmen in both China and the west often address others professional title.Compared with the position titles, the professional titles is much smaller.To address people

by way of professional titles is to address them according to what profession they are engaged in to the tradition and development of society some professional titles are regarded as honorific such as professors, doctors while some other are derogatory, such as peddler, waiter, boy.2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings

Nonverbal greetings include nodding, smile, shaking hands, bowing and kissing.In different situation we choose different nonverbal greetings to show our graciousness and hospitality.American deaf-and-dumb woman once said: ”Hands can keep people thousands miles away;they can also be filled with sunshine and you can feel comfortable...” Shaking hands is the expression of mutual trust and respect, and it's a good way to send greetings in business situation.It is said that it was used by ancient knights to show his amicableness originally.When two knights met in the old times, they would put down the weapon in the hand and offer the hand in which the weapon had been held to each other and shake the hands with each other to show there was no weapon in the hand now.Gradually, this kind of ritual becomes a kind of etiquette of meeting to show friendliness to interact.In order to shake hands correctly in business.2.2 The Comparison in Etiquette of Business visiting

Business visiting plays a very important role in business interactions, but every nation has their own practice when one is paying a visit in business Occasion.In western cultural , the first step prior to visiting is to make an appointment for a visit to make sure whether the host is free or not.Due to the increasingly fast pace of life and work, business person in the west is afraid of interrupting others’ planned schedule unexpectedly, it's a common practice to make an appointment in advance.He/She often discusses the purpose , time and place before visiting.After mutual consultation, the two sides may decide on the time and place.Once the appointment is made, it must be rigidly observed.Chinese businessmen also observes the international practice to make an appointment before a formal visit, especially for the first formal visit in business setting.They, just as illustrated in E.Hall's theory of uncertainty avoidance, belong to those who try to avoid uncertainty.They may like to use “go-between” to get linked for initial business contacts, even though they may also get connected by telephone call or formal letter of request.If two Chinese business people have done business for many times, they will not make an appointment seriously before visiting.Sometimes they make an oral appointment like“我明天去你办公室找你。”or“下午去你办公室看看。”In Chinese tradition, advance notice or appointment is unnecessary between friends.Another reason is that they usually choose a day when the host is not much occupied to pay a visit according to the experience before.In China, hosts rarely ask the guests to take off their gloves and caps although it's polite to put off gloves and caps when entering into the office in western culture.After being asked to sit down, the host may offer something to drink like tea or coffee.The offer is normally

phrased as a question, such as“Would you like a cup of coffee?” The guest is expected to answer honestly, and if they say no, then the host will not offer any drink.If they accept the drink, they will be expected to drink it all before leaving.On the contrary,when the Chinese host ask the Chinese guest, “Would you like something to drink?”, the typical answer is“随便(just any)“.Sometimes, the host will offer a cup of tea to the guest without asking.During the visit, if a visit is for business rather than a socially one, the Westerners expect the visitors to come straight to the point, rather than go through lengthy preliminary chatting.However, Chinese visitors prefer to make some preliminary remarks in business visits to soften the atmosphere, assume close relationship or show concern for the host.After finishing the business affairs, westerners often indulge a couple of minutes' small talk while preparing for leaving: On the other hand, the Chinese guest often stands up suddenly and moves to the door and bids farewell without giving notice in advance.The hosts always insist that the guests stay longer.Some fixed conversational formulas preceding leave-taking are:“请留步”, “不要送了” ,“再见”.And the common way for the host to respond,“请慢走”“请走好”.2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation

Business negotiations play an important role in foreign trade business between he two sides.However, as cultural differences have a direct impact on all aspects of business negotiations, people who lack sensitivity of cultural differences will evaluate people's actions, viewpoints, customs with their own cultural models, and this often leads to cultural conflict.So culture difference plays a very important role in Sino-U.S.business negotiation.Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two parties for the purpose of reaching an agreement;haggling, bargaining and out are resorted to for passing an obstacle and bleaching out a conflict of opinion.According to conventional rules in business, business negotiation is counted as conciliating the conflicts of interest of the parties concerned.Just as John F.Kennedy said ”Let us begin anew一remembering on both sides that civility is not a

sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate“

2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies

Based on objective differences, negotiators from different cultures presents the differences in decision-making form a sequential decision-making method and integrated decision-making method of conflict.Chinese-US negotiations, Chinese representatives at the outset by the parties concerned to abide by general principles and discuss common interests.Chinese negotiators think that general principle is the starting point for solving other problems.Only when the General principles identified, possible negotiations on the details of the contract.This ”first principles on details after“ way of negotiating, China's negotiating strategy is one of the most obvious features.Americans believe that the world is made up of facts rather than a concept, so they do not believe too much of something purely rational.Negotiations during them specific rather than General, when faced with a complex negotiation task, sequential decision making method of Americans used to break large tasks into a series of smaller tasks.Price, delivery, warranties and service contracts, problem solving, solving a problem at a time, from beginning to end with concessions and commitments, the final agreement is the sum of a series of small agreements.Negotiations start, they went straight to the point-specific payments.They think the overall principle is optional, only truly to make progress in negotiations on specific issues.Negotiation strategy reflects the difference between the two different ways of thinking.Chinese people attach importance to integrated mode of thinking stems from China's traditional culture.Therefore, the negotiations, the Chinese delegates from the whole to the part, from big to small, from the General to the specific, ”start with matters of principle, after the details".Americans favor a linear way of thinking.Therefore, they tend to pay great attention to details.They are practical, eager to discuss specific amounts at the outset, they regarded the contract which is integrated ,and to be legally binding.2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions

Different decision mechanisms have their own different reasons.Chinese culture belongs to the high power distance cultures, experience from person to person, position, educational level and other aspects of the different lines of vertical relationships.Member of the Chinese negotiating team can only act in their own right, final decisions are often made by the superiors did not participate in the negotiations.United States culture is a low power distance culture.In the United States under the influence of the concept of equality, relationships are generally horizontal, AC is equal on both sides.Negotiations between business landscape(equal)relationship.They are informal, as equals, on proper business etiquette, civility ,seating and less attention.Negotiations the United States highlighting the role of the individual, will often specify a person solely responsible for the negotiation, is responsible for establishing the 7

necessary decisions and to complete the necessary tasks, while the exercise of the corresponding rights, within its mandate, to make their own decisions.2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal

Chinese negotiators attached particular importance to the establishment of long-term business relationships.For them, negotiations process is the process of building relationships and negotiations is aimed more for the establishment and development of a long term relationship, signed the contract on behalf of the beginning of a long-term and mutually efficient cooperation.If negotiations fail to establish relations of mutual trust on both sides trading often ended in failure.Americans believe that the ultimate objective of the negotiations was signed the contract for the realization of economic benefits.For the US side, contract signing is the first and fundamental task of the negotiations, is the embodiment of value of their personal interests.They each signed the contract as a separate process.Unlike the Chinese emphasis on friendly and cooperative partnership established, they focus more on the actual value of.In the aspect of negotiation strategies, it is a common way for Chinese businessmen to discuss the general principle and common interest at the of the negotiation.They think the general principle is the point of solving all other problems and it is possible to discuss specific details Only when the is set down.On the western businessmen believe specific details are more important then the general principle.When the negotiation begins, they will go straight to discuss the specific details.When it comes to make decision in negotiation, there are also difference between the east and the west.The Chinese way is that decision comes from the result of collective negotiations.Generally, Chinese businessmen usually avoid making decision individually.Chinese businessmen will exchange their opinion with their colleagues or their leader before and after the negotiation.However, some in the west individual can represent Chinese culture, negotiators pay much attention to establish friendly relationship.They believe the course of negotiation is also the course of establishing relationship.The purpose of negotiation is to establish a long-term corporation.If the both sides fail to build the trust between them, the transaction will end up in nothing.In contrast, western businessmen consider the final result of negotiation is to sign a contract to realize economic benefits.represent the company to make decision after being empowered by the company.Last, thanks all of them again

Conclusion

With the globalization of the world economy, organizations are culturally diverse in handling all kinds of business activities, especially multinational cooperation.More and more business people have become aware of the strong impact from culture.And they should have a good understanding of the other business etiquette culture beforehand, which is beneficial for both sides of the business people.Only in this way will it be possible for them to expand their business and make it more prosperous.This thesis mainly tells us some principles of exchanging in business occasions，which would be beneficial to those who want to do business with people who from different areas and cultures ,meanwhile ,what you should remember is to be courteous and thoughtful to the people around you, regardless of the situation.Consider other people's feelings, stick to your convictions as diplomatically as possible.Address conflict as situation-related, rather than person-related.Apologize when you step on toes.You can't go too far wrong if you stick with the basics you learned in Kindergarten.(Not that those basics are easy to remember when you're in a hard-nosed business meeting!).With the development of society, the business relations are getting wider and wider.A variety of business contacts gradually formed a code of conduct and guidelines, which can help us survive in the society , coordinate human relations and human and social relations.It is also beneficial to promote communication and cooperation.The thesis will be helpful to us;especially to those who would like to engage themselves in international trade and business exchanges.Works Cited

[1]Martin, J.N.and Nakayama, T.K.2004, Experiencing Intercultural Communication: an Introduction [M].McGraw Hill: Boston.[2]De Mente, B.L.1994.Chinese Etiquette and Ethics in Business [M].Lincolnwood, IL;NTC Publishing.Corp.[3]Hsu, F.L.1981.American and Chinese:Passage todifferences.Honolulu [M].University of Hawaii.[4]Hall, E.T.1976.Beyond Culture [M].New York,NY:Random House.[5]胡文仲，1999, 文化与交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.[6]胡文仲，1999, 文化交际学概论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.[7]胡文仲，2004, 超越文化的屏障[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.[8]郭桃桃，2004, 论跨文化交际中的文化障碍[M].湖南师范大学教育科.[9]贾玉新，2003，跨文化交流学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.[10]金正昆，1998, 商务礼仪教程[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.Acknowledgment

At the point of finishing this paper, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the people who have offered me generous help and valuable suggestions in the course of my writing this paper.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my dear supervisor, whose guidance and useful advice have ensured the accomplishment.In the past Three years, although Miss Xu had never given me lessons and did not know me, she was quite outgoing and kind when we met at the first time, and then gave me much advice about the title and outline of my paper.Later, she not only walk through and modify each draft again and again, but send me some new inform from school in time.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper could not have reached its present form.Last but not the least, my thanks would go to my beloved family, friends and my colleagues.The forth year may be my busiest year in my university.My loving family and friends offered their substantial support and relevant information to me on many aspects.Because in a foreign company, my colleagues generally told me many different customs and culture, which offered lots of first hand information about the topic of my paper.Finally, thank all of them again.

第五篇：中西方餐桌礼仪差异

第一张：Hello everyone, my name is 范慧建，my name is 潘文杰

Today we will introduce the difference in table manners between China and western countries to you.第二张： This is Chinese table

第三张: This is western-style table 第四张：Let’s analyze the difference between Chinese table and western-style table.Chinese table is round and it has a meaning of reunion.Western-style table is square.It has a romantic feel 第五张：This is Chinese tableware.Chinese eat with chopsticks.第六张：This is Western-style tableware.第七张： The main of Chinese tableware

Chopsticks and spoon

Chopsticks are the main tableware of Chinese food.It should be held between the thumb（拇指）and fingers of the right hand

Spoon’s main function is scoop(舀取)the food.When you get the soup with spoon.Please be careful and don’t take full soup overflow

The main of western-style tableware

Fork

knife

goblet(高脚杯)

The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right.At first you hold down the food with a fork, then cut it into small piece with knife , and then fork it into your mouth.第八张:In china, people have dinner in a restaurant.They almost aren’t concerned about their clothes.In western countries, when they have dinner to restaurant.They are very concerned about their clothes.第九张: The arrangement for Chinese food seats(中餐席位的安排)

In the banquet（宴会）, the guests of honor sit on the honored seats.The host and the hostess sit on the seats opposite to them.The other guests take the rest seats in order.(在宴会上相对重要的客人坐特定的座位上。男主人和女主人坐在他们的对面)第十张：Western countries seats arrangement（西餐席位安排）

The western banquets are used to using the long table.In normal situation which both the host and the hostess attend, the host and the hostess sit on the two ends of the table.The

guests of honored sit on the right side of the hostess while the wife of the honored guest sits on the right side of the host.（男主人和女主人坐在桌子的两端，宴请的男的客人做在女主人的右手边，女的客人坐在她的左手边）

When they leave their seat, they should be left out from the seat.（从座位的左边走出离开）第十一张：The order of dishes in Chinese food（中餐的上菜顺寻）

According to traditional manners, the meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of meat and vegetable dishes.And then the soup will be served, to be followed by dumplings or noodles or fruit.第十二张：The order of dishes in the western countries

The first dish of western is the first plate and also called appetizer（开胃菜）.What’ more, the appetizer is of high quality.Second course was soup.The kinds of soup is a little but is high nutritional.The main course as the fourth western dishes，including beefsteak and vegetable.Western desserts are followed after the main course, such as ice cream, chees, fruit and so on.第十三张：中餐进餐礼仪during Chinese dinner ：

Maintain your body straight

Your hands remain stationary 不动

Don’t make any talk with a mouthful 第十四张：西餐进餐礼仪

During western dinner，don’t stare at anyone

Don’t make any worse noise

When you are finished, place your knife and fork together with your fork on the left and knife on the right

第十五张：不同的思维方式

不同的价值观